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PROCESS

INPUT

OUPUT

SCHEMA LEARNING AREA 2 COMPUTER SYSTEMS

2.1 System Concept2.1.1 Overview of Computer Systems

2.1.1.1 Define computer systems

A Computer System isdefined as combination of component designed to process data and

store files.

2.1.1.2 State the meaning of input, process, output and storage.

.

MEANING:

CPU or Central Processing Unit/ Processor/ Microprocessor is an electronic

component on a computers motherboard that interprets and carries out the basic

instructions that operate the computer.Example of devices:

Intel Core2 Duo Processor, AMD Athlon, G4, Mac

MEANING:

Any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer. There are four types of

input which are: text, graphics, audio and video.Example of devices:

Keyboard, mouse, digital camera, joystick, trackball, touch screen, microphone, pointing

stick, graphic tablet and scanner, barcode reader.

MEANING:

The result of raw input data that has been processed by the Central Processing Unit (CPU)

into meaningful information.

Example of devices:

Speaker, monitor, LCD projector, printer and plotter.


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STORAGE

MEANING:

A location in which data, instructions, and information are saved for future use.

Example of devices:

CDROM, diskette, hard disk, flash disk.

2.1.2.3 Describe the information processing cycle which includes input, process, outputand storage.

Information processing cycle of computer can be well described by the following points: (1)input, (2) processing, (3) output and (4) storageInput-entering data into the computer.Processing-performing operations on the data.Output-presenting the results.

User will input the data to be processed by the processor.The storage holds databases, files & programs. The output devices present the processeddata as useful information products for the user.

Storage-saving data, programs, or output for future use.

Input Process Output

Storage

INFORMATION PROCESSING CYCLE DESCRIPTION

STORING

FETCHING

DECODING

EXECUTING


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DEFINITION: American Standard Code for InformationInterchange & was proposed by ASA in 1963 & was finalized in 1968.

ASCII is standard of 7-bit code used to represent characters, whichinclude letters, numbers & punctuation marks.

2.1.2 Data Representation2.1.2.1 State the relationship of data representation: bit, byte and character.

Computer recognizes 2 discrete: ON and OFF that represented by 2 digits 1 and08 bits = 1 byte8 bits = 1 character

2.1.3 Introduction to Binary Coding2.1.3.1 Explain the function of ASCII code

Function of ASCII

4 Basic operation called Machine CycleFETCHING : the process of obtaining a program instruction or data item from memory

DECODING : the process of translating a program instruction into signal that thecomputer can execute

EXECUTING : the process of implementing the instructions in a program STORING : the process of writing the result to the storage or memory

MACHINE CYCLE

ASCII

ASCII was established to achieve compatibility between various types of dataprocessing equipment making it possible for the components to communicate witheach other successfully.

ASCII enables manufacturers to produce component that are assured to operatecorrectly in a computer.

ASCII makes it possible for humans to interact with a computer. It also enablesusers to purchase components that are compatible with their computerconfigurations.

HOW ASCII WORKS IN A COMPUTER SYSTEM ?

Example1. Number 9 is typed using the keyboard2. Electronic signal in sent to CPU for the computer to process.3. Number 9 is converted to 001110014. Computer finishes processing the byte.5. The software converts the byte back to the number 96. Number 9 is displayed on the monitor screen

JUSTIFICATION


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2.1.4 Data Measurements2.1.4.1 State the unit of data measurement

1 Bit Single Binary Digit (1 or0)

2 Byte 1 Byte = 8 bits

3 Kilobyte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 bytes or 1 KB = 2 10 bytes

4 Megabyte1 MB = 1 048 576 bytesor 1 MB = 2 20 bytes

1 MB = 1024 KB

5 Gigabyte 1 GB = 1 073 741 824 bytesor 1 GB = 2 30 bytes

6 Terabyte (TB) 1 TB = 1 099 511 627 776 bytesor 1 TB = 2 40 bytesAdditional notes:Apetabyte (PB) is 1,024TB. Indiana University is now building storage systems capable ofholding petabytes of data. An exabyte (EB) is 1,024PB. A zettabyte (ZB) is 1,024EB. Finally, a yottabyte (YB)is 1,024ZB.

2.1.5 Clock Speed Measurement2.1.5.1 State the units of clock speed measurement: (Megahertz and Gigahertz)

Hertz & SecondThe clock speed unit is measured in hertz.

1 Hertz =

1 Megahertz (MHz) =

1 GHz =

When people talk about a computers speed, they mean how fast it canprocess data. In other words, this means the speed the computer can turn data

into information.

Every microprocessor contains a system clock. The system clock controls thespeed of all the operations within a computer.

The speed of the clock in measured by how many cycles per second the clockmakes.

MEGAHERTZ (MHz)

Mega is prefix that stands for million

Example one computer that operates at 933 MHz has 933 million clockcycles in one second.

GIGAHERTZ (GHz)

Giga is prefix that stands for billion

1 GHz equal to one billion cycles of the system clock

For example,a microprocessor that runs at 200 GHz executes 200 billioncycles per second. This is what they a talking about if they say a computer is a2.4 GHz machine. Its clock rate is 2.4 billion cycles per second.

In relation with megahertz, 1.0 GHz is equivalent to 1000 MHz

GHz is most often used as a measurement of a pc processor chip & power,with bigger numbers meaning more speed and higher price.


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Any hardware component that allows users to enter

Dat data and instruction into a computer.

Any hardware that is capable of delivering or showingInformation to one or more user. An output device shows, prints andpresents the result of a computers work.

1 GHz = 1 000 MHz

2.2 Hardware2.2.1 Input Devices

2.2.1.1 Identify the input devices used for text, graphic, audio and video.

TYPES OF INPUT EXAMPLE OF INPUT DEVICES

Text Keyboard, barcode reader

Graphics Digital camera, scanner, graphic tablet

Audio Microphone, MIDI keyboard, digital voice recorder pen

Video Digital video camera, webcam, CCTV

2.2.2 Output Devices

2.2.2.1 Identify the output devices used for text, graphic, audio and video.

TYPES OF INPUT EXAMPLE OF OUTPUT DEVICES

Text Screen (monitor), printer, plotter

Graphics Screen (monitor),printer, plotter

Audio Speaker, headphoneVideo LCD projector, screen (monitor)

2.2.3 Motherboard2.2.3.1 Identify the location of the central processing unit (CPU), expansion slots,

expansion cards, RAM slots, ports and connectors on the motherboard.

LABEL THE COMPONENTS:

INPUT

DEVICES

OUTPUTDEVICES


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PORTS AND CONNECTORS:


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COMPONENT FUNCTION

Central Processing Unit The Central Processing Unit (CPU) controls the operation ofthe computer. It interprets and carries out the basic

keyboard

USB USB

mouse

telephone linein

gameport

monitor

svideoout

network

cable TV

speaker

serialport

microphone

telephone line

out

FMreception

printer(parallel

port)

Powerport


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instructions that operate a computer

Expansion Slot In computers, a slot or expansion slot, is an engineeredtechnique for adding capability to a computer in the form ofconnection pinholes

Expansion Card An expansion card is a circuitry designed to provideexpanded capability to a computer.

RAM Slot The slot where the computer memory, also called as RAM isplaced on the computers motherboard.

Port and Connector A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to a systemunit so that the peripheral can send data to or receiveinformation from the computer. A connector joins a cable toa peripheral

PORTS AND CONNECTORS:

TYPE OF PORT FUNCTIONSSerial Port Connect modem and old printer

Parallel Port Connect printerUSB Port Printer, external hard disk, mouse, scanner

Firewire Port Require faster data transmission

2.2.4 Storage

2.2.4.1 Explain types and function of:


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Magnetic disk: floppy disk, hard disk,magnetic tape; video cassette, audiostorage reel-to-reel tape

CD, CD-ROM, and DVDCD-R:CD-RW, DVD-RW, and DVD-RAM

Memory card, Flash drive

Is known as the main memory of a computer,including RAM (random-access memory) and ROM( read-only memory)It is an internal memory (inside the CPU) that canbe accessed directly by the processor.

- Primary Storage- Secondary Storage

PRIMARY STORAGE FUNCTION

RAM o RAM is volatile, which means the program and data will be

lost when the computer is turned off.o Data from RAM can be read or retrieved and written or

stored during processingROM o ROM is non-volatile which means is holds the programs

and data event when computer is turned off.o data from ROM can just be read only.

STORAGE

PRIMARYSECONDAR

Y

ROM RAM Magnetic Medium

Optical Medium

Flash Memory

PRIMARYSTORAGE


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Secondary storage is an alternative storage.It is very useful to store programs and data for future use.

TYPE DESCRIPTION EXAMPLE

Magnetic Medium Magnetic Medium is a non-volatile storagemedium. It can be any type of storagemedium that utilizes magnetic patterns torepresent information. The devices use disksthat are coated with magnetically sensitivematerial.

Magnetic disk: floppy disk, harddisk, magnetic tape; videocassette, audio storage reel-to-reeltape

Optical Medium Optical Medium is a non-volatile storagemedia that holds content in digital form thatare written and read by a laser. These mediainclude various types of CDs and DVDs.

CD, CD-ROM, and DVDCD-R:CD-RW, DVD-RW, and DVD-RAM

Flash Memory Flash Memory is a solid-state, non-volatile,rewritable memory that functions like RAMand a hard disk drive combined. Flashmemory store bits of electronic data inmemory cells just like DRAM (Dynamic RAM),but it also works like a hard disk drive thatwhen the power is turned off, the dataremains in the memory.

Memory card, Flash drive

2.3 Software

SECONDARYSTORAGE

SOFTWARE


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o Software is a program which consists of a set of instructions that tells the computer how to perform

a specific operation.

SYSTEM SOFTWARE ASPECT APPLICATION SOFTWARE

o A system software

is a program that controlsor maintain the

operations of a computerand its devices

Definition

o all programs that perform

specific tasks for users.

o Microsoft Windows, MS-

DOS and MAC OS.

Examples o Microsoft Word, Microsoft

Excel, Outlook Express andInternet Explorer.

o Enables the computer to

function properly.

Usage o Enables users to work

efficiently withdocumentation such asletters, accounting reportsand presentations.

o Compulsory- each

computer must have asystem software to function

Need o Optional- depends on

usage and needs. Withoutan application software, thecomputer is still able tofunction.

o Each computer only needs

one system software.

Number of Software o Each computer can have

more than one applicationsoftware.

o Independent- system

software can functionwithout an applicationsoftware.

Dependency o Dependent- application

software cannot workwithout system software.

o Provides the environment in

which the applications run.

Function o Provides the environment to

enable users to accomplishspecific tasks.

TYPES OFSOFTWARE

1. Operating System


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An operating system is a set of programs that schedule tasks, allocates storage and presents a defaultinterface to the user between applications.

2.3.1 Operating System (OS)

2.3.1.1 State the various types of OS used on different platforms.

PLATFORM TYPE OF OSPC Platform oDisk Operating System

oMicrosoft Windows XP

Cross-platform operating systems o UNIX

o LINUX

Apple Platform Operating Systems oMac OS

oMac OS X

2.3.1.2 State the function of OS

DIFFERENT INTERFACES OF OS

SystemSoftware

2. Utility Program

OPERATING SYSTEM

FUNCTION OF OS

Starting a computer

- When we start a computer,it loads the operatingsystem into the computersmemory.

- This process is calledbooting. Booting means toload and initialize theoperating system on acomputer machine. it canhappen in two ways:warm boot or cold

Providing a user interface

- When we start a computer, it lo

the operating system into thecomputers memory.

- This process is called bootingBooting means to load andinitialize the operating system ocomputer machine. it can happin two ways:warm boot or

Managing data and programs

- When we start a computer, itloads the operating system intothe computers memory.

- Multitasking operatingsystems enables users towork with two or moreapplication programs at thesame time.

Managing memory- optimizing the use of random

access memory (RAM)- allocating data and instructionto an area of memory whilebeing processed

- monitoring the contents ofmemory

- releasing data andinstructions from beingmonitored in memory whenthe process is done

Configuring devices- Another function of an

operating system is handlinput and output, as well aenabling communication winput and output devices.

- Most operating systemscome with drivers for popuinput and output devices.

- These drivers install newdevices and check whenethere is conflict with thesedevices.


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COMMAND LINE INTERFACE MENU-DRIVEN GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE

o Requires a user to type

commands or press special keyson the keyboard to enter data andinstructions that instruct theoperating system what to do.

o It has to be typed one line at a

time.

o The command-line user interfaceis difficult to use because itrequires exact spelling, syntax or aset of rules of entering commandsand punctuation.

o We must observe the complicated

rules of syntax that specify exactlywhat you can type in a givenplace.

o For example, if we want to rename

a file name from ABC.txt toDEF.txt we use the followingcommand.

o The command-line user interfacealso requires memorization. It isalso easy to make a typingmistake.

o The advantage of command-line

interface is, it helps the user tooperate the computer quickly aftermemorizing the keywords andsyntax.

o Enables the user to avoid

memorizing keywords such ascopy, paste and syntax.

o On-screen, menu-driven interface

provide menus as means ofentering commands. It shows allthe options available at a given

point in a form of text-based menu.o Menu-driven user interfaces are

easy to learn.

o makes use of the computers

graphics capabilities to make theoperating system and programseasier to use, which is also calleduser-friendly.

o On todays PCs and Macintosh.

GUIs are used to create the

desktop that appears after theoperating system finishes loadinginto memory.

o We can easily differentiate the

interfaces between Mac OS,Windows XP or Linux by looking attheir desktops.

o Graphical user interface interact

with menus and visual imagessuch as buttons, icons and othergraphical objects to issuecommands.

o On the desktop, we can initiate

many actions by clicking icons thatrepresent computer resourcessuch as files, programs andnetwork connections.

o Graphical user interface is

commonly used and has become astandard.

2.3.2 Application Software


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2.3.2.1 State the types of application software (word processing, spreadsheet,presentation, graphic).

Types of softwareExample

Proprietary Open Source

1. Word processing Microsoft Word 2007,Corel Word Perfect X3,

Lotus WordPro

KWordOpenOffice.org Write

AbiWord2. Spreadsheet Microsoft Excel 2007,

Corel Quattro Pro X3Lotus 123

wikiCalcKSpreadOpenOffice.org Calc

3. Presentation Microsoft Power Point 2007,Corel presentations X3Lotus Freelance

StarOfficeKPresenterJasperReports

4. Graphic Adobe Photoshop CS3,Adobe Illustrator CS3,Corel Draw X3Jasc Paint Shop ProUlead Photoimpact XL

Ultimate PaintGIMPPhotoPlus 6TwistedBrush Free editionPixia

2.3.2.2 Describe the uses of application software (word processing, spreadsheet,presentation, graphic).

Word processing Spreadsheet Presentation Graphic

Usage

o A wordprocessing

software(wordprocessor)allowsusers to create

and manipulatedocumentscontaining mostlytext andsometimesgraphics.

o It provide the ability

to create, checkspelling, edit andformat a documenton the screenbefore printing it topaper.

o A word processingsoftware can beused to producedocuments such asletters memos,reports fax coversheets, mailinglabels, newsletters,and web pages.

Usage

o Spreadsheet

software is anapplication thatallows users to

organize andmanipulate data inrows and columns.

o It produces

worksheets thatrequire repetitivecalculations-budgeting-maintaining a gradebook, balancingaccounts, trackinginvestment,calculating loan

payments,estimating projectcosts and preparingfinancialstatements.

Usage

o Presentation

software is anapplication thatallows users to

create visual aidsfor presentationsto communicateideas, messagesand otherinformation to anaudience.

Usage

o Graphics software is

an application thatallows users to workwith drawings,

photos and pictureso It provides the users

the ability ofcreating,manipulating andprinting graphics.

2.3.3 Utility Program
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org_Calchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.orghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenOffice.org_Calc


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2.3.3.1 Differentiate between the types and usage of utility programs (file management,diagnostic and file compression).

2.3.4 Proprietary and Open Source Software2.3.4.1 Differentiate between proprietary and open source software

OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE ASPECT PROPRIETARY SOFTWAREOpen source software is:

o

software provided for use,modification and redistributiono software that any programmer

can download from theInternet for free and modifywith suggested improvements.

o the only qualification is that

changes can't be copyrighted

DEFINITION

o

Proprietary software is alsocalled closed source software.The closed source software orproprietary software offers astable system with support ifthe software fails ormalfunctions.

o User can get open source

software for free of chargePRICE

o User must pay to get the

proprietary software

o User can install software freely

into any computer LICIENSEo User must have a license from

vendor before install intocomputer

o No one responsible to thesoftware OWNER

o Full support from vendor ifanything happened beforeinstall into computer

o Users can modify the softwarePRIVACY

o Users cannot modify the

softwareo Linux, Ubuntu,

o OpenOffice.org Write

o GIMPEXAMPLE

o MS DOS, MAC OS, UNIX,

Solaris, Windowso Adobe Photoshop CS3

UTILITY

PROGRAM

File Management

Usage: File management is autility program that performsfunctions related to files and diskmanagement.It provides functions to delete,copy. move, rename and viewfiles as well as create andmanage folders (directories).File manager performs tasks offormatting and copying disks,displaying a list of files on astorage medium, checking theamount of used or free space on

a storage medium, organising,copying,renaming, deleting,moving and sorting files and alsocreating shortcuts.Example: Windows Explorer

Diagnostic

Usage :A diagnostic utilitycompiles technical informationabout a computer's hardware andcertain system softwareprograms and then prepares areport outlining any identifiedproblems. Information in thereport assists technical supportstaff in remedying any problems.Example: Norton Utilities

File Compression

Usage: A file compressionsoftware that we use to shrinkthe size of files so they requireless storage space and reducetransmission time if we sendthem over the internet.Example: WinZip, WinRar, PKZip


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2.4 Installation2.4.1 Personal Computer (PC) Assembling

2.4.1.1 Assemble the components of a PC

STEP PROCEDURE

1 Assembling the Motherboard

2 Fixing the Processor

3 Installing the RAM

4 Connecting the Cables: 1) Connect the IDE cables to the motherboard2) Connect other cables to their respective devices such as the processor

fan, hard disk drive, floppy disk drive and CD-ROM drive

5 Installing the Floppy Drive

6 Installing the Hard Disk

7 Installing the Optical Drive (DVD/CD-ROM)

8 Installing Power Supply

9 Connecting other Peripherals

10 Powering the System

11 Configuring the BIOS Setting

2.4.2 Hard Disk Partitioning and Formatting2.4.2.1 Format and partition the hard disk.

When do we need to format the hard disk?1. Once the partition is created, the next screen will ask for the type of diskformatting to be used.

2. Formatting is the act of creating a file system on a volume, so that the operatingsystem can store and retrieve data on that volume.

Why do we partition the hard disk?

2.4.3 Software Installation2.4.3.1 Install operating system, application software and utility programs.

o Installing the operating system

Example install Windows XP Professional

1. Limits accidental or deliberate damage of your data2. Increases security3. Making the computer run faster

4. Organises Information5. Increases productivity


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o Installing an application software

Example install Microsoft Office XP Professional with FrontPage

o Installing a utility program

Example install Antivirus Software - AVG Free Edition Anti-Virus

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