Handy Books La 2 Answer

7/31/2019 Handy Books La 2 Answer

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PROCESS

INPUT

OUPUT

STORAGE

LEARNING AREA 2 COMPUTER SYSTEMS

2.1 System Concept2.1.1 Overview of Computer Systems

2.1.1.1 Define computer systems

A Computer System is defined as combination of component designed to process dataand store files .

2.1.1.2 State the meaning of input, process, output and storage.

.

MEANING:

CPU or Central Processing Unit/ Processor/ Microprocessor is an electronic

component on a computers motherboard that interprets and carries out the basic

instructions that operate the computer .

Example of devices:

Intel Core2 Duo Processor, AMD Athlon, G4, Mac

MEANING:

Any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer. There are four types

of input which are: text, graphics, audio and video.

Example of devices:

Keyboard, mouse, digital camera, joystick, trackball, touch screen, microphone, pointing

stick, graphic tablet and scanner, barcode reader.

MEANING:

The result of raw input data that has been processed by the Central Processing Unit

(CPU) into meaningful information.

Example of devices:

Speaker, monitor, LCD projector, printer and plotter.

MEANING:

A location in which data, instructions, and information are saved for future use.

Example of devices:

CDROM, diskette, hard disk, flash disk.


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2.1.2.3 Describe the information processing cycle which includes input, process,output and storage.

2.1.2 Data Representation2.1.2.1 State the relationship of data representation: bit, byte and character.

4 Basic operation called Machine CycleFETCHING : the process of obtaining a program instruction or data item from memory

DECODING : the process of translating a program instruction into signal that the

computer can execute EXECUTING : the process of implementing the instructions in a program STORING : the process of writing the result to the storage or memory

Information processing cycle of computer can be well described by the following points:(1) input, (2) processing, (3) output and (4) storageInput-entering data into the computer.Processing-performing operations on the data.Output-presenting the results.

User will input the data to be processed by the processor.

The storage holds databases, files & programs. The output devices present theprocessed data as useful information products for the user.

Storage-saving data, programs, or output for future use.

Input Process Output

Storage

INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE DESCRIPTION

STORING

FETCHING

DECODING

EXECUTING

MACHINE CYCLE


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DEFINITION: American Standard Code for InformationInterchange & was proposed by ASA in 1963 & was finalized in 1968.

ASCII is standard of 7-bit code used to represent characters, whichinclude letters, numbers & punctuation marks.

Computer recognizes 2 discrete: ON and OFF that represented by 2 digits 1and

08 bits = 1 byte8 bits = 1 character

2.1.3 Introduction to Binary Coding2.1.3.1 Explain the function of ASCII code

Function of ASCII

2.1.4 Data Measurements2.1.4.1 State the unit of data measurement

1Bit Single Binary Digit (1 or 0)

2 Byte 1 Byte = 8 bits

3 Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 bytes or 1 KB = 2 10 bytes

4 Megabyte 1 MB = 1 048 576 bytesor 1 MB = 220

bytes1 MB = 1024 KB

5 Gigabyte 1 GB = 1 073 741 824 bytesor 1 GB = 2 30 bytes

6 Terabyte (TB)1 TB = 1 099 511 627 776 bytesor 1 TB = 2 40

bytesAdditional notes:Apetabyte (PB) is 1,024TB. Indiana University is now building storagesystems capable of holding petabytes of data. An exabyte (EB) is 1,024PB. Azettabyte(ZB) is 1,024EB. Finally, a yottabyte (YB) is 1,024ZB.

2.1.5 Clock Speed Measurement

ASCII

ASCII was established to achieve compatibility between various types of dataprocessing equipment making it possible for the components to communicatewith each other successfully.

ASCII enables manufacturers to produce component that are assured to operate

ASCII makes it possible for humans to interact with a computer. It also enablesusers to purchase components that are compatible with their computerconfigurations.

HOW ASCII WORKS IN A COMPUTER SYSTEM ?

Example1. Number 9 is typed using the keyboard2. Electronic signal in sent to CPU for the computer to process.3. Number 9 is converted to 00111001

4. Computer finishes processing the byte.5. The software converts the byte back to the number 96. Number 9 is displayed on the monitor screen

JUSTIFICATION


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Any hardware component that allows users to enterDat data and instruction into a computer.

2.1.5.1 State the units of clock speed measurement: (Megahertz and Gigahertz)

Hertz & SecondThe clock speed unit is measured in hertz.

1 Hertz =

1 Megahertz (MHz) =

1 GHz =

1 GHz = 1 000 MHz

2.2 Hardware2.2.1 Input Devices

2.2.1.1 Identify the input devices used for text, graphic, audio and video.

TYPES OF INPUT EXAMPLE OF INPUT DEVICESText Keyboard, barcode readerGraphics Digital camera, scanner, graphic tablet

AudioMicrophone, MIDI keyboard, digital voice recorder

penVideo Digital video camera, webcam, CCTV

When people talk about a computers speed, they mean how fast it canprocess data. In other words, this means the speed the computer can turndata into information.

Every microprocessor contains a system clock. The system clock controls thespeed of all the operations within a computer.

The speed of the clock in measured by how many cycles per second the clock

makes.

MEGAHERTZ (MHz)

Mega is prefix that stands for million

Example one computer that operates at 933 MHz has 933 million clockcycles in one second.

GIGAHERTZ (GHz)

Giga is prefix that stands for billion

1 GHz equal to one billion cycles of the system clock

For example,a microprocessor that runs at 200 GHz executes 200 billioncycles per second. This is what they a talking about if they say a computer isa 2.4 GHz machine. Its clock rate is 2.4 billion cycles per second.

In relation with megahertz, 1.0 GHz is equivalent to 1000 MHz

GHz is most often used as a measurement of a c rocessor chi & ower

INPUT

DEVICES


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Any hardware that is capable of delivering or showingInformation to one or more user. An output device shows, prints andpresents the result of a computers work.

2.2.2 Output Devices2.2.2.1 Identify the output devices used for text, graphic, audio and video.

TYPES OF INPUT EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT DEVICESText Screen (monitor), printer, plotterGraphics Screen (monitor),printer, plotterAudio Speaker, headphoneVideo LCD projector, screen (monitor)

2.2.3 Motherboard2.2.3.1 Identify the location of the central processing unit (CPU), expansion slots,

expansion cards, RAM slots, ports and connectors on the motherboard.

INPUTDEVICES


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LABEL THECOMPONENTS:

PORTS AND CONNECTORS:


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keyboard

USB USB

mouse

telephone linein

gameport

monitor

svideoout

network

cable TV

speaker

serialport

microphone

telephone line

out

FMreception

printer(parallel

port)

Powerport


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Magnetic disk: floppy disk, hard disk,magnetic tape; video cassette, audiostorage reel-to-reel tape

CD, CD-ROM, and DVDCD-R:CD-RW, DVD-RW, and DVD-RAM

Memory card, Flash drive

COMPONENT FUNCTIONCentral Processing Unit The Central Processing Unit (CPU) controls the

operation of the computer. It interprets and carriesout the basic instructions that operate a computer

Expansion Slot In computers, a slot or expansion slot, is anengineered technique for adding capability to acomputer in the form of connection pinholes

Expansion Card An expansion card is a circuitry designed to provide

expanded capability to a computer.RAM Slot The slot where the computer memory, also calledas RAM is placed on the computers motherboard.

Port and Connector A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches toa system unit so that the peripheral can send datato or receive information from the computer. Aconnector joins a cable to a peripheral

PORTS AND CONNECTORS:

TYPE OF PORT FUNCTIONS

Serial Port Connect modem and old printerParallel Port Connect printerUSB Port Printer, external hard disk, mouse, scannerFirewire Port Require faster data transmission

2.2.4 Storage2.2.4.1 Explain types and function of:

- Primary Storage- Secondary Storage

STORAGE

PRIMARYSECONDAR

Y

ROM RAM Magnetic Medium

Optical Medium

Flash Memory


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Secondary storage is an alternative storage.It is very useful to store programs and data for future use.

PRIMARY STORAGE FUNCTIONRAM o RAM is volatile, which means the program and data

will be lost when the computer is turned off.o Data from RAM can be read or retrieved and

written or stored during processingROM o ROM is non-volatile which means is holds the

programs and data event when computer is turnedoff.

o

data from ROM can just be read only.

TYPE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLEMagnetic Medium Magnetic Medium is a non-volatile

storage medium. It can be any type ofstorage medium that utilizes magneticpatterns to represent information. Thedevices use disks that are coated withmagnetically sensitive material.

Magnetic disk: floppy disk, harddisk, magnetic tape; videocassette, audio storage reel-to-reel tape

Optical Medium Optical Medium is a non-volatilestorage media that holds content indigital form that are written and read

by a laser. These media includevarious types of CDs and DVDs.

CD, CD-ROM, and DVDCD-R:CD-RW, DVD-RW, and DVD-

RAM

Flash Memory Flash Memory is a solid-state, non-volatile, rewritable memory thatfunctions like RAM and a hard diskdrive combined. Flash memory storebits of electronic data in memory cells

just like DRAM (Dynamic RAM), but italso works like a hard disk drive thatwhen the power is turned off, the dataremains in the memory.

Memory card, Flash drive

SECONDARYSTORAGE


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o Software is a program which consists of a set of instructions that tells the computer how to perform

a specific operation.

o

2.3 Software

SYSTEM SOFTWARE ASPECT APPLICATION SOFTWAREo A system software

is a program that

controls or maintainthe operations of acomputer and itsdevices

Definition

o all programs that

perform specific tasks

for users.

o Microsoft Windows,

MS-DOS and MAC OS.

Examples o Microsoft Word,Microsoft Excel, OutlookExpress and InternetExplorer.

o Enables the computer to

function properly.

Usage o Enables users to work

efficiently withdocumentation such as

letters, accountingreports andpresentations.

o Compulsory- each

computer must have asystem software tofunction

Need o Optional- depends onusage and needs.Without an applicationsoftware, the computeris still able to function.

o Each computer only

needs one systemsoftware.

Number of Software o Each computer can have

more than oneapplication software.

o Independent- system

software can functionwithout an applicationsoftware.

Dependency o Dependent- application

software cannot workwithout system software

o Provides the

environment in whichthe applications run.

Function o Provides the

environment to enableusers to accomplishspecific tasks.

SOFTWARE

TYPES OFSOFTWARE

SystemSoftware

1. Operating System

2. Utility Program


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An operating system is a set of programs that schedule tasks, allocates storage and presents a default

interface to the user between applications.

2.3.1 Operating System (OS)

2.3.1.1 State the various types of OS used on different platforms.

PLATFORM TYPE OF OSPC Platform oDisk Operating System

oMicrosoft Windows XP

Cross-platform operating systemso

UNIXo LINUX

Apple Platform Operating Systems oMac OS

oMac OS X

2.3.1.2 State the function of OS

OPERATING SYSTEM

FUNCTION OF OS

Starting a computer

- When we start a computer, itloads the operating systeminto the computers memory.

- This process is calledbooting. Booting means toload and initialize theoperating system on acomputer machine. it canhappen in two ways:warmboot or cold boot.

Providing a user interface

- When we start a computer, it lothe operating system into thecomputers memory.

- This process is called booting.Booting means to load and initia

the operating system on acomputer machine. it can happein two ways:warm boot or

Managing data and programs

- When we start a computer, itloads the operating system intothe computers memory.

- Multitasking operatingsystems enables users to

work with two or moreapplication programs at thesame time.

Managing memory- optimizing the use of random

access memory (RAM)- allocating data and instruction

to an area of memory whilebeing processed

- monitoring the contents of

memory- releasing data and

instructions from beingmonitored in memory whenthe process is done

Configuring devices

- Another function of anoperating system is handliinput and output, as well aenabling communication winput and output devices.

- Most operating systems cowith drivers for popular inpand output devices.

- These drivers install newdevices and check whenevthere is conflict with thesedevices.


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DIFFERENT INTERFACES OF OSCOMMAND LINE INTERFACE MENU-DRIVEN GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

o Requires a user to type

commands or press specialkeys on the keyboard toenter data and instructionsthat instruct the operatingsystem what to do.

o It has to be typed one line at

a time.o The command-line user

interface is difficult to usebecause it requires exactspelling, syntax or a set of

rules of entering commandsand punctuation.o We must observe the

complicated rules of syntaxthat specify exactly what youcan type in a given place.

o For example, if we want to

rename a file name fromABC.txt to DEF.txt we use thefollowing command.

o The command-line user

interface also requires

memorization. It is also easyto make a typing mistake.

o The advantage of command-

line interface is, it helps theuser to operate the computerquickly after memorizing thekeywords and syntax.

o

O o o ABC.txt DEF.txt

o Enables the user to avoid

memorizing keywordssuch as copy, paste andsyntax.

o On-screen, menu-driven

interface provide menusas means of enteringcommands. It shows allthe options available at agiven point in a form oftext-based menu.

o Menu-driven user

interfaces are easy tolearn.

o O

o makes use of the computers

graphics capabilities to makethe operating system andprograms easier to use,which is also called user-friendly.

o On todays PCs and

Macintosh. GUIs are used tocreate the desktop thatappears after the operatingsystem finishes loading intomemory.

o

We can easily differentiatethe interfaces between MacOS, Windows XP or Linux bylooking at their desktops.

o Graphical user interface

interact with menus andvisual images such asbuttons, icons and othergraphical objects to issuecommands.

o On the desktop, we can

initiate many actions by

clicking icons that representcomputer resources such asfiles, programs and networkconnections.

o Graphical user interface is

commonly used and hasbecome a standard.

o PC Macintosho MacOSWindows XP Linux o


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2.3.2 Application Software

2.3.2.1 State the types of application software (word processing, spreadsheet,presentation, graphic).

APPLICATION SOFTWAREo all programs that perform specific tasks for users.

Types of softwareExample

Proprietary Open Source1. Word processing Microsoft Word 2007,

Corel Word Perfect X3,

Lotus WordPro

KWordOpenOffice.org Write

AbiWord2. Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel 2007,

Corel Quattro Pro X3Lotus 123

wikiCalcKSpreadOpenOffice.orgCalc

3. Presentation Microsoft Power Point 2007,Corel presentations X3Lotus Freelance

StarOfficeKPresenter

JasperReports4. Graphic Adobe Photoshop CS3,

Adobe Illustrator CS3,Corel Draw X3

Jasc Paint Shop ProUlead Photoimpact XL

Ultimate PaintGIMPPhotoPlus 6

TwistedBrush Free editionPixia

2.3.2.2 Describe the uses of application software (word processing, spreadsheet,presentation, graphic).

Word processing Spreadsheet Presentation GraphicUsage

o A word

processingsoftware(wordprocessor)allowsusers to create

and manipulatedocumentscontainingmostly text andsometimesgraphics.

o It provide the

ability tocreate, checkspelling, editand format adocument onthe screen

Usage

o Spreadsheet

software is anapplication thatallows users toorganize and

manipulate datain rows andcolumns.

o It produces

worksheets thatrequirerepetitivecalculations-budgeting-maintaining agrade book,balancingaccounts, tracking

Usage

o Presentation

software is anapplication thatallows users tocreate visual

aids forpresentationsto communicateideas,messages andotherinformation toan audience.

Usage

o Graphics software

is an applicationthat allows usersto work withdrawings, photosand pictures.

o It provides the

users the abilityof creating,manipulatingand printinggraphics.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org_Calchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org_Calc


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before printing itto paper.

o A word processing

software can beused to producedocuments suchas letters memos,reports fax coversheets, mailing

labels,newsletters, andweb pages.

investment,calculating loanpayments,estimating projectcosts andpreparingfinancialstatements.

2.3.3 Utility Program2.3.3.1 Differentiate between the types and usage of utility programs (file

management, diagnostic and file compression).

2.3.4 Proprietary and Open Source Software2.3.4.1 Differentiate between proprietary and open source software

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE ASPECT PROPRIETARY SOFTWAREOpen source software is:

o software provided for use,

modification andredistribution

o software that any

programmer can downloadfrom the Internet for freeand modify with suggestedimprovements.

o the only qualification is

that changes can't becopyrighted

DEFINITION

o Proprietary software is also

called closed sourcesoftware. The closedsource software orproprietary software offersa stable system withsupport if the software failsor malfunctions.

o User can get open source

software for free of chargePRICE

o User must pay to get the

proprietary software

o User can install software LICIENSE o User must have a license

UTILITY

PROGRAM

File ManagementUsage: File management is autility program that performsfunctions related to files and diskmanagement.It provides functions to delete,copy. move, rename and viewfiles as well as create andmanage folders (directories).File manager performs tasks offormatting and copying disks,displaying a list of files on astorage medium, checking theamount of used or free space ona storage medium, organising,copying,renaming, deleting,moving and sorting files and alsocreating shortcuts.Example: Windows Explorer

DiagnosticUsage :A diagnostic utilitycompiles technical informationabout a computer's hardware andcertain system software programsand then prepares a reportoutlining any identified problems.Information in the report assiststechnical support staff inremedying any problems.Example: Norton Utilities

File CompressionUsage: A file compressionsoftware that we use to shrinkthe size of files so they requireless storage space and reducetransmission time if we sendthem over the internet.Example: WinZip, WinRar, PKZip


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freely into any computer from vendor before installinto computer

o No one responsible to the

software OWNERo Full support from vendor if

anything happened beforeinstall into computer

o Users can modify the

softwarePRIVACY

o Users cannot modify the

software

o Linux, Ubuntu,

o OpenOffice.org Write

o GIMP

EXAMPLEo MS DOS, MAC OS, UNIX,

Solaris, Windows

o Adobe Photoshop CS3

2.4 Installation2.4.1 Personal Computer (PC) Assembling

2.4.1.1 Assemble the components of a PC

STEP PROCEDURE1 Assembling the Motherboard

2 Fixing the Processor

3 Installing the RAM

4 Connecting the Cables: 1) Connect the IDE cables to the motherboard2) Connect other cables to their respective devices such as the

processorfan, hard disk drive, floppy disk drive and CD-ROM drive

5 Installing the Floppy Drive

6 Installing the Hard Disk

7 Installing the Optical Drive (DVD/CD-ROM)

8 Installing Power Supply

9 Connecting other Peripherals

10 Powering the System

11 Configuring the BIOS Setting

2.4.2 Hard Disk Partitioning and Formatting2.4.2.1 Format and partition the hard disk.

When do we need to format the hard disk?1. Once the partition is created, the next screen will ask for the type of diskformatting to be used.

2. Formatting is the act of creating a file system on a volume, so that theoperating system can store and retrieve data on that volume.

Why do we partition the hard disk?

1. Limits accidental or deliberate damage of your data2. Increases security3. Making the computer run faster4. Organises Information5. Increases productivity


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2.4.3 Software Installation2.4.3.1 Install operating system, application software and utility programs.

o Installing the operating system

Example install Windows XP Professional

o Installing an application software

Example install Microsoft Office XP Professional with FrontPage

o Installing a utility program

Example install Antivirus Software - AVG Free Edition Anti-Virus

Documents

Handy Books La 2 Answer