HE KĀLAILAINA I NĀ KĀHULU PEPEKE POKE KIʻA A … · Ua nui nā kālailai ʻia ʻana o nā kāhulu pepeke i loaʻa ka poke painu me ke kūlana poʻo, e like me ke kāhulu pepeke

HE KĀLAILAINA I NĀ KĀHULU PEPEKE POKE KIʻA A WAILA HOʻI O KA ʻŌLELO HAWAIʻI A ME KA ILI ʻANA O IA MAU KĀHULU PEPEKE I LOKO O

KA MOʻOLELO ʻO KALAPANA

HE PEPA KĒIA I HOʻOUNA ʻIA I KA MĀHELE MULIPUKA O KE KULANUI O HAWAIʻI I MEA E HOʻOKŌ ʻIA AI NĀ KOINA O IA MĀHELE O KE

KĒKELĒ LAEʻULA

MA KA

HOʻŌLA ʻŌLELO A MOʻOMEHEU HAWAIʻI A ʻŌIWI

Hāʻulelau 2016

Na Jason D. Cabral

Kōmike Pepa Puka:

Kauanoe Kamanā, Luna Kōmike

William H. Wilson

Scott Saft

Mark Panek

ii

Abstract

This dissertation is an analysis of noun phrase relative clause (NPRC) and existential

relative clauses (EPRC) of Hawaiian. This analysis was designed to support the Hawaiian

language revitalization movement of Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani, the College of

Hawaiian Language at the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo. It supports the educational

philosophy of the college, the Kumu Honua Mauli Ola, which targets the development

and maintenance of the mauli Hawaiʻi, the Hawaiian life force or identity, by providing a

resource for the future generations of Hawaiian language speakers tasked with

maintaining and strengthening the life of the language, a major aspect of mauli Hawaiʻi.

Additionally, this paper provides a distinct domain where Hawaiian can exist by

documenting the aspects of the NPRC and EPRC in the Hawaiian language for Hawaiian

language speakers in the context of university academia.

Verb phrase RC (VPRC) of the Hawaiian language seems to garner most of the

attention when it comes to Hawaiian language analysis. Accounts of NPRC and EPRC

analyzes were infrequent and inadequate. This paper will reveal certain facets and aspects

of these types of RC that were previously unanalyzed, namely restrictive RC (pili) and

relative appositives (akapili) of NPRC and EPRC, the listing of their predicate markers,

the analysis of their root forms, and the positions of the root sentence from where the

relativized head noun or phrasal head noun originated.

Semantics, particularly the description of the head noun the RC provides, plays a

major role in the categorization of restrictive and relative appositive NPRC and EPRC of

Hawaiian. Pili RC provides a description separating the head noun from other potential

head nouns of the same domain. Akapili RC provides additional information or renames

iii

the phrasal head noun, not necessarily isolating its head from other head nouns of the

same domain. The paper will compare and contrast the NPRC and EPRC with Keenan

and Comrie’s Accessibility Hierarchy to help analyze the differences of the RC’s

description.

Syntactically, pili (join, cling) was chosen as the word to describe restrictive RC

because it is usually attached to the head noun and found in the same phrase. Akapili was

chosen to represent relative appositives because the RC is not attached to the head noun

and is found in the subsequent phrase in the “aka” or shadow of the phrasal head noun.

These two types of RC will be further categorized into subjectless (-S) RC and RC that

retains its subject (+S). An analysis of the relationship of these RC with their root forms

will also be provided. Examples providing verification of these RC were collected from

old Hawaiian newspapers and other forms of literature composed before the negative

effects of English on Hawaiian became prevalent.

Forms of NPRC and EPRC that differ from those previously mentioned will also be

examined. These include types of NPRC that also have verb phrases, such as kālele

kūlana RC and NPRC using genitive predicate markers along with a verb phrase. Other

differing forms include the relativization of pronouns and the relativization of genitives in

NPRC and EPRC.

Data of the the distribution of these types of RC in Kalapana, a story written by native

Hawaiian language speaker Moses Nākuina, will be analyzed to provide authentic context

and frequency of RC usage in this form of literature.

iv

PAPA KUHIKUHI

NĀ PAKUHI .................................................................................................................... viii

ʻŌWEHE ............................................................................................................................ ix

MOKUNA 1: HOʻOLAUNA ............................................................................................. 1

1.0 Kumu Honua Mauli Ola a me Ke Aukahi Hoʻōla ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi ........................... 1

1.0.1 Nā ʻAoʻao o ka Mauli Hawaiʻi .......................................................................... 2

1.0.2 Nā Piko o ke Kumu Honua Mauli Ola ............................................................... 4

1.0.3 Nā Honua o ke Kumu Honua Mauli Ola ........................................................... 5

1.0.4 Honua Mauli Ola o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani ............................................ 6

1.0.5 Liʻiliʻi Ka Pua Mauʻu, Kihe Ka Ihu ................................................................. 12

1.0.6 Mōhala I Ka Wai Ka Maka O Ka Pua ............................................................. 13

1.0.7 He Aliʻi Ka ʻĀina, He Kauā Ke Kanaka .......................................................... 14

1.0.8 I Maikaʻi Ke Kalo I Ka ʻOhā ........................................................................... 14

1.0.9 Na Wai Hoʻi Ka ʻOle O Ka ʻIke? .................................................................... 15

1.0.10 I Ka ʻŌlelo Nō Ke Ola, I Ka ʻŌlelo Nō Ka Make ......................................... 15

1.0.11 Ma Ka Hana Ka ʻIke ...................................................................................... 16

1.1 Ke Kāhulu Pepeke ................................................................................................... 17

1.2 Ke Kaʻina Makakoho Kiʻa Alakaʻi (KMKA) ......................................................... 19

1.3 Kaʻina Makakoho Kiʻa Alakaʻi o ka ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi .............................................. 20

1.3.1 KMKA o ke KPPK a me ke KPPW ................................................................. 21

1.3.2 Kālele ʻia ke Kūlana Poʻo i Kiʻa Alakaʻi ......................................................... 22

MOKUNA 2: NĀ NOIʻI MUA ......................................................................................... 27

2.0 Hoʻolauna ................................................................................................................ 27

2.1 Hawaiian Grammar; W.D. 1968 ............................................................................. 27

2.2 Hawaiian Grammar; Elbert, Pūkuʻi 1979 ............................................................... 28

2.3 Māka Nonoʻa na Wilson 1976 ................................................................................ 28

2.4 Kāhulu Pepeke Poke Painu Cabral 2004 ................................................................ 30

2.5 Piko Nonoʻa na Baker 2012 .................................................................................... 31

2.6 ʻŌlelo Māori ............................................................................................................ 32

2.6.1 No Kā Bauer .................................................................................................... 33

v

2.6.2 No Kā Harlow .................................................................................................. 34

2.6.3 Ka Hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā Kālailaina a Bauer lāua ʻo Harlow ..................... 35

MOKUNA 3: Kāhulu Pepeke Pili ..................................................................................... 38

3.0 Ke Kāhulu Pepeke Poke Kiʻa Pili ........................................................................... 38

3.1 Ke Kaʻakālai Kāpae a me ke Kaʻakālai ʻAnapola .................................................. 39

3.2 Nā KPPK ʻAike ʻO a He Piko ʻOle ........................................................................ 39

3.2.1 Nā KPPK Pili ʻO a He (+P) ............................................................................. 42

3.2.2 Ke KPPK Pili He me nā Huahelu Heluna (+P) ............................................... 44

3.2.3 Ke KPPK He (-P) me ka Huahelu Heluna ....................................................... 45

3.2.4 Ke KPPK Pili He (+P) me ka Huahelu ............................................................ 46

3.2.5 Nā Huahelu Hoʻokaʻina ................................................................................... 47

3.3 Ke KPPK Pili I/IĀ ................................................................................................... 47

3.3.1 Ke KPPK Pili I/Iā (-P) ..................................................................................... 48

3.3.1.1 Lauka Ke KPPK Pili I/Iā Lauka (-P) me ka Hupua KAI .......................... 49

3.3.2 Ke KPPK Pili ʻAmi Kuhilana I/Iā (+P) ........................................................... 49

3.4 Ke KPPK Pili Ma .................................................................................................... 51

3.4.1 Ke KPPK Ma Piko ʻOle ................................................................................... 51

3.4.2 Ke KPPK Pili Ma (+P) ..................................................................................... 52

3.4.2.1 Ke KPPK Pili Ma (+P) me ka ʻAmi Nonoʻa Iki ....................................... 52

3.5 Ke KPPK Pili Me .................................................................................................... 53

3.5.1 Ke KPPK Pili Me (-P) ...................................................................................... 53

3.5.2 Ke KPPK Pili Me (+P) ..................................................................................... 54

3.6 Ke KPPK Pili Mai ................................................................................................... 55

3.6.1 Ke KPPK Pili Mai (-P) .................................................................................... 55

3.6.2 Ke KPPK Pili Mai (+P) ................................................................................... 56

3.7 Ke KPPK Pili Nonoʻa No/Na ................................................................................. 56

3.7.1. KPPK Pili ʻAmi Nonoʻa Nui (-P) ................................................................... 58

3.7.2 Ke KPPK Pili ʻAmi Nonoʻa Nui (+P) ............................................................. 58

3.7.3 Ke KPPK Pili ʻAmi Nonoʻa Iki ....................................................................... 60

3.7.3.1 KPPK Pili ʻAmi Nonoʻa Iki me ke Kiʻa Pepeke ....................................... 61

3.7.4 He Lanalia ........................................................................................................ 62

vi

3.8 Nā Kāhulu Pepeke Poke Waila Pili (KPPW Pili) ................................................... 63

3.8.1 Nā KPPW Pili Aia, Eia (+P) ............................................................................ 63

3.8.2 Nā KPPW Pili Aia, Eia (-P) ............................................................................. 65

MOKUNA 4: KĀHULU PEPEKE POKE KIʻA AKAPILI (KPPK AKAPILI) .............. 68

4.1 KPPK Akapili (-P) .................................................................................................. 69

4.1.1 Nā Poke Kiʻa o ke KPPK Akapili (-P) ............................................................. 72

4.1.2 KPPW Akapili (-P) Aia .................................................................................... 74

4.2 Kāhulu Pepeke Poke Kiʻa Alakaʻi Piko (KPPK Akpili (+P)) ................................ 76

4.2.1 Nā Poke Kiʻa o ke KPPK Akapili (+P) ............................................................ 76

4.2.2 KPPW Akapili (+P) ......................................................................................... 80

MOKUNA 5: Kūpuʻu ....................................................................................................... 82

5.0 Nā KPPK a KPPW ʻOkoʻa ..................................................................................... 82

5.1 Kālele Kūlana i loko o ke KPPK Pili a Akapili (+P) .............................................. 82

5.1.1 Kālele Kūlana me “Kahi” ................................................................................ 84

5.1.2 Nā KPPK Kālele Kūlana .................................................................................. 85

5.1.3. Nā KPPK Pili (+P) Kālele Kūlana .................................................................. 86

5.1.4. Nā KPPK Akapili (+P) Kālele Kūlana ........................................................... 88

5.2 KPPK No/Na Pili (+P) + Poke Painu ...................................................................... 89

5.3 KPPK me ke Kālele ʻĀkena ................................................................................... 90

5.4 Ka Papani i Kiʻa Alakaʻi ......................................................................................... 94

5.4.1 Kiʻa Alakaʻi Papani o ke KPPK (-P) Kuʻi Papani ........................................... 94

5.4.2 Ke Kiʻa Alakaʻi Papani o KPPK (-P) O ʻAmi Nonoʻa Iki ............................... 96

5.5 Ke Kāhulu Pepeke o ke Kūlana Kāhulu Nonoʻa ma nā KPPK a KPPW Pili ......... 97

5.6 Ka Lilo ʻana o ka Piko he Nonoʻa o ke KPPK (+P) ............................................. 100

MOKUNA 6: KALAPANA NA NĀKUINA ................................................................. 101

6.1 Nā KPPK a me nā KPPW o Kalapana .................................................................. 102

MOKUNA 7: PANI ........................................................................................................ 108

7.0 Hoʻolauna .............................................................................................................. 108

7.1 Ke KPPK a me KPPW .......................................................................................... 108

7.2 Ke Kū a me ke Kūʻē i ke Kaʻina Makakoho Kiʻa Alakaʻi .................................... 110

vii

7.3 Nā Mea ʻOkoʻa o ka Mokuna Kūpuʻu .................................................................. 111

7.4 Nā KPPK a me nā KPPW o Kalapana .................................................................. 112

7.5 He mau Manaʻo Pani ............................................................................................ 113

SUMMARY IN ENGLISH ............................................................................................ 116

PAPA HUAʻŌLELO ...................................................................................................... 149

NĀ KŪMOLE ................................................................................................................. 151

viii

NĀ PAKUHI

Pakuhi 1: KPPK Pili a Akapili o Kalapana ..................................................................... 104

Pakuhi 2: KPPK Akapili ................................................................................................. 106

ix

ʻŌWEHE He kālailaina kēia pepa i nā kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa (KPPK) a me nā kāhulu pepeke

poke waila (KPPW), ʻo ia hoʻi nā kāhulu pepeke i loaʻa ke poke kiʻa a poke waila paha

ma ke kūlana poʻo o ke kāhulu pepeke. I mea kēia kālailaina e kākoʻo ʻia ai ke aukahi

hoʻōla ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani e neʻe aku nei i mua me ka

manaʻolana e lilo ia he kumu waiwai e kilo ʻia a e nānā ʻia e nā ʻahi kananā o nā hanauna

hou nāna e kahukahu mau ana i ka mauli ola o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i ka wā e kōkua a

kākoʻo ʻia ai ka ʻoihana hoʻōla ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi e ua kālailaina nei. He ala pū kēia pepa e

ola hou ai ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i ka palapala ʻia o ka ʻike e pili ana i ia mau hiʻohiʻona o ka

ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻo ke KPPK a me ke KPPW hoʻi, i loko o kēia pōʻaiapili o ke kālaiʻike

kulanui.

Ua nui nā kālailai ʻia ʻana o nā kāhulu pepeke i loaʻa ka poke painu me ke kūlana

poʻo, e like me ke kāhulu pepeke painu a kālele ʻākena hoʻi. He kākaʻikahi nō naʻe ke

kālailai ʻia ʻana o ke KPPK a me ke KPPW a no ia kumu i piha pono ʻole ai ke kālailai

ʻia ʻana o kēia kāhulu pepeke. He hōʻike kēia pepa i ke kālailai ʻana i kekahi mau ʻaoʻao

a hiʻohiʻona hoʻi o ia mau kāhulu pepeke i kālailai mua ʻole ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kālailai ʻana

i nā kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa (KPPK) a waila (KPPW) pili a akapili hoʻi, ka helu ʻana i

nā ʻano ʻami like ʻole o ka poke kiʻa i hiki ke lilo he poʻo kāhulu pepeke, ke kālailai ʻana

i nā pepeke mole nona ia mau kāhulu pepeke, a me ke kālailai ʻana i ka lilo ʻana o

nā ʻano kūlana like ʻole a me ka nonoʻa o ia mau kūlana he kiʻa, poke, a pepeke alakaʻi

paha no ke kāhulu pepeke.

ʻO ke aulaʻa kekahi ʻaoʻao nui e kaʻawale ai ke kāhulu pepeke ma nā waeʻanona pili a

akapili hoʻi ma waho aku o ka pilinaʻōlelo. No laila, e ʻike ʻia ma kēia pepa ka

hoʻohālikelike ʻana a me ka hoʻokūkū ʻana i nā KPPK a KPPW hoʻi o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi

x

me ke kaʻina makakoho kiʻa alakaʻi (Accessibility Hierarchy) a me ke ʻano o ka

wehewehe ʻana o ke kāhulu pepeke no kona kiʻa alakaʻi e like me ke kālailai ʻana a

Keenan lāua ʻo Comrie (1977) ma kā lāua noiʻi ʻana i nā lula o ke kāhulu pepeke o nā

ʻano ʻōlelo like ʻole.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao pilinaʻōlelo, ʻo kekahi kumu e kapa ʻia nei he kāhulu pepeke pili ma

kēia kālailaina, ʻo ia nō ka pili ʻana o ia ʻano kāhulu pepeke i kona alakaʻi ma ka lālā

hoʻokahi o ka hopunaʻōlelo. ʻO ke kāhulu pepeke akapili hoʻi, e waiho ana ia ʻano kāhulu

ma kekahi lālā ʻokoʻa a e noho ana hoʻi ma ke “aka” o ka poke a pepeke alakaʻi paha. E

kālailai ʻia naʻe ia mau ʻano kāhulu pepeke ʻelua i helu ʻia aʻe nei ma ke ʻano he poke

kiʻa wale nō e noho kāhulu ana, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa a waila piko ʻole

(KPPK a KPPW (-P)), a ma ke ʻano hoʻi he pepeke piha i loaʻa kona piko, ʻo ke kāhulu

pepeke poke kiʻa a waila piko hoʻi (KPPK a KPPW (+P)). E kālailai mua ʻia aku nō nā

pepeke mole nona ia mau kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa. E hōʻike ʻia aku nā laʻana o ia mau

ʻano kāhulu pepeke mai loko mai o nā nūpepa kahiko a me nā palapala kahiko ʻē aʻe i

kākau ʻia ma mua o ka hilimia loa ʻana o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia.

E hōʻike pū ʻia ke kālailai ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau ʻano KPPK a KPPW hoʻi i ʻano

ʻokoʻa mai nā mea i wehewehe mua ʻia aʻela. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa nui o ia mau kāhulu

pepeke, ʻo ia ke komo ʻana o ka pepeke painu me ka poke kiʻa ma ke ʻano he kālele

kūlana, he ʻami nonoʻa nui me ka poke painu, a me ka ʻami nonoʻa nui ma ke ʻano he

kālele ʻākena. Pēlā pū nō hoʻi ka hōʻike ʻia ʻana o ka lilo ʻana o ka papani he kiʻa alakaʻi

no ke KPPK a me ke kālele ʻia ʻana o ke kūlana nonoʻa i kiʻa alakaʻi i loko o ke KPPK a

me ke KPPW.

xi

E hōʻike ʻia ka ʻikepili o ka ili ʻana o ia mau ʻano KPPK a KPPW hoʻi i loko o

Kalapana, he moʻokalaleo Hawaiʻi i kākau ʻia e Moses Nākuina, he mānaleo hoʻi, i mea e

kālailai ʻia ai ka hoʻohana ʻia maoli ʻia ʻana o ia mau ʻano kāhulu pepeke i loko o ia

kākau moʻolelo ʻana o ia kupuna mānaleo.

1

MOKUNA 1: HOʻOLAUNA 1.0 Kumu Honua Mauli Ola a me Ke Aukahi Hoʻōla ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi

Ma Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani, ʻo ke Kumu Honua Mauli Ola ke kālaimanaʻo

hoʻonaʻauao ʻōiwi Hawaiʻi o ka papahana. Ua hoʻopaʻa palapala ʻia i ka makahiki 1998 a

nāna e hoʻokele ana i nā hana a pau o laila a me nā honua mauli ola Hawaiʻi e kaʻa ana

ma lalo o kona malu a hiki loa mai i kēia manawa. He paepae noʻonoʻo ia i loaʻa mai ma

ke aʻo ʻana, ka wehewehe ʻana, ka ʻauamo kuleana ʻana, a me ka ʻōlelo kahiko a nā

kūpuna mānaleo i hana ma nā Pūnana Leo mua loa. (Kumu Honua Mauli Ola, ʻAha

Pūnana Leo, Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani 2009, ix) ʻO ke kahua pū nō hoʻi ia o kēia

pepa puka.

ʻO ka ikaika o ka mauli Hawaiʻi, ke ahi o ka Hawaiʻi ʻana o ke kanaka a me ka lāhui

Hawaiʻi, ka pahuhopu nui loa o ke Kumu Honua Mauli Ola. E lapalapa ia ahi ʻo ka mauli

Hawaiʻi i ka ikaika pono o nā ʻaoʻao ʻehā o ka mauli, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻaoʻao pili ʻuhane, ka

ʻaoʻao lawena, ka ʻaoʻao ʻike kuʻuna, a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻōlelo.

ʻO ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ia mauli ma ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ke ola o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻo

ia ka pahuhopu nui o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani i kū i kona nuʻukia ʻo ka ʻōlelo ke

kaʻā o ka mauli. Na ka ʻaoʻao ʻōlelo e awaiāulu a paʻa nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka mauli. Ke

nāwaliwali ka ʻōlelo, he nāwaliwali pū mai ka paʻa ʻana o ia mau ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe a ʻekolu a

hāpōpō iho ka māʻamaʻama o ka mauli. Ke ikaika ka ʻōlelo, he ikaika ka paʻa ʻana o ia

mau ʻaoʻao o ka mauli a lapalapa a māʻamaʻama ia ahi ʻo ka mauli. Pau ka hie o ka mauli

i ka heleleʻi ʻana o kona mau ʻaoʻao ke komo ʻole ka ʻaoʻao ʻōlelo i loko. ʻO ka hoʻohana

ʻana i ka ʻōlelo ke kaiaʻōlelo o kēia pepa a me ke kia ʻana ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike

ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻo ia ka pili a kēia pepa i ia kālaimanaʻo.

2

1.0.1 Nā ʻAoʻao o ka Mauli Hawaiʻi

ʻO ka ʻaoʻao pili ʻuhane, aia nō ke waiho nei ma kahi laʻa loa o ke kino kanaka, ʻo ia

hoʻi kona poʻo. Ma ka pili ʻuhane kākou e ʻike ai i ke kūpono me ka ʻole. ʻO ka

mālamalama o ka mauli ka mea e pili ai ka mauli me ka ʻuhane o ke kanaka a pēlā hoʻi

me nā mea kūlohelohe ʻē aʻe o ke ao kūlohelohe. ʻOiai, ua hānau ʻia ke kanaka me ka

ʻuhane, he komo nō ia ʻaoʻao i loko o ka moʻokūʻauhau o ka ʻohana. No laila, he ala nō

ka ʻōlelo e pili ai ka ʻuhane me ka mauli ʻoiai ʻike ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia ka mana o ka ʻōlelo

Hawaiʻi i loko o nā pule, ʻo nā pule kuʻuna Hawaiʻi kahiko a me nā pule Kalikiano hou

hoʻi, nā mele oli, nā kānaenae, a me ia mea aku ia mea aku o nā hanana a papahana pili

ʻuhane o ka Hawaiʻi. Ma ia mau pōʻaiapili, ma ka hoʻopuka ʻia o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi e

mana ai ka pilina a ka mauli me ka ʻuhane i loko o ke kanaka kāʻokoʻa, i waena o nā

kānaka o ka lāhui hoʻokahi, a i waena hoʻi o nā mea ʻē aʻe o ke ao, nā mea i ʻike ʻia a me

nā mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia hoʻi. ʻOi loa aku ka ikaika a me ka ʻoluʻolu o ka mauli i ke alu like

ma ka ʻōlelo hoʻokahi ma ka pule, hīmeni, a oli pualu paha ma nā mea pili ʻuhane.

He pili ʻuhane ko ka ʻōlelo, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ke kiʻi ʻana i nā laʻana i hoʻopuka ʻia e nā

kūpuna mānaleo o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i hānau ʻia i ke au o ke aupuni mōʻī, pēlā i pili

ʻuhane ai kēia pepa i ka mole kumu o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi o kēia wā nei a me ka wā e hiki

mai ana.

ʻO ka ʻaoʻao lawena, aia nō ma nā lālā o ke kino. He ʻike ʻia nō i ka hele a ke kanaka,

i ka honi ke launa, i ke kiʻina lima a wāwae hoʻi o ka hula, i ke kūlana kino o ka

haʻiʻōlelo a oli paha, a i nā hana Hawaiʻi ʻē aʻe e ʻike ʻia ai ke kūlana o ka lawena. He

ʻoluʻolu ka mauli i ka noho i ke kino i ahuwale kona ʻaoʻao lawena Hawaiʻi ʻoiai ʻo ia ka

mea e paʻa ai ka mehana o ka mauli. He mea ʻoiaʻiʻo loa ka lawena ʻoiai he hōʻike ʻia ʻo

3

ia me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole. Aia ka mana a me ka ikaika o ka lawena i ka ʻākoakoa ʻana a me

ka pili ʻana o nā kānaka o ka lāhui nona ka mauli hoʻokahi. I ka wā e pipili ai ka ʻaoʻao

lawena o nā kānaka ma ka walaʻau, ke kūkākūkā, ka hālāwai, ke mele, ka pule, ke aʻo, a

pēlā aku, na ka ʻōlelo e hoʻāhuwale a hōʻoia i ka pili maoli ʻana o ka mauli Hawaiʻi o ia

pūʻulu kanaka. ʻO ka hoʻohana piha ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma ke kākau ʻana i kēia

pepa, nā hālāwai me nā lālā kōmike, a ma ke kūpale ʻana aʻe, pēlā i mālama ʻia ai ka

ʻaoʻao lawena ma kēia kākau pepa ʻana.

ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻike kuʻuna, aia nō ke waiho nei ma ka naʻau o ke kanaka, kahi hoʻi o ka

ʻike, ka naʻauao, a me nā haʻawina o ka naʻau e waiho nei. He ʻike ia i ili mai a kuʻu mai

hoʻi mai nā kūpuna Hawaiʻi mai mai kahi hanauna i kahi hanauna. He ʻike ʻia ʻo ia i ka

hula, ke mele, ka pule, ka lawaiʻa, ka mahiʻai, nā hana lima, a me nā loina e pili pū ana

me ia mau hana. He mea ia ʻaoʻao ʻike kuʻuna e lapalapa ai ia ahi ʻo ka mauli a ikaika

loa. He mau nō hoʻi i hiki ke ʻike ʻia e nā lonoa o kākou no laila ma nā ʻike kuʻuna e

ahuwale ai ka mauli iā kākou. ʻIke ʻia nō ka mea waiwai a koʻikoʻi hoʻi o ka ʻōlelo no ka

ʻike kuʻuna i loko o nā ʻano mele like ʻole, nā pule o kēlā ʻano kēia ʻano, nā ʻōlelo aʻo a

me nā hua lekikona e pili pū ana i kēlā me kēia pōʻaiapili e ili ai ka ʻike kuʻuna. No laila,

he kōkua nō ka ʻōlelo i ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻike kuʻuna a paʻa ma ka naʻau a me ka

hoʻoili ʻia ʻana ma luna o kahi hanauna a i kahi hanauna. He ʻike, mālama, a hoʻolaha ʻia

nā ʻaoʻao ʻike kuʻuna ma kēia pepa ma ka ʻohi ʻana i nā laʻana mai loko aʻe o nā

moʻolelo a kolamu nūpepa i piha i ka ʻike kuʻuna. ʻO ka moʻolelo o Kalapana kahi

ikaikai loa o ka ʻike kuʻuna ma kēia kālailai ʻana.

ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻōlelo hoʻi, pēlā e holo ai ka mauli Hawaiʻi i waena a i waho hoʻi o

kākou. ʻO ka ʻōlelo ka mea e hōlapu ai ia ahi he mauli Hawaiʻi a aia kona mana i kona

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hoʻohana ʻia. Ma ke ala ʻōlelo e komo ai nā mea hou a hoʻoikaika ʻia ka mauli Hawaiʻi i

ia mau mea hou. Aia nō a ikaika ka ʻōlelo, a laila, ikaika pū nō hoʻi ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka

mauli Hawaiʻi ma ke kuanaʻike Hawaiʻi i nā hanauna hou. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻike

no kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōlelo Hawiʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kāhulu pepeke poke painu ʻole, he

ʻaoʻao hoʻoikaika ia i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi e hoʻoili ʻia ana ma luna o ka hanauna hou. ʻO ia

ka ikaika loa o kēia pepa i loko o ke Kumu Honua Mauli Ola.

No laila, ʻo kēia mau ʻaoʻao ʻehā o ka mauli Hawaiʻi, no loko mai ia o ke kino

hoʻokahi. ʻAʻohe wā e hana kaʻawale ai. E hana pū ana ia mau ʻaoʻao kekahi me kekahi

ma ke ʻano he mauli hoʻokahi. ʻO ia mauli ke ahi o ke ola o ke kanaka hoʻokahi a ke like

ka mauli o ka pūʻulu kanaka, ʻo ia ka mea e lāhui ai. I ka lāhui hoʻokahi, ua ʻike ʻia ka

like o ka mauli i ka hā ʻana aku a hā ʻana mai ma ka ʻōlelo o ka waha. ʻEkolu piko o ke

kino kanaka e ʻike ʻia ai ia hā ʻana.

1.0.2 Nā Piko o ke Kumu Honua Mauli Ola

ʻO ka Piko ʻĪ, aia i ke poʻo, kahi o ka manawa e ʻike ʻia ai ke ola o kākou ke hānau ʻia

i ka wā pēpē. Aia ma laila ka pilina akua a ka lāhui. ʻO ka Piko ʻŌ, aia nō i ka ʻōpū. Nāna

nō e hoʻopili iā kākou me nā kūpuna o kākou. ʻO ia ka piko pili loa i ka naʻau o ka lāhui.

ʻO ka Piko ʻĀ, aia ma nā wahi huna o kākou, ma nā maʻi hoʻi. Nāna nō ka hoʻokumu

pilina hou ʻana. No laila mai ka ʻiʻini e hoʻohui ana iā kākou ma ke ʻano he kāne a

wahine paha na kākou a pēlā e pili ai i nā hanauna hou e hoʻopuka ʻia ana ma muli o ia

ʻiʻini.

He mau ʻaoʻao nui ko ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i nā piko ʻekolu o ke kanaka. No ka Piko ʻĪ,

ʻike ʻia ka waiwai o ka ʻōlelo i loko o nā pule a mele oli Hawaiʻi paha e ikaika ai a e

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mana ai hoʻi ka pilina akua a ka lāhui. No ka Piko ʻŌ, ʻike ʻia ka waiwai o ka ʻōlelo i ka

hoʻoili ʻana i ka ʻike kuʻuna mai nā kūpuna mai i nā hanauna hou. No ka Piko ʻĀ, na ka

ʻōlelo e hōʻike a hōʻoia i ka ʻiʻini e hoʻoulu ana i ka lāhui. Ma kēia mau piko ʻekolu

kākou e pili ai kekahi me kekahi ma ke ʻano he lāhui nona ka mauli hoʻokahi. No kēia

pepa ponoʻī, ua puka mai loko aʻe o kuʻu mau pilina piko i loko oʻu he aloha a pilina i ka

ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻuhane o ka Piko ʻĪ, ua komo loa mai koʻu wā ʻōpiopio i pili

pū i ke ao kūlohelohe o koʻu hānai ʻia ʻana. No ka ʻaoʻao Piko ʻŌ, e like me koʻu ulu ʻan

i loko o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, pēlā au i ʻike ai i ka pili loa i koʻu moʻokūʻauhau ponoʻī a me

ka ʻōlelo paʻiʻai i hānai ʻia ai au mai ka hānau ʻana. No ka Piko ʻĀ, ʻo ka hoʻolaupaʻi i ka

ʻōlelo a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka poʻe walewaha ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi hou kaʻu ʻoihana e

mālama nei a e mālama ana mai kēia mua aku.

1.0.3 Nā Honua o ke Kumu Honua Mauli Ola

ʻAʻole i hiki ke mālama kūpono ʻia ka mauli Hawaiʻi ke loaʻa ʻole kona honua, he

wahi a pōʻaiapili paha e ola ai ia mauli. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻekolu honua nui o ke kanaka. I

loko o ia mau honua ʻekolu e kahukahu ʻia ai ia ahi ʻo ka mauli. Aia nō i ke ʻano o ka

hānai ʻia ʻana o kākou ka nui o ka lapalapa ʻana o ia ahi he mauli Hawaiʻi.

ʻO ka Honua ʻIewe ka honua mua o kākou i loko o ka pūʻau o ko kākou mau

mākuahine. Ma laila kākou e pili mua ai me ka makuahine a me nā kūpuna. I ka wā e

hānau ʻia ai a kanu ʻia ka ʻiewe i ka ʻāina hānau, komo aku kākou i loko o ka Honua

Kīpuka. Ma laila kākou e mālama palekana ʻia ai e ka ʻohana mai ka wā pēpē a hiki i ka

nui ʻana a oʻo ʻana hoʻi. Ma laila pū hoʻi e paʻa mua ai nā ʻaoʻao o ka mauli iā kākou ma

ka ili ʻana mai o ka ʻōlelo, ka pili ʻuhane, ka lawena, a me ka ʻike kuʻuna ma luna o

6

kākou mai ka ʻohana mai. E like me ka piʻi ʻana o nā makahiki, pēlā ke ākea o nā palena

o ka honua kīpuka. Ma muli o ia ākea ʻana o nā palena, he pā nō ko kākou mauli a me

kona mau ʻaoʻao ʻehā i nā mea hou. A oʻo pono kākou, ua mākaukau e puka aku i ka

Honuo Ao Holoʻokoʻa. I ia puka ʻana i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ua paʻa mua ka mauli a me nā

ʻaoʻao ʻehā o ka mauli i loko o kākou. Noʻu ponoʻī, ua pili kēia pepa i koʻu honua ʻiewe

o Hilo ʻĀkau, he ʻāina Hawaiʻi, koʻu honua kīpuka ʻo nā kahua Kulanui o Hawaiʻi, a me

koʻu puka ʻana aku i ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma keʻano he polopeka no Ka Haka ʻUla O

Keʻelikōlani.

1.0.4 Honua Mauli Ola o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani

He honua mauli Hawaiʻi ʻo Haleʻōlelo no Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani e hoʻoikaika

ʻia nei nā ʻaoʻao ʻehā o ka mauli Hawaiʻi i kēlā lā kēia lā i ka lawelawe ʻana i ka

papahana hoʻonaʻauao ʻōlelo a moʻomeheu Hawaiʻi. He honua kīpuka ia e kiaʻi ʻia nei ke

ola o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi a me ka mauli Hawaiʻi a he ʻano honua kīpuka hou no nā

haumāna e komo mai ana no ka ʻimi ʻana i ka naʻauao.

I nā haumāna e komo mai ai i loko o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani a ākea iki aku nā

palena o ko lākou honua kīpuka, he kula ʻia lākou i loko o nā papahana hoʻonaʻauao e

loaʻa ai ka palapala puka e ʻimi ʻia ana me ka manaʻo e mau ke kahukahu ʻia ʻana o ka

mauli Hawaiʻi i paʻa iā lākou ma mua o ka hōʻea ʻana mai. E hoʻoikaika hou aku i ia

mauli Hawaiʻi o lākou i loko o nā papa ʻōlelo a me nā papa moʻomeheu e komo ʻia e

lākou. ʻAʻole naʻe ma nā papa wale nō e kahukahu ʻia ai ka mauli o lākou. He ʻimi mau

ʻia nā pōʻaiapili ʻē aʻe e ola ai ka mauli Hawaiʻi o ka papahana e like me ka mālama ʻia

ʻana o ka ʻaha piko o ke kakahiaka, nā huakaʻi ʻimi naʻauao, nā hanana a me nā ʻaha

7

koʻikoʻi e like me ka ʻAha Hoʻomoloa Kīhei a me ka Lā Kulāia, a me ka launa wale ʻana

nō me nā kumu a me nā limahana e kia ana ka noʻonoʻo i ka mālama pono ʻana i nā

haumāna a me kā lākou mau papahana hoʻonaʻauao e koho ai ma ke ʻano e ola hou ai ka

mauli Hawaiʻi. ʻAuamo ʻia nō ia mau kuleana me ka manaʻolana e hoʻi hou mai nā

haumāna i loko o ke aukahi hoʻōla ʻōlelo a moʻomeheu Hawaiʻi a a lilo lākou he mau

alakaʻi nāna e kahukahu i ka mauli Hawaiʻi i loko o ke aukahi hoʻōla ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi o Ka

Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani a me nā papahana hoʻōla ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma lalo o ka malu

hoʻokahi me ia. Ma ka ʻoi loa aku naʻe, e hoʻoili aku lākou i ko lākou mauli Hawaiʻi ma

luna o nā hanauna hou o ko lākou mau ʻohana ponoʻī i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO kaʻu ʻimi

ʻana i kēia kēkelē a me nā hana kūpale pepa aʻu kekahi ʻaoʻao o Ka Haka ʻUla O

Keʻelikōlani i pā ai lākou a i ikaika hou aʻe ai ka mauli o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani.

ʻO ia kālaimanaʻo hoʻonaʻauao ʻōiwi ʻo ke Kumu Honua Mauli Ola, ʻo ia ke kahua e

kūkulu ʻia ai a e kāpilipili ʻia ai nā papahana hoʻōla ʻōlelo, moʻomeheu, a mauli Hawaiʻi i

loko o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani. ʻO ka ʻōlelo ka hoe uli nāna e hoʻokele nei i kēia

waʻa o ke aukahi hoʻōla ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi me kona mau papahana mauli Hawaiʻi a pau. ʻO

ia ka mea nāna e hoʻopaʻa a awaiāulu ana i nā ʻaoʻao o ka mauli. ʻO ia ka mea nāna e

hoʻopili i nā piko ʻekolu i mālama ʻia ka holo ʻana o ka mauli o ke kanaka kāʻokoʻa a me

kona mau hoa lāhui a i mālama pū ʻia hoʻi nā honua e ola nei ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma laila.

Mai loko mai o ia papahana i hoʻokumu ʻia ai a e hoʻokumu hou ʻia ai hoʻi nā honua e ola

hou aʻe ai ka mauli Hawaiʻi no nā hanauna o kēia mua aku. ʻO ka ʻike o loko o kaʻu pepa

kekahi mea nāna e hoʻoikaika hou ana i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi a nā haumāna.

Ua hoʻonāwaliwali ʻia a kau palena ʻia hoʻi ka mauli Hawaiʻi e nā mea malihini i

komo mai i loko o Hawaiʻi nei no nā makahiki he lōʻihi. Ua hilimia nō ka ʻōlelo a me nā

8

ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka mauli i ia pā ʻana i nā mea hou no waho. Ma muli o ia hoʻohemahema

ʻia o ka mauli Hawaiʻi, he makemake ko ke aukahi hoʻōla ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi e hoʻāla hou, e

hoʻōla hou, a e hoʻolaha hou aku i ka mauli Hawaiʻi no ka pono nui o ka lāhui Hawaiʻi a

me nā kānaka a pau o Hawaiʻi nei. Na ka ʻōlelo nō, me kona hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao ʻē

aʻe o ka mauli, e alakaʻi i ka hoʻāla a hoʻōla hou ʻana me ke hoʻolaha pū i ka mauli

Hawaiʻi ma kona ʻano he hoe uli. No ke koʻikoʻi loa o ke kūlana a me ke kuleana o ka

ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i loko o ka papahana, no laila i ikaika loa ai ke kiaʻi ʻia o ka mālama ʻia o

ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma ia honua a me nā honua ʻē aʻe e like me ke Kula ʻo

Nāwahīokalaniʻōpuʻu a me ka Pūnana Leo. He ʻano kiaʻi kaʻu kālailaina ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i

paʻa ke ʻano kahiko o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi a makaʻala o hilimia i ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia.

He mea nui a koʻikoʻi nō ka papa haʻawina e paʻa ai ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i nā haumāna o

Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani. ʻO ka puke haʻawina ʻo Nā Kai ʻEwalu ke kahua a me ka

ʻīkoi o ia papa haʻawina. E like me ka mea i palapala ʻia i loko o ke Kumu Honua Mauli

Ola, aia ka mana o ka ʻōlelo i kona hoʻohana ʻia. No laila, ʻo ia nō ke kuanaʻike i haku ʻia

ai nā haʻawina o ia puke. He mau haʻawina ia e kōkua a e kākoʻo ana i ka lilo ʻana o ka

ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi he ʻōlelo ola a he ʻōlelo hoʻi i hoʻohana maoli ʻia e nā haumāna ma nā

ʻano pōʻaiapili like ʻole o ko lākou mau ola, a ʻaʻole hoʻi he ʻōlelo ʻē e aʻo ʻia ana a e kilo

ʻia ana i loko o ka lumi papa wale nō. ʻO kēia pepa kauka aʻu kekahi hoʻopuʻipuʻi ʻike i

kākau ʻia ma luna o nā haʻawina o Nā Kai ʻEwalu i mea e hoʻoili hou aʻe ai i ka ʻike

ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i nā haumāna o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani.

ʻO nā kumu ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani, ua kula ʻia nō ka hapa nui

loa i loko o nā papa ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i hoʻohana ʻia ai ʻo Nā Kai ʻEwalu ma Hilo nei. Ua ili

mai nō kekahi ʻano kiʻina aʻo mai nā kumu mua loa o ka papahana i kū i nā haʻawina o

9

Nā Kai ʻEwalu. Ua loaʻa nō nā hana maʻamau o ke aʻo ʻōlelo ʻana. ʻO ka heluehelu me

ke kākau, ka hoʻopaʻanaʻau ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo hou, ʻo ke kilo me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa pū i

nā pilinaʻōlelo a me nā analula hou, ʻo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa puana, ʻo ka haʻiʻōlelo, ʻo ka

hoʻomaʻamaʻa unuhi, ʻo ia kekahi o nā haʻawina e ʻike ʻia ana i loko o ka lumi papa. Aia

pū i ke akamai o ke kumu ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hoʻolako ʻana i nā pōʻaiapili e

hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai ka haumāna i ia mau ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i kū i nā pōʻaiapili

ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke au o ka manawa e kū ana. He mea kēia pepa e kōkua ana i nā kumu o Ka

Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani i ka hoʻoikaika i kā lākou hana i loko o ka lumi papa.

ʻO ke kiʻina aʻo koʻikoʻi loa naʻe, ʻo ia ke kūpaʻa ʻana o nā kumu a me nā limahana o

Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani ma ka hoʻohana maoli ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma loko a

ma waho hoʻi o ka lumi papa i nā manawa a pau i mau kumu hoʻohālike na nā haumāna.

Mālama ʻia a kiaʻi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i kū i ke kālaimanaʻo

hoʻonaʻauao ʻōiwi a me ka nuʻukia o ka papahana. I mea hoʻi ia e ʻike maka ai nā

haumāna i ka pilina waiwai a ka ʻōlelo i ka mauli Hawaiʻi a e lilo ka ʻōlelo he mea e

minamina ʻia e lākou a he mea hoʻi e lapalapa hou aʻe ai ko lākou mauli Hawaiʻi. He mea

nui ka ʻike ʻana o nā haumāna i ka waiwai o lākou a me kā lākou mau koho e pili ana i ka

ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i ke ola o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i kēia mua aku. No laila, hoʻomanaʻo mau ʻia

nā haumāna no ka mea nui o lākou i ka papahana a me ke aukahi hoʻōla ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi

ma ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ma nā hana hoʻōla mauli Hawaiʻi o ka papahana a lākou e komo ai i

kēlā lā kēia lā. ʻAʻole i piha pono ia pahuhopu nui i ka paʻa wale ʻana nō o ka ʻōlelo i nā

haumāna. Aia hoʻi ka mana o ka ʻōlelo i ka hoʻohana maoli ʻia. ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka

hoʻohana ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi a me ke Kumu Honua Mauli Ola ma kēia ʻimi kēkelē laeʻula

ʻana oʻu kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka papahana ʻoiaʻiʻo o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani.

10

I loko o nā makahiki he 20 a ʻoi aʻu i noho ai ma ke ʻano he kumu ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i ke

Kulanui o Hawaiʻi ma Hilo a me Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani, ua nui koʻu launa ʻana

me nā ʻano kānaka like ʻole o nā ʻano lāhui like ʻole i kūlanalana ko lākou mauli i ka

hoʻonāwaliwali ʻia a kau palena ʻia hoʻi i nā ʻano hana like ʻole i hana ʻia ma luna o

lākou a me ko lākou mauli i ke komo ʻana o nā mea malihini i waena o lākou. ʻO ka

maʻamau, he mea malihini ia i mana ma kekahi ʻano e like me ke aupuni o ʻAmelike Hui

Pū ʻIa i ka ʻāina Haole. Ua komo aku nō au i loko o nā ʻaha kūkā e pono ai ka ʻōlelo

ʻōiwi ʻAmelika ma ʻOlekona, Nūmekiko, a me ʻOkalahoma. Ma ia mau wahi, ua launa

aku nō me nā ʻōiwi o ʻOlekona e hoʻōla ana i ka ʻōlelo Chinuk Wawa, nā Pueblo, a me nā

Cherokee. Ua ʻike ʻia nō ka lauana hoʻokahi i waena o lākou ma ke emi ʻana o ka ikaika

o ko lākou mauli ʻōiwi i ka wāwahi ʻia a pāpā ʻia hoʻi o ka ʻōlelo a me ka moʻomeheu i

ka wā i komo ʻia ai ko lākou mau ʻāina e ka malihini. ʻO ka nalowale ʻana o ka ʻōlelo, a i

ʻole, ʻo ka heleleʻi ʻana o kekahi mau ʻaoʻao nui o ka ʻōlelo, kekahi kumu nui i pio ai ka

mauli o lākou. ʻO ka nāwaliwali, ka heleleʻi, a me ka nalowale ʻana o ka ʻōlelo, ke kaʻā

hoʻi nāna e hoʻopaʻa ana i nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka mauli, pēlā e hemohemo ai ka paepae

pōhaku e kahua ai ke kuanaʻike, ke ola, a me ke ahi o ka mauli.

Ua ili mai nō ia ʻano hopena ma luna o ka mauli Hawaiʻi. ʻO ka ʻōlelo ka ʻaoʻao i

hilimia nui i kona pāpā ʻia ʻaʻole ia ʻo ka ʻōlelo aʻo o nā kula aupuni i ka makahiki 1896.

I loko nō o nā hanauna ma hope koke iho o ia pāpā ʻia ʻana, ua ʻane halapohe nō ka ʻōlelo

Hawaiʻi. Ua moku nō ka ili ʻana o ka ʻōlelo i loko o ka moʻokūʻauhau o nā ʻohana

Hawaiʻi. Ua emi nō ka ikaika o nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka mauli Hawaiʻi i ia ʻane halapohe

ʻana. No ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ia moku ʻana, ua hoʻāla ʻia ke aukahi hoʻōla ʻōlelo

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Hawaiʻi i loko o nā makahiki 1970 ma ke ʻano he ʻaoʻao a hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi e mālama

ʻia i loko o ke aukahi hoʻōla moʻomeheu Hawaiʻi nui o ia wā.

I ka makahiki 1978, ua komo ka ʻōlelo a me ka moʻomeheu Hawaʻi i loko o ke

Kumukānāwai o Hawaiʻi nei ma ke ʻano he pono kīwila. I ka makahiki 1982, ua

hoʻokumu ʻia ka Māhele Haʻawina Hawaiʻi, he papahana muapuka nona ke kēkelē

laepua, ma ke Kulanui O Hawaiʻi ma Hilo. Mai ka makahiki 1983 a i ka makahiki 1999,

ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka Pūnana Leo, ke kula kamaliʻi ʻōlelo Hawaʻi, a me nā kula kaiapuni

mai ka papa mālaaʻo a i ka papa ʻumikūmālua. Ua puka nō nā haumāna mua o ia ʻano

hoʻonaʻauao ʻia ʻana ma ke Kula ʻO Nāwahīokalaniʻōpuʻu a me ke Kula ʻO Ānuenue i ka

makahiki 1999.

I ka makahiki 1998, ua hoʻonohonoho hou ʻia ka Māhele Haʻawina Hawaiʻi o Hilo a

ua ʻāpono ʻia e ke Papa Kahu Kulanui o Hawaiʻi ke ʻano he koleke ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻo Ka

Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani hoʻi. Mai ka makahiki 1999 a i ka makahiki 2008, ua puka

nā haumāna mua o nā papahana i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o ia koleke. I ka makahiki 1999, ua

puka nā haumāna mua o Kahuawaiola, ka papahana hoʻomākaukau kumu mauli Hawaiʻi.

I ka makahiki 2002, ua puka nā haumāna mua mai ka papahana laeoʻo ʻŌlelo a

Moʻokalaleo Hawaiʻi. A i ka makahiki 2008, ua puka nā haumāna mua o ka papahana

laeʻula Hoʻōla ʻŌlelo a Moʻomeheu Hawaiʻi a ʻŌiwi.

Mai loko mai o ia aukahi hoʻōla ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ua puka mai nā alakaʻi e hoʻokumu

ana i nā honua mauli ola Hawaiʻi hou, nā kumu kula e hoʻonaʻauao ana i nā hanauna hou,

nā pāpaho ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi hou, a me nā kānaka i koho e hoʻōla i ka ʻōlelo a me ka mauli

Hawaiʻi i loko o nā ʻohana i ʻole e moku hou ka ili ʻana o ka ʻike ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi a me nā

ʻike Hawaiʻi o kēlā ʻano kēia ʻano i loko o ka moʻokūʻauhau o nā ʻohana Hawaiʻi.

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No laila, i loko o ia aukahi hoʻōla ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi e hoʻōla hou ʻia ana ka ʻōlelo

Hawaʻi a e hoʻonui ʻia ana nā honua ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi hou i mau wahi a pōʻaiapili hoʻi e

lapalapa mau ai ka mauli Hawaiʻi, ua piha ka ʻumeke hoʻonaʻauao o Ka Haka ʻUla O

Keʻelikōlani i nā ʻano haʻawina a me nā kiʻina aʻo like ʻole e kākoʻo, kōkūa, a e

hoʻoholomua ana i ke kālaimanaʻo hoʻonaʻauao ʻōiwi a me ka nuʻukia o laila. He mau

haʻawina ia e ʻoiaʻiʻo ai ke ola maoli ʻana o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi a e ʻoiaʻiʻo ai hoʻi kona

kūlana e wahī ʻia ai nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe ʻekolu o ka mauli a paʻa.

1.0.5 Liʻiliʻi Ka Pua Mauʻu, Kihe Ka Ihu

He wahi hakina ʻai kēia pepa i loko o ia ʻumeke hoʻonaʻauao o Ka Haka ʻUla O

Keʻelikōlani. ʻO ia ke kumu nui i kākau ʻia ai kēia pepa ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma kahi o

ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia. He ala kēia pepa e ola hou ai ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i ka palapala ʻia o ka

ʻike e pili ana i ia mau hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻo ke kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa

(KPPK) a me ke kāhulu pepeke poke waila (KPPW) hoʻi, i loko o kēia pōʻaiapili o ke

kālaiʻike kulanui.

Ma ka wā e kākau ʻia ana kēia kālailaina, ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kuanaʻike o nā kumu a

me nā haumāna i kula ʻia a paʻa ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi iā lākou ma ke aʻo ʻana a me ka

hoʻohana ʻana i ka puke ʻo Nā Kai ʻEwalu, ka puke haʻawina o nā papa ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi o

Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani. No loko mai o ia puke a me nā papa kālaiʻōlelo Hawaiʻi

helukiʻe nā huaʻōlelo a me nā inoa kālaiʻōlelo i hoʻohana ʻia ana ma kēia pepa, nā

huaʻōlelo hoʻi i loko o ka papa huaʻōlelo i ka hopena o kēia pepa. No loko mai hoʻi o ia

puke a me ia mau papa ke kuanaʻike o ke kālailai ʻia ʻana o nā kāhulu pepeke o kēia

pepa, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kālailai ʻia ʻana me ka manaʻo e hoʻohana maoli ʻia ia ʻike i loko o ka

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ʻōlelo a nā kānaka e ola ana ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi iā lākou i ʻole ia ʻaoʻao o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi

e pau i ka nalowale loa. Ma waho aku o nā ʻaoʻao kaʻihua a aulaʻa hoʻi o ke kāhulu

pepeke me ka hōʻike pū ʻia o ka pilina a ke kāhulu pepeke i kona pepeke mole, he mea

nui loa ka hōʻike ʻia ʻana o kona hoʻohana maoli ʻia. No laila mai hoʻi i hōʻike ʻia ai nā

laʻana i loko o nā pōʻaiapili i hoʻohana maoli ʻia ai i loko o nā nūpepa ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi

kahiko a me nā moʻokalaleo e like me ka moʻolelo ʻo Kalapana. I mea hoʻi ia e ola maoli

ai ia mau hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i loko o ka pōʻaiapili ʻoiaʻiʻo e ola maoli ai ka

ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi me ka heleleʻi ʻole o ia ʻano kāhulu hoʻowehiwehi ʻōlelo.

1.0.6 Mōhala I Ka Wai Ka Maka O Ka Pua

No koʻu mauli iho, he kuleana nui nō koʻu ma koʻu ʻaoʻao he kamakūloko i hānau a

hānai ʻia ma Hawaiʻi Moku o Keawe a ma koʻu ʻaoʻao hoʻi he kumu kula o Ka Haka ʻUla

O Keʻelikōlani. ʻO ia kuleana, ʻo ia ka mālama loa ʻana iā Hawaiʻi nei ma kona ʻano

Hawaiʻi i loko nō o ka hōʻea nui ʻana mai o nā mea no waho, nā mea hoʻi e emi ai a e

hilimia ai hoʻi ia ahi ʻo ka mauli Hawaiʻi a me kona mau ʻaoʻao e like me ka hilimia ʻana

o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia a me nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe i hiki mai i Hawaiʻi nei. ʻO

ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ke ala i koho ʻia e aʻu i mea e kō ai ia kuleana ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻōlelo ke kaʻā

o ka mauli. No laila, ma koʻu hoʻōla ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i loko o kaʻu mau hana a me

koʻu mau kuleana hoʻi o ka noho kumu kula ʻana no Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani, he

mālama a he kahukahu nō hoʻi ia i ke ahi o ka mauli Hawaiʻi.

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1.0.7 He Aliʻi Ka ʻĀina, He Kauā Ke Kanaka

No koʻu hānau ʻia a hānai ʻia ʻana ma Hawaiʻi nei, ʻaʻole e ʻole ka pili ʻana o koʻu

ʻuhane me kēia ʻāina. Ma muli o ia pili ʻuhane i ahuwale ai ia kuleana ʻo ka mālama ʻana

a me ke kahukahu ʻana i ka mauli Hawaiʻi. Ua nui nō hoʻi koʻu pōmaikaʻi i ka pili

hoʻokahi ʻana o nā kuleana a me nā pahuhopu o koʻu noho kamakūloko ʻana a me koʻu

noho kumu kula ʻana. Na ia ʻaoʻao pili ʻuhane i hoʻokele i kaʻu mau koho i loko o koʻu

ʻimi naʻauao ʻana a me koʻu hoʻonaʻauao ʻana ma ke ʻano he kumu ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi.

1.0.8 I Maikaʻi Ke Kalo I Ka ʻOhā

Ma muli o ka hānai ʻia ʻana a me ka noho ʻana i Hawaiʻi nei, ua ili mai nō nā lawena

Hawaiʻi o kēlā ʻano kēia ʻano ma luna oʻu me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻia aʻe naʻe

kaʻu lawena i koʻu noho haumāna ʻana a me koʻu noho kumu kula ʻana i loko o nā ʻano

papahana hoʻonaʻauao like ʻole o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani. Ma laila i hoʻāhuwale ʻia

ai ia mau ʻaoʻao lawena he Hawaiʻi a ma laila hoʻi i hoʻoponopono ʻia ai a e

hoʻoponopono ʻia nei a hiki i kēia, nā ʻaoʻao lawena he Hawaiʻi ʻole e nā kumu a me nā

hoa kumu a hoa hana ʻē aʻe paha. ʻOiai, ua hoʻokō kaʻu mau kumu i ko lākou kuleana ma

ka hoʻoili ʻana mai i nā lawena Hawaiʻi e mālama ʻia nei a e ʻimi ʻia nei hoʻi ma Ka Haka

ʻUla, no laila, ʻo ka lawena Hawaiʻi kūpono naʻu, ʻo ia koʻu hoʻoili a hoʻomau ʻana aku i

ia ʻike lawena ma luna o nā hanauna haumāna hou ma ke kiʻina aʻo i paʻa mai ai ia ʻike

iaʻu mai kaʻu mau kumu e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma mua aʻe nei.

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1.0.9 Na Wai Hoʻi Ka ʻOle O Ka ʻIke?

He mau waihona nō nā nūpepa Hawaiʻi kahiko a me nā moʻolelo a moʻokalaleo

Hawaiʻi hoʻi i piha i ka ʻike kuʻuna i hilimia ʻole i ka unuhi ʻole ʻia ʻana ma kekahi ʻōlelo

ʻē. He kī ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi e hemo ai ia mau waihona ʻike kuʻuna i nā akeakamai e ʻimi

ana i ia ʻike kuʻuna hilimia ʻole. I nui aʻe nā waihona ʻike kuʻuna a i akāka aʻe ke

kuanaʻike Hawaiʻi i loko o ia mau waihona e hemo ana i ia kī he ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi,

hoʻoikaika ʻia aʻe ka ʻike ʻōlelo o nā haumāna ma ka hoʻolako ʻia ʻana o nā mākau ʻōlelo

Hawaiʻi e like me nā kāhulu pepeke poke painu ʻole a me nā pōʻaiapili e kālailai ʻia ana o

kēia pepa. E like me ka ikaika o ke ola o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, pēlā ka ikaika o ke ola o ka

ʻike kuʻuna Hawaiʻi. Ke mau aku ia kī ʻo ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, e hemo mau ana nō

nā waihona ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i piha i ka ʻike kuʻuna Hawaiʻi.

1.0.10 I Ka ʻŌlelo Nō Ke Ola, I Ka ʻŌlelo Nō Ka Make

He mana ko ka ʻōlelo. Aia ka mana o ka ʻōlelo i kona hoʻohana ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao pono

me ka ʻole. Ikaika aʻe ka mana o ka ʻōlelo i loko o nā pōʻaiapili e pili pū ai me kona mau

hoa ʻē aʻe o ka mauli hoʻokahi. He noho like ka mana o ka ʻōlelo me ka mana o ke

kanaka. He mana ko ka ʻōlelo i ke ʻano o kona hoʻohana ʻia e ke kanaka a he mana hoʻi

ko ke kanaka i ke ʻano o kona hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōlelo. He haʻawina nui kēia e paʻa i nā

haumāna o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani.

I loko nō o kona ʻano mea nui i loko o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani, ʻaʻole wale nō

ʻo ka pololei o ka pilina ʻōlelo ka mea e kālele ʻia i mea e paʻa ai ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i

nā haumāna. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana ka mea nui, no laila, ua hoʻokumu ʻia iho nō

nā pōʻaiapili e ʻike ʻia ai ka mana o ka ʻōlelo a me a pilina i waena o nā ʻaoʻao a pau o ka

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mauli. He loaʻa nā papahana kūmau, e like me ka ʻaha piko, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ia mana me

ia pilina. Ma laila e mele ʻia a oli ʻia ai hoʻi nā mele e pili ana i ka hoʻonaʻauao, ke aloha

ʻāina, a me ke aliʻi wahine ʻo Keʻelikōlani. Ma laila e lohe pū ʻia ai ka haʻiʻōlelo hoʻonui

ʻike a hoʻolana papahana hoʻi a ke kāne a me ka wahine. He pōʻaiapili ia e lōkahi pū ai nā

ʻaoʻao a pau o ka mauli i loko o ke kanaka kāʻokoʻa a pēlā nō hoʻi e lōkahi ai ka mauli o

nā lālā o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani e ʻākoakoa ana ma laila.

He ʻike pū ʻia nā papahana i mālama kūikawā ʻia e like me ka Lā Kulāia e

hoʻomanaʻo a e hoʻohanohano ana iā Keʻelikōlani no kāna mau hana no ka lāhui. I loko o

ia papahana, kāhea ʻia ʻo Keʻelikōlani e hoʻolauna mai i kona ʻuhane me ke oli ʻana iā ʻO

ʻOe Ka Mea Kamahaʻo. I ka pau ʻana, hoʻokuʻu ʻia aku nō kona ʻuhane i loko o nā ʻōlelo

o ka haʻiʻōlelo pani. He ʻano ʻeʻehia nō ke ʻano o ia hana ʻo ke kāhea ʻana i ka ʻuhane o

ke aliʻi, no laila he mea nui a koʻikoʻi hoʻi ke kūpono o ka ʻōlelo, pili ʻuhane, lawena, a

ʻike kuʻuna hoʻi i ka wā e mālama ʻia ai ia papahana. No laila, ma loko o ia ʻano

pōʻaiapili e paʻa ai i nā haumāna ka mana ʻana o ka ʻōlelo i kā lākou mau hana.

1.0.11 Ma Ka Hana Ka ʻIke

ʻO ka pahuhopu me ka manaʻolana o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani ma ke ʻano he hui

hoʻonaʻauao, ʻo ia ka ulu maoli ʻana o ka mauli Hawaiʻi ma ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ʻōlelo

a me nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe o ka mauli o nā haumāna, nā kumu, a me nā limahana i loko o nā

pōʻaiapili o ke koleke e ʻoiaʻiʻo ai ka ʻike a me ka minamina ʻana o nā mea a pau e kaʻa

ana ma lalo o ka malu o ke koleke i ko lākou mea nui a mana iho hoʻi no ke ola o ka

ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. No laila, ua like nō a like ka pahuhopu o kēia pepa ma ka lilo ʻana he

pōʻaiapili e paʻa ai ke kālailai ʻia ʻana o ke kāhulu pepeke ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi no ke

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kanaka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi e ʻimi ana i ka naʻauao ma o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. A pēlā hoʻi ia e lilo

ai he pōʻaiapili e ikaika aʻe ai ka mauli Hawaiʻi.

1.1 Ke Kāhulu Pepeke

He pepeke ke kāhulu pepeke e noho kāhulu ana no kona alakaʻi, he kiʻa, poke, a

pepeke alakaʻi paha. ʻAʻole ia he pepeke makua piha no laila ʻaʻole i hiki i ke kāhulu

pepeke ke kū nona iho. He pepeke keiki ia e hoʻonui aʻe ana i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i kona

alakaʻi. ʻO nā waeʻanona nui ʻekolu o ka pepeke ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pepeke

painu, ka pepeke poke kiʻa, a me ka pepeke waila nō hoʻi, ua hiki nō ke lilo ia mau ʻano

pepeke he kāhulu pepeke i loko o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. ʻOiai, ua noiʻi mua ʻia aku ke kāhulu

pepeke painu o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻo ka pepeke poke kiʻa a me ka pepeke waila ke kālele

ʻia ana ma kēia pepa.

No ke kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa (KPPK) a me ke kāhulu pepeke poke waila (KPPW) o

kēia pepa, ua māhele ʻia i loko o ʻelua māhele nui, ʻo ke kāhulu pepeke pili a me ke

kāhulu pepeke akapili. E like me ko lāua mau inoa, ʻo ke kāhulu pepeke pili ka mea i mau

kona hoʻokuʻi ʻia ʻana i kona alakaʻi a aia hoʻi i loko o ka lālā hoʻokahi.

ʻO ke kahulu pepeke akapili hoʻi, ʻo ia ka mea i kaʻawale aku mai kona alakaʻi a aia

nō i kekahi lālā ʻokoʻa ma ke “aka” o kona poke a pepeke alakaʻi hoʻi.

Ma waho aku o nā ʻokoʻa o ka ʻaoʻao pilinaʻōlelo e wehewehe ʻia ana i loko o

nā mokuna e hiki mai ana, ʻo kekahi ʻokoʻa nui ke ʻano o ka hoʻonui ʻana aʻe o ke kāhulu

pepeke i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i kona alakaʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao aulaʻa. He hoʻokaʻawale a he

hoʻohāiki nō ke kāhulu pepeke pili i kona alakaʻi i loko o kekahi waeʻanona nona iho.

ʻAʻole pēlā ka hana a ke kāhulu pepeke akapili. He hoʻonui nō ia i ka ʻikepili no kona

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alakaʻi, ma ke kapa ʻana paha ma ka inoa hou, ʻaʻole naʻe ma ke ʻano e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia

aku ai ia alakaʻi mai nā hoa kiʻa like i loko o kekahi waeʻanona nona iho.

He kāhulu pepeke ʻo no ka Moku o Keawe i loko o nā laʻana ʻelua ma lalo iho nei. I

ka laʻana (101), he kāhulu pepeke pili ia e hoʻokaʻawale ana i kona kiʻa alakaʻi ʻo ke keiki

mai nā keiki ʻē aʻe no nā wahi ma waho aku o ka Moku o Keawe. ʻO ke keiki no ka Moku

o Keawe kona waeʻanona. I ka laʻana (102), ʻaʻohe waeʻanona. ʻOiai, he kāhulu pepeke

akapili ia no kona poke kiʻa alakaʻi ʻo no Hawaiʻi, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokaʻawale ana iā

Hawaiʻi mai nā mokupuni ʻē aʻe. He hoʻonui wale nō i ka ʻikepili no Hawaiʻi ma ka

hoʻopuka hou i ka manaʻo hoʻokahi o kona alakaʻi ma ke kapa ʻana ma kekahi inoa

ʻokoʻa ʻoiai hoʻi he mea maʻamau hoʻi ke kapa ʻia ʻana o Hawaiʻi ma ia inoa kekahi.

Kāhulu Pepeke Poke Kiʻa Pili

(101) ʻO ʻĀlika ke keiki no ka Moku o Keawe.

Kāhulu Pepeke Poke Kiʻa Akapili

(102) ʻO ʻĀlika ke keiki no Hawaiʻi, no ka Moku o Keawe.

ʻAʻole hoʻi i ʻike nui ʻia aku ke kālailai ʻia ʻana o ke kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa (KPPK)

a me ke kāhulu pepeke poke waila (KPPW), ʻo ia hoʻi nā kāhulu pepeke poke painu

(KPPP) ʻole, ma ke ʻano he kāhulu pepeke pili a akapili paha i loko o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi.

He mea laha nō ke kālailai ʻia ʻana o ke kāhulu pepeke i loaʻa ka poke painu, e like me ke

kāhulu pepeke painu a me ke kāhulu pepeke kālele ʻākena, i loko o nā puke kālailai ʻōlelo

Hawaiʻi a noiʻina kālaiʻōlelo ʻē aʻe paha e pili ana i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi a ʻōlelo Polenesia

ʻē aʻe. A i mea hoʻi e wehewehe ʻia aku ai a mōakāka aʻe nā hiʻohiʻona o ia mau ʻano

kāhulu pepeke, no laila nō hoʻi i koho ʻia ai ia mea he KPPK a KPPW hoʻi he kumuhana

no kēia pepa puka laeʻula.

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1.2 Ke Kaʻina Makakoho Kiʻa Alakaʻi (KMKA)

ʻO ke kāhulu pepeke, he hiʻohiʻona kālaiʻōlelo ia i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā ʻōlelo

kūlohelohe a pau o ka honua (Downing, 1978). No ia kumu, ua manaʻo ʻia ua hiki ke

hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi mau lula kālaiʻōlelo no ke kāhulu pepeke o nā ʻōlelo a pau (Keenan,

Comrie 1978). ʻAʻole naʻe i kō piha ia hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā lula e kū a pili ai hoʻi

nā kāhulu pepeke o kēlā ʻōlelo kēia ʻōlelo no ka ʻokoʻa loa o ia mau ʻōlelo ma nā mea

nōhie a pohihihi hoʻi o nā hiʻohiʻona pilina ʻōlelo ma waena o ka pepeke mole a me ka

pepeke makua i ka wā e lilo ai he poke painu a poke kiʻa paha o ka pepeke mole i kāhulu

pepeke.

I loko naʻe o ke kō piha ʻole ʻana o ia hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā lula kāhulu pepeke no

nā ʻōlelo a pau, ʻelua hiʻohiʻona aulaʻa pilinaʻōlelo nui o ke kāhulu pepeke i puka mai

mai ia mau kālailai ʻana. ʻO ka mua, he pilina kā ke kiʻa alakaʻi o ke kāhulu pepeke i

kona kūlana i loko o kona pepeke mole. ʻO ia hoʻi, aia i ia kūlana o ke kiʻa pepeke i loko

o kona pepeke mole ke ʻano o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ia kāhulu pepeke. E like me kona

kūlana i loko o ka pepeke mole, pēlā ka pilina a ia kiʻa alakaʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe o

loko o ke kāhulu pepeke. ʻO ka lua, ua haku ʻia e Keenan mā lāua ʻo Comrie he kaʻina

makakoho kiʻa alakaʻi (KMKA, Accessibility Hierarchy) no nā kūlana o ka pepeke mole

e lilo ana ʻo ia ke kiʻa alakaʻi o ke kāhulu pepeke ma hope o ke kilo ʻana he 50 ʻōlelo

ʻokoʻa (Keenan lāua ʻo Comrie, 1977). Penei ia kaʻina makakoho:

Subject (SU) > Direct Object (DO) > Indirect Object (IO) > Oblique (OBL) >

Genitive (GEN) > Object of Comparison (OCOMP)

He ʻano ʻolokeʻa wale nō ia e hōʻike mai ana i ke kaʻina o ka pinepine o ka lilo ʻana o ia

mau kūlana he kiʻa alakaʻi inā he loaʻa nō ia ʻano kūlana i loko o ka ʻōlelo. Ua ʻike ʻia e

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lāua ʻaʻole nō i loaʻa ia mau kūlana a pau ma nā ʻōlelo a pau, akā, ʻo ke koena nō i loaʻa,

aia nō hoʻi ma ia kaʻina.

1.3 Kaʻina Makakoho Kiʻa Alakaʻi o ka ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi

No ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ua kū nō i ia kaʻina makakoho ma ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili i

loko o kā Cabral (2004) no ke kāhulu pepeke poke painu. ʻO ka pepeke painu me ka

hamani ka mea i kū loa i ia kaʻina makakoho ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā kūlana penei:

SU = Piko, DO = Lauka, IO = Kuhilana, OBL = Kūhoa, GEN = Nonoʻa.

Ma ua kaʻina makakoho kiʻa alakaʻi nei o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ua kāpae ʻia ihola ke

kūlana “hoʻokūkū” (OCOMP). I loko nō o ka hiki ʻana ke haku i kāhulu pepeke i kū i ka

ʻaoʻao aulaʻa o ka “hoʻokūkū” ʻana, ma ke kālailai ʻana naʻe i ka ʻaoʻao pilinaʻōlelo, he

kālele ʻia nō ke kāhulu nonoʻa o ka pepeke mole i kiʻa alakaʻi. No laila, ua kaʻa ia ʻano

kāhulu pepeke ma lalo o ka nonoʻa ma kēia kālailaina.

Kohu mea lā, ʻo ka waeʻanona kūhoa kahi kūpono e waiho ai ke kūlana henua me

kona ʻami henua ʻo ma, me nā kūlana ʻē aʻe me ko lākou mau ʻami ʻo me, mai, a me

no/na. Ma ka ʻaoʻao aulaʻa naʻe, he like loa ka ʻami kuhilana me ka ʻami henua i kekahi

mau pōʻaiapili, i ka wā hoʻi e māka ʻia ai ka “henua” me ka ʻami kuhilana (Aia ka poi i

ka ʻumeke. Aia ka poi ma ka ʻumeke.) a he ʻokoʻa iki i kekahi aku (E hele i uka. E hele

ma uka.) A ʻoiai ʻaʻohe ʻike ʻia o ka ʻami i ka wā e lilo ai kekahi o ia mau kūlana he kiʻa

alakaʻi o ke KPPP, he hana nui ke kuhi ʻana i ke kūlana pololei o ia kiʻa alakaʻi i loko o

kona pepeke mole. Aia wale nō ia hāʻina i loko o ka waihona noʻonoʻo o ke kanaka nāna

i haku i ia kāhulu pepeke. No laila, he lanalia nō ka waeʻanona kūpono no ka ʻami henua.

Pēlā pū ka lanalia o ka ʻami kuhilana ʻoiai ʻo ka waeʻanona kūhoa kona wahi pololei i

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kekahi mau pōʻaiapili i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia ai ma waho aku o ka waeʻanona IO. No ia

lanalia i hoʻohui pū ʻia ai ke kuhilana a me ka henua i ka waeʻanona hoʻokahi i loko o ke

kaʻina makakaho kiʻa alakaʻi o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma lalo iho nei.1

He loli pū nā kūlana i hiki ke lilo he kiʻa alakaʻi i loko o ka pepeke mole ke loli ke

ʻano o ka painu. ʻO ka pepeke painu me ka hehele, ʻaʻohe kūlana lauka, no laila ʻaʻohe

lauka (DO) e lilo he kiʻa alakaʻi. I loko nō o ka loaʻa o ke kūlana ʻākena o ka pepeke

painu me ka ʻiae, i māka ʻia hoʻi me ka ʻami ʻākena ʻiae e, ʻaʻole ia he kūlana e lilo he

kiʻa alakaʻi i loko o ke kāhulu pepeke. Ma ke ʻano nui naʻe, ua kū nō i ke kaʻina

makakoho kiʻa pepeke a Keenan lāua ʻo Comrie. Eia ia kaʻina makakoho ma nā inoa o nā

kūlana o ka pepeke painu o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi.

Painu Hamani: Piko (ʻākena) > Lauka (ʻōkena) > Kuhilana/Henua > Kūhoa >

Nonoʻa

Painu Hehele: Piko (ʻākena) > Kuhilana/Henua > Kūhoa > Nonoʻa

Painu ʻAʻano: Piko (ʻōkena) > ʻĀkena (ʻākena) DO? > Kuhilana/Henua > Kūhoa

> Nonoʻa

Painu ʻIae: Piko (ʻōkena) > Kuhilana/Henua > Kūhoa > Nonoʻa

1.3.1 KMKA o ke KPPK a me ke KPPW

He mea laha loa ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka pepeke me ka poke painu ʻole i loko o ka

ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi e like me ka pepeke makua o ka pepeke ʻaike a me ka pepeke henua. No 1ʻO kekahi mea ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻo ia ka loaʻa o ka hamani pālua e kapa ʻia nei pēlā no ka loaʻa o ka ʻelua lauka no ka hamani hoʻokahi i loko o ka pepeke hoʻokahi. Penei: “a hili aku la lakou i kona kua i ke kaula,” (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 5, Helu 28, 14 Iulai 1866) He like ke kaupo ʻia nā wahi o nā kūlana lauka ʻelua. “a hili akula lākou i kona kua i ke kaula,...” “a hili akula lākou i ke kaula i kona kua,...”

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laila, he mea laha nō ke kāhulu pepeke painu ʻole no loko mai o ia mau pepeke painu

ʻole. I loko naʻe o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka poke painu ma ke kūlana poʻo o ia ʻano kāhulu

pepeke painu ʻole, mau nō ka loaʻa o nā kūlana i kohu me ka pepeke painu ʻoiai ua komo

nō ka “manaʻo” o ka painu ma ka ʻaoʻao aulaʻa. I ka laʻana o lalo iho nei, he poʻo poke

kiʻa kona me ka hamani ʻo ʻai ma ka ʻīkoi o ka piko. Ma hope iho o ka piko, loaʻa ka

lauka (ʻōkena), i ka iʻa, me kona kāhulu nonoʻa a ke keiki, a laila aku, loaʻa ka henua ma

ka hale. Ua hiki nō ke kālele ʻia ia mau kūlana i kiʻa alakaʻi. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā hoa

kuhi ʻaui (coreferents) ma nā kahaapo ʻoiai he mea maʻamau ke kaʻakālai kāpae ma ia

mua pōʻaiapili. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi ke kaʻakālai ʻanapola i loko o ka laʻana kāhulu nonoʻa no

ka hoʻopili ʻana iā kāna me kona hoa ʻaui, me ke keiki.

(103) Iaʻu ka ʻai ʻana i ka iʻa a ke keiki ma ka hale.

Lauka: ...ka iʻa a ke keiki iaʻu ka ʻai ʻana (i ia mea) ma ka hale.

Kāhulu Nonoʻa: ...ke keiki iaʻu ka ʻai ʻana i kāna iʻa ma ka hale.

Henua: ...ka hale iaʻu ka ʻai ʻana i ka iʻa a ke keiki (ma laila).

He hōʻoia ia i ka papaha o ke kālele ʻia o ia mau kūlana i loko o ke KPPK a me

KPPW he kiʻa alakaʻi. ʻAʻole naʻe ia kohu ʻana me ke pepeke painu ʻo ka maʻamau o ka

pepeke poke poke kiʻa a waila paha. No laila, ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻomakakoho, ʻaʻole paha

ka lauka (DO o ka hamani) ʻo ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa ʻelua no ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma ke

KMKA o ke KPPK a me KPPW e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i loko o ke KPPP.

1.3.2 Kālele ʻia ke Kūlana Poʻo i Kiʻa Alakaʻi

Ma waho aku o nā poke kiʻa o ke kūlana poʻo o nā pepeke ʻaike ʻo a he hoʻi, ua

kālele pū ʻia ke kūlana poʻo o ka pepeke mole i kiʻa alakaʻi i loko o ke KPPK (+P). He

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mea ia i loaʻa ʻole ma ke kaʻina makakoho kiʻa alakaʻi a Keenan lāua ʻo Comrie. E nānā i

ke kālele ʻia o ke kūlana poʻo Na ke keiki o ka laʻana o lalo iho nei me ka hoʻohana pū ʻia

o ke kaʻakālai ʻanapola i loko o ke kāhulu pepeke.

Mole: Na ke keiki ka ʻai ʻana i ka iʻa.

KPPK: ...ke keiki nāna ka ʻai ʻana i ka iʻa

Eia nā kaʻina o ka poke kiʻa a me ka poke waila ke lilo he kiʻa alakaʻi o ke kāhulu

pepeke.

Poke Kiʻa (-P): Piko > Kuhilana/Henua > Kūhoa > Nonoʻa

Poke Kiʻa (+P): Poʻo > Kuhilana/Henua > Kūhoa > Nonoʻa

Poke Waila: Piko > Kuhilana/Henua > Kūhoa > Nonoʻa

ʻO ka lua o nā hiʻohiʻona aulaʻa nui, ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano o ka wehewehe ʻana o ke

kāhulu pepeke i kona kiʻa alakaʻi. ʻO kekahi ʻano wehewehe ʻana, he hoʻokaʻawale a

hoʻohāiki paha i ke kiʻa alakaʻi o kekahi pūʻulu hoa kiʻa alakaʻi (domain) mai nā mea ʻē

aʻe o ia pūʻulu i hiki paha ke lilo he kiʻa alakaʻi. Ua kapa ʻia ia ʻano kāhulu pepeke he

kāhulu pepeke pili ma kēia kālailai ʻana (101). ʻO ka lua o ke ʻano o ka wehewehe ʻana o

ke kāhulu pepeke, he hoʻonui wale nō i ka ʻikepili keu no kekahi kiʻa alakaʻi i ahuwale

mua a paʻa kona kūlana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole e hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻohāiki ʻia kona kūlana mai

loko mai o kekahi pūʻulu hoa kiʻa alakaʻi. ʻO ia ʻano kāhulu pepeke ʻikepili keu, ua kapa

ʻia he kāhulu pepeke akapili ma kēia kālailaina ma muli o kona noho ʻana i kekahi lālā

ʻokoʻa aku ma ke ʻano he “aka” no kona poke a pepeke alakaʻi hoʻi paha (102).

(104) E hāʻawi i kēia iwi i ka mea iā ia ka ʻīlio.

Mole: I ka mea ka ʻīlio.

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(105) E hāʻawi i kēia iwi i ka ʻīlio, iā Jiro San.

Mole: (ʻAʻohe)

ʻElua waeʻanona o ke KPPK a KPPW pili, ʻo ka mea i komo ka piko (+P) i loko o ke

kāhulu a me ka mea i komo ʻole ka piko (-P). Pēlā pū nā waeʻanona ʻelua o ka māhele

kāhulu pepeke akapili. He poke kiʻa akapili ko ke KPPK a KPPW (-P) paha i like pū ke

poʻo me ka poke kiʻa o ka poke kiʻa alakaʻi. He pepeke piha ko ke KPPK a KPPW

akapili (+P) e noho akapili ana a ʻaʻole i like ka ʻaui o ke kāhulu pepeke piha me kona

pepeke alakaʻi i ka nui o ka manawa.

(106) KPPK Pili (-P)

E hāʻawi i [kēia iʻa] nāna iā Keola.

Mole: Nāna kēia iʻa.

(107) KPPK Pili (+P)

E hāʻawi i kēia i [ka mea] nāna ka iʻa.

Mole: Na ka mea ka iʻa.

(108) KPPK Akapili (-P)

E hāʻawi i kēia iʻa [i ke keiki a Nani], iā Kimo.

(109) KPPK Akapili (+P)

E hānai ʻia ka ʻīlio e ke keiki, ʻo kona kuleana ia o kēlā lā kēia lā.

Aia ma ke kūlana poʻo o ke KPPK nā ʻami o ka poke kiʻa kāhulu. Eia nā ʻami poke

kiʻa ma ke kūlana poʻo o nā KPPK e ʻike ʻia ana i loko o kēia pepa: ʻO, I/Iā, Ma, Me,

Mai, No/Na. Aia pū ke kaʻi ʻo he ma ke kūlana poʻo e like ka pūʻulu ʻami poke kiʻa o

luna aʻe nei. Aia ma ke kūlana poʻo o ke KPPW nā poʻo waila. Eia nā poʻo waila o ke

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KPPW: Aia, Eia, ʻAʻole. E kālailai pū ʻia ka lilo ʻana o nā ʻano kūlana like ʻole o ka

pepeke mole a me ke kūlana nonoʻa o ia mua kūlana he kiʻa, poke, a pepeke alakaʻi paha

no ke kāhulu pepeke ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka hoʻokūkū ʻana me kā Keenan lāua

ʻo Comrie kaʻina makakoho kiʻa alakaʻi.

Ma nā mokuna e kālailai ʻia ai nā KPPK a me nā KPPW, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mokuna 3 me

ka 4, e hōʻike ʻia aku nō nā laʻana i ʻohi ʻia aku i loko o nā nūpepa ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi kahiko,

nā moʻokalaleo Hawaiʻi, a me nā līpine i paʻa ai nā leo o nā mānaleo Hawaiʻi i hānau ʻia

ma mua o ka makahiki 1920 a me nā mānaleo o kēia mau lā no Niʻihau mai. E palapala

ʻia ka laʻana i kākau ʻia e like loa me kona ʻano i ka loaʻa ʻana mai ma nā palapala kahiko

me ka hōʻano hou ʻole ʻia. Ma lalo pono, ma laila e ʻike ʻia ai ka hōʻano hou ʻia ʻana o ia

laʻana me ka hoʻāhuwale ʻana i nā kāhulu pepeke a me nā kiʻa alakaʻi a pepeke alakaʻi

paha. Ua kālailai pū ʻia nā KPPK a me nā KPPW o ka ʻōlelo Māori, he hoaʻōlelo

Polenesia Hikina Kūwaena, i mea e hoʻohālikelike ai i ke kuʻu like ʻana paha o ia mau

ʻano kāhulu pepeke, me ka ʻole hoʻi, i loko o ua ʻōlelo ala.

Ma ka mokuna 5, e hōʻike ʻia ke kālailai ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau ʻano KPPK a KPPW

hoʻi i ʻano ʻokoʻa mai nā mea e wehewehe ʻia aku ma ka mokuna 3 a 4 hoʻi. ʻO kekahi o

nā ʻokoʻa nui o ia mau kāhulu pepeke, ʻo ia ke komo ʻana o ka pepeke painu me ka poke

kiʻa ma ke ʻano he kālele kūlana, he ʻami nonoʻa nui me ka poke painu, a me ka ʻami

nonoʻa nui ma ke ʻano he kālele ʻākena. Pēlā pū nō hoʻi ka hōʻike ʻia ʻana o ka lilo ʻana o

ka papani he kiʻa alakaʻi no ke KPPK a me ke kālele ʻia ʻana o ke kūlana nonoʻa i kiʻa

alakaʻi i loko o ke KPPK a me ke KPPW.

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Ma ka mokuna 6, e helu pū ʻia aku nō hoʻi ka nui o ka ili ʻana o ua mau kāhulu

pepeke ala i loko o kekahi moʻokalaleo Hawaiʻi, ʻo Kalapana kona inoa, i kākau ʻia e ka

Rev. Moses Kuaea Nākuina, he mea kākau kaulana o Hawaiʻi nei i kona wā.

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MOKUNA 2: NĀ NOIʻI MUA 2.0 Hoʻolauna

Ma kēia mokuna e kālailai ʻia ai nā noiʻina mua e pili ana i ke kāhulu pepeke. E

kālailai mua ʻia nā noiʻina ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i hana mua ʻia no ke kāhulu pepeke a me nā

mea ʻē aʻe i pili i ia pilinaʻōlelo. E kālailai like ʻia hoʻi nā noiʻina ʻōlelo Māori me ka

hoʻohālikelike pū i nā kāhulu pepeke poke painu ʻole o ia mau ʻōlelo ʻelua.

2.1 Hawaiian Grammar; W.D. 1968

I loko o Hawaiian Grammar, he kālailai nō kā Alexander i ke KPPK, ma lalo o “When

the relative is in the possessive case or is governed by a personal pronoun.” (ʻaoʻao 46)

Ua kākau pū ʻia ma laila no ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka “personal pronoun” i loko o ke

kāhulu hoʻokahi ke pili ia kāhulu i ke kanaka. He pololei ma ke ʻano nui, ʻaʻole naʻe i

piha pono. ʻEkolu laʻana i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kāna puke:

KPPK pili (+P): ʻO ka mea iā ia ke kī...,

KPPK pili (-P): ka mea ma ona lā...

KPPK akapili (+P) ma ke ʻano kālele kūlana: E ke Akua mana loa, me ʻoe e

noho lā ka ʻuhane o ka poʻe...

ʻO kā Alexander, ʻo ia kekahi hapa liʻiliʻi o nā pilinaʻōlelo e kālailai ʻia ana ma kēia

pepa. Aia ia mau ʻano kāhulu pepeke a Alexander ma loko o ke kālailai hoʻokahi a no

laila ʻaʻohe hoʻi hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻana ma nā waeʻanona kālailai i wehewehe ʻia aʻela ma

mua aʻe nei. No kona kālailai ʻana i ka “personal pronoun,” kohu mea lā ma kona

manaʻo, he ʻike ʻia nō ka “personal pronoun” ma nā KPPK i nā manawa a pau e pili ai ke

KPPK i ke kanaka. E ʻike ʻia ana nō naʻe ma kēia pepa ʻaʻole pēlā i nā manawa a pau. I

kekahi manawa, ʻaʻohe komo o ia ʻano “personal pronoun” i loko o ke kāhulu pepeke.

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Eia hou, he ʻike ʻia nō ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ia “personal pronoun” no nā mea kuhane

ma waho aku o ke kanaka a me nā mea kuhane ʻole nō hoʻi.

ʻOiai, he hōʻuluʻulu pōkole wale nō kā Alexander i nā mea koʻikoʻi loa o ka

pilinaʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ua pōkole nō kona kālailai ʻana no ka nānā ʻole i nā KPPK a KPPW

pili (-P, +P), a me nā KPPK a KPPW akapili (-P, +P) o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi.

2.2 Hawaiian Grammar; Elbert, Pūkuʻi 1979

I loko o Hawaiian Grammar, ua ʻike ʻia nō kekahi ʻano kālailai ʻana i ke kāhulu

pepeke ʻaike ʻo. Ua hōʻike ʻia ma laila ma lalo o “complex sentences” ka hoʻolilo ʻia ʻana

o ka pepeke painu he kāhulu pepeke ʻo. (ʻaoʻao 169, Elbert, Pūkuʻi) ʻAʻole naʻe i kapa ʻia

he kāhulu pepeke ma laila. Ua hōʻike ʻia ma laila nā ʻanuʻu e lilo ai ka pepeke painu he

pepeke ʻaike ʻo nona ka manaʻo hoʻokahi. Ua kapa ʻia ia mau ʻanuʻu he “combining

sentences.” A no ke kālailai ʻia ʻana ma ke ʻano he huina pepeke a ʻaʻole hoʻi ma ke ʻano

he kāhulu pepeke, ʻaʻole nō i kālailai ʻia nā poke kiʻa a me nā poke waila ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ia wale nō ke ʻano o ke kālailai ʻia ʻana o ke KPPK, i loko nō o ke kapa ʻole ʻia

ʻana he KPPK, i loko o ia puke. ʻAʻole i nānā iki ʻia aku nā ʻano pepeke a poke kiʻa ʻē

aʻe i hiki ke hoʻolilo ʻia aku he ʻano kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa a waila paha.

2.3 Māka Nonoʻa na Wilson 1976

Ma ke kālailaina a Wilson (1976), ua kālailai ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano kino like

ʻole o ka nonoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻami nonoʻa nui a me ka ʻami nonoʻa iki a pēlā pū ke kaʻi

nonoʻa. Ua kālailai ʻia e ia nā kumu e kūlana ai ke kinoʻō a kinoʻā paha a me ka pilina o

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ia mau māka nonoʻa i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā pepeke pohihihi o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi e like

me ke kāhulu pepeke.

Ua kālailai ʻia nō e ia ke KPPK ʻami nonoʻa nui a me kekahi mau ʻano poke kiʻa ma

ke ʻano he kāhulu pepeke. Ua kapa ʻia kēia nā laʻana o lalo iho nei he mau kāhulu pepeke

ma muli o ka like o ke kūlana, ma hope o ke kiʻa alakaʻi hoʻi, o ia mau poke kiʻa me ka

poke painu o ke KPPP. Ua komo nō kāna mau poke kiʻa i hāpai aʻe ai ma ke ʻano he

kāhulu pepeke i loko o kaʻu kālailaina nei a me nā poke kiʻa nona nā ʻano ʻami ʻē aʻe o

kēlā ʻano kēia ʻano o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. Eia kāna mau laʻana o ke KPPK (ʻaoʻao 30,

176):

(12i) ka ʻīlio na Kimo

(12j) ka ʻīlilo me Kimo

(12k) ka ʻīlilo maiā Kimo

Ua kālailai pū ʻo Wilson i ka ʻami nonoʻa nui ma ka māka ʻana i ka piko o ke KPPP.

Ma mua o kona kālailai ʻana, manaʻo ʻia no loko mai ka ʻami nonoʻa iki o ke KPPP o ka

ʻami nonoʻa nui. (ʻaoʻao 31-32, Wilson, 1976) Ua hōʻike naʻe ʻo ia he mole ʻokoʻa ko ia

ʻano ʻami ma waho aku o ka ʻami nonoʻa nui, ʻo ia hoʻi, he pilina nonoʻa kāna i kona

piko a me ke kūlana o ka piko i loko o ka pepeke mole, ʻaʻole hoʻi he pilina i ka ʻami

nonoʻa nui wale nō.

Ua kālailai pū ʻia e Wilson ke KPPK ma ke poke painu e like me ka mea e ʻike ʻia

ana i ka mokuna 5 o kēia pepa. Ua hōʻole ʻia e ia ka laʻana o lalo iho nei (ʻaoʻao 155-

157). Kākoʻo au i ia hōʻole ʻana ma muli o ke kuʻa i. E ʻike ʻia naʻe nā laʻana me ke kuʻa

e ma ka mokuna 5.

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(12p) ka hale na Kimo i kūkulu ai

Ua ʻike pū ʻia hoʻi kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka pepeke ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i loko o kā

Wilson kālailaina, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kālele ʻākena a me nā kūlana a me ʻami like ʻole o ka

ʻōkena a me ka henua ke lilo he piko no ke kālele ʻākena (ʻaoʻao 161-163). ʻO kekahi, ʻo

ia ke kālailai ʻana i ka ʻami nonoʻa iki ʻo o ma ke ʻano he “compound preposition” ma

hope o ka ʻami henua, mole, a kuhilana (Wilson 176, 163-165). Ua kālailai ʻia ia mau

mea ʻelua i loko o kaʻu kālailaina. I ka mokuna 3 e ʻike ʻia ai ma ke ʻano he KPPK piko a

piko ʻole paha. A i ka mokuna 5 e ʻike ʻia ai ma ke ʻano he KPPK kālele kūlana. Eia kāna

mau laʻana:

(8a) hele i o Hina al

(8c) I o Nānā paha e hoʻokau mai ai ka mālie.

2.4 Kāhulu Pepeke Poke Painu Cabral 2004

He kālailaina kā Cabral i kākau ai e pili ana i ke kāhulu pepeke poke painu (KPPP).

Ua komo pū nō hoʻi ma ia pepa puka papahana laeoʻo ke kāhulu pepeke kālele ʻākena

(KPKʻĀ) i ʻano like me nā kāhulu pepeke o kēia pepa no ka hoʻomaka ʻana me ka poke

kiʻa na a me nā kino ʻē aʻe o ia poke kiʻa (naʻu, nāu, nāna). Ma muli ia komo ʻana o ke

KPKʻĀ o ka pili pū ʻana mai o ka poke painu a me ka like loa o ka ʻaoʻao aulaʻa me

kekahi o nā KPPP i kālailai ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi kekahi o nā KPPP (-P).

ʻAʻole nō i kālailai ʻia nā KPPK a me nā KPPW ma kāna kālailaina. Ma ka ʻaoʻao

like naʻe, ua hoʻāhuwale ʻia nā kāhulu pepeke (-P) a (+P) hoʻi no ke KPPP a me ke

KPKʻĀ e like me nā kāhulu pepeke o kēia pepa. ʻO ka ʻōlelo Māori ka ʻōlelo i koho ʻia i

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mea e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā KPPP a me nā KPKʻĀ. Ua kilo pū ʻia ka ili ʻana o nā KPPP a

me nā KPKʻĀ i loko o ka moʻolelo ʻo Kalapana na Nākuina.

ʻO kekahi mea i kālailai ʻole ʻia ma kā Cabral kālailaina, ʻo ia hoʻi nā waeʻanona pili

a akapili hoʻi o ke KPPP a me ke KPKʻĀ. He mau kāhulu pepeke pili wale nō kai kālailai

ʻia ma laila. Ma ka mokuna 5 o kēia pepa, ua kālailai ʻia nā KPKʻĀ akapili. Ua koe naʻe

ke KPPP akapili a he mea nō ia e kālailai ʻia i kēia mua aku.

2.5 Piko Nonoʻa na Baker 2012

He kālailaina kā Baker i ka “piko nonoʻa” (genitive subject, GS) i loko o ke kiʻa

pepeke a me ke kāhulu pepeke painu. Ma ka mokuna e pili ana i ka piko nonoʻa i loko o

ke kāhulu pepeke, ua hōʻike ʻia ma laila ka pilina o ka nonoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea e kūlana

ai ka nonoʻa kinoʻō a kinoʻā hoʻi, i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ke KPPP i loko o ka ʻōlelo

Hawaiʻi. Ma ia mau pōʻaiapili, ʻaʻole ia he nonoʻa e kūlana ai kona ʻano kinoʻō a kinoʻā

paha i ke ʻano o ka pilina i ka “piko” o ke kāhulu pepeke i hoʻononoʻa ʻia. He pilina naʻe

i ke ʻano o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka KPPP i ke kūlana o ia kiʻa alakaʻi i loko o ka

pōʻaiapili o ke KPPP. He kākoʻo a hōʻoia hoʻi ia manaʻo i ka pilina o ke kūlana kinoʻō a

kinoʻā hoʻi i ke kūlana o ke kiʻa alakaʻi i loko o ka pepeke mole no loko mai o laila ke

KPPP.

ʻAʻole i kālailai ʻia e Baker nā kāhulu pepeke e kālele ʻia nei ma kēia pepa, ʻo ia hoʻi

ke KPPK a me KPPW. Ua kālailai ʻia nō naʻe ma kāna pepa nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kaʻihua,

ke aulaʻa, a me ka lawelawe hana ʻana o ka nonoʻa i loko o ke kiʻa pepeke a ua komo nō

ke kiʻa pepeke i kēia kālailaina ma ke ʻano he kāhulu pepeke ma lalo o nā KPPK ʻami

nonoʻa iki. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka māhelehele ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma nā

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māhele ʻokoʻa ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nō ka huaʻōlelo hoʻokahi me ka loli ʻole o nā

huamanaʻo o ia huaʻōlelo. Ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, aia ka manaʻo maoli o ka huaʻōlelo i

kona pilina i ke kaʻihua o ka hopunaʻōlelo me nā māka painu a me nā kaʻi. I loko nō o ia

loli ʻole ʻana, ua hōʻoia ʻia e Baker ka loaʻa o ka “nominalization” i loko o ka ʻōlelo

Hawaiʻi ma muli o ka loaʻa o ka huaʻōlelo ʻo ʻana a pēlā ʻo ia i kālailai ai i ka piko

nonoʻa i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka “nominalization.” I loko o kāna hāpana i noiʻi ai i nā

kiʻa pepeke he 865, aia ka piko nonoʻa ma hope o ka huaʻōlelo ʻo ʻana me ka ʻami

nonoʻa iki he 545 (63%) manawa a aia i loko o ke kaʻi nonoʻa ma mua o ka “painu” a me

ka huaʻōlelo ʻo ʻana he 320 (37%) manawa. No nā papani i loko o ka piko nonoʻa o ke

kiʻa pepeke, aia i mua me ke kaʻi nonoʻa he 90% o nā laʻana. No nā papani ʻole, ʻo nā

ioʻa a me nā memeʻa hoʻi, aia i hope me ka ʻami nonoʻa iki he 96% o nā laʻana. (ʻaoʻao

41, Baker) E ʻike ʻia ana nō nā laʻana o nā kiʻa pepeke ma ke ʻano he kāhulu pepeke i

loko o ka hāpana o ka moʻolelo ʻo Kalapana i kālailai ʻia e aʻu ma ka mokuna 6. Ua kū

nō ka hiō ʻana o nā piko nonoʻa o ia moʻolelo i kona kūlana papani a papani ʻole hoʻi e

like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia e Baker.

2.6 ʻŌlelo Māori

ʻElua mea kākau i nānā nui ʻia kā lāua mau kālailaina i nā kāhulu pepeke o ka ʻōlelo

Māori ma kēia pepa, ʻo Winifred Bauer lāua ʻo Ray Harlow. Eia ma lalo iho nei ke

kālailai ʻana no ke kāhulu pepeke Māori a me ka hoʻohālikelike pū ʻana i ia mau noiʻina

me nā mea i ʻike ʻia ma kēia pepa no ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi.

33

2.6.1 No Kā Bauer

Eia nā manaʻo nui o kā Bauer. ʻAʻohe ʻike ʻia o ke KPPK ʻaike ʻo a he i ka ʻōlelo

Māori. He mau KPPK henua a nonoʻa wale nō a ua ʻike ʻia ke kaʻakālai papani i loko o

nā KPPK a pau. He kākoʻo ʻia nō nā KPPK e nā huneʻano a me huneʻaʻau akā ʻaʻole i

ʻike ʻia ka hune kaime ʻo ai. (ʻaoʻao 581, Bauer)

I loko o ka poke kiʻa, hoʻohana ʻia nā papani kūlā helukahi i pani no nā hoa kuhia

helunui. I kēia mau lā naʻe, ke lohe ʻia nei nō ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā papani kūlā

helulua a helulehu paha i loko o ia pōʻaiapili a ʻaʻole nō i loiloi ʻia he hewa.1 (ʻaoʻao 582,

Bauer) Eia kekahi o kāna mau laʻana:

(3750) Kāhore ahau e mōhio ana ki te ara ki te whare kei reira taku whaea.

Mole: Kei te whare taku whaea.

(3751) ...ka mahue a Puhihuia i te taha o te tangata i a ia rā te patu pounamu.

Mole: I te tangata te patu pounamu.

(3752) ...ka tukua ki ētahi anō o ngā uri o te tupuna nāna taua patu i te tīmata-

tanga.

Mole: Na te tupuna rā taua patu i te tīmata-tanga

No nā KPPK akapili i kā Bauer kālailaina, ua ʻike ʻia nō ka iʻoa kūhane ma kekahi

poke a me kekahi poke kiʻa ma kekahi poke aku. Ua hiki nō ke kuapo ʻia nā kūlana o ia

1Ua helu pū ʻia ma laila ke kāhulu pepeke kālele ʻākena piko ma ke ʻano he KPPK. ʻAʻole i helu ʻia ia ʻano kāhulu pepeke i loko o kēia kālailaina ʻoiai ua komo nō ka poke painu i loko. Ua kālailai ʻia nō ke kāhulu pepeke kālele ʻākena piko i loko o ka pepa puka laeoʻo a Cabral. (Cabral, 2004) Ma kekahi ʻano, ua hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke kumu i kālailai ʻia ai e Bauer pēlā. I ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻo ka ʻaui lauka ka mea i maʻamau kona hoʻolilo ʻia ʻana he piko ma ke kāpae loa ʻana i ka ʻami lauka. A inā he iʻoa a i ʻole he papani kūlā helukahi ia ko ka piko ʻaui lauka, ua hoʻokuʻi pū ʻia hoʻi ka ʻami piko ʻo i mua. He mea lele nō hoʻi ia ʻaui lauka ke lilo he piko i mua a i hope paha o ka poke painu. I ka wā e waiho ana ia piko ma mua o ka poke painu, ua like loa ka nānā ʻana o ka pepeke kālele ʻākena me ka pepeke ʻami nonoʻa nui ʻākena a no laila mai paha kona kālailai ʻana pēlā.

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iʻoa kūhane a me ka poke kiʻa. Inā aia ia poke kiʻa ma ke kūlana ma hope i kāhulu, he

kāpae ʻia ke kaʻi (determiner). Ua ʻike pū ʻia ʻelua poke kiʻa kekahi ma hope o kekahi ma

ke ʻano he KPPK akapili. A ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka nui o nā KPPK akapili i ka hoʻokahi

wale nō poke kiʻa e waiho akapili ana. (ʻaoʻao 310, Bauer) Eia kekahi o kāna mau laʻana:

(2055) I konei ka noho Te Rauparaha, te rangatira whakahirahira.

(2057) ...ka hiahia a Raka-tāura ki a Kahu-keke, tamāhine a Hotura.

(2058) I ngaro ngā whenua, te mātāmuatanga o te iwi.

(2059) Ka inoi tātou ki a Ihu Karaiti, te Tama a te Atua, te Kaiwhakaora o te

ao.

2.6.2 No Kā Harlow

Eia nā manaʻo nui o kā Harlow no ke KPPK. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hōʻole ʻokoʻa i ka manaʻo

ʻaʻole i loaʻa ke KPPK ʻaike ʻo a he e like me kā Bauer, akā ua like nō naʻe kāna me kā

Bauer ma ka helu wale ʻana nō i nā KPPK henua a me nā KPPK nonoʻa. ʻO ke kaʻakālai

papani kekahi mea i like i waena o nā kālaiʻōlelo ʻelua. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia mai ma kāna

kālailai ʻana no ka loaʻa o ke KPPK ma ke ʻano he kālele kūlana.

No ke KPPK akapili, ua like nō a like kāna me kā Bauer ma ke ʻano nui, koe wale nō,

ua ʻoʻoleʻa nō ko Harlow manaʻo i ka loaʻa o nā poke kiʻa piha ma ka poke akapili, ʻo ia

hoʻi, ʻaʻole e hoʻopōkole ma ke kāpae ʻana i ka ʻami a i ʻole i ka ʻami a me ke kaʻi pū i

loko o ia poke kiʻa e waiho akapili ana. I kona manaʻo, he mea hou ia e lohe ʻia nei i kēia

mau lā a he pili ia kāpae ʻana i ka hilimia o ka ʻōlelo Māori i ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia ʻoiai

ʻaʻole hoʻopuka hou ʻia ka ʻami to a mea like paha ma ka poke kiʻa ʻelua, ke KPPK

akapili hoʻi, ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia.

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2.6.3 Ka Hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā Kālailaina a Bauer lāua ʻo Harlow

Ua ʻano maʻalahi nō ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā KPPK o ka ʻōlelo Māori, ma nā mea i

ʻike ʻia i kā Bauer lāua ʻo Harlow mau kālailai ʻana, me nā KPPK o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi

ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia nō ia mau hiʻohiʻona like ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi kekahi. He loaʻa nō ke

KPPK henua1 a me ke KPPK nonoʻa ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. He ʻike ʻia nō ke kaʻakālai

papani, i kapa ʻia hoʻi he kaʻakālai ʻanapola ma kēia kālailaina. A no ia mau papani o ke

kaʻakālai papani, he mea maʻamau ka papani kūlā helukahi no nā hoa kuhia lehu kekahi.

He ʻike pū ʻia naʻe ka papani kūlā helulua a helulehu hoʻi ma ia pōʻaiapili hoʻokahi ma

ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. He maʻamau hoʻi kekahi ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ke pani ʻana o laila i

kahi o kona hoa kuhia i loko o ke KPPK henua a kuhilana piko. He kākoʻo ʻia e nā ʻano

hune like ʻole e like me ka huneʻano a ma ka huneʻaʻau, koe ka hunekaime ai. ʻIke pū ʻia

hoʻi ke KPPK ma ke ʻano he kālele kūlana i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi.

No ko lāua kālailai ʻana i ke KPPK henua a me ke KPPK nonoʻa wale nō, a me ko

Bauer hōʻole ʻokoʻa ʻana i ke KPPK ʻaike ʻo/he, kohu mea lā ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā KPPK me

nā ʻami o nā ʻaui ʻē aʻe ma waho aku o ia KPPK henua a nonoʻa hoʻi. A, ʻoiai he ʻike ʻia

ke kaʻakālai papani ma nā mea a pau, he komo nō ka piko i loko o nā mea a pau. E ʻike

ʻia ana nō ma kēia kālailai ʻana ka loaʻa o nā KPPK piko ʻole me ke kaʻakālai papani ʻole

i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. He kaʻakālai kāpae kai ʻike ʻia i ka nui o ka manawa ma ia ʻano

pōʻaiapili o ke KPPK piko ʻole.

No ke akapili, ua like pū hoʻi kā lāua i wehewehe ai me nā mea i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka

ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, a hiki hoʻi i ko lāua ʻano kūʻē iki ʻana kekahi i kekahi no nā ʻami a me nā

kaʻi i loko o ka poke kiʻa e waiho akapili ana. Ua ʻike ʻia nō nā KPPK Māori i like loa ka 1Ma nā laʻana KPPK henua o ka ʻōlelo Māori, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻami kei a me i. Ma kēia kālailai ʻana, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā KPPK kuhilana i/iā mai nā KPPK henua ma. Ua like naʻe ka manaʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao aulaʻa.

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ʻami o ka poke kiʻa akapili me ka pepeke alakaʻi o mua. A no ko Harlow manaʻo no ka

hilimia ʻana o ka ʻōlelo Māori i ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia, ua ʻike pū ʻia hoʻi ke kāpae ʻia ʻana o

ka ʻami i mua o ka iʻoa o ka KPPK akapili (-P). Pēlā pū no ka memeʻa. He kāpae ʻia nō

ka ʻami, a i kekahi manawa, he kāpae like ʻia ka ʻami a me ke kaʻi pū kekahi. E like me

ka mea i kākau ʻia aʻela ma mua aʻe nei, ʻo Harlow o lāua ka mea i ʻoʻoleʻa loa kona

manaʻo i ke kūpono o ia loaʻa like ʻana o ka poke kiʻa piha i loko o ka poke kiʻa akapili.

Ua ʻano kākau pū ʻo Bauer no ke kāhulu pepeke akapili i ʻano like me ke kāhulu

pepeke poke kiʻa akapili e kālailai ʻia ana ma kēia pepa. Ma lalo o Non-Restrictive

Relative Clauses, ua hōʻike ʻia ma laila ke ʻano lanalia o ke kālailai ʻana i ia ʻano kāhulu

pepeke me ka mea e kapa ʻia nei he kāhulu pepeke pili (restricted) ma kēia pepa. I ko

Bauer noiʻi ʻana i waena o nā mānaleo Māori me kona hoʻāʻo ʻana e hana a hoʻopuka mai

ia mau mānaleo i ka ʻōlelo Māori no ke kāhulu pepeke akapili a me ke kāhulu pepeke pili

i ʻano like ka manaʻo, ua hoʻi mau ka mānaleo i ke kāhulu pepeke pili, kohu mea lā,

ʻaʻole nō i ʻano ʻokoʻa. Wahi āna, ua ʻike ʻia nō naʻe nā laʻana i ahuwale loa ai ka loaʻa o

ke kāhulu pepeke non-restricted i ka ʻōlelo Māori.

I ka nānā ʻana oʻu i ia mau laʻana e waiho ana ma lalo iho nei, ʻaʻole nō i ahuwale loa

ke ʻano akapili o ia mau kāhulu pepeke ma ke ʻano o kēia kālailai ʻana i ka ʻōlelo

Hawaiʻi. I ka laʻana (3769) a Bauer, he kāhulu pepeke painu kiʻa alakaʻi ʻole a i ʻole he

kāhulu pepeke painu piko ʻole me ke kiʻa alakaʻi ioʻa. I ka laʻana (3770), he kāhulu

pepeke painu piko ʻole. I ka laʻana (3771), he pepeke ʻaike he i hoʻolele ʻia ka piko i mua

ma ke ʻano he ʻami poʻomanaʻo. ʻAʻole i kapa ʻia ia ʻano pōʻaipili he kāhulu pepeke ma

kēia kālailaina i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi.

37

(3769) ...ka tae ki a Puhihuia e tū mai rā

(3770) Tēnā rawa Ngā-iwi te whai mai nei i tā rātou kōtiro i tāhae-tia mai nei e

Ponga

(3771) Ko taku irāmutu e noho mai rā i Ōhope, he kaiako

Ma ka mokuna 3, e wehewehe ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona e ʻokoʻa ai ke KPPK akapili (+P)

Hawaiʻi mai nā kāhulu pepeke ʻē aʻe o kēia kālailaina. ʻO ia ka mea i ʻano like me ke

kāhulu pepeke non-restricted a Bauer e nānā ana, ʻaʻole naʻe i kū loa i ia ʻano kālailaina.

Ua ʻoi aku ka pili a ke KPPK akapili (+P) me ka mea ka relative appositive.

ʻAʻole i kālailai ʻia ka poke waila ma ke ʻano he kāhulu pepeke i loko o kā lāua mau

kālailaina i ka ʻōlelo Māori.

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MOKUNA 3: Kāhulu Pepeke Pili 3.0 Ke Kāhulu Pepeke Poke Kiʻa Pili

He kāhulu pepeke ke KPPK pili iā ia ka poke kiʻa ma ke kūlana poʻo i mau ka pili

ʻana i kona kiʻa alakaʻi. ʻIke ʻia nō naʻe ke kaʻawale ʻana o ke KPPK pili mai kona kiʻa

alakaʻi i kekahi manawa i ka wā e moku ai ma muli o ke komo ʻana o kekahi ʻano poke a

mau poke paha i waena ona me ia kiʻa alakaʻi. ʻAʻohe hoʻi poke painu o ke kūlana poʻo o

kēia ʻano kāhulu pepeke. E like me ka pepeke makua, he komo nō nā hune kākoʻo, e like

me ka huneʻaʻau, ka hunekuhi, a me ka hunekaime. I loko nō o ke komo ʻana o ka

hunekaime, he māka painu hoʻi ia, i loko o ke KPPK i kekahi manawa, ʻaʻohe naʻe kuʻa e

kūlana ai kona ʻano he poke painu.

ʻO ke kālele ʻana i ke kūlana poʻo i kiʻa alakaʻi no ke KPPK, ʻo ia nō kekahi mea i

ʻokoʻa loa ai ke KPPK mai ke kāhulu pepeke painu. He ʻike ʻia nō ia ʻano kālele ʻia ʻana

o ke kūlana poʻo i kiʻa alakaʻi i loko o ke kāhulu pepeke painu ʻole koe ka pepeke ʻaike a

me ka pepeke waila.

Pēlā pū ke kālele ʻia o ke kūlana poʻo o ke kālele ʻākena a me ke kālele kūlana ʻoiai

he poʻolua ke ʻano o ia mau pepeke. He poke painu nō ka lua o nā poʻo. Ua hiki nō ke

hoʻolilo ʻia ke kālele kūlana he kāhulu pepeke a e wehewehe ʻia ma ka mokuna 5.

ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona hoʻi i ʻokoʻa loa ai kēia ʻano kāhulu pepeke pili mai nā kāhulu

pepeke ʻē aʻe a ʻelua o kēia pepa, ʻo ia hoʻi, he kiʻa alakaʻi kāna e hoʻokāʻokoʻa ana mai

nā hoa kiʻa like ʻē aʻe ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻami o ka poke kiʻa. E like me ka manaʻo

o ka ʻami o ka poke kiʻa i loko o ka pepeke mole, pēlā nō ka ili ʻana o ia manaʻo

hoʻokāʻokoʻa i loko o ke kāhulu pepeke. He hoʻohāiki nō ia ʻami o KPPK i kona kiʻa

alakaʻi ma ka hoʻāhuwale ʻana nō i kekahi hiʻohiʻona a mau hiʻohiʻona paha i mea e

kāʻokoʻa ai mai ia mau hoa kiʻa like ʻē aʻe. ʻElua ʻano KPPK pili e hōʻike ʻia iho ana ma

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ʻaneʻi, ʻo nā mea komo o ka piko (+P) i loko o ke kāhulu pepeke a me nā mea komo ʻole

o ka piko (-P).

3.1 Ke Kaʻakālai Kāpae a me ke Kaʻakālai ʻAnapola

I ka wā e kiʻi ʻia ai ka piko o ka pepeke mole i kiʻa alakaʻi, he ʻike ʻia nō ia mea ʻo ke

“kaʻakālai kāpae” i loko o ke kāhulu pepeke. Ma ia pōʻaiapili, ʻaʻole hōʻike hou ʻia ia

piko o ka pepeke mole, ke kiʻa alakaʻi hoʻi o ke KPPK, i loko o ke kāhulu pepeke e like

me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i loko o ke kaʻakālai papani. E ʻike ʻia nō hoʻi kēia kaʻakālai ma nā

māhele e kālailai ʻia ai nā KPPK a me nā KPPW (-P).

I ka wā e kiʻi ʻia ai ke kiʻa alakaʻi o ke KPPK mai nā kūlana ʻē aʻe ma waho aku o ke

kūlana piko, he komo nō ia piko i loko o ke kāhulu pepeke. Ma ia mau pōʻaiapili, he mea

maʻamau ke kaʻakālai ʻanapola ma ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā papani ʻanapola, e like me

ka papani kūlā helukahi ʻo ia a me ka iʻoa henua ʻo laila, i kūpono no ke kuhi hoa ʻaui

ʻana o ia poke i ke kona kiʻa alakaʻi. E ʻike ʻia nō kēia kaʻakālai ma nā māhele e kālailai

ʻia ai nā KPPK a me nā KPPW (+P).

3.2 Nā KPPK ʻAike ʻO a He Piko ʻOle

ʻO ka poke kiʻa ʻo a he ka pepeke mole o ke KPPK ʻo a he. He ʻike pinepine ʻia ia

ʻmau ʻami ʻelua i loko o ka pepeke ʻaike. He pepeke like nō a like ka pepeke ʻaike ʻo. ʻO

ia hoʻi, ua like ka mea o ke kūlana poʻo me ka mea o ke kūlana piko. Hiki ke kuapo ʻia nā

kūlana o ke poʻo a me ka piko a e like ana nō a like ka manaʻo. (301) He pepeke waeʻano

ka pepeke ʻaike he. ʻO ia hoʻi, he hōʻike ka mea o ke kūlana poʻo i ke ʻano o ka mea o ke

kūlana piko. (302)

40

(301) ʻO ke keiki kēia. ʻO kēia ke keiki.

(302) He keiki kēia.

Ma ke KPPK ʻo a he hoʻi me ka piko ʻole, hoʻolilo ʻia ke kūlana piko o ka pepeke

mole ʻo ia ke kiʻa alakaʻi. ʻO ka poke kiʻa o ke poʻo o ka pepeke mole, he memeʻa a iʻoa

paha, ka mea e lilo ʻo ia ke kāhulu i hoʻokuʻi pū ʻia i ke kiʻa alakaʻi i ka nui o ka manawa

(303, 304, 305, 306). I kekahi manawa naʻe, e like me ka mea hoʻopuka mua ʻia, ua ʻike

ʻia ka moku ʻana o ke KPPK mai kona kiʻa alakaʻi (307), aia naʻe ia i loko o ka lālā

hoʻokahi me kona kiʻa alakaʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao aulaʻa.

KPPK ʻO Pili Piko ʻOle

(303) E ike ke Alii o Omaokamau, ina ua holo ia, aole oia i ike iki, ua nalowale loa i kona

mau maka. (Ka Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 1, Helu 15. 8 Malaki 1862)

“E ʻike [ke Aliʻi] ʻo Omaokamau (ʻŌmaʻokāmau?), inā ua holo ia, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i

ʻike iki, ua nalowale loa i kona mau maka.”

Mole: ʻO ʻŌmaʻokāmau ke Aliʻi.


(304) ...a aole no hoi i ikeia ia mea o ka hoonele ana ia lakou iho me na pono o ke ola...

(Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 2, Helu 13, Aoao 1. Maraki 23 1876)

“...a ʻaʻole nō hoʻi i ʻike ʻia [ia mea] ʻo ka hoʻonele ʻana iā lākou iho me nā pono

o ke ola...”

Mole: ʻO ka hoʻonele ʻana iā lākou iho ia mea.

41


(305) ...No wai ka hewa o ka make ana o ia kanaka? (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 4, Helu

4725. Nowemapa 1865)

“No wai [ka hewa] ʻo ka make ʻana o ia kanaka?”

Mole: ʻO ka make ʻana o ia kanaka ka hewa.

KPPK He Pili (-P)

(306) ...a ua loaa io ia ia ia mea he waiwai. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 5, Ano Hou.--Helu 28,

Aoao 115. Okatoba 10, 1860)

“...a ua loaʻa ʻiʻo iā ia [ia mea] he waiwai.”

Mole: He waiwai ia mea.

KPPK ʻO Pili (-P) Moku

(307) O kau no ia o ka hoaikane. (Kalapana, ʻao 41)

“ʻO [kāu nō] ia ʻo ka hoʻāikāne.”

Mole: ʻO ka hoʻāikāne kāu.

He lanalia hoʻi ke kuhi pololei ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻami o ke kāhulu pepeke o ka

laʻana 307 o luna aʻe nei. ʻElua koho, he ʻami nonoʻa iki o a i ʻole he ʻami ʻaike ʻo e like

me ka mea i hoʻāno hou ʻia. Inā he ʻami nonoʻa iki, kohu mea lā ua hāʻule ka huaʻōlelo e

kūlana ai ke kiʻa pepeke, ʻo ʻana hoʻi,(ʻO kāu nō ia o ka hoʻāikāne ʻana) a e

hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻohāiki ʻia ana kekahi ʻano hana, kūlāna, a hiʻohiʻona paha i loko o ka

hoʻāikāne ʻana, e like me ka hoʻokipa a hānai meaʻai hoʻi, e ke kāhulu pepeke. ʻAʻole

hoʻi e hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻohāiki ʻia ana ka hoʻāikāne ʻana mai kekahi ʻano hana o kona

pūʻulu hoa kiʻa alakaʻi (domain), e like me ka hakakā a hoʻopāpā hoʻi. ʻO ia ka hana a ka

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ʻʻana mai kʻo. Ma ia pōʻaiapili o ka moʻolelo ʻo Kalapana, ʻo ka hoʻāikāne kekahi o

nā koho i hāpai ʻia ma kahi o ka hoʻomau ʻana i ka hoʻopāpā ʻana me ke keiki. ʻO kekahi

kumu, ʻo ia ka hiki ʻana ke pani ʻia o ka ʻami ʻaike ʻo me kona hoa ʻami ʻaike he (ʻO kāu

nō ia he hoʻāikāne) a ua like nō ka manaʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao aulaʻa. Pēlā i hoʻoholo ʻia ai he

ʻami ʻaike ʻo ma ia laʻana.

3.2.1 Nā KPPK Pili ʻO a He (+P)

Eia ma lalo iho nei kekahi mau laʻana o ka hoʻolilo ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano kūlana like ʻole

o ka pepeke ma waho aku o ka piko he kiʻa alakaʻi o ke KPPK. Ma kēia pōʻaiapili e ʻike

ʻia ai ke kaʻakālai ʻanapola. He mea mau ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka papani kūlā helukahi i loko

o ke KPPK no ke kuhi hoa ʻaui ʻana i kona kiʻa alakaʻi. I ka wā e noho kiʻa alakaʻi ai ke

kūlana nonoʻa, he mea maʻamau ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ke kaʻi nonoʻa kūlā helukahi i loko o

ke KPPK ma ia kaʻakālai.

KPPK Pili ʻO (+P)

(308) ...a ua hooholo iho nei au e haawi aku ia oe i ke kuleana o oe ke poo o ka poe park.

(Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 15, Helu 25. 17 Iune 1876)

“...a ua hoʻoholo iho nei au e hāʻawi aku iā ʻoe i [ke kuleana] ʻo ʻoe ke poʻo o ka

poʻe park.”

Mole: ʻO ʻoe ke poʻo o ka poʻe park ke kuleana.

(309) ...ike akula laua me ka piha kahaha nui i na laulau o ka hemo ana mai no ia mai

loko mai o ka imu. (Kawelo, XVI)

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“...ʻike akula lāua me ka piha kāhāhā nui i [nā laulau] ʻo ka hemo ʻana mai nō ia

mai loko mai o ka imu.”

Mole: ʻO ka hemo ʻana mai nō ia o nā laulau mai loko mai o ka imu.

(310) ...hookahi no keiki kane a ka manuahi o Pilipo kona inoa. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 2,

Ano Hou.Helu 15, Aoao 57. 8 Iulai, 1857)

“...hoʻokahi nō [keikikāne a ka manuahi] ʻo Pilipo kona inoa."

Mole: ʻO Pilipo ka inoa o ke keiki a ka manuahi.

He lanalia nō ke kuhi ʻana i ka ʻaui pololei o ke KPPK ʻaike ʻo ʻoiai he like nō a like

ke poʻo me ka piko o ka pepeke mole ke kaupo ʻia nā kūlana ʻelua. Eia naʻe, ʻoiai, i loko

o kona hoa pepeke ʻaike he, ʻo ka ʻaui piko ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia kona kiʻi ʻia ʻana ma ke

ʻano he kiʻa alakaʻi o ke KPPK. No laila i kuhi ʻia aku nei no loko mai ke kiʻa alakaʻi o

ka laʻana o luna aʻe nei o ke kūlana piko.

KPPK Pili HE (+P)

(311) No ka ikeia o kona ano ike, a me ka makaukau, hoikaika kekahi mau kanaka

naauao, a loaa kekahi mau kala, i mea kokua aku ia ia, a hoonoho aku ia ia ma kekahi

wahi he nui na buke, a hiki ia ia ke heluhelu ma na mea ana i makemake ai. (Ka Hae

Hawaii, Buke 5, Ano Hou.--Helu 27, Aoao 111. Okatoba 3, 1860)

“No ka ʻike ʻia o kona ʻano ʻike, a me ka mākaukau, hoʻoikaika kekahi mau

kānaka naʻauao, a loaʻa kekahi mau kālā i mea kōkua aku iā ia, a hoʻonoho aku iā

ia ma [kekahi wahi] he nui nā puke, a hiki iā ia ke heluhelu ma nā mea āna i

makemake ai.”

Mole: He nui nā puke ma kekahi wahi.

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He lanalia nō ke koho ʻana i ka ʻaui o ke kiʻa alakaʻi kekahi wahi i loko o ka pepeke

mole o ka laʻana (311) o mua aʻe nei. Ma ka pepeke mole, ua kuhi ʻia he ʻawe henua ia iā

ia ka ʻami henua. Inā pēlā, ua kāpae ʻia ka ʻaui henua e kuhi hoa ʻaui ana i kiʻa alakaʻi

penei:

“...e hoʻonoho iā ia ma kekahi wahi he nui nā puke (ma laila).”

Ua hiki pū ke kālailai ʻia he nonoʻa ia o ka piko. Inā pēlā, ʻo ka ʻami nonoʻa kai kāpae

ʻia a ʻokoʻa ka pepeke mole penei:

“...e hoʻonoho iā ia ma kekahi wahi he nui nā puke (o laila).”

Mole: He nui nā puke o kekahi wahi.

3.2.2 Ke KPPK Pili He me nā Huahelu Heluna (+P)

Eia ma lalo iho nei nā laʻana o nā KPPK he i hoʻohana pū ʻia me ka huahelu. ʻElua

ʻaoʻao o ka huahelu e kālailai ʻia ana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka huahelu heluna ma ke ʻano he pepeke

ʻaike he (312) a ma ke ʻano he pepeke huahelu me ka nonoʻa (313). (a ma ke ʻano he

pepeke huahelu heʻo nō hoʻi.) Laʻana:

(312) He ʻumi nā iʻa.

(313) He ʻumi āna iʻa.

ʻAʻole he mea kūmau ke kaʻi hōʻiloa he (Wilson, Kamanā; NK8) i mua o nā huahelu,

a ma ka ʻoi loa aku, i mua o nā huahelu ma lalo o ka ʻumi. No laila, no ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o

ka huahelu i loko o ka ʻaui poʻo o ka pepeke painu (314, 315), he lanalia nō ke

kapaʻī ʻana aku i ke ʻano o ka pepeke me ka huahelu i loaʻa ʻole ke kaʻi hoʻīloa a kuʻa

(māka painu) paha i mua ona. No laila, ʻo ke kaʻi hōʻiloa he ka mea e ahuwale ai kona

ʻano he poke kiʻa ma kahi o ka poke painu.

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(314) Ua ʻumi nā iʻa.

(315) Ua ʻumi āna iʻa.

3.2.3 Ke KPPK He (-P) me ka Huahelu Heluna

He laʻana kēia o ke KPPK he me ka huahelu nona ke kiʻa alakaʻi o ka ʻaui piko. I

loko o ke kāhulu pepeke, he mea maʻamau ke kāpae ʻia ʻana o ka poke hoʻokahi i like o

nā pepeke ʻelua, ka pepeke makua a me ke kāhulu pepeke hoʻi, no laila, ʻo ia ka mea i

kūlana ai he KPPK he piko ʻole. (316)

KPPK He (-P) me ka Huahelu Heluna

(316) I ka haunaele ana ma Iamaika, ua pepehi ka poe nika i kekahi poe he

umikumamakolu; a ua hoopai aku ke Aupuni ma ka pepehi ana i na kanaka he elua

tausani a keu o ka aoao hoohaunaele. (Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 5, Helu 10. 10 Malaki

1866)

“I ka haunaele ʻana ma Iamaika, ua pepehi ka poʻe nika i [kekahi poʻe] he

ʻumikumamākolu; a ua hoʻopaʻi aku ke Aupuni ma ka pepehi ʻana i [nā kānaka]

he ʻelua tausani a keu o ka ʻaoʻao hoʻohaunaele.”

Mole: He ʻumikūmākolu nā kānaka.

Mole: He ʻelua tausani a keu nā kānaka o ka ʻaoʻao hoʻohaunaele.

ʻElua KPPK he me ka huahelu heluna o kēia laʻana. Ma ka mea ʻelua, ʻelua hou aku

kāhulu pepeke i hoʻokuʻi pū ʻia aku i ke KPPK he me ka huahelu mua he ʻelua tausani,

he mau KPPK ʻami nonoʻa iki, ʻo a keu a me o ka ʻaoʻao hoʻohaunaele.

46

3.2.4 Ke KPPK Pili He (+P) me ka Huahelu

Ma ka laʻana (317), no loko mai ke kiʻa alakaʻi o ka nonoʻa o ka ʻaui piko. ʻOiai, aia

ke kiʻa pepeke ma hope, he ʻelua āna piʻi ʻana, pēlā i lilo ai he piko a ʻo āna kona kaʻi.

Inā hoʻi, aia i hope o ke kiʻa pepeke, he ʻelua piʻi ʻana āna, lilo ia he ʻami nonoʻa iki

ʻākena, a pēlā i kūlana ai he kāhulu. No laila, ma kahi o ke kiʻa pepeke a me kona kaʻi a

ʻami nonoʻa paha, i like hoʻi ka nānā ʻana, e lilo ai he KPPK he piko a piko ʻole paha.

KPPK Pili He (+P) me ka Huahelu

(317) A o ka wahine he elua ana pii ana, he $10 me $5 koina kona hoopai.

(Ka Makaainana, Buke 4, Helu 11, Aoao 1. Sepatemaba 9, 1895)

“A ʻo [ka wahine] he ʻelua āna piʻi ʻana, he $10 me $5 koina kona hoʻopaʻi.”

Mole: He ʻelua a ka wahine piʻi ʻana.

No laila, e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia aku nei i ka paukū o luna aʻe, i loko o ia

laʻana hoʻokahi, inā ua kuapo ʻia nā kūlana o ke kiʻa pepeke a me āna, inā nō ua lilo ia

kāhulu he KPPK piko ʻole. He pepeke heʻo hoʻi kona mole me ke kāhulu. (318)

(318) ...ka wahine he ʻelua piʻi ʻana āna.

Mole: He ʻelua piʻi ʻana a ka wahine.

Ua kālele ʻia ka nonoʻa o ka ʻaui piko e like me ka laʻana o luna aʻe nei. Hoʻokahi

mea i ʻano ʻokoʻa o kēia laʻana (319), ʻo ia ke ʻano o ke kaʻi i loko o ka ʻaui piko o ke

KPPK. ʻO ka mea o luna aʻe nei, he nonoʻa k-ʻole ke ʻano o ke kaʻi nonoʻa a he nonoʻa

“k” ke ʻano o ke kaʻi nonoʻa o ka laʻana o lalo iho nei.

47

(319) ...ua lawa kekahi omole waina hookahi, no ka aina hookahi o na ohana he

14 ko makou nui,... (Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 3, Helu 20. 14 Mei 1864)

“...ua lawa kekahi ʻōmole waina hoʻokahi, no ka ʻaina hoʻokahi o [nā ʻohana] he

14 ko mākou nui,...”

3.2.5 Nā Huahelu Hoʻokaʻina

Ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia ʻana o ke kaʻi hōʻiloa he i mua o nā huahelu

hoʻokaʻina, he lanalia nō ke ʻano o ke kāhulu pepeke e like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia

aku i ka māhele 3.2 I loko naʻe o ka lanalia ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia nō ka huahelu hoʻokaʻina ma

ke ʻano he kāhulu pepeke. (320)

(320) ...alaila mana aku mai ke keiki elua, oia o Wiwiokalani w. (Ka Makaainana,

Buke 6, Helu 6, Aoao 1. Augate 10, 1896)

“...a laila mana aku mai [ke keiki] ʻelua, ʻo ia ʻo Wiwiokalani (Wīwīokalani?) w.”

3.3 Ke KPPK Pili I/IĀ

He ʻami kuhilana kēia ʻano ʻami ma loko o kēia KPPK. He pepeke poʻo kiʻa i/iā kona

mole. He kālele ia ʻano pepeke poke kiʻa i ke kuhi ʻana i ka henua a kuhilana paha o ka

mea o ke kūlana piko.

I ka mokuna 2, ua hōʻike ʻia ma laila ko Alexander manaʻo no ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o

ka papani kūlā ia aia wale nō a he kanaka kona kiʻa alakaʻi. Ua ʻike ʻia nō naʻe nā laʻana

i kūʻē i ia manaʻo ona, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua ʻike ʻia nō nā mea waho aku o ke kanaka, he mea

kūhane a paku paha, ma ke kūlana kiʻa alakaʻi i loko o kēia ʻano KPPK a pēlā pū i loko o

nā KPPK e like me ka laʻana 327.

48

3.3.1 Ke KPPK Pili I/Iā (-P)

Ua kiʻi ʻia ke kiʻa alakaʻi o kēia ʻano KPPK mai ke kūlana piko o ka pepeke mole. No

ka like o ke kaʻina o nā huaʻōlelo, he like nō a like ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻami kuhilana

maʻamau a me ka ʻami kuhilana o ke KPPK i loko o ka pepeke. No laila, ma ka pōʻaiapili

wale nō o ka hāpana e hōʻoia aʻe ai i kona ʻano KPPK me ka ʻole. Ma ke ʻano he ʻami

kuhilana maʻamau, he kuhi wale nō ia i ke henua o kekahi mea ma mua ona. Ma ke ʻano

he KPPK, he hoʻokaʻawale ia ʻami kuhilana i kona kiʻa alakaʻi mai nā ʻaui hoalike ʻē aʻe

ma ka hana ʻana he waeʻanona e kālele ana i ke kuhi ʻana i ka henua o kona kiʻa alakaʻi.

KPPK Pili I/Iā Kuhilana (-P)

(321) He ike ole paha nou i ka luhi, ina paha oe e pii ana i ka laau iuka ina paha ua ike oe

i ka luhi. (Ke Kumu Hawaii. Buke 1, Pepa 12, Aoao 89, 15 ʻApelila 1835)

“He ʻike ʻole paha kou i ka luhi, inā paha ʻoe e piʻi ana i [ka lāʻau] i uka, inā paha

ua ʻike ʻoe i ka luhi.”

Mole: I uka ka lāʻau.

KPPK Pili I/Iā Kuhilana (-P) me ka hupua KAI

He mau laʻana nā mea o lalo nei no ka hoʻohuihui ʻia ʻana o ke KPPK i/iā i loko o ka

hupua ʻo kai i loko o ka mea mua a me ka hupua ʻo kaiā i loko o ka mua ʻelua.

(322) He lauoho kai kuu poo,... (Kalapana, ʻao 59)

“He lauoho [kai] kuʻu poʻo,...” (He lauoho ka mea i kuʻu poʻo,...)

Mole: I kuʻu poʻo he lauoho.

49

(323) O ka iki o ke aloha kai a oe, O ka nui o ke aloha kai a’u, (Ka Hoku O Ka Pakipika.

Buke I, Helu 11, Aoao 1. 5 Kekemapa, 1861)

“ʻO ka iki o ke aloha [kaiā] ʻoe, ʻo ka nui o ke aloha [kai] aʻu,...”

Mole: Iā ʻoe ka iki o ke aloha, iaʻu ka nui o ke aloha.

3.3.1.1 Lauka Ke KPPK Pili I/Iā Lauka (-P) me ka Hupua KAI

(324) I ka wa e olelo aku ai kekahi, alaila he olelo mai no hoi kai aia me ka mahalo

mai,... (Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 5, Helu 37. 15 Kepakemapa, 1866)

“I ka wā e ʻōlelo aku ai kekahi, a laila he ʻōlelo mai nō hoʻi [ka]iā ia(?) me ka

mahalo mai,...” (He ʻōlelo mai nō hoʻi ka mea/hana iā ia.)

Mole: Iā ia ka hana he ʻōlelo mai me ka mahalo.

3.3.2 Ke KPPK Pili ʻAmi Kuhilana I/Iā (+P)

Ma kēia ʻano KPPK, ua kiʻi ʻia ke kiʻa alakaʻi o nā kūlana ʻē aʻe ma waho aku o ka

piko. ʻIke pū ʻia ke kālele pū ʻia ʻana o ke kūlana poʻo i kiʻa alakaʻi. He mea ʻokoʻa loa

kēia mai ke kāhulu pepeke painu ʻoiai ʻaʻole loa i kālele ʻia ke kūlana poʻo i kiʻa alakaʻi

ma ka pepeke painu.1

I ka wā e kiʻi ʻia ai ke kiʻa alakaʻi mai loko mai o kekahi o nā ʻawe o ka pepeke mole,

he komo ke kūlana poʻo a me ke kūlana piko me ka loli ʻole mai ia pepeke mole mai.

(325, 326)

I ka wā hoʻi e kiʻi ʻia ai ke kiʻa alakaʻi mai loko mai o ke kūlana poʻo, ʻo ka papani

kūlā helukahi ʻo ia ka mea maʻamau loa i hoʻohana ʻia no ke kuhi hoa ʻaui ʻana i ke

1Hoʻohana ʻia ke kaʻakālai kiʻa pepeke no ke kālele ʻana i ka “manaʻo” o ke poʻo o ka pepeke painu ma ka ʻaoʻao aulaʻa.

50

KPPK i kona kiʻa alakaʻi. (327) Ua ʻike pū ʻia nō nā papani kūlā helulua a helulehu

hoʻi,ʻo lāua a me lākou, ma kahi o ia papani kūlā helukahi ʻo ia. (328)

KPPK Pili ʻAmi Kuhilana (+P), Kiʻa Alakaʻi ʻAwe

(325) I ka wa i na haole keia nupepa palahalaha a maikai,... (Ka Hoku O Ka Pakipika,

Buke I, Helu 10, Aoao 1. Novemaba 28, 1861)

“I [ka wā] i nā haole kēia nūpepa pālahalaha a maikaʻi,...”

Mole: I nā haole kēia nūpepa pālahalaha a maikaʻi i ka wā.

(326) A o ka waiwai a kuu moopuna iau ka malama, oia hoi kela pu-a kao e noho la ma

Kapua...

“A ʻo [ka waiwai a kuʻu moʻopuna] iaʻu ka mālama, ʻo ia hoʻi kēlā pūʻā kao e

noho lā ma Kapuʻa...”

Mole: Iaʻu ka mālama i ka waiwai a kuʻu moʻopuna

KPPK Pili ʻAmi Kuhilana (+P), Kiʻa Alakaʻi Poʻo

(327) Ua kapa ia he lunaikehala, pehea ka mea ia ia na maka elua aole nae he nana i ka

hana pono,... (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 2, Ano Hou. Helu 1, Aoao 1. 4 Malaki, 1857)

“Ua kapa ʻia he lunaʻikehala, pehea [ka mea] iā ia nā maka ʻelua ʻaʻole naʻe he

nānā i ka hana pono,...”

Mole: I ka mea nā maka ʻelua.

(328) Makaukau iho la na mea ia laua ke kanu, ia wa pane mai la ka makuahine nona keia

pahu kupapau, e kali iki iho ke kanu ana. Lai iho la na mea ia laua na kopala hao lepo.

(Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 15, Helu 34. 19 ʻAukake 1876)

51

“Mākaukau ihola [nā mea] iā lāua ke kanu, (i) ia wā pane maila ka makuahine

nona kēia pahu kupapaʻu, e kali iki iho ke kanu ʻana. Laʻi ihola [nā mea] iā lāua

nā kopalā hao lepo.”

Mole: I nā mea ke kanu. I nā mea nā kopalā hao lepo.

(329)...i lawa no kela a kau iluna o ke kaa iaia ka mea make,... (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke

1, Helu 33, Aoao 1. Augate 12, 1875)

“...i lawa nō kēlā a kau i luna o [ke kaʻa] iā ia ka mea make,...”

Mole: I ke kaʻa ka mea make.

3.4 Ke KPPK Pili Ma

He ʻami henua ke ʻano o ka ʻami o kēia KPPK. E like me ke KPPK kuhilana, no ka

like o ke kaʻina o nā huaʻōlelo ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻami henua maʻamau a me ke KPPK

henua, ma ka pōʻaiapili wale nō o ka hāpana e hōʻoia aʻe ai i kona ʻano KPPK me ka

ʻole.

3.4.1 Ke KPPK Ma Piko ʻOle

(330) He wahi ilio uuku paha kela mea ma ka aoao o ka noho nui o ke kupunakane, a

nana olioli pu ana i ke keiki uuku. Ina aole ia he ilio, heaha la? (Ke Alaula, Buke VII,

Helu 9, Aoao 33. Dekemaba, 1872)

“He wahi ʻīlio ʻuʻuku paha [kēlā mea] ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka noho nui o ke

kupunakāne, a nānā ʻoliʻoli pū ana i ke keiki ʻuʻuku. Inā ʻaʻole ia he ʻīlio, he aha

lā?”

Mole: Ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka noho nui o ke kupunakāne kēlā mea.

52

3.4.2 Ke KPPK Pili Ma (+P)

Ua ʻoi aku ke ahuwale o kona ʻano he KPPK piko ʻoiai he mea maʻamau ka hoʻohana

ʻia ʻana o ke kaʻakālai ʻanapola a me ka iʻoa henua ʻo laila no ke kuhi hoa ʻaui ʻana i ke

KPPK ʻami henua me kona kiʻa alakaʻi. Ua ʻike pū ʻia hoʻi ʻo ia wahi ma kahi o laila ma

kēia pōʻaiapili.

(331) A ma ka aoao malalo e pili ana me ke kai malaila ua pa kaua nei, ua

hoopuni ia e ka pa poepoe kiekie. (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 3, Helu 22, Aoao 1.

Mei 31, 1877)

“A ma ka ʻaoʻao ma lalo e pili ana me [ke kai] ma laila ua pā kaua nei, ua

hoʻopuni ʻia e ka pā poepoe kiʻekiʻe.”

Mole: Ma ke kai ua pā kaua nei.

ʻElua KPPK o kēia laʻana. ʻO ka mea mua, he KPPK ma piko ʻole.

(332) A ma ka aoao malalo...

“A ma ka ʻaoʻao ma lalo...”

Mole: Ma lalo ka ʻaoʻao.

3.4.2.1 Ke KPPK Pili Ma (+P) me ka ʻAmi Nonoʻa Iki

Ma hope o ka ʻami henua ma, he mea maʻamau ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā kaʻi nonoʻa

k-, like me koʻu, kona, ko lāua, a.p.w.a. He ʻike pū ʻia nō hoʻi nā kaʻi nonoʻa k- ʻole, e

like me oʻu, ona, o lāua, a.p.w.a., i kekahi manawa, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma lalo iho

nei.

53

(333) Ma ka manawa i hoikeia aku ai o ka Mr. Lewis hoike ma ka radio, ua hoike

ae ke Dr. H. E. Gregory, ka lunahooponopono o ka hale Bishop Museum ma ona

la na kukakuka ana i hanaia ai a holopono i kona hauoli nui. (Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa,

Buke 66, Helu 40, 20 ʻOkakopa 1927)

“Ma ka manawa i hōʻike ʻia aku ai ʻo kā Mr. Lewis hōʻike ma ka lēkiō, ua hōʻike

aʻe ke Dr. H. E. Gregory, [ka luna hoʻoponopono o ka hale Bishop Museum] ma

ona lā nā kūkākūkā ʻana i hana ʻia ai a holopono i kona hauʻoli nui.”

ʻOiai, ma ka leo wale nō e ʻike maoli ʻia ai kona ʻano he KPPK, ua hiki nō ke

noʻonoʻo ʻia he lanalia paha kēia laʻana. No ka loaʻa ʻole o ke kiko koma ma hope o

Museum, ua kālailai aku au i kēia he KPPK. A ʻo ia KPPK ka poke kiʻa e hoʻomaka ana i

ke kālele kūlana. E ʻike hou ʻia ia ʻano kāhulu pepeke kālele kūlana i ka mokuna 5.

3.5 Ke KPPK Pili Me

He ʻami hoa ke ʻano o ka ʻami o kēia KPPK. ʻElua ʻano hoʻohana ʻia ʻana e ʻike ʻia

ana ma ʻaneʻi nei, ʻo kona hoʻohana ʻia ʻana ma ke ʻano he ʻami hoʻopili hoa a ma ke

kona ʻano he hoʻohālikelike pū kekahi.

3.5.1 Ke KPPK Pili Me (-P)

Ma ka pōʻaiapili nō e ʻike ʻia ai ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke KPPK me a me kona ʻano

he ʻami hoa i loko o ka pepeke. He ʻano hoʻopili hoa ke ʻano o kona hoʻohana ʻia ʻana ma

ka hoʻopili ʻana iā ka mea me ka ʻaʻahu ʻeleʻele.

54

(334) Ua manao ae au e huli hope a e nana aku ina ke ukali mai nei no ka mea me

ka aahu eleele ia maua,... (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 3, Helu 23, Aoao 1. Iune 7,

1877)

“Ua manaʻo aʻe au e huli hope a e nānā aku inā ke ukali mai nei nō [ka mea] me

ka ʻaʻahu ʻeleʻele iā māua,...”

He laʻana kēia o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka ʻami hoa me ma ke ʻano he hoʻohālikelike

i loko o ke KPPK piko.

(335) ...me ka wahiia o ka waea i ka mea me he kepau la o pulu ka waea. (Ka Hae

Hawaii, Buke I, Helu 41, Aoao 161. Dekemaba 10, 1856)

“...me ka wahī ʻia o ka waea i [ka mea] me he kēpau lā o pulu ka waea (uea)”

3.5.2 Ke KPPK Pili Me (+P)

Ua ʻoi aʻe ke ahuwale i loko o ke KPPK me (+P) ʻoiai hoʻohana ʻia ke kaʻakālai

ʻanapola me nā papani kūlā. Ma ka laʻana (335), ʻo lākou ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i loko o

ke kāhulu pepeke no ke kuhi hoa ʻaui ʻana i kona kiʻa alakaʻi ʻo nā mea. Ma ia laʻana o

lalo iho nei, eia hou he kālele kūlana e hoʻomaka ana me ka poke kiʻa he KPPK. E ʻike

hou ʻia ana ke KPPK kālele kūlana ma ka mokuna 5.

(336) ...e hoike no na hope luna, na mea me lakou ka waiwai kahi i waihoia’i,...

(Ka Hae Hawaii. Buke 3, Helu 26, 29 Kepakemapa 1858)

...e hōʻike nō nā hope luna, [nā mea] me lākou ka waiwai kahi i waiho ʻia ai,...

Mole: Me nā mea ka waiwai (kahi i waiho ʻia ai).

55

3.6 Ke KPPK Pili Mai

He ʻami mole ke ʻano ka ʻami o kēia KPPK. I mua o nā iʻoa kuhane a me nā papani,

ʻo maiā ka ʻami mole.

3.6.1 Ke KPPK Pili Mai (-P)

I nā laʻana o lalo nei (337, 338), ua ʻike ʻia ke kaʻakālai kāpae ma ke kāpae ʻia ʻana o

ke kiʻa i like i waena o ka pepeke makua a me ke KPPK i loko o ke kāhulu pepeke, ʻo ke

kiʻa hoʻi kai like me ke kiʻa alakaʻi.

I ka laʻana ʻelua (338), ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻami ʻo maiā i mua o ka iʻoa kuhane. Ma ke

kālailai ʻana i ka pilinaʻōlelo, he KPPK nō ia. Ma ke kālailai ʻana naʻe i ke aulaʻa, he

lolelua ke ʻano. He ʻami mole nō ma nā pōʻaiapili ʻelua, ua ʻokoʻa wale nō ka mole nona

ia ʻami. ʻO kekahi mole ke aliʻi ʻo Kamehameha III no kona hoʻopili haole ʻana paha iā ia

e noho aliʻi ana. ʻO kekahi mole aku, ʻo ia ka wā iā Kamehameha III e noho aliʻi ana a

me ka hoʻopili haole ʻana paha o ko Hawaiʻi ma ke ʻano laulā i ia wā. Ua hiki pū ke kapa

ʻia ʻo ko mākou poʻe hoalauna ʻo ia ke kiʻa alakaʻi a he mau kāhulu nā poke kiʻa, a poke

painu hoʻi (a pau) no ia kiʻa alakaʻi.

(337) Me ko makou poe hoalauna a pau ma na hale kuai rama me na hale

hookamakama mai Hilo a Niihau. (Ka Nonanona, Buke 4, Pepa 22, Aoao 104.

Feberuari 18, 1845)

“Me ko mākou poʻe hoalauna a pau ma [nā hale kūʻai lama me nā hale

hoʻokamakama] mai Hilo a Niʻihau.”

56

(338) O ka hoopili haole ana ke kumu o na pilikia mai a Kamehameha III.

(Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 7, Helu 20, 16 Mei 1868)

“ʻO ka hoʻopili haole ʻana ke kumu o [nā pilikia] maiā Kamehameha III.”

(Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 2, Helu 39, Aoao 1. Sepatemaba 21, 1876.)

3.6.2 Ke KPPK Pili Mai (+P)

Ma laʻana o lalo nei (339), ua ʻike ʻia ke kaʻakālai papani i ke pani ʻana o ka iʻoa

henua ʻo laila no kona kiʻa alakaʻi ma ke ʻano he hoa kuhi ʻaui. ʻO ke “kiʻa alakaʻi” o

kēia laʻana, ʻaʻole ia he kiʻa. He pepeke piha ka mea i hoʻokuʻi ʻia ai ke KPPK mai. No

laila, he pepeke alakaʻi ia no ke kāhulu pepeke.

(339) A pela no oia i olelo ai ma Oahu i ka la iwakalua o Dekemaba ka makahiki

1825 mai laila mai keia olelo ana mai ana,... (Ka Lama Hawaii, Makahiki 1, Helu

7, Aoao 1. Maraki 28, 1834)

“A pēlā nō ʻo ia i ʻōlelo ai ma Oʻahu i ka lā iwakālua o Dekemaba ka makahiki

1825] mai laila mai kēia ʻōlelo ʻana mai āna,...”

3.7 Ke KPPK Pili Nonoʻa No/Na

ʻElua ʻano ʻami nonoʻa e kālailai ʻia ana ma kēia māhele, ʻo ka ʻami nonoʻa nui a me

ka ʻami nonoʻa iki. E hoʻohuihui ʻia nā ʻami nonoʻa nui ʻākena a ʻōkena kekahi me

kekahi ʻoiai ua like nō a like ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana ma ka ʻaoʻao kālai pilinaʻōlelo. Pēlā pū

nō no nā ʻami nonoʻi iki ʻākena a ʻōkena hoʻi. I loko o ke KPPK ʻami nonoʻa nui piko, ʻo

ke kiʻa alakaʻi ka ʻeinonoʻa a ʻo ka piko o ia KPPK ka nonoʻana. I loko o ke KPPK ʻami

nonoʻa piko ʻole, ʻo ke kiʻa alakaʻi ka nonoʻana a ʻo ke poʻo o ke KPPK ke einonoʻa.

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He mau kino ʻokoʻa ko ka ʻami nonoʻa nui ke hoʻohupua ʻia me nā papani ʻo au

(noʻu/naʻu), ʻoe (nou, nāu), a me ia (nona, nāna). Mālama ʻia naʻe ʻo ia ke hoʻopili pū ʻia

me nā hune kaime ʻo nei a me ala (no ia nei, no ia ala, na ia nei, na ia ala). Me kēlā nō

nā ʻami nonoʻa iki kekahi ke hoʻohupua ʻia me nā papani ʻo au (oʻu, aʻu), ʻoe (ou, āu), a

me ia (ona, āna). Ua like pū ka lula no hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ia mau hune kaime i

wehewehe ʻia aʻela me nā ʻami nonoʻa iki (o ia nei, o ia ala, a ia nei, a ia ala).

He kūmau ke ʻano o ka pilina a ka ʻeinonoʻa a me ka nonoʻana ma ka pepeke ʻami

nonoʻa nui a iki hoʻi a me ke KPPK ʻami nonoʻa nui a iki hoʻi. Ma ka ʻaoʻao aulaʻa, e

ʻike pū ʻia nō naʻe ka pilina “nonoʻa” i loko o nā pepeke painu ʻole ma waho aku o nā

KPPK me nā ʻami nonoʻa. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pepeke henua a i ʻole ka pepeke

poke kiʻa henua a kuhilana paha a me nā kāhulu pepeke o ia mua ʻano pepeke, ua hiki nō

ke ʻike ʻia he pilina nonoʻa ma loko o ka manaʻo. E hoʻohālikelike i nā laʻana ma lalo iho

nei. He pepeke henua (340), he poke kiʻa me ka ʻami kuhilana (341), a he nonoʻa me ka

ʻami nonoʻa nui (342) ke ʻano o nā pepeke. Ua like nō naʻe ke aulaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka

manaʻo, i waena o nā mea ʻekolu.

(340) Aia iaʻu ka hoʻowali ʻana i ka poi.

(341) Iaʻu ka hoʻowali ʻana i ka poi.

(342) Naʻu ka hoʻowali ʻana i ka poi.

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3.7.1. KPPK Pili ʻAmi Nonoʻa Nui (-P)

Eia ma lalo iho nei he laʻana o ka KPPK pili ʻami nonoʻa nui (-P).

(343) a hanau mai ke keiki na laua... (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 4, Helu 4. 26

Ianuali 1865)

“...a hānau mai [ke keiki] na lāua...”

Mole: Na lāua ke keiki.

(344)...a pau kela poe kanaka no Hawaii i ke komo iloko o ka lua,... (Ka Hoku O

Ka Pakipika, Buke I, Helu 26, Aoao 1, 20 Malaki 1862)

“...a pau kēlā poʻe kānaka no Hawaiʻi i komo i loko o ka lua,...”

Mole: No Hawaiʻi kēlā poʻe kānaka.

3.7.2 Ke KPPK Pili ʻAmi Nonoʻa Nui (+P)

I loko o ke KPPK ʻami nonoʻa nui (+P), hoʻolilo ʻia ka ʻaui piko, ʻo ka nonoʻana hoʻi,

ʻo ia ke kiʻa alakaʻi. Aia ka ʻami nonoʻa nui ma ke poʻo o ke KPPK akā, ma muli o ke

kaʻakālai ʻanapola, he mea maʻamau loa ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ke poʻo kiʻa ʻami nonoʻa nui

kūlā helukahi, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo nona/nāna, (345) ka nānā ʻole ʻana i ka heluna o nā hoa kuhia

o ke kiʻa alakaʻi (347). He ʻike pū ʻia naʻe ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā papani kūlā helulua

a helulehu hoʻi, ʻo lāua a me lākou, ma kahi o ia ʻami nonoʻa nui kūlā helukahi. ʻAʻole

naʻe ia hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā papani kūlā he mea maʻamau e like me ke poʻo kiʻa ʻami

nonoʻa nui kūlā. ʻIke ʻia ka ʻokoʻa o ka pinepine o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana ma ka mokuna 6.

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(345) E ike auanei na mea apau, owau o Kekakeiki, ka mea nona ke kuleana o

Kumuniu, ma Waikane,...(Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 2, Ano Hou.---Helu 9, Aoao 33.

Mei 27, 1857)

“E ʻike auaneʻi nā mea a pau, ʻo wau ʻo Kekakeiki, [ka mea] nona ke kuleana o

Kumuniu, ma Waikāne,...”

Mole: No ka mea (Kekakeiki) ke kuleana o Kumuniu.

(346) E kapa aku i ke kikokahi e ku ana o ke keiki nana ka lupe... (Kūʻokoʻa,

Buke 5, Helu 11, 17 Malaki 1866)

“E kapa aku i ke kiko kahi e kū ana [ʻo ke keiki] nāna ka lupe...”

Mole: Na ke keiki ka lupe.

(347) O makou na mea nona na inoa malalo. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 2, Ano Hou.-

--Helu 2, Aoao 5. Aperila 8, 1857)

“ʻO mākou [nā mea] nona nā inoa ma lalo.”

Mole: No mākou nā inoa ma lalo.

(348) ...ua wae ia na kanaka no lakou na kulana kiekie mamuli o ka lakou mau

hana a me ka noho’na iho. (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 3, Helu 16, Aoao 1. Aperila

19, 1877)

“...ua wae ʻia [nā kānaka] no lākou nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe ma muli o kā lākou mau

hana a me ka nohona iho.”

Mole: No nā kānaka nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe.

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3.7.3 Ke KPPK Pili ʻAmi Nonoʻa Iki

He ʻami ka ʻami nonoʻa iki i hoʻopōkole ʻia mai kona mole ʻo ka ʻami nonoʻa nui.

(Wilson, 1976) Penei:

ka hale no ka ʻīlio → ka hale o ka ʻīlio

He KPPK kēia ʻami i nā manawa a pau e hoʻohana ʻia ai. He mea ʻokoʻa loa kēia mai

nā KPPK ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai, no ka like o ka nānā ʻana o ia mau KPPK ʻē aʻe, ma ka pōʻaiapili

wale nō e ʻike ʻia ai kona ʻano he ʻami wale nō a i ʻole he ʻami i loko o ke KPPK. A no

ka laha loa o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka ʻami nonoʻa iki i loko o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, i loko

hoʻi o ke kiʻa pepeke, ke kāhulu pepeke painu, a me ia mea aku ia mea aku e komo ana

ka nonoʻa ʻana i loko, ʻo kēia KPPK kai laha loa ke hoʻokūkū ʻia aku. Eia hou, ʻaʻole i

ʻike ʻia ke komo ʻana o ka piko i loko o nā KPPK ʻami nonoʻa iki e like me ia mau KPPK

ʻē aʻe. No laila, no ia mau ʻokoʻa nui i helu ʻole ʻia aʻe ai ke KPPK ʻami nonoʻa iki i loko

o ka hāpana KPPK mai loko mai o Kalapana o ka mokuna 6, koe nā mea iā ia ke kiʻa

pepeke.

I loko nō o ke kālailai ʻole ʻia ʻana, he mau laʻana hoihoi kēia i loaʻa no ka ʻami

nonoʻa iki me ka huahelu (349), ka inoa ʻāina (350), a me ka ʻami nonoʻa iki ʻākena me

ka memeʻa (351) ma ke ʻano he mau KPPK.

(349) ...kekahi puali koa o elima lau...

“...[kekahi pūʻali koa] o ʻelima lau...”

(350) ... no Elena Kahele (w), kuu makuahine i aloha nui ia o Kapalama i olelo

ia... (Will 55, Circuit 1)

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“...no Elena Kahele (ʻElena Kāhele?) (w), [kuʻu makuahine] i aloha nui ʻia o

Kapālama i ʻōlelo ʻia...”

(351) ...kela wahi Paiea a ka hookano nui wale... (Kekūhaupiʻo, ʻao 375)

“...kēlā wahi Paiʻea a ka hoʻokano nui wale...”

3.7.3.1 KPPK Pili ʻAmi Nonoʻa Iki me ke Kiʻa Pepeke

Eia kahi mau laʻana ke KPPK pili ʻami nonoʻa iki me ke kiʻa pepeke.

ʻAui Piko

(352) Elua hekili o ke kui ana.

“ʻElua [hekili] o ke kuʻi ʻana.”

ʻAui Kuhilana

(353) Heaha ka huakai a kuu kama o ka hele ana mai nei? (Kalapana, ʻao 16)

“He aha ka huakaʻi a kuʻu kama o ka hele ʻana mai nei?”

ʻAui Henua

(354) A o hea kou aina o ka hele ana mai nei a hoea i Kauai a hoi maila?... (Hiʻiaka 11-

25-10)

“A ʻo hea kou ʻāina o ka hele ʻana mai nei a hōʻea i Kauaʻi a hoʻi maila?”

ʻAui ʻĀkena

(355) He aha ke kumu o kou hele ana mai nei e hoopapa? (Kalapana, ʻao 26)

“He aha [ke kumu] o kou hele ʻana mai nei e hoʻopāpā?”

62

ʻAui ʻĀkena

(356) ...haoaho ko’u naau no ka lakou mea nui o ka ua ana. (Kawelo, Mokuna 14)

“...haʻohaʻo koʻu naʻau no [kā lākou mea nui] o ka ʻuā ʻana.”

ʻAui ʻĀkena

(357) “heaha kau o ka imi ana mai nei ia’u ?” (Ka Makaainana, Buke 1, Helu 2, Aoao 1,

Ianuari 8, 1894, pa.)

“He aha [kāu](mea/kumu) o ka ʻimi ʻana mai nei iaʻu?”

3.7.4 He Lanalia

Ma ka laʻana (358), he paʻakikī ke kālailai ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻami o ke KPPK. Ma

kekahi ʻano kālailai ʻana, he KPPK kiʻa pepeke kona no ka hiki ʻole ʻana ke hoʻi i ka

mole ma ke ʻano he pepeke ʻaike ʻo, “ʻO ka pane ʻana a ke kanaka.” He pololei nō ma

kekahi ʻano. Inā naʻe i kālailai ʻia ma ke ʻano no loko mai ia kiʻa alakaʻi o ka ʻaui nonoʻa

o ka pepeke mole, e like me ka laʻana (359) me ka piko i loko, ua hiki nō ke kālailai ʻia

he KPPK ʻo. A ma kēia mau laʻana ʻelua, ʻaʻohe kaʻi a ʻami nonoʻa paha e pili pū ai ia

kiʻa alakaʻi.

(358) ...wahi a ke kanaka o ka pane ana mai me ke okalakala. (Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa,

Buke 64, Helu 35. 27 ʻAukake 1925)

“...wahi a [ke kanaka] ʻo ka pane ʻana mai me ke ʻōkalakala.” (He ʻaui nonoʻa

paha: ʻO ka pane ʻana mai (ka hana) a ke kanaka.)

(359) ...ike akula laua me ka piha kahaha nui i na laulau o ka hemo ana mai no ia

mai loko mai o ka imu. (Kawelo, XVI)

63


mai loko mai o ka imu.” (ʻaui nonoʻa: ʻO ka hemo ʻana mai nō ia o nā laulau...)

3.8 Nā Kāhulu Pepeke Poke Waila Pili (KPPW Pili)

ʻAʻole i nui nā waila i loko o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. ʻO Aia, Eia, ʻAʻole, a me Inā kekahi

mau laʻana. He mau poʻo kēia i loko o ka pepeke makua. ʻAʻole i paʻa pono ke kaʻina o

ka piko a me nā ʻami ma hope o ke poʻo waila. Ua like pū ia mau ʻano o ka pepeke waila

me nā KPPK waila kekahi. ʻAʻohe memeʻa a iʻoa paha i loko o ia poke waila a ʻo ia

kekahi mea e ʻokoʻa ai ke KPPW mai ke KPPK. E like me ke kākoʻo ʻia ʻana o ke poʻo

waila ʻo aia ma ka pepeke mole e nā ʻano hune like ʻole o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, ʻo nā

huneʻano, hunekuhi, hunekaime, a me nā huneʻaʻau, pēlā nō i loko o ke KPPW. Eia hou,

e like me nā KPPK, ua ʻike pū ʻia hoʻi nā kiʻa alakaʻi o nā ʻaui o kēlā ʻano kēia ʻano no

ke KPPW, no laila, eia ma lalo iho nei nā laʻana o ka KPPW piko a me ke KPPW piko

ʻole.

3.8.1 Nā KPPW Pili Aia, Eia (+P)

He mau laʻana kēia o ke KPPW piko e hoʻomaka ana me ka poke waila ʻo aia. I loko

nō o ka ʻokoʻa iki ʻana o aia a me eia i ke kālailai aulaʻa ʻana, ua like nō a like ia mau

poʻo o ke KPPW ma kēia kālailai pilinaʻōlelo ʻana. No ke kaʻakālai papani, aia ke ʻano o

ka papani i ka ʻaui no laila mai kona kiʻa alakaʻi. Inā no ka ʻaui henua a ʻaui kuhilana

paha ke kiʻa alakaʻi, ʻo ka iʻoa henua ʻanapola ʻo laila kai ʻike nui ʻia e pani ana i ke kiʻa

alakaʻi i loko o ke kāhulu pepeke. No ka ʻaui hoa a me ka ʻami hoa ʻo me, ʻo nā papani

kūlā kai ʻike nui ʻia e pani ana no ke kiʻa alakaʻi i loko o ke KPPW.

64

I ka laʻana (360), ma hope o ke KPPW aia, he ʻike pū ʻia ka loaʻa o ke kālele kūlana i

loko o ke KPPW kekahi. I ka laʻana (361), ua lilo ka nonoʻa o ka ʻaui henua ʻo ia ke kiʻa

alakaʻi a ua like pū ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o laila ma ia pōʻaiapili kekahi.

(360) ...aia hoi o (Valley jo) ka inoa oia wahi aina aia hoi malaila na kaa ahi kahi i

ku ai. (Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 18, Helu 2231. Mei, 1879)

“...aia hoʻi ʻo (Valley jo) (Viejo?) ka inoa o [ia wahi ʻāina] aia hoʻi ma laila nā

kaʻa ahi kahi i kū ai.”

Mole: Aia hoʻi ma ia wahi ʻāina nā kaʻa ahi kahi i kū ai.

(361) O ke kapena o kekahi moku aia maluna o laila kekahi Pake aole nona ua

palapala ae la i haawiia ai. (Hawaii Holomua, Buke 3, Helu 142, Aoao 1. Ianuari

19, 1893)

“ʻO ke kāpena o [kekahi moku] aia ma luna o laila kekahi Pākē ʻaʻole nona ua

palapala aʻe lā i hāʻawi ʻia ai...”

(362) He ono ke poo aia ilaila na ponamaka. (Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 64, Helu

17. 23 ʻApelila 1925)

“He ʻono [ke poʻo] aia i laila nā pona maka.”

Mole: Aia i ke poʻo nā pona maka.

KPPW Pili Eia (+P)

(363) ...o kana kane eia no ia ke noho nei, he mai kona he makapo. (Ka Lahui Hawaii,

Buke 3, Helu 25, Aoao 1. Iune 21, 1877)

“...o [kāna kāne] eia nō ia ke noho nei, he maʻi kona(,) he makapō.”

65

3.8.2 Nā KPPW Pili Aia, Eia (-P)

He mau laʻana kēia o ke KPPW aia/eia piko ʻole me nā poke kiʻa o nā ʻano ʻaui like

ʻole i hoʻokuʻi ʻia i ka poke waila.

KPPW Pili Aia (-P), ʻAui Piko

(364) He aina aia i Hilo ua lilo ia E. Asegut he $160. (Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 5, Helu 44.

3 Nowemapa 1866)

“[He ʻāina] aia i Hilo, ua lilo iā E. Asegut he $160.”

KPPW Pili Aia (-P), Moku, ʻAui Piko

(365) ...pau aku la i ka pii na wahine i uka i ka holoi lole, o ka wai holoi oia wahi aia i

uka, aia i ka puu kahi i noho ai o Mele o lalo mai. (Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 1, Helu 46.

11 ʻOkakopa 1862)

“...pau akula i ka piʻi nā wāhine i uka i ka holoi lole, ʻo [ka wai holoi] o ia wahi

aia i uka, aia i ka puʻu kahi i noho ai ʻo Mele o lalo mai.”

He lanalia nō ka laʻana o luna aʻe nei. Inā he komo ke kikokoma ma hope pono o

“wahi” a i ʻole he kōā ma waena o wahi me aia i loko o ka puana ʻana, ʻaʻole ia

he KPPW. Inā pēlā, e lilo ia he poke kiʻa alakaʻi a he KPPW akapili ka pepeke ma

hope pono o ke kikokoma i loaʻa i loko o ke kūmole.

KPPW Pili Aia (-P), Moku

(366) ...he mau mala raiki nae ko ia aina aia iuka... (Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 1, Helu 46.

11 ʻOkakopa 1862)

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“..[he mau māla laiki naʻe] ko ia ʻāina aia i uka...”

Mole: Aia he mau māla laiki (no ia ʻāina) i uka.

KPPW Pili Aia (-P), ʻAmi Henua

(367) He kanaka maikai no, he wahine mare kana aia ma Hilo,... (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke

2, Helu 52, Aoao 1. Dekemaba 21, 1876)

“He kanaka maikaʻi nō, he wahine male [kāna] aia ma Hilo,...”

KPPW Pili Aia (-P), ʻAmi Hoa

(368) ...ahiki i ka loaa ana a loaa ole paha he mea maopopo ole ia, aka nae, ma kana

hoakaka he ike oiaio kekahi aia me ia i nei manawa i loaa ae iaia, a e lilo ana ia ike i mea

kokua i ka huli ana aku... (Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 64, Helu 22 28. Mei, 1925)

“...a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana a loaʻa ʻole paha he mea maopopo ʻole ʻia, akā naʻe, ma

kāna hoʻākāka [he ʻike ʻoiaʻiʻo kekahi] aia me ia i nei manawa i loaʻa aʻe iā ia, a e

lilo ana ia ʻike i mea kōkua i ka huli ʻana aku...”

(369) O kau hana mua loa oia no ka huna ana i kena palapala ma kahi e nalowale loa ai a

mai noho oe a kamailio aku i kekahi mea no kena palapala aia me oe ke ninauia mai oe...

(Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 66, Helu 4. 27 Ianuali 1927)

“ʻO kāu hana mua loa(,) ʻo ia nō ka hūnā ʻana i kēnā palapala ma kahi e nalowale

loa ai a mai noho ʻoe a kamaʻilio aku i kekahi mea no [kēnā palapala] aia me ʻoe

ke nīnau ʻia mai ʻoe...”

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KPPW Pili Eia (-P), Moku

(370) O keia mau malihini a Pele e olelo nei eia aku a hoea mai,... (Hiʻiaka, Home Rula,

4-3-1908)

“ʻO [kēia mau malihini] a Pele e ʻōlelo nei eia aku a hōʻea mai,...”

(371) ...ke makau honua e mai nei no i kona manawa aole me kakou... (Lāʻie, 573)

“...ke makaʻu honua ʻē mai nei nō i [kona manawa] ʻaʻole me kākou...”

(372) ...oiai, oia ka moku aole i lilo ia Kamehameha. (Kekūhaupiʻo, ʻao 647)

“...ʻoiai, ʻo ia [ka moku] ʻaʻole i lilo iā Kamehameha.”

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MOKUNA 4: KĀHULU PEPEKE POKE KIʻA AKAPILI (KPPK AKAPILI) ʻO ke KPPK a me ke KPPW akapili, he mau kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa a waila paha ia

e noho akapili ana, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻaʻole i pili pū ke kāhulu pepeke i kona alakaʻi e like me ke

KPPK a me ke KPPW Pili. Aia hoʻi ia mau ʻano kāhulu ma kekahi lālā ʻokoʻa mai ke

alakaʻi e noho kāhulu ʻia ana. ʻElua ʻano kāhulu pepeke o ia ʻano e kālailai ʻia ma kēia

mokuna, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa a waila akapili piko ʻole (KPPK akapili (-

P)/KPPW akapili (-P)) a me ke kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa a waila piko (KPPK akapili

(+P)/KPPW akapili (+P)).

ʻO ke KPPK piko ʻole ka mea i ahuwale loa kona ʻike ʻia ʻana he kāhulu pepeke

akapili. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻoiai ua like ka poke kiʻa o ke kāhulu pepeke me ka poke kiʻa o kona

poke alakaʻi, ua ahuwale ka pilina o ka poke kiʻa o ke kāhulu pepeke i kona poke alakaʻi.

Ma ke KPPK akapili (+P) naʻe, ʻaʻole nō i ahuwale loa ʻoiai ʻaʻole i like ka poke kiʻa o

ke kāhulu me kekahi poke kiʻa o kona pepeke alakaʻi e noho kāhulu ana i ka nui o ka

manawa. No laila, ua hiki nō ke kālailai ʻia ma ke ʻano he kāhulu pepeke a i ʻole he

pepeke hou wale nō. E hōʻike ʻia nō naʻe nā laʻana o ke KPPKa piko i ahuwale aʻe kona

kūlana he kāhulu pepeke.

Ma kēia kālailaina, ma waho aku o ka pōʻaiapili aulaʻa o kona hoʻohana ʻia ʻana, he

mau ʻokoʻa nui ma ka ʻaoʻao kālailai pilinaʻōlelo i ʻokoʻa ai ke KPPK akapili. He ʻokoʻa

ke ʻano o ke alakaʻi nona nā kāhulu pepeke. I loko o ke KPPK a me ke KPPW pili, he

kiʻa alakaʻi kona. I loko o ke KPPK a me ke KPPW akapili, he poke alakaʻi ko ke KPPK

akapili (-P), a he pepeke alakaʻi ko ke KPPK a me ke KPPW akapili (+P). Aia pū hoʻi ke

KPPK a me ke KPPW akapili ma kekahi lālā ʻokoʻa mai ka lālā ma laila kona poke a

pepeke alakaʻi paha.

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4.1 KPPK Akapili (-P)

I loko o ke KPPK a me ke KPPW akapili (-P), hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻelua poke kiʻa

kekahi ma hope o kekahi ma ke ʻano e mōakāka hou aʻe ai ka poke kiʻa mua, ʻo ka poke

alakaʻi hoʻi, i ka poke kiʻa e noho akapili ana. He ʻano hoʻopuka hou ʻia nō ka manaʻo

hoʻokahi o ka poke kiʻa mua ma kekahi ʻano. He hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ia

poke mua, ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻokāʻokoʻa ana i ia poke alakaʻi mai kekahi ʻano hoa poke

alakaʻi hou aku e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i loko o ke KPPK pili. ʻAʻole i kaupalena ʻia

ka nui o ka poke kiʻa i hiki ke hoʻonoho ʻia ma ke kūlana akapili i ka hoʻokahi wale nō.

ʻO kekahi mea i kōkua nui ma ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke KPPK a me ke KPPW akapili (-P),

ʻo ia ka like o ka poke kiʻa o ka poke mua me kekahi poke kiʻa o ka poke e noho akapili

ana. ʻAʻole naʻe ia hiʻohiʻona he mea kūmau a no laila, ma ka pōʻaiapili wale nō ma ka

nānā ʻana i ka poke kiʻa mua e kuhi aku ai i kona ʻaui. I loko nō o ko Harlow manaʻo he

hilimia ia hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻami o ka poke kiʻa akapili o ka ʻōlelo Māori i ka ʻōlelo

Pelekānia, ʻaʻole nō pēlā i ke kālailai ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. I loko o nā nūpepa ʻōlelo

Hawaiʻi kahiko, i loko nō o nā nūpepa i paʻi ʻia he 150 makahiki aku nei a ʻoi, he

kanalima a ʻoi aku a emi mai paha makahiki ma mua o ka hilimia ʻokoʻa ʻana o ka ʻōlelo

Hawaiʻi i ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia, ua laha loa nō ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻami i mua o ka iʻoa a

me ka memeʻa o ka poke kiʻa akapili. Ua ʻike pū ʻia hoʻi ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kaʻi inā he

memeʻa ko ia poke kiʻa. E nānā i nā laʻana (406).

Ma ke kilo ʻana i ke kākau ʻana i loko o nā mea kahiko, he nūpepa a he moʻokalaleo

paha, ʻo ke kiko koma kekahi mea i kōkua nui ma ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke kūlana he akapili.

Ua kākau ʻia pēlā ʻoiai ma ka ʻōlelo waha ʻana, he hoʻomaha nō ko waena o ka poke kiʻa

mua a me ka poke kiʻa e akapili ana ma hope. ʻO ia “hoʻomaha” ʻana kekahi o nā

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hiʻohiʻona nui e ʻokoʻa ai ke KPPKa a me ke KPPWa mai ke KPPKp a me ke KPPWp.

ʻO ka ʻōlelo waha ka mea e ahuwale loa aʻe ai ke KPPK akapili no ka mea, ma ke kākau

ʻana, e like me nā hemahema o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o nā kiko pilinaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe i loko o

ia mau mea kahiko i kākau ʻia, pēlā nō ka hemahema o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ke kiko

koma i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ke KPPK akapili. I ka nui loa o ka manawa, ua kūmau ke

kiko koma i waena o ka poke kiʻa mua a me ka poke kiʻa e akapili ana. (401, 402)

He kōkua nui ka like o ka ʻami o nā poke kiʻa o ke KPPK akapili a me ke kiko koma

ma ka hoʻāhuwale ʻana i ke KPPK akapili. ʻAʻole naʻe ia mau mea ʻelua he mau mea

kūmau loa, e like hoʻi me ke kūmau o ke kiʻina leo o ke kanaka, no laila, ʻaʻole i hiki ke

kaukaʻi ʻia ia mau mea ʻelua ʻo ia wale nō nā mea nāna e hōʻoia aʻe i ke KPPK akapili

ma ke kākau ʻana. Inā hāʻule ke kiko koma a i ʻole ka ʻami a kaʻi paha o ke poke kiʻa

akapili, na ia leo o ko kākou heluhelu ʻana a me ka pōʻaiapili e hōʻoia. (405, 407)

Kiko Koma

(401) ... kii aku la i ka ipu hoopapa ana, ia Lono-a-ipu,... (Kalapana, ʻao 14)

“...kiʻi akula [i ka ipu hoʻopāpā āna], iā Lono-a-ipu,...”

(402) Ka like o ka poke kiʻa e akapili ana

E noa aku o loko no oukou, no kanaka makua... (Kalapana, ʻao 35)

“E noa aku ʻo loko [no ʻoukou], no kānaka mākua...”

(403) Kppk akapili (-P) Lehu

Ma kēia laʻana o lalo iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia nō he ʻekolu KPPK akapili (-P) kekahi ma

hope o kekahi. He pepeke ʻami nonoʻa nui na ka poke kiʻa mua, a ua ʻike ʻia nō ia ʻami

nonoʻa nui na i loko o nā poke kiʻa mua ʻelua e akapili ana ma hope. Ma ke kolu naʻe, ua

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hāʻule nō ka ʻami nonoʻa nui. He kaila hoʻohoihoi paha e kipona ai ka leʻa o ka mea

heluhelu nūpepa. He hāʻule kūlohelohe paha ma kēia pōʻaiapili akapili lehu no ka

hoʻopuka mua ʻia ʻana o ka ʻami. Ma ka pōʻaiapili e ʻike ʻia ai ka pilina o nā ʻami i hāʻule

i ka ʻami mua a mau ʻami paha i hoʻopuka mua ʻia. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka lua a me ke kolu

o nā KPPK akapili (-P) i loko o ke kahaʻapo ʻoiai he mau kāhulu ia mau poke ʻelua no nā

poke o mua. A ua kahalalo pū ʻia kekahi ʻoiai he mau kiʻa alakaʻi nō ia no nā poke o

hope i ka wā hoʻokahi.

(404) ...a nawai mai hoi kau, na ke alii no hoi o makou o Kauai nei, na

Kalanialiiloa, ___ ke alii hoopapa. (Kalapana, ʻao 24)

“...a [na wai mai hoʻi kau], [na ke aliʻi nō hoʻi o mākou o Kauaʻi nei], [na

Kalanialiʻiloa], ke aliʻi hoʻopāpā.”

Ka Hāʻule ʻana o ke Kiko Koma

(405) E na kanaka makua---e, make oukou iaʻu i ke keiki... (Kalapana, ʻao 42)

“E nā kānaka mākua ē, make ʻoukou iaʻu(,) i ke keiki...”

Ka Hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻAmi o ka Poke Kiʻa Akapili

(406) ...lalau iho la ia Lono-a-ipu, ka ipu hoopapa ana,... (Kalapana, ʻao 25)

“...lālau ihola iā Lono-a-ipu, (i) ka ipu hoʻopāpā āna,...”

Ka Hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻAmi a me ke Kaʻi

(407)...pela kana kauoha ia Mr. Damona, Kahunapule o ka luakini ma Polelewa,...

(Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 4, Helu 51, 23 Kekemapa 1865)

“...pēlā kāna kauoha iā Mr. Damona, ___ Kahunapule o ka luakini ma

Polelewa,...”

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4.1.1 Nā Poke Kiʻa o ke KPPK Akapili (-P)

E like me ke KPPK, ua hiki nō ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā poke kiʻa mai nā ʻaui o kēlā

ʻano kēia ʻano ma ke ʻano he KPPK akapili (-P). Eia ma lalo iho nei kekahi mau laʻana o

ke KPPK akapili (-P) me nā ʻano poke kiʻa like ʻole mai nā ʻano ʻaui like ʻole.

KPPKA ʻO

He hana nui ka loaʻa o ka laʻana o ke KPPK ʻo akapili me ia ʻami ʻo ma ka poke

alakaʻi a me ka poke o ke kāhulu e akapili ana i ka wā hoʻokahi. He mau kumu nō ko ia

hana nui ʻana. Ma waho aku o ke kāpae maʻamau ʻia ʻana o ka ʻami o nā ʻano KPPK

akapili (-P) like ʻole, inā ʻaʻole ka ʻaui piko he iʻoa, kāpae ʻia nō ka ʻami ʻo, no laila,

ʻaʻole e ʻike ʻia ana i loko o ka poke alakaʻi a i ʻole ke KPPK akapili (-P). I ka laʻana

(408), he ʻami piko ʻo ko ka ʻaui piko o ka poke alakaʻi. Eia naʻe, ua hāʻule nō i ke KPPK

akapili (-P) no ke kāpae maʻamau ʻia ʻana a i ʻole no ka ʻike ʻole ʻia ʻana o ka ʻami piko

ʻo i mua o ke kaʻi ma ka ʻaui piko.

(408) ...eia ianei o Kalanialiiloa, ke alii kaulana i ka hoopapa

“...eia i ʻaneʻi ʻo Kalanialiʻiloa, (ʻo) ke aliʻi kaulana i ka hoʻopāpā...”

Kppk akapili (-P) He, ʻAui Poʻo

(409)...he i’a no nae, he Kapuhili... (Kalapana, ʻao 40)

“...he iʻa nō naʻe, he Kapuhili...”

Kppk akapili (-P) He, ʻAui Lauka

(410) ...ike iho la laua he i’a hou no he Kapuhili... (Kalapana, ʻao 46)

“...ʻike ihola lāua he iʻa hou nō(,) he Kapuhili...”

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Kppk akapili (-P) I/Iā Kuhilana

(411) ...hohohoi mai la laua a hiki i ka hale hoopapa, i mua o Halepaniho... (Kalapana,

ʻao 47)

“...hohohoʻi maila lāua a hiki [i ka hale hoʻopāpā], i mua o Halepāniho...”

Kppk akapili (-P) I/Iā Lauka

(412)...i hana mai nei ia’u, ia Kalapana, ke Keiki Hoopapa o Puna,...

(Kalapana, ʻao 35)

“...i hana mai nei [iaʻu], iā Kalapana, (i) ke Keiki Hoʻopāpā o Puna,...”

Kppk akapili (-P) I/Iā ʻĀkena

(413) E na kanaka makua---e, make oukou iaʻu i ke keiki...(Kalapana, ʻao 42)

“E nā kānaka mākua ē, make ʻoukou [iaʻu](,) i ke keiki...”

Kppk akapili (-P) Ma

(414) Eia kekahi; ua ili malaila, ma Papaete, kekahi moku kalepa Farani, he moku nui, a

palemo loa ilalo; (Ka Nonanona, Buke 4, Pepa 6, Aoao 33. Iulai 9, 1844)

“Eia kekahi, ua ili [ma laila], ma Papaʻete, kekahi moku kālepa Palani, he moku

nui, a palemo loa i alo,...”

Kppk akapili (-P) Me

(415) ...iaia ma kahi loihi loa, hele okoa aku la ka makua e halawai me ia, me kana keiki.

(Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 1, Helu 41, Aoao 1. Okatoba 7, 1875)

“...iā ia ma kahi lōʻihi loa, hele ʻokoʻa akula ka makua e hālāwai [me ia], me kāna

keiki.”

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Kppk akapili (-P) Mai

(416) ...ike na kanaka o kekahi hale i ke kia ahi i ka iho ana mai, mai ka lani mai, mai ka

lima o Iehova,... (Ke Kumu Hawaii, Buke 2, Pepa 19, Aoao 73. Feberuari 15, 1837)

“...ʻike nā kānaka o kekahi hale i ke kia ahi i ka iho ʻana mai, [mai ka lani mai],

mai ka lima o Iehova,...”

ʻAmi Nonoʻa Nui, ʻAui Poʻo

(417) Naʻu na wai? Nau na Halepaki. (Kalapana, ʻao 15)

“[Naʻu](,) na wai? [Nāu](,) na Halepākī.”

ʻAmi Nonoʻa Nui, ʻAui ʻAwe

(418) E noa aku o loko no oukou, no kanaka makua... (Kalapana,ʻao 35)


Kppk akapili (-P) ʻAmi Nonoʻa Iki, ʻAui Piko

(419) Ku ka makaia a’u a Kalapana Ke Keiki Hoopapa o Puna---e... (Kalapana, ʻao 43)

“Kū ka makaia [aʻu](,) a Kalapana, (a) Ke Keiki Hoʻopāpā o Puna ē....”

Kppk akapili (-P) ʻAmi Nonoʻa Iki, ʻAui Nonoʻa, Kinoʻole ma ke Poʻo

(420) O na hana hoopapa ia a Kalapana, Ke Keiki Hoopapa o Puna---e (Kalapana, ʻao 40)

“ʻO nā hana hoʻopāpā ia [a Kalapana], (a) Ke Keiki Hoʻopāpā o Puna ē.”

4.1.2 KPPW Akapili (-P) Aia

Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia ka poke waila i kāhulu pepeke akapili. E like me ka mea i

wehewehe ʻia aʻe nei ma ka māhele 4.1, ʻo ke komo ʻole ʻana o ka piko, a pēlā pū ka

hoʻomaha ʻana o ka leo a me ke kiko koma i ka wā i hoʻohana pololei ʻia ai, ʻo ia nā

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hiʻohiʻona i ʻokoʻa ai ke KPPW akapili piko a piko ʻole hoʻi mai nā KPPW ʻē aʻe e

kālailai ʻia ana ma kēia pepa.

(421) ...e kala loa, aia nae la ilalo, me ke alii o makou, me Manua, aia la iloko o

Kauhaikikihaehae, aia ilaila kahi i noho ai, aole e loaa ia oe. (Ka Hoku O Ka

Pakipika, Buke I, Helu 26, Aoao 1. Maraki 20, 1862)

...e kala loa, [aia naʻe lā i lalo], me ke aliʻi o mākou, me Manua (Manuʻa?), [aia lā

i loko o Kauhaikikihaehae (Kaʻūhāikikīhaehae?)], aia i laila kahi i noho ai, ʻaʻole

e loaʻa iā ʻoe.

KPPW Akapili (-P) Eia

(422) Eia kekahi, ua ae like na hoahanau o ka ekalesia mua o Honolulu, eia ma

Kawaoahao nei, e hapai i keia hana. (Ka Nonanona, Buke 4, Pepa 7, Aoao 37. Iulai 23,

1844)

KPPW Akapili (-P) ʻAʻole/ʻAʻohe

ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka waila ʻo ʻaʻole i loko o ka poke ma mua o ke KPPW akapili o nā

laʻana o lalo iho nei. He ʻikepili hou aku nō naʻe ia no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka

poke mua. Ua like nō naʻe ka ʻaui o ka ʻami ma hope o nā waila me ka ʻami e hoʻopili

ʻaui ʻia ana ma ka poke mua. He ʻami kuhilana ko nā laʻana mua ʻelua a he ʻami hoʻīloa

ko ke kolu.

(423) A napoo nae ko la i ka ili o ke kai, aole i loko o ke ana, e ke keiki

wahahee... (Kalapana, ʻao 39)

“A napoʻo naʻe ko lā [i ka ʻili o ke kai], ʻaʻole i loko o ke ana, e ke keiki

wahaheʻe...”

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(424) A moe oe i kauhale kanaka, aole i ke ala, e ke keiki wahahee... (Kalapana,

ʻao 39)

“A moe ʻoe [i kauhale kānaka], ʻaʻole i ke ala, e ke keiki wahaheʻe...”

(425) ...he oiaio io no na olelo a ke keiki, aohe he mea olelo wale, no ka mea,...

(Kalapana, ʻao 47)

“.[..he ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻiʻo nō] nā ʻōlelo a ke keiki, ʻaʻohe he mea ʻōlelo wale, no ka

mea,...”

4.2 Kāhulu Pepeke Poke Kiʻa Alakaʻi Piko (KPPK Akpili (+P))

ʻO ke KPPK akapili (-P) o ka māhele 4.1, he poke alakaʻi wale nō kona e noho

kāhulu ana. ʻO ke KPPK akapili (+P) hoʻi, he pepeke alakaʻi kona e noho kāhulu ana.

ʻAʻole hoʻi ia mau ʻano kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa akapili ʻelua e hoʻokāʻokoʻa a kapaʻī

aku paha i ia mau alakaʻi. He hoʻonui wale nō i ka ʻikepili o ia mau alakaʻi me ka

hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻana ma nā waeʻanona e kāʻokoʻa ai mai nā hoa kiʻa like ʻē aʻe. ʻO ia

nā mea i ʻokoʻa ai ke KPPK a KPPW pili a me ke KPPK a KPPW akapili.

4.2.1 Nā Poke Kiʻa o ke KPPK Akapili (+P)

Ua ʻano like nō ke KPPK akapili (+P) me ke KPPK akapili (-P) ke nānā aku ʻoiai ua

like nō a like nā poke kiʻa ma ke kūlana poʻo o ia mau ʻano kāhulu pepeke ʻelua a aia

hoʻi me kekahi pepeke ʻokoʻa mai kona pepeke alakaʻi aku. ʻO kekahi mea i like, ʻo ia ka

hoʻokuʻi ʻana i kekahi mau KPPK akapili (+P) kekahi ma hope o kekahi, ʻaʻole hoʻi i

kaupalena ʻia ma ka hoʻokahi wale nō. Eia naʻe he loaʻa ka piko ma ke KPPK akapili

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(+P) a ʻaʻole he nui ka like o ka poke kiʻa o ke KPPK akapili (+P) me kekahi o nā poke

kiʻa o ka pepeke ma mua e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i loko o ke KPPK akapili (-P).

He ʻokoʻa pū ke ʻano o ke alakaʻi i noho kāhulu ʻia e ke KPPK akapili (+P). ʻO ke

KPPK akapili (-P) o ka māhele 4.1, he poke alakaʻi wale nō kona e noho kāhulu ana. ʻO

ke KPPKa piko hoʻi, he pepeke alakaʻi kona e noho kāhulu ana. No ka like ʻole o nā poke

kiʻa, he kōkua nō hoʻi ke kuhi hoa ʻaui ʻana ma ke kaʻakālai ʻanapola i ka pilina a ke

KPPK akapili (+P) i kona pepeke alakaʻi. I loko o nā laʻana o lalo iho nei e ʻike ʻia ai nā

huaʻōlelo ʻanapola e like me ka iʻoa henua ʻo laila a me nā papani ʻanapola kūlā ʻo ia,

lāua, a me lākou ma ka ʻaui hoʻokahi o kona hoa kuhia. Ma ka laʻana (427) a (428) naʻe,

ʻaʻole hoʻi i like ka ʻaui o ka huaʻōlelo ʻanapola o ke KPPK akapili (+P), eia naʻe ua ʻike

ʻia nō nā hoa kuhia (referents) i loko o kekahi mau ʻaui ʻokoʻa o ka pepeke alakaʻi.

KPPK AKAPILI (+P) ʻO

(426) Noho ihola laua a ao i ka hoopapa, o ka hana ia i kela la ame keia la. (Kalapana, ʻao

9)

“[Noho ihola lāua a aʻo i ka hoʻopāpā], ʻo ka hana ia i kēlā lā a me kēia lā.”

KPPK AKAPILI (+P) HE

(427) ...o Halepaiwi ka mua, a o Halepaniho aku ka lua, he mau kane laua... (Kalapana,

ʻao 3)

“...[ʻo Halepāiwi ka mua, a ʻo Halepāniho aku ka lua], he mau kāne lāua...”

KPPK AKAPILI (+P) HE Huahelu

(428) No ke pohopoho wale ko makou hele lohi ana, he umi na mile i na hora eono. (Ka

Hae Hawaii, Buke 6, Ano Hou.--Helu 38, Aoao 149. Dekemaba 18, 1861)

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“[No ke pohōpohō wale nō ko mākou hele lohi ʻana], he ʻumi nā mile i nā hola

ʻeono.”

KPPK AKAPILI (+P) HE Huahelu Kaʻi Nonoʻa

(429) He makahiki ae nei paha, e hoomanao ia ka nalowale ana o kekahi waapa mai

kekahi o na Ailana lepo manu ae me kekahi mau kanaka, he umi ko lakou heluna, a

maluna o kekahi waapa i holo ai. (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 1, Helu 19, Aoao 1. Mei 6,

1875)

“He makahiki aʻe nei paha, e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ka nalowale ʻana o kekahi waʻapā

mai kekahi o nā ʻAilana lepo manu a me [kekahi mau kānaka], he ʻumi ko lākou

heluna, a ma luna o kekahi waʻapā i holo ai.”

KPPK AKAPILI (+P) HE Huahelu Kaʻi Nonoʻa

(430) Ewalu o’u mau hua—E hai mai e na pokii, owai la wau? Haina—O na hua ewalu,

oia no na hua palapala o ka inoa kaulana o ko kakou Lani Moi KALAKAUA, he ewalu

Ona mau hua. (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 1, Helu 21, Aoao 1. Mei 20, 1875)

“ʻEwalu oʻu mau hua - E haʻi mai, e nā pōkiʻi, ʻo wai lā au? Hāʻina - ʻO nā hua

ʻewalu, ʻo ia nō nā hua palapala o [ka inoa kaulana o ko kākou Lani Mōʻī

Kalākaua], he ʻewalu Ona mau hua.”

KPPK AKAPILI (+P) I

(431) ... hiki aku la ia i Hilo, ilaila kona kaikaina o Lapakahoe,... (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke

6, Ano Hou.--Helu 4, Aoao 13. Aperila 24, 1861)

“...hiki akula ia [i Hilo,] i laila kona kaikaina ʻo Lapakahoe (Lapakahoe?),...”

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KPPK AKAPILI (+P) Ma

(432) ... aole paha i poina i na poe he nui wale, ka pau ahi nui ma Ulakoheo, i kekahi mau

makahiki i kaa hope ae nei, malaila ko kakou Moi aloha ia po, a me kekahi poe

Hanohano e ae no hoi, aole oia i nana maka,... (Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 1, Helu 50, 8

Nowemapa 1862)

“...ʻaʻole paha i poina i nā poʻe he nui wale () ka pau ahi nui [ma ʻUlakōheo,] i

kekahi mau makahiki i kaʻa hope aʻe nei, ma laila ko kākou Mōʻī aloha i ia pō, a

me kekahi poʻe Hanohano ʻē aʻe nō hoʻi, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i nānā maka,...”

KPPK AKAPILI (+P) Me

(433) E hiki no ia ia ke hoopii ma ke Kanawai i ka poe kue mai ia ia, e hele no ma kona

hale hana ma Hauula, me ia ka hooponopono no na mea a pau. (Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke

1, Helu 52, 22 Nowemapa 1862)

“E hiki nō iā ia ke hoʻopiʻi ma ke Kānāwai i ka poʻe kūʻē mai iā ia, e hele nō [ma

kona hale hana ma Hauʻula], me ia ka hoʻoponopono no nā mea a pau.”

KPPK AKAPILI (+P) Mai

(434) he wahi puka ma ke kua o ka hale, a pii aku i luna o ka pali, mai laila mai keia olelo

kaulana, he alaiki ko kahuna, he wahi alanui keia aole e uluia e ka Ulei a hiki i keia la, o

ke pili ka mauu e ulu la, a ma na aoao o ke alanui ka Ulei. (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 3,

Helu 44, Aoao 1. Novemaba 1, 1877)

“...he wahi puka ma ke kua o ka hale, [a piʻi aku i luna o ka pali], mai laila mai

kēia ʻōlelo kaulana, “he ala iki ko kāhuna,” he wahi alanui kēia ʻaʻole e ulu ʻia e

ka ʻŪlei a hiki i kēia lā, ʻo ke pili ka mauʻu e ulu lā, a ma nā ʻaoʻao o ke alanui ka

ʻŪlei.”

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KPPK AKAPILI (+P) No

(435) “...ilalo na kuli, a e hele a pau imua o ko kakou Akua nui, Nona mai ko kakou mau

alii, a me na kapu o lakou.” (Makaainana, Buke 4, Helu 22, Aoao 1, Novemaba 25, 1895,

pa.)

“...i lalo nā kuli, [a e hele a pau i mua o ko kākou Akua nui], Nona mai ko kākou

mau aliʻi, a me nā kapu o lākou.”

4.2.2 KPPW Akapili (+P)

Ua hoʻohana pū ʻia ka waila i kāhulu pepeke i loko o ke KPPW akapili (+P) a he

like nō nā hiʻohiʻona o ka ʻaoʻao aulaʻa a pēlā pū ka ʻaoʻao pilinaʻōlelo o ke KPPW

akapili (+P) me ke KPPK akapili (p+). He hoʻonui wale ia i ka ʻikepili o ke alakaʻi e

noho kāhulu ʻia ana, ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻokaʻawale i ia alakaʻi i loko o kona waeʻanona nona

iho. He pepeke alakaʻi kona e noho kāhulu ana a he piko ko ke kāhulu pepeke. I loko o nā

laʻana ma lalo iho nei e ʻike pū ʻia ai ke kaʻakālai ʻanapola.

KPPW Akapili (+P) Aia

(436) ...o Kahuku ka aina i kai, o Kamalukii ka uka, aia ilaila ua mau ia hou nei; (Ka Hae

Hawaii, Buke 2, Ano Hou.---Helu 47, Aoao 185. Feberuari 17, 1858.)

“...ʻo Kahuku ka ʻāina i kai, ʻo Kamalukiʻi [ka uka], aia i laila ua mau iʻa hou

nei.”

KPPW Akapili (+P) ʻAʻole

(437) He pali kiekie ma na aoao a puni, e like ana paha me ka pali o Kaholo ma Lanai,

aole nae me ia ke kiekie loa. (Ke Alaula, Buke III, Helu 5, Aoao 17. Augate 1868.)

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“He pali kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻaoʻao a puni, e like ana paha [me ka pali ʻo Kaholo ma

Lānaʻi], ʻaʻole naʻe me ia ke kiʻekiʻe loa.”

(438) ...manao oia e haawi na Moku o Kaanapali, pela kana kauoha ia Mr. Damona,

Kahunapule o ka luakini ma Polelewa, eia iaia ka hoouna aku ia Rev. J. H. Moku.

(Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 4, Helu 51, 23 Kekemapa 1865)

“...manaʻo ʻo ia e hāʻawi na Moku o Kaʻanapali, [pēlā kāna kauoha iā Mr.

Damona, Kahunapule o ka luakini ma Polelewa], eia iā ia ka hoʻouna aku iā Rev.

J. H. Moku.”

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MOKUNA 5: Kūpuʻu 5.0 Nā KPPK a KPPW ʻOkoʻa

E kālailai ʻia ma kēia mokuna kekahi mau mea ʻokoʻa i ʻike ʻia no ke KPPK a KPPW

hoʻi. ʻO ia hoʻi ke kālele kūlana ma ke ʻano he KPPK a KPPW, nā KPPK ʻami nonoʻa

nui me ka poke painu, ka ʻami nonoʻa nui na ma ke ʻano he kālele ʻākena, nā KPPK kuʻi

papani, nā KPPK a KPPW pili no loko mai kona kiʻa alakaʻi o ke kāhulu nonoʻa, a me ka

lilo ʻana o ka piko he nonoʻa i loko o ke KPPK.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia penei i ahuwale aʻe ia mau mea ʻokoʻa. He mau ʻaoʻao

pilinaʻōlelo ko kēia mau kāhulu pepeke i ʻokoʻa mai nā kāhulu pepeke ʻē aʻe o kēia

kalailaina. ʻO ke komo ʻana o ka poke painu i loko o kekahi, ke kūʻē ʻana i kekahi mau

lula pilinaʻōlelo o ke kāhulu pepeke, a me ke kālailai mua ʻole ʻia nā kumu nui i kūlana ai

he mokuna kaʻawale.

5.1 Kālele Kūlana i loko o ke KPPK Pili a Akapili (+P)

Aia ka manaʻo nui a koʻikoʻi paha ma ke kūlana poʻo o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. ʻO ke

kālele kūlana, he pepeke poʻolua ia e kālele ana i kekahi o nā poke kiʻa i poʻo ma ke

kūlana poʻo mua, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ka manaʻo nui o ia pepeke. He poke painu ko ke

kūlana poʻo ʻelua i māka ʻia e nā māka painu, ʻo ke kuʻa a me ka hune kaime, e hōʻike

mai ana i ke kūlana kaime o ka pepeke painu mole mai laila mai i kiʻi ʻia ai kekahi o nā

ʻawe i poʻo o ke kālele kūlana. ʻO kona piko, ua ʻike ʻia nō ma mua o ka painu, ma

waena hoʻi o ke poʻo mua me ka poke painu, a i ʻole ma hope o ka poke painu. Aia pū ma

ke kūlana poʻo nā hupua no ka ʻami me e like me pēlā, pēia, penei, a pēlā aku.1 Eia ma

1Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka huaʻōlelo ʻo pehea i poʻo kālele o ke kālele kūlana.

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lalo iho nei kahi mau laʻana o ke kālele kūlana me nā ʻami like o ke kūlana poʻo mua e

ʻike ʻia ana i loko o nā KPPK pili a akapili (+P) kālele kūlana.

Kālele Kūlana I Kuhilana

(501) Ilaila oe i kaa’i i ka lepo ula, ka mea nana e pani mai ko ai, kulou iho la ilalo me he

Kaluha la. (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 1, Helu 18, 29 Malaki 1862)

“I laila ʻoe i kaʻa ai i ka lepo ʻula, ka mea nāna e pani mai ko ʻai, kūlou ihola i

lalo me he Kaluha lā.”

Kālele Kūlana Ma Henua (502) Ma kona hale e huna ai au ia oe, kahi a ka poe huli e manao ole ai aia oe ilaila kahi

i pee ai. (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 15, Helu 20, 13 Mei 1876)

“Ma kona hale e hūnā ai au iā ʻoe, kahi a ka poʻe huli e manaʻo ʻole ai aia ʻoe i

laila kahi i peʻe ai.”

Kālele Kūlana Me ʻAmi Hoa

(503) ...a me lakou i ola ai a i pomaikai ai ma ka hanau ulia ia ana i poe mamo no Hawaii

nei. (Makaainana, Buke 3, Helu 15, Aoao 2. Iune 17, 1895, pa. 17 Iune 1895)

“...a me lākou i ola ai a i pōmaikaʻi ai ma ka hānau ulia ʻia ʻana i poʻe mamo no

Hawaiʻi nei.”

Kālele Kūlana Mai ʻAmi Mai Hilo one hoi au i hele mai nei,... (Ka Hoku O Ka Pakipika, Buke I, Helu 12, Aoao 1.

12 Kekemapa 1861)

“Mai Hilo One hoʻi au i hele mai nei,...”

84

Kālele Kūlana No ʻAmi Nonoʻa Nui (504) ...no ko ike paha i ke kanaka maikai nolaila oe i olelo ae la, a loaa ke kane a ko

hanai. (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 4, Helu 52, 30 Kekemapa 1865)

“...[no ko ʻike paha i ke kanaka maikaʻi](,) no laila ʻoe i ʻōlelo aʻela, a loaʻa ke

kāne a ko hānai.”

Kālele Kūlana A

(505) Aohe malama pono iki o na lawe leta i ka leta a na kanaka, a hoihoi pololei a ka

hale e waiho ai, a ilaila iho la e wehe ia ai na leta. (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 2, Helu 35,

Aoao 1. 24 ʻAukake 1876)

“ʻAʻohe mālama pono iki o nā lawe leka i ka leka a nā kānaka, a hoʻihoʻi pololei a

ka hale e waiho ai, a i laila ihola e wehe ʻia ai nā leka.”

Kālele Kūlana Me Hupua Pēlā (506) Pela e hoomanao mau nei ke Aupuni Hawaii, i ka la 31 o Iulai: ka la i hoihoiia mai

ai ka ea o ka aina, kau hou ai ka Hae Hawaii. (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 1, Helu 41. 6

Kepakemapa 1862)

“Pēlā e hoʻomanaʻo mau nei ke Aupuni Hawaiʻi, i ka lā 31 o Iulai, ka lā i hoʻihoʻi

ʻia mai ai ka (sic) ea o ka ʻāina, kau hou ai ka Hae Hawaiʻi.”

5.1.1 Kālele Kūlana me “Kahi”

He mea laha loa ka ʻike pū ʻia ʻana o ka huaʻōlelo ʻo kahi ma hope o ke kūlana poʻo a

me ka piko, ke loaʻa, a ma mua hoʻi o ke poʻo poke painu, ma ka ʻoi loa aku me ka ʻami

kuhilana a me ka ʻami henua. Kohu mea lā he mea ia e hoʻoikaika ana i ka ʻaoʻao

85

“henua” o ka ʻami i ke kūlana poʻo mua. Ua hiki ke hoʻohewahewa ʻia ia huaʻōlelo ʻo

kahi he kiʻa alakaʻi o ke KPPP no ka like loa o ka ʻaoʻao kaʻihua inā nō aia ke kūlana

piko ma hope o ka poke painu a inā hoʻi he piko kino ʻole. ʻO ka papani ka mea i

ahuwale ai kona ʻano he kālele kūlana i kona wā e waiho ai ma mua o ka poke painu me

ka hoʻolilo ʻole ʻia ʻana he nonoʻa e kūhōʻailona ana no ka piko o ke KPPP. Eia kekahi

mau laʻana e ahuwale ai ka ʻokoʻa o ke kālele kūlana (507) a me ke KPPP (508).

(507) Ilaila oia kahi i ili ai,... (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 2, Helu 11, Aoao 1. 9 Malaki

1876)

“I laila ʻo ia kahi i ili ai,...”

(508) ...ilaila kahi ana i hoike ai i na mea hiki ia ia ke hana aku me kona puali koa lio.

(Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 1, Helu 52. 22 Nowemapa 1862)

“...i laila kahi āna i hōʻike ai i nā mea hiki iā ia ke hana aku me kona pūʻali koa

lio.”

5.1.2 Nā KPPK Kālele Kūlana

I loko nō o ka loaʻa o ka poke painu, aia nō ma ke kūlana poʻo he poke kiʻa a he loaʻa

pū nō hoʻi kona piko, no laila, i ka wā e noho kāhulu pepeke ai ia ʻano kālele kūlana, he

KPPK (+P) nō ia ma ke ʻano he KPPK pili a akapili hoʻi. He hoʻopili ʻia nō ka manaʻo o

ke kālele kūlana i kona kiʻa alakaʻi i loko o ke KPPK pili kālele kūlana i mea e hoʻohāiki

ʻia ai kona kiʻa alakaʻi, e like me nā KPPK pili ʻē aʻe i wehewehe mua ʻia. No ke KPPK

akapili kālele kūlana, he hōʻike ia i kekahi ʻano ʻikepili keu no kona pepeke alakaʻi, e like

me nā KPPK akapili ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā ʻaui poke kiʻa ʻo a me he, na, a me a/o ma

ke kūlana poʻo mua no ke kālele kūlana, no laila, ʻaʻole e loaʻa ana ma ke ʻano he KPPK

pili a akapili (+P) paha.

86

5.1.3. Nā KPPK Pili (+P) Kālele Kūlana

KPPK Pili I (+P) Kālele Kūlana

(509) “E ka wawae-iole ke uhaki nei au ia oe, a haki ko wawae ia’u, a pau kou hele ana,

aka, e hoihoi ana wau ia oe i ka hale ilaila oe e kau ai a hiki i ke kaawale ana aku o na

Iole Kupua e hoopili nei i ku’u wahine, a pau hoi kona hoauwana hele ia ana.” (Ke Kiai,

Buke 1, Helu 3, Aoao 1. 1 Kepakemapa 1902)

“E ka wāwaeʻiole ke uhaki nei au iā ʻoe, a haki ko wāwae iaʻu, a pau kou hele

ʻana, akā, e hoʻihoʻi ana au iā ʻoe i [ka hale] i laila ʻoe e kau ai a hiki i ke

kaʻawale ʻana aku o nā ʻIole Kupua e hoʻopili nei i kuʻu wahine, a pau hoʻi kona

hōʻauana hele ʻia ʻana.”

KPPK Pili Ma (+P) Kālele Kūlana

(510) I keia manawa no nae ua aneane pau ia hana, ua hana na‘lii o Iapana i kuikahi me

Beritania, me Farani, me Amerika, a me Rusia, a ua noa kekahi mau awa komo malaila e

komo ai na moku o kela ano keia ano,... (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 4, Ano Hou.---Helu 50,

Aoao 197. 14 Malaki 1860)

“I kēia manawa nō naʻe ua ʻaneʻane pau ia hana, ua hana nā aliʻi o Iāpana i

kuʻikahi me Beretānia, me Palani, me ʻAmelika, a me Rusia, a ua noa [kekahi

mau awa komo] ma laila e komo ai nā moku o kēlā ʻano kēia ʻano,...”

He ʻaoʻao lanalia ko kēia laʻana (510). I loko nō o ka like loa o ke kaʻihua, ua hiki ke

pili ʻo ma laila iā Iāpana, a inā pēlā, he KPPP i moku mai kona kiʻa alakaʻi hoʻokahi o ke

KPPK ʻo kekahi mau awa komo.

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KPPK Pili Ma Kālele Kūlana me “Kahi”

(511) ...ua haawi mai na‘lii i kahi hale nui malaila makou kahi i pule ai. (Ka Nupepa

Kuokoa, Buke 4, Helu 27. 6 Iulai 1865)

“...ua hāʻawi mai nā aliʻi i [kahi hale nui] ma laila mākou kahi i pule ai.”

KPPK Pili Me (+P) Kālele Kūlana

(512) ...a e hiki no i ka Peresidena ke kikoo i ke Kuhina Waiwai i ke dala e like me ka nui

me ia e pono ai ua mau kula nei. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 4, Ano Hou.---Helu 32, Aoao

125. 9 Nowemapa 1859)

“...a e hiki nō i ka Pelekikena ke kīkoʻo i ke Kuhina Waiwai i ke kālā e like me ka

[ka nui] me ia e pono ai ua mua kula nei.”

KPPK Pili Mai (+P) Kālele Kūlana

(513) ...e hoihoi hou ia aku no ia iloko o ka waihona mai laila mai i uku ia ai na dala mua.

(Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 64, Helu 27. 2 Iulai 1925)

“...e hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia aku nō ia i loko o [ka waihona] mai laila mai i uku ʻia ai nā

kālā mua.”

KPPK Pili A Kālele Kūlana

(514) O kau palapala e W. H. Kuihelani, ua waiho iki a ka manawa kupono alaila makou

e pai aku ai. (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 4, Helu 27. 6 Iulai 1865)

“ʻO kāu palapala e W. H. Kuihelani, ua waiho iki [a ka manawa kūpono] a laila

mākou e paʻi aku ai.”

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5.1.4. Nā KPPK Akapili (+P) Kālele Kūlana

KPPK Akapili I (+P) Kālele Kūlana

(515) he pono no na na manu nana i pao ko huewai, ilaila oe e hoahewa aku ai, inoino

hewa ka inoa o ka poe maikai (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 1, Helu 45. 4 ʻOkakopa 1862)

“...he pono nō [na nā manu nāna i pao ko huewai], i laila ʻoe e hoʻāhewa aku ai,

ʻinoʻino hewa ka inoa o ka poʻe maikaʻi...”

KPPK Akapili I Kālele Kūlana me “Kahi”

(516) Holo mai la ia ma ka waa a pae i Molokai ma ka aoao Kona, ilaila oia kahi i noho

ai a moe iho la i kolaila alii wahine. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 6, Ano Hou.--Helu 4, Aoao

13. 24 ʻApelila 1861)

“Holo maila ia ma ka waʻa a pae [i Molokaʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao Kona], i laila ʻo ia kahi

i noho ai a moe ihola i ko laila aliʻi wahine.”

KPPK Akapili (+P) No Kālele Kūlana

(517) Ua akaka ma keia mau pauku, no ka makemake o kanaka i ka hewa, a no ka

makemake ole ia Iehova, a me kana mau kauoha, nolaila i hookuu ia mai ai na kanaka e

poho loa iloko o ka pouli. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 3, Ano Hou.---Helu 11, Aoao 41. 16

Iune 1858)

“Ua akāka ma kēia mau paukū, [no ka makemake o kānaka i ka hewa, a no ka

makemake ʻole iā Iehova, a me kāna mau kauoha], no laila i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ai

nā kānaka e pohō loa i loko o ka pouli.”

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KPPK Akapili A Kālele Kūlana

(518) Aia a hiki iloko o na la ku, alaila au e holo aku ai e imi ia oe. (Ka Hae Hawaii,

Buke 6, Ano Hou.--Helu 4, Aoao 13. 24 ʻApelila 1861)

“Aia a hiki i loko o nā lā Kū, a laila au e holo aku ai e ʻimi iā ʻoe.”

KPPK Akapili (+P) Hupua Me Kālele Kūlana

(519) E like me ka aa ana o ke kukui maluna o kahi kiekie, pela oe e hele ai iloko o ka

naau o kela mea keia mea e hoomalamalama ai i ko Hawaii nei... (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke

I, Helu 1, Aoao 1. Malaki 5, 1856)

“[E like me ka ʻaʻā ʻana o ke kukui ma luna o kahi kiʻekiʻe], pēlā ʻoe e hele ai i

loko o ka naʻau o kēlā mea kēia mea e hoʻomālamalama ai i ko Hawaiʻi nei...”

5.2 KPPK No/Na Pili (+P) + Poke Painu

Eia hou kekahi ʻano KPPK i pili pū mai ai ka poke painu, e like me nā KPPK kālele

kūlana o luna aʻe nei. Kohu mea lā, he ʻelua ʻano kāhulu pepeke i ʻike ʻia i loko o kēia

pilinaʻōlelo nei, he KPPK a he KPPP. He ʻano like kona manaʻo me ke KPPP (+P), koe

wale nō, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka piko (+P) i loko o ke poke kiʻa ʻami nonoʻa nui ma mua. He

kāhulu pepeke poʻolua kēia. Aia i ke poʻo mua ka ʻami nonoʻa nui a ma hope mai nō ke

poʻo ʻelua, ʻo ka poke painu hoʻi. I loko o nā laʻana ma lalo iho nei, e hōʻike pū ʻia nā

KPPP (+P) i like kona manaʻo me ke KPPK no/na.

(520) Ua ike no oe, ina aole ke Alii e inu i ka Opiuma, i mea nona e hiamoe ai, ina ua

kulikuli maoli kela ia oe, no kou walaau i ka po. (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 1, Helu 26.

24 Mei 1862)

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“Ua ʻike nō ʻoe, inā ʻaʻole ke Aliʻi e inu i ka ʻOpiuma, i [mea] nona e hiamoe ai,

inā ua kulikuli maoli kēlā iā ʻoe, no kou walaʻau i ka pō.”

KPPP like: “...i mea e hiamoe ai ʻo ia...”

(521) ...e haawi aku ia ia i elua haneri dala, i mea nana e hoopukapuka ai... (Ka Nupepa

Kuokoa, Buke 1, Helu 9. 25 Ianuali 1862)

“...e hāʻawi aku iā ia i ʻelua haneli kālā, i [mea] nāna e hoʻopukapuka ai...”

KPPP like: “...i mea e hoʻopukapuka ai ʻo ia...”

5.3 KPPK me ke Kālele ʻĀkena

He pepeke ke kālele ʻākena nāna e kālele ana i ka ʻākena o ka hamani a me ka hehele

mai loko mai o ka pepeke mole he pepeke painu. I loko o ka pepeke painu me ka hamani

a hehele paha, aia ia ʻākena i ke kūlana piko. No ke kālele ʻana i ia ʻākena, hoʻihoʻi ʻia nō

i mua loa o ka pepeke, ʻoiai aia i laila ka manaʻo nui o ka pepeke, a ʻo ka ʻami nonoʻa nui

na nō kona ʻami. He pepeke poʻolua ia. Aia i ke kūlana poʻo mua ka ʻākena me ka ʻami

nonoʻa nui. Aia i ke kūlana poʻo ʻelua ka poke painu. I loko o ka laʻana (523), ʻo ka iʻa

ka ʻōkena e waiho nei i ke kūlana lauka i māka ʻia me ka ʻami lauka i. I ka laʻana (524),

ua lilo ia ʻōkena ʻo ia ka piko. He mea laha ʻole ka lilo ʻana o nā kūlana ʻē aʻe, e like me

ke kūlana henua, ʻo ia ka piko o ka pepeke kālele ʻākena inā he hehele. I ka wā e kāpae

ʻia ai, ʻaʻohe ʻami i mua o ke kaʻi a lilo ka ʻami lauka iā i ʻami piko ʻo i mua o ka iʻoa a

me ka papani ʻo ia. E waiho ana ia piko ma mua o ka poke painu, ma waena hoʻi o nā

kūlana poʻo ʻelua a i ʻole ma hope o ka poke painu e like me ka pepeke painu maʻamau.

(522) Pepeke Painu: Ua ʻai ʻo Kimo i ka iʻa.

(523) Pepeke Kālele ʻĀkena (-P): Na Kimo i ʻai i ka iʻa.

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(524) Pepeke Kālele ʻĀkena (+P): Na Kimo ka iʻa i ʻai.

Ua wehewehe mua ʻia ka lilo ʻana o ke kālele ʻākena i kāhulu pepeke kālele ʻākena

(KPKʻĀ) e Cabral. He pepa ia i kālailai i ke kāhulu pepeke poke painu ma ke ʻano nui, a

no ka loaʻa o ka poke painu i ke KPKʻĀ, no laila i komo ai i loko o ia kālailai ʻana.

ʻAʻole naʻe i kālailai ʻia ke KPKʻĀ ma ke ʻano he akapili, he kāhulu pepeke pili wale

nō kai ʻike ʻia ma laila.1 No ke kālailai ʻole ʻia ʻana o ke KPKʻĀ pili (+/-P) i loko o ka

mokuna KPPK pili o kēia pepa, no laila i hoʻihoʻi ʻia mai ai ke kālailai ʻana i ke KPKʻĀ

akapili i kēia mokuna nei.

He ʻano ʻē ke kālele ʻākena i kona kālailai ʻia ʻana ma ke ʻano he akapili i kona ʻano

lanalia i ke kū me ke kūʻē pū i nā ʻaoʻao o nā akapili i wehewehe mua ʻia i kēia

kālailaina. I loko o ka laʻana mua (518) o lalo aʻe nei, ua kū nō i ka ʻaoʻao o ke akapili (-

P) e like ana nā ʻami poke kiʻa a he poke alakaʻi kona. I ka laʻana (519), ua ʻano like nō,

koe wale nō ke komo pū ʻana o ka poke painu. Ma ia laʻana, aia ka ʻōkena o ke KPKʻĀ

ma ke kūlana lauka, he ʻawe hoʻi, no laila, ʻaʻohe ona piko a mau nō ke kū i ia ʻaoʻao o

nā akapili piko ʻole ʻē aʻe. I ka wā naʻe e lilo ai ka ʻōkena ʻo ia ka piko o ke KPKʻĀ

(520), he kūʻē ia i ia ʻaoʻao o ke KPKʻĀ akapili (-P) i loko o nō o ka like o ia mau ʻano

KPKʻĀ ma ka ʻaoʻao aulaʻa. Ma ka ʻaoʻao pilinaʻōlelo, he lanalia ke koho ʻana i ke

alakaʻi o ia kāhulu pepeke. Ma kekahi kālailaina, he poke alakaʻi paha ia alakaʻi nāna a

ua like ka ʻami o ka “poke” e noho akapili ana i loko nō o ka loaʻa o ka piko, ka mea hoʻi

e pepeke piha ai a kū hoʻi i ka ʻaoʻao pilinaʻōlelo o ke kāhulu pepeke akapili (+P). Ma ka

laʻana (521) naʻe, he ahuwale ke kūlana pepeke alakaʻi, he mea maʻamau hoʻi o ke

KPKʻĀ (+P), eia kā naʻe, ʻaʻohe ona piko. ʻO nā kiko koma o ia laʻana kekahi ʻaoʻao 1ʻAʻole i kapa ʻia he kāhulu pepeke “pili” ma ia kālailai ʻana ʻoiai ʻaʻole i kaʻawale ke kālailai ʻia ʻana o ke kāhulu pepeke pili a me ke kāhulu pepeke akapili e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia i loko o kēia kālailai ʻana.

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lanalia. Ma ka mea i palapala ʻia i ka nūpepa, he kāhulu akapili nō ia. Inā naʻe i hewa ia

kiko koma ma ke kākau a paʻi ʻana paha, e lilo ia i kāhulu pepeke pili ʻO Daniela ke

kumu nāna e aʻo nei iā lākou. Inā naʻe pēlā, he ʻano ʻē ka loaʻa o ke kiko koma ʻelua ma

mua o ka ʻami kuʻi pepeke a.

I loko o ia mau laʻana e waiho aʻe nei i lalo, ua like ka ʻākena o ke kāhulu pepeke me

ke kālele ʻākena o kona poke a pepeke alakaʻi paha. I loko naʻe o ka laʻana hope (522),

he KPKʻĀ akapili (+P) nō, akā ua lilo ka ʻākena o kona pepeke alakaʻi, ʻo Mālaʻihi a me

Hāʻae, ʻo ia ka ʻōkena o ke KPKʻĀ akapili (+P), ʻo lāua hoʻi, ma ke kaʻakālai ʻanapola.

He kāhulu pepeke akapili nō, he ʻikepili keu no ke alakaʻi i paʻa mua kona kūlana ma ka

hōʻike ʻana i ka pilina o ka ʻākena o ka pepeke alakaʻi ma ke ʻano he ʻōkena no ka ʻākena

o ke KPKʻĀ akapili (+P). No laila, ʻaʻole he koina ka like o ka ʻākena o ka poke a pepeke

alakaʻi hoʻi me ka ʻākena o KPKʻĀ akapili (+P/-P). Ua hoʻohui pū ʻia ke KPKʻĀ akapili

(-P) ma ia waeʻanona no ka mea ua like pū ka manaʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao aulaʻa inā aia ʻo lāua

ma ke kūlana ʻawe lauka ma kahi o ke kūlana piko.

KPPK Akapili Na Kālele ʻĀkena (-P, poke wale nō, ʻaʻohe painu)

(525) Nawai la i koho a hoouna mai ia lakou i ka Aha Elele? Aole anei na oukou na na ili

ulaula o Hawaii nei? (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 6, Helu 52. 28 Kekemapa 1867)

“Na wai lā i koho a hoʻouna mai iā lākou i ka ʻAha ʻElele? ʻAʻole anei [na

ʻoukou](,) na nā ʻili ʻulaʻula o Hawaiʻi nei?”

KPPK Akapili Na Kālele ʻĀkena (-P), (poke kiʻa + poke painu)

(526) oia no kekahi e holo pu, a nana na ka mea i kamaaina, e hookele i ka moku a hiki i

kahi a na Luna Koa Aupuni e makemake ai, (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 1, Helu 34. 19

Iulai 1862)

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“...ʻo ia nō kekahi e holo pū, a [nāna](,) na ka mea i kamaʻāina, e hoʻokele i ka

moku a hiki i kahi a nā Luna Koa Aupuni e makemake ai,...”

KPPK Akapili Na Kālele ʻĀkena (+P, + painu)

(527) Ua haawi mai oia i poe kanaka nona, mai ka mau loa mai, e lilo lakou i poe mamo

nana, nana no lakou e kuai, a kahea,... (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 6, Helu 8. 23 Pepeluali

1867)

“Ua hāʻawi mai ʻo ia i poʻe kānaka nona, mai ka mau loa mai, e lilo lākou i poʻe

mamo [nāna], nāna nō lākou e kūʻai, a kāhea,...”

KPKʻĀ pepeke alakaʻi, KPKʻĀ (-P)

(528) O ke kula nae ma Waialua ka oi aku ma ka heluhelu, liilii loa na kamalii, ua pau loa

lakou i ka heluhelu, a ua hana no hoi lakou ma ka helu, hookahi ano o ka lakou heluhelu,

me ka poe nunui ma keia kula. O Daniela ke kumu, nana e ao nei ia lakou, a ua maikai no

kana hana. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 2, Ano Hou.---Helu 18, Aoao 69. 29 Iulai 1857)

“ʻO ke kula naʻe ma Waiālua ka ʻoi aku ma ka heluhelu, liʻiliʻi loa nā kamaliʻi, ua

pau loa lākou i ka heluhelu, a ua hana nō hoʻi lākou ma ka helu, hoʻokahi ʻano o

kā lākou heluhelu, me ka poʻe nunui me kēia kula. [ʻO Daniela ke kumu], nāna e

aʻo nei iā lākou, a ua maikaʻi nō kāna hana.”

KPKʻĀ Pili (-P): “ʻO Daniela [ke kumu] nāna e aʻo nei iā lākou, a ua maikaʻi

nō kāna hana.”

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KPPK Akapili Na Kālele ʻĀkena (+P, + painu)

(529) Nov. 4, ma Puna, Hawaii, mare o Malaihi me Haae, na Koana laua i mare. (Ka Hae

Hawaii, Buke 2, Ano Hou.---Helu 36, Aoao 141. 2 Kekemapa 1857)

“Now. 4, ma Puna, Hawaiʻi, [male ʻo Mālaʻihi me Hāʻae], na Koana lāua i male.”

5.4 Ka Papani i Kiʻa Alakaʻi

He ʻike ʻia nō ka lilo ʻana o ka papani he kiʻa alakaʻi i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ke kuʻi

papani i loko o ke KPPK pili ʻo me me hoʻi a he ʻike pū ʻia nō hoʻi me ka ʻami nonoʻa iki

ʻo o.

5.4.1 Kiʻa Alakaʻi Papani o ke KPPK (-P) Kuʻi Papani

He mea maʻamau loa ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o ka papani i kiʻa alakaʻi o ke KPPK pili ʻo a me

(-P) i loko o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. He hoʻonui ia i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka papani ma ka

hōʻike ʻana i ka manaʻo ʻo wai lā a he aha lā paha ka mea me ia papani ma ka pōʻaiapili o

ia papani i loko o ka hopunaʻōlelo. ʻO nā papani kūnei, kūnā, a kūlā helulua hoʻi nā mea i

laha loa ka hoʻokuʻi ʻia o ia ʻano KPPK pili ʻo a me hoʻi (530, 531) ʻO ka iʻoa a me ka

memeʻa ka mea maʻamau loa i ʻīkoi o kēia ʻano KPPK pili me ka papani. Eia naʻe kahi

laʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana me ka papani (532). ʻO kekahi mea mamaʻau, ʻo ia ka

hoʻohana ʻia ʻana ke KPPK pili ʻo a me hoʻi i waena o ʻelua iʻoa (533), (534).

Ma kēia pōʻaiapili, kohu mea lā ua lilo ke kiʻa alakaʻi o nā laʻana o luna aʻe nei, ʻo ka

papani hoʻi me kona KPPK pili ʻo a me paha, he ʻano kāhulu pepeke no ka iʻoa mua. E

ʻike ʻia ma ia mau laʻana i hōʻano hou ʻia nā papani ma loko o ke kahaapo me ke

kahalalo pū ʻia hoʻi ʻoiai ʻo ia papani ke kāhulu o ka iʻoa mua a ʻo ia pū ke kiʻa alakaʻi o

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ke KPPK pili kuʻi papani. He ʻano ʻē nō ke ʻano o nā mole mole o nā KPPK kuʻi papani.

He ʻikioma nō ke ʻano a no laila paha ia ʻano ʻē ʻana.

(530) Ke huipu nei maua o Naomi e uwe aloha ia olua o Kamika wahine, (Ka Nupepa

Kuokoa, Buke 15, Helu 18. 29 ʻApelila 1876)

“Ke hui pū nei [māua] ʻo Nāomi e uē aloha iā [ʻolua] ʻo Kamika wahine,...”

Mole: ʻO au a me Nāomi māua. ʻO ʻoe me Kamika wahine ʻolua.

(531) E NA MAKUA MEA KEIKI, O HAWAII, O Maui, o Oahu, o Kauai paha, ke

makemake nei au i Kaikamahine opiopio, he 11 makahiki paha, e noho mau me maua me

ka‘u wahine, a lilo oia i keiki hanai na maua,... (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 5, Ano Hou.--Helu

50, Aoao 203. 13 Malaki 1861)

“E NĀ MĀKUA MEA KEIKI O HAWAIʻI, O Maui, o Oʻahu, o Kauaʻi paha, ke

makemake nei au i Kaikamahine ʻōpiopio, he 11 makahiki paha, e noho mau me

[māua] me kaʻu wahine, a lilo ʻo ia he keiki hānai na māua,...”

Mole: ʻO au me kaʻu wahine māua.

(532) E IKE auanei na kanaka a pau. Owau o ka mea nona ka inoa malalo, ke hai aku nei

au ia oukou. No ka lilo ana mai o ke kuleana o Kalua ia‘u, ma ke kuai ana a maua me ia, i

na dala $30, elua Loi, he Apana kula ma ka Paakea. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 3, Ano Hou.

Helu 43, Aoao 169. Ianuari 26, 1859)

“E ʻIKE auaneʻi nā kānaka a pau. ʻO wau, ʻo ka mea nona ka inoa ma lalo, ke haʻi

aku nei au iā ʻoukou: No ka lilo ʻana mai o ke kuleana o Kalua (Kālua?) iaʻu, ma

ke kūʻai ʻana a [māua] me ia i nā kālā $30, ʻelua loʻi, he ʻāpana kula ma Paʻakea.”

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(533) E Ikeloa, auhea ka puka o kahi o Papa ma laua o Wakea i noho ai... (Ka Nupepa

Kuokoa, Buke 1, Helu 13. 22 Pepeluali 1862)

“E ʻIkeloa, ʻauhea ka puka kahi o [Papa mā] [lāua] ʻo Wākea i noho ai...”

(534) NO KA MEA, ua noi ia mai ka mea Hanohano o G. M. Roberston, ka Lunakanawai

o ka Aha Kiekie, e Kealoha, no ka hooiaio i na palapala kauoha o Puniwai laua me

Uhenewahine, o Honolulu, i make aku nei... (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 2, Ano Hou.---Helu

5, Aoao 17. 29 ʻApelila 1857)

“No ka mea, ua noi ʻia mai ka mea Hanohano ʻo G. M. Roberston, ka Luna

Kānāwai o ka ʻAha Kiʻekiʻe, e Kealoha, no ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo i nā palapala kauoha o

[Puniwai] [lāua] me ʻUhenewahine o Honolulu i make aku nei...”

5.4.2 Ke Kiʻa Alakaʻi Papani o KPPK (-P) O ʻAmi Nonoʻa Iki

He lilo pū ka ʻami nonoʻa iki he KPPK no ka papani he kiʻa alakaʻi. He hoʻohāiki a

hoʻokaʻawale ia i ia papani mai loko mai o kekahi pūʻulu kanaka a mea ʻē aʻe lā paha.

Eia i lalo iho nei kahi mau laʻana.

(535) ...no ka mea, o oe o kaua ka mea mama e holo nei ma na eheu mama o ka

manawa,.. (Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 17, Helu 43. 26 ʻOkakopa 1878)

“no ka mea, ʻo [ʻoe] o kāua ka mea māmā e holo nei ma nā ʻeheu māmā o ka

manawa,...”

(536) ...a hui me ko mau hoahele haawi aku oe i keia i‘a ia Keoahimakaakua, no ka mea

oia o oukou ka mea nana e hoolana i na papa (a?) oukou. (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 61,

Helu 49. 7 Kekemapa 1922)

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“...a hui me ko mau hoahele, hāʻawi aku ʻoe i kēia iʻa iā Keoahimakaakua

(Keōahimakaaku, Keʻōʻahimakaaku?), no ka mea, ʻo [ia] o ʻoukou ka nāna e

hoʻolana i nā papa a ʻoukou.”

5.5 Ke Kāhulu Pepeke o ke Kūlana Kāhulu Nonoʻa ma nā KPPK a KPPW Pili

Ua ʻike ʻia ma kā Cabral (2004) ke kālailai ʻia ʻana o ka lilo ʻana o ke kāhulu nonoʻa

o nā ʻano kūlana like ʻole o ka pepeke mole he kiʻa alakaʻi o ke KPPP. No ke KPPK a

KPPW pili hoʻi, ua ʻike pū ʻia ia lilo ʻana o ke kāhulu nonoʻa he kiʻa alakaʻi. E like me ka

ʻaoʻao aulaʻa o nā KPPK a KPPW pili ʻē aʻe hoʻi o kēia kālailaina, he hoʻokaʻawale a

hoʻohāiki ʻia hoʻi ke kiʻa alakaʻi, ʻaʻole he ʻikepili keu e mōakāka hou aʻe ai ka mea i

paʻa mua kona kūlana kālaiʻōlelo e like me ke kāhulu pepeke akapili. I ia lilo ʻana o ke

kāhulu nonoʻa he kiʻa alakaʻi, ʻike ʻia kāna pilina i kona hoa kuhi ʻaui (coreferent) o ke

kāhulu pepeke ma ka hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia o ke kaʻi a ʻami nonoʻa paha i mua o ia hoa

kuhi ʻaui (coreferent). He mea maʻau ka papani kūlā i loko o ia ʻano pōʻaiapili, eia naʻe,

ua ʻike pū ʻia nā ʻano papani like ʻole ʻē aʻe e like me ka papani kūnei ʻo mākou i loko o

ka laʻana (538). ʻAʻole naʻe i pinepine e like me ka papani kūlā. ʻAʻole hoʻi ke kaʻi

nonoʻa he koina ʻoiai ua ʻike pū ʻia ke kaʻi maʻamau ma kahi o ke kaʻi nonoʻa a ma ka

pōʻaiapili wale nō e ʻike ʻia ai ka pilina nonoʻa i loko o ke kāhulu pepeke e like me ka

laʻana (539). Ma nā pepeke mole o nā laʻana o lalo iho nei, ua hoʻokāʻele ʻia ke kāhulu

nonoʻa i lilo he kiʻa alakaʻi.

KPPK Pili ʻO (+P) Kāhulu Pepeke no ke Kāhulu Nonoʻa

(537) Aohe ana keiki a ka wahine mare, hookahi no keiki kane a ka manuahi o Pilipo

kona inoa. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 2, Ano Hou.---Helu 15, Aoao 57. 8 Iulai 1857)

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“ʻAʻohe āna keiki(,) a ka wahine male, hoʻokahi nō [keiki kāne a ka manuahi] ʻo

Pilipo kona inoa.”

Mole: ʻO Pilipo ka inoa o ke keiki kāne a ka manuahi.

KPPK Pili He (+P) Kāhulu Pepeke o ke Kāhulu Nonoʻa

(538) O ka wahine he kane waiwai kana, aole no ia e hiipaka i ke keike... (Malo, mokuna

19, paukū 29)

“ʻO [ka wahine] he kāne waiwai kāna, ʻaʻole nō ia e hiʻipaka i ke keiki…” Mole: He kāne waiwai kā ka wahine.

KPPK Pili He Huahelu (+P) o ke Kāhulu Nonoʻa (Kaʻi Nonoʻa)

(539) ...ua lawa kekahi omole waina hookahi, no ka aina hookahi o na ohana he 14 ko

makou nui, (Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 3, Helu 20, 14 Mei 1864)

“...ua lawa kekahi ʻōmole waina hoʻokahi no ka ʻaina hoʻokahi o [nā ʻohana] he

14 ko mākou nui,...”

Mole: He 14 ka nui o nā ʻohana.

KPPK Pili Huahelu (+P) o ke Kāhulu Nonoʻa (Kaʻi Maʻamau)

(540) He awawa keia e holo ana a hiki i kahakai, he pali makai he 200 kapuai paha ka

hohonu. (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 3, Helu 21, Aoao 1. Mei 24, 1877)

“He awāwa kēia e holo ana a hiki i kahakai, [he pali ma kai] he 200 kapuaʻi paha

ka hohonu.”

Mole: He 200 kapuaʻi paha ka hohonu o ka pali ma kai.

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KPPK Pili He me ka Huahelu (+P) o ke Kāhulu Nonoʻa (ʻAmi Nonoʻa)

(541) ...malalo o ke kumu hoopii he “haalele i ke kahua ma‘i lepera, “a hoopaiia he $5 a

me $1 koina A o ka wahine he elua ana pii ana, he $10 me $5 koina kona hoopai.” (Ka

Makaainana, Buke 4, Helu 11, Aoao 1. Sepatemaba 9, 1895)

“...ma lalo o ke kumu hoʻopiʻi he “haʻalele i ke kahua maʻi lepela, “a hoʻopaʻi ʻia

he $5 a me $1 koina. A ʻo [ka wahine] he ʻelua āna piʻi ʻana, he $10 me $5 koina

kona hoʻopaʻi.”

Mole: He ʻelua a ka wahine piʻi ʻana.

KPPK Pili Ma (+P) + Kālele Kūlana

(542) Owai ka hua ma ona la e hoopomaikaiia‘i ko na aina a pau? (Ka Lahui Hawaii,

Buke 2, Helu 17, Aoao 1. Aperila 20, 1876)

“ʻO wai ka hua ma ona lā e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ai ko nā ʻāina a pau?”

Mole: Ma o ka hua lā e hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻia ai ko nā ʻāina a pau.

KPPK Pili Na Kālele ʻĀkena (-P)

(543) Kuhi au o Malamapono he kuene wale no ia na kona haku i hoouna mai i na mea i

haawi ia. (Ke Alaula, Buke VI, Helu 11, Aoao 41. 1 Pepeluali 1872)

“Kuhi au, ʻo Mālamapono, he kuene wale nō [ia] na kona haku i hoʻouna mai i nā

mea i hāʻawi ʻia.”

Mole: Na ka haku o ia kuene i hoʻouna mai i nā mea i hāʻawi ʻia.

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KPPW Pili Aia (+P) (544) ...me ka bipi aia ka ai ma kona kua,... (Ka Elele Hawaii, Buke 4, Pepa 10, Aoao 37.

Okatoba 24, 1848.)

“...me [ka pipi] aia ka ʻai ma kona kua,...”

Mole: Aia ka ʻai ma ke kua o ka pipi.

5.6 Ka Lilo ʻana o ka Piko he Nonoʻa o ke KPPK (+P)

I loko o ke KPPP (+P), ua ʻike ʻia ka lilo ʻana o ka piko o ka pepeke mole he kaʻi

nonoʻa, ʻami nonoʻa nui, a i ʻole he ʻami nonoʻa iki paha e māka ʻia ai ia piko ke lele i

mua o ka poke painu o ia ʻano kāhulu pepeke. Ua ʻike ʻia ia mea hoʻokahi i loko o ke

KPPK (+P). Ma nā laʻana o lalo iho nei, ʻo ʻo ia ka piko o ka pepeke mole. Ma ka laʻana

mua, he piko no ka mole he pepeke poke kiʻa. Ma ka laʻana ʻelua, he piko ia no ka mole

he kālele ʻākena. Ua komo ka piko i loko o ke kaʻi nonoʻa kona a ua lele nō i mua o ka

poke kiʻa mai kona wahi ma hope o ia poke kiʻa a me ia kālele ʻākena.

(545) ...oiai i kona wa ma ka ili o ka moana, aole oia i hopo i na mea e kue aku

ana iaia... (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 15, Helu 104 Malaki 1876)

“...ʻoiai i [kona wā] ma ka ʻili o ka moana, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hopo i nā mea e kūʻē aku

ana iā ia....”

Mole: I ka wā ma ka ʻili o ka moana ʻo ia.

(546) O keia mau wahi o ke kupapau ke lawe ia e kona mea nana i aloha nui,...

(Malo, 27:18)

“ʻO kēia mau wahi o ke kupapaʻu ke lawe ʻia e [kona mea] nāna i aloha nui,..”

Mole: Nāna ʻo ia i aloha nui.

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MOKUNA 6: KALAPANA NA NĀKUINA E kālailai ʻia ma kēia mokuna ka ili ʻana o nā KPPK a me nā KPPW i wehewehe mua

ʻia aʻela i loko o kēia pepa i loko o ka Moʻolelo Hawaiʻi no Kalapana i kākau ʻia e Moses

Kuaea Nākuina a paʻi ʻia hoʻi i Iune o ka makahiki 1902. He wā nō ia i hoʻomaka ai ka

ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi e hilimia i ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia. He kanaka naʻauao naʻe ʻo Nākuina i ʻike

aku i ia hilimia ʻana. I loko nō o kona hoʻohana nui ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo lawekahiki ʻia mai

ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia i loko o kona kākau ʻana no ka halepule, e like me ka mea maʻamau i

ʻike ʻia i loko o ke kākau ʻana o ia wā, ua kāohi ʻia ia hilimia ʻana i loko o kona haku

moʻolelo ʻana. Penei kona wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i ʻike ʻia i loko o

kāna mau puke: “kakauia ma ka olelo Hawaii oiaio maoli o ke au i hala; ua kakauia ma

ka olelo Hawaii oiaio maoli o ke au kahiko.” (Charlot, 2005) No laila, ma waho aku o ka

leʻaleʻa i ka heluhelu nui ʻana i kona mākau kākau i hoʻohui ʻia ai kona ʻike kuʻuna a

ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi hoʻi me ka haku “nōwela” ʻana o ia kenekulia, ua koho ʻia ia moʻolelo no

ia kākau ʻia ʻana o ia moʻolelo “ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli o ke au kahiko.”

Ua kaupalena ʻia nā ʻaoʻao i kālailai ʻia ai nā KPPK a me nā KPPW i loko o Kalapana

ma ke 50, mai ka ʻaoʻao 1 a i ka ʻaoʻao 50 ma ka mana a Nākuina. Ma ia māhele o ka

moʻolelo, ua hoʻomaka ʻē aʻela kekahi mau hoʻokūkū hoʻopāpā i waena o Kalapana a me

Kalanialiʻiloa, me ke aliʻi hoʻopāpā o Kauaʻi a me kāna mau kumu, a mai laila aku, ʻo ka

hoʻokūkū hoʻopāpā ka nui o ka moʻolelo i koe. He helu papa ke ʻano o ka hoʻokūkū ʻana

i loko o ka paha ʻana, he ʻano mele ulu wale. A i waena o nā paha hoʻokūkū hoʻopāpā, ua

ʻano like nō ke ʻano o ka ʻōlelo. He ʻano ʻōlelo hoʻolauna e hoʻoweliweli ana i kekahi

ʻaoʻao no nā hopena e ʻike ʻia ana ke hāʻule ma ka hoʻokūkū hoʻopāpā. ʻO kekahi hopena

ka lilo ʻana he meaʻai na nā akua o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, na Kānepōkiʻi lāua ʻo Kāneulupō. Ua

ʻi loko o KaKPPK ʻami nonoʻa nui i nā manawa a pau i hoʻopuka ʻia aʻe ai ia lilo ʻana he

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meaʻai na nā akua ma mua o kēlā me kēia paha ʻana o nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. He 30 manawa ka

huinanui i loko o ia pōʻaipili wale nō. ʻAʻole ia he hāpana kūpono e kālailai ʻia ai ka ili o

ia ʻano KPPK ʻami nonoʻa nui. No laila, i ʻole nā heluna o nā KPPK a me nā KPPW e

paʻewa i ke ʻano o ka ʻōlelo nui ʻana i ka ʻōlelo hoʻokahi, he ʻaoʻao maʻamau hoʻi o ka

hoʻokūkū hoʻopāpā ʻana, ua kaupalena ʻia mai ka ʻaoʻao 1 a i ka ʻaoʻao 50.

6.1 Nā KPPK a me nā KPPW o Kalapana

E kālailai ʻia ma kēia māhele ka ili ʻana o nā KPPK a me nā KPPW i loko o nā ʻaoʻao

mua he 50 o ia moʻolelo ʻo Kalapana na Nākuina.

Ma ke kālailai ʻana i nā KPPK a pau i ka wā hoʻokahi, ua ahuwale loa nō ke ʻano o nā

poke kiʻa i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he kāhulu pepeke i loko o Kalapana na Nākuina,

ʻo ia hoʻi nā poke kiʻa nona ka ʻami ʻo a me ke kaʻi he.1 Ma ka huinanui, he 63 ʻo a he 58

he ke hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa like ʻole i kālailai ʻia ma kēia pepa. ʻO

nā KPPK ʻo, he 28% ia o nā KPPK a pau o Kalapana, a ʻo nā KPPK he, he 26%. (601,

602, 603, 604) A i loko o ka helu ʻole ʻia ʻana o nā KPPK ʻami nonoʻa iki a pau, ma nā

KPPK kiʻa pepeke wale nō i helu ʻia ai ia ʻano ʻami i kāhulu pepeke ma kēia kālailaina,

ʻo ia ka waeʻanona nui loa o ka laha, ʻo ia hoʻi ke KPPK ʻami nonoʻa nui a iki hoʻi, i loko

o Kalapana ma waho aʻe o nā ʻami ʻo a he. He 36 KPPK ʻami nonoʻa nui a he 36 KPPK

ʻami nonoʻa iki o loko o laila. He 16% ia mau ʻami nonoʻa pākahi o ka huinanui o nā

KPPK.

(605, 606)

1ʻAʻole i helu ʻia nā KPPK ʻami nonoʻa iki, e like me ka mea i wehewehe mua ʻia aʻela, no kona laha ʻino loa, koe wale nō ma ke ʻano he KPPK kiʻa pepeke. Inā nō i helu ʻia ia mau KPPK ʻami nonoʻa iki, ʻo ia nō ka mea i laha loa i loko o Kalapana.

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KPPK Pili ʻO (-P)

(601) Na wai ke keiki o oe? (ʻaoʻao 15)

“Na wai ke keiki ʻo ʻoe?”

KPPK Pili ʻO (+P)

(602) ...hiki mai la oia i Kalapana a halawai me kekahi wahi o Kealaokahinano kona

inoa. (ʻaoʻao 11)

“...hiki maila ʻo ia i Kalapana a hālāwai me kekahi wahi ʻo Keʻalaokahīnano kona

inoa.”

KPPK Pili He (-P)

(603) ...ua ao iho la laua i ka laua mau keiki i ka laua hana walea he hoopapa,... (ʻaoʻao 4)

“...ua aʻo ihola lāua i kā lāua mau keiki ka kā lāua hana walea he hoʻopāpā,...”

KPPK Pili He (+P)

(604) ...a loaa he wahi i‘a uuku he oililepa ka inoa. (ʻaoʻao 30)

“...a loaʻa he wahi iʻa uuku he ʻōʻililepa ka inoa.”

KPPK Pili Na (-P)

(605) I hele mai nei au he kauoha na ke alii, na Kalanialiiloa,... (ʻaoʻao 5)

“I hele mai nei au he kauoha na ke aliʻi, na Kalanialiʻiloa,...”

KPPK Pili O (-P)

(606) Heaha ke kumu o kou hele ana mai nei e hoopapa? (ʻaoʻao 26)

“He aha ke kumu o kou hele ʻana mai nei e hoʻopāpā?”

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Pakuhi 1: KPPK Pili a Akapili o Kalapana

ʻO He I - ʻā I - l I - k Ma Me Mai No/Na O/A KPPK Pili (-P)

21 16 0 0 1 2 0 0 14 16 *1

KPPK Akapili (-P)

22 14 5 8 5 1 4 0 12 19

KPPK Pili (+P)

1 2 *2

KPPK Akapili (+P)

12 22 2 1

*1 - ʻaʻole i helu ʻia nā ʻami nonoʻa iki a pau no ka laha loa. *2 - he ʻami ka ʻami nonoʻa i ʻike ʻole ʻia ma ka ʻaui poʻo no laila ʻaʻohe wā e ʻike ʻia ai ka piko ma hope

ona i loko o ke KPPK (+P).

ʻO ia mau hoʻomaka pepeke ʻaike ʻo a he hoʻi nā mea i laha loa i loko o Kalapana ma

ke ʻano he KPPK pili a me ke ʻano he KPPK akapili ma kēia kālailaina. Pēlā nō i loko o

ke KPPK pili no ka mea ʻo ka pepeke ʻaike kekahi o nā pepeke laha loa i loko o ka ʻōlelo

Hawaiʻi, a ʻo ia mau ʻami ʻo a he hoʻi, pēlā e hoʻomaka ai ia ʻano pepeke ma ka ʻaui

poʻo. No laila nō i laha loa ai ia mau pepeke ʻaike i KPPK pili, no ka nui hoʻi o ka laha o

ka pepeke ʻaike.

I loko naʻe o ke KPPK akapili, ma ka ʻoi loa aku i loko o ke KPPK akapili (-P), ʻo ia

mau ʻami nō nā mea i laha loa kekahi, akā, no loko mai ia mau ʻami ʻo o ka ʻaui piko o nā

ʻano pepeke like ʻole, ʻaʻole ʻo ka pepeke ʻaike wale nō. No laila, i loko o ka ʻokoʻa o ka

pepeke mole, he kūmau ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻami piko ʻo i mua o ka memeʻa a me nā

papani a pau, koe ʻo ia. No ka hāʻule ʻana o ia ʻami ʻo i loko o ka ʻaui piko o nā pepeke

mole, ʻo ia ke kumu i hāʻule nui ai i ka wā i lilo ai he KPPK akapili. Ua ʻike ʻia nō naʻe

he ʻelua laʻana i loko o Kalapana i kūʻē i kēia hāʻule maʻamau ʻana. He hōʻoia hoʻi ia he

ʻami ʻo ka waeʻanona pololei no ia mau KPPK no loko mai o ka ʻaui piko o ka poke a

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pepeke mole paha. No laila i helu ʻia ai ma ke ʻano he KPPK akapili ʻo kino ʻole i kēia

kālailai ʻana.

No nā laʻana o nā KPPK akapili (-P) he 99 o loko o Kalapana, he ʻano like nō ka

pākēneka o nā KPPK akapili (-P) i mālama i ka ʻami (52%) me nā mea i kāpae i ka ʻami

(48%). Eia nō naʻe, ua hiō ikaika kekahi o nā ʻami i ka mālama, a pēlā nō ka hiō ʻana o

kekahi aku i ke kāpae. Ma ka ʻaoʻao mālama, ʻo ke kaʻi he (10, 100%), ka ʻami i kuhilana

(7, 100%), a me ka ʻami nonoʻa nui no/na (11, 91%) nā mea nona ka pākēneka kiʻekiʻe

loa o ka mālama (607, 608, 609). Ma ka ʻaoʻao kāpae kaʻi, ʻo ka ʻami nonoʻa iki a/o (21,

86%), ka ʻami ʻo (23, 79%), a me ka ka ʻami i ʻākena (5, 60%) nā mea nona ka pākēneka

kiʻekiʻe loa o ke kāpae (610, 611, 612).1

KPPK Akapili He Mālama

(607) ...a ike iho la laua he ia hou no, he kapuhili. (ʻaoʻao 46)

“...a ʻike ihola lāua he iʻa hou nō, he kapuhili.”

KPPK Akapili I Kuhilana Mālama

(608) E aho paha e holo mua oe i ko wahine i Hilo, ia Kalaoa, no ka mea.... (ʻaoʻao 10)

“E aho paha e holo mua ʻoe i ko wahine i Hilo, iā Kalaoa, no ka mea...”

KPPK Akapili Na Mālama

(609) I hele mai nei au he kauoha na ke alii, na Kalanialiiloa,... (ʻaoʻao 5)

“I hele mai nei au he kauoha na ke aliʻi, na Kalanialiʻiloa,...”

1Kiʻi ʻia nā KPPK akapili (-P) ma nā mea i loaʻa he ʻelima laʻana ma ke emi loa i loko o nā ʻaoʻao mua he 50 o Kalapana.

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KPPK Akapili O Mālama ʻOle

(610) ...a hoi aku la oia a hiki imua o Halepaki, kona makuahine,... (ʻaoʻao 12)

“...a hoʻi akula ʻo ia a hiki i mua o Halepākī, _ kona makuahine,...”

KPPK Akapili ʻO Mālama ʻOle

(611) ...i mea e make ai o Kalanialiiloa, ke alii hoopapa,... (ʻaoʻao 14)

“...i mea e make ai ʻo Kalanialiʻiloa, _ ke aliʻi hoʻopāpā,...”

KPPK Akapili I ʻĀkena Mālama ʻOle

(612) ...ua oi ae kona ike i ko Halepaiwi ame Halepaniho, na kumu a ke alii. (ʻaoʻao 7)

“...ua ʻoi aʻe kona ʻike i ko Halepāiwi a me Halepāniho, _ nā kumu a ke aliʻi.”

Pakuhi 2: KPPK Akapili

KPPK Akapili (-P) Huinanui Huina Mālama Huina Mālama ʻOle ʻO 23 5 18 He 10 10 0 I - ʻākena 5 2 3

I - lauka 10 6 4

I - kuhilana 7 7 0

E - ʻākena ʻiae 1 0 1

E - ʻami hea 3 2 1

Ma 1 1 0

Me 4 2 2

No/Na* 11 10 1

O/A 22 4 18

Huinanui 97 48 49

* Hoʻokahi kālele ʻākena

No ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ke kaʻi he i loko o ke KPPK akapili (-P), he mālama ʻia ia

kaʻi i loko o nā ʻaui like ʻole o ka pepeke mole, a ʻo ia ke kumu i ili mau ai ia kaʻi i loko

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o ke KPPK akapili he (-P). ʻO ka ʻēkoʻa kēia o ka mea i wehewehe ʻia i luna aʻe nei no ke

kāpae ʻia ʻana o ka ʻami ʻo i loko o ka mole, ke kumu hoʻi i kāpae ʻia ai i loko o ke KPPK

akapili ʻo (-P). Ua ʻike ʻia nā laʻana he ʻumi o ke KPPK akapili he (-P) ma ʻehā ʻano ʻaui

ʻokoʻa, he 7 ʻaui poʻo, he 1 ʻaui piko, he 1 ʻaui lauka, a he 1 hoʻi ʻaui kāhulu. ʻO ke

KPPK akapili (-P) o ka ʻaui piko wale nō ka mea i ʻokoʻa ka ʻami o kona poke kiʻa

alakaʻi. Aia kona poke kiʻa alakaʻi ma ka ʻaui piko, a he ʻami ʻo kino ʻole ko laila i mua o

ka memeʻa.

No ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka ʻami i kuhilana, he kū nō i ka wehewehe ʻia ʻana no ka

ʻami he. ʻAʻole hoʻi he mea maʻamau ke kāpae ʻia ʻana o ka ʻami i kuhilana i loko o ka

pepeke mole e like hoʻi me ka ʻami i lauka. ʻO ia paha ke kumu i emi mai ai ka pākēneka

(60%) o ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka ʻami i lauka i ke KPPK akapili (-P). No ka ʻami i ʻākena

naʻe, ua hiō nō ka pākēneka (40%) i ke kāpae i loko nō o ke kāpae ʻole ʻia ʻana i loko o

ka pepeke mole. No laila, ma waho aku o ke kālailai pilinaʻōlelo ʻana, māliʻa paha he

kaila kākau ia na Nākuina.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao kāpae ʻami i loko o ke KPPK akapili (-P), ʻo ka ʻami nonoʻa iki o/a

(86%) a me ka ʻami ʻo (79%) nā mea nona ka pākēneka kiʻekiʻe loa o ke kāpae ʻia ʻana o

ka ʻami. Ua ʻike mua ʻia aku nei ka wehewehe ʻana a me ke kālailai ʻana i ke kāpae ʻia

ʻana o ʻami ʻo o ke KPPK akapili (-P) i luna aʻe nei. No nā KPPK akapili a/o, ua kāpae

ʻia nā ʻami a pau i mua o nā memeʻa a pēlā pū nō hoʻi nā ʻami i mua o nā ioʻa a pau koe

ka hoʻokahi. I ka wā i loaʻa ai he papani i loko o ke KPPK akapili a/o (-P), ua mālama ʻia

nō ka ʻami ʻoiai he mau kāhulu pepeke ko hope o ia KPPK akapili (-P) a ʻaʻole hiki ke

kāpae i ka ʻami nonoʻa iki i loko o ia ʻano kāhulu pepeke.

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MOKUNA 7: PANI 7.0 Hoʻolauna

E hōʻike ʻia ma kēia mokuna he hōʻuluʻulu i nā hopena o kēia noiʻi ʻana i ke KPPK a

me KPPW o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. E hōʻike ʻia ma ka māhele 7.1 ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā kāhulu

pepeke painu ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kāhulu pepeke iā ia nā poke kiʻa a me kona mau ʻami

ʻokoʻa, a pēlā pū nā poke waila me kona mau poʻo. E kālailai ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona i kūlana ai

nā waeʻanona kāhulu pepeke pili a akapili hoʻi. E hōʻike ʻia ma ka māhele 7.2 nā ʻaoʻao o

ke KPPK a me ke KPPW i kū a i kūʻē hoʻi i ke kaʻina makakoho kiʻa alakaʻi a Keena

lāua ʻo Comrie. Ma ka māhele 7.3 e ʻike ʻia ai nā ʻano KPPK a KPPW like ʻole i ʻano

ʻokoʻa mai nā kāhulu pepeke ʻē aʻe o kēia pepa. ʻO ia hoʻi nā KPPK i pili mai ai ka poke

painu, ka lilo ʻana o ka papani he kiʻa alakaʻi, ke kālele ʻia o ka nonoʻa he kiʻa alakaʻi, a

me ka piko nonoʻa i loko o ke KPPK a me KPPW. E hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ke kālailai ʻia

ʻana o ka ili ʻana o nā KPPK a me nā KPPW o ka moʻolelo ʻo Kalapana ma ka māhele

7.4. Ma ka māhele 7.5 nā manaʻo pani.

7.1 Ke KPPK a me KPPW

No koʻu makemake e hoʻomau i ka noiʻi ʻana i ke kāhulu pepeke o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi

a pākuʻi i kaʻu kālailai ʻana i nā kālailaina kāhulu pepeke i hana mua ʻia e Wilson,

Cabral, Baker, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i kālailai i ke kāhulu pepeke ma mua o ka lākou nei a

no koʻu makemake hoʻi e hana i kahi laʻana kālaiʻike e waiho ai na nā akeakamai nāna e

hoʻomau ana i ka noiʻi a ma ka ʻoi loa aku, na nā kāʻeʻaʻeʻa o nā hanauna hou nāna e

lawe aku ana i ka hoʻōla ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i nā pae kiʻekiʻe loa i ʻike mua ʻole ʻia, no laila

nō hoʻi au i hoʻoholo aku ai i koʻu manaʻo ʻo kēia ke kumuhana aʻu e kālele ai no kēia

pepa puka laeʻula.

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No ka loaʻa ʻole o ka noiʻina e pili ana i ke KPPK a me ke KPPW o ka ʻōlelo

Hawaiʻi, ua hōʻoia mua ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana nō o ia ʻano kāhulu pepeke. I loko o ia hōʻoia

ʻana i ahuwale mai ai nā waeʻanona ʻokoʻa ʻelua, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kāhulu pepeke pili a me ke

kāhulu pepeke akapili. Ma ka ʻaoʻao pilinaʻōlelo, ua ʻike ʻia he ʻelua ʻokoʻa nui o ia mau

waeʻanona, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi e waiho ai ke kāhulu pepeke a me ke ʻano o ke alakaʻi o ke

kāhulu pepeke. ʻO ke kāhulu pepeke pili, aia nō i ka lālā hoʻokahi me kona alakaʻi a he

kiʻa alakaʻi ke ʻano o ia alakaʻi. ʻO ke kāhulu pepeke akapili hoʻi, aia ma ke aka o kona

alakaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, aia i ka lālā ma hope o kona alakaʻi a he poke kiʻa alakaʻi kona ke

komo ʻole ka piko a he poke kiʻa alakaʻi a pepeke alakaʻi paha kona ke komo ka piko.

Ma ka ʻaoʻao aulaʻa, he ʻokoʻa nui ke ʻano o ka hoʻonui ʻikepili ʻana o ke kāhulu

pepeke no kona alakaʻi. He hoʻokaʻawale a he hoʻohāiki ke kāhulu pepeke pili i kona

alakaʻi mai kona mau hoa ʻē aʻe o kona pūʻulu hoa kiʻa alakaʻi. E ʻimi ana ia ʻano kāhulu

pepeke pili i ka hoʻokikoʻī i kona alakaʻi. Ua kikoʻī mua ke alakaʻi o ke kāhulu pepeke

akapili, ʻaʻohe hoʻi mea hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻohāiki ai paha. He kapa hou ia kāhulu pepeke

akapili i ke alakaʻi ma kekahi inoa ʻokoʻa a i ʻole he hoʻonui wale nō i ka ʻikepili keu.

Ma ka mokuna 3 a me ka mokuna 4, ua hōʻike ʻia ma laila nā ʻano kāhulu pepeke

poke painu ʻole o kēlā ʻano kēia ʻano, ʻo ia hoʻi nā KPPK a me nā KPPW piko a piko ʻole

hoʻi ma nā ʻaoʻao pili a akapili nō hoʻi ma nā laʻana i ʻohi ʻia i loko o nā kōlamulamu

nūpepa a moʻolelo kahiko paha i haku ʻia i ka wā i hilimia loa ʻole ai ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i

nā mea hou no waho o Hawaiʻi nei, ʻo ia hoʻi nā mea i kākau ʻia e ka poʻe i hānau ʻia ma

mua o ka makahiki 1900. Ua wae ʻia nō hoʻi nā laʻana e kōkua ana i ka mea heluhelu ma

ka ʻike ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona e ahuwale ai ke kūlana o kēlā me kēia ʻano kāhulu pepeke o

kēia noiʻi ʻana. Ua kālailai ʻia ma ke kālele ʻana i nā ʻano ʻami like ʻole o ia mau poke

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kiʻa a poke waila paha i kū ma ke ʻano he poʻo o ke kāhulu pepeke. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā

pepeke mole o ia mau kāhulu pepeke pili i mea e mōakāka aʻe ai ke kumu ʻana o ia ʻano

kāhulu pepeke.

7.2 Ke Kū a me ke Kūʻē i ke Kaʻina Makakoho Kiʻa Alakaʻi

Ma ka mokuna 1, ua kālailai ʻia ke kaʻina makakoho kiʻa alakaʻi (KMKA) i noiʻi a

hāpai ʻia e Keena lāua ʻo Comrie i ka makahiki 1976 i loko o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. Ma ke

ʻano nui, ua kū nō ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i ke KMKA a lāua. ʻO ke KPPP ka mea i kū loa i ia

KMKA, ma ka ʻoi loa aku, ʻo ke KPPP me ka hamani no ka loaʻa o ka lauka (DO) i loko.

ʻAʻole naʻe i loaʻa nā kūlana kiʻa alakaʻi a pau i ka loli ʻana o ke ʻano o ka painu, e like

me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka lauka (DO) me nā hehele a ʻaʻano paha i loko o ke KPPP. Ma ia

Mokuna 1 i hōʻike ʻia ai nā kiʻa alakaʻi i hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ke KPPP ma ke ʻano o ka

loli ʻana o ka painu. Ma laila nō hoʻi i hōʻike ʻia aʻe ai ke KMKA o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi no

nā KPPP a me ke KPPK a KPPW hoʻi.

No nā KPPK a me nā KPPW i loko o ia pōʻaiapili o ke KMKA o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi, e

like me ka mea i wehewehe ʻia i ka māhele 1.2, ua hōʻike ʻia ma laila ka lilo ʻana o

nā ʻano kūlana like ʻole o ka pepeke painu ʻole he kiʻa alakaʻi o ke KPPK a me ke

KPPW. Ma laila i hōʻike pū ʻia ai nā pōʻaiapili e komo ai ke kūlana lauka me ka ʻami

lauka i loko o ka pepeke painu ʻole a me ka lilo ʻana o ia kūlana he kiʻa alakaʻi o ke

kāhulu pepeke painu ʻole.

ʻO kekahi mea i ʻokoʻa loa i loko o ke KPPK, ʻo ia ke kālele ʻia ʻana a me ka lilo ʻana

o ke kūlana poʻo o ka pepeke poke kiʻa, ma waho aku o ka pepeke ʻaike ʻo a he hoʻi, ma

ke ʻano he kiʻa alakaʻi. ʻAʻole i helu ʻia ke kūlana poʻo i loko o ke KMKA a Keenan lāua

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ʻo Comrie. Ua kālailai mua ʻia nō naʻe ma kekahi ʻano i loko o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi ma nā

kālailaina kāhulu pepeke i komo ai ke kālele ʻākena ma ke ʻano he kāhulu pepeke e like

me kā Cabral (2004). Ua kau palena ʻia nō naʻe ma laila a ʻaʻole i nānā ʻia nā poke kiʻa a

poke waila paha o kēlā ʻano kēia ʻano i hiki nō hoʻi ke kālele ʻia kona kūlana poʻo i kiʻa

alakaʻi. No laila, ua kālailai ʻia nō a ua ʻimi ʻia nō nā laʻana o ia mau ʻano i hoʻopuka ʻia

aʻela i mea e hoʻonui hou aku ai i ka ʻikepili no ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. Ua kālailai ʻia nō ka

lilo ʻana o ke kūlana poʻo he kiʻa alakaʻi e Bauer (ʻaoʻao 581, 1997) ma lalo o ka māhele

“Relativising on Predicative NPs” no ka ʻōlelo Māori. E like naʻe me ka mea i wehewehe

mua ʻia i ka mokuna 2, ʻo ka poke kiʻa henua a me poke kiʻa nonoʻa wale nō kai hoʻolilo

ʻia he kāhulu pepeke ma ia ʻōlelo i ka manaʻo o Bauer.

7.3 Nā Mea ʻOkoʻa o ka Mokuna Kūpuʻu

Ma ka mokuna Kūpuʻu, ma ka mokuna 5 hoʻi, aia ma laila kekahi o nā kāhulu pepeke

i noʻonoʻo ʻole ia ma mua o ka hoʻomaka i ka noiʻi ʻana i ke KPPK a me KPPW o kēia

kālailaina. He mau momi ia i ahuwale maila i loko o ka huli ʻana i nā kāhulu pepeke i

loko o nā palapala kahiko.

ʻO kekahi, ua ʻokoʻa mai nā kāhulu pepeke ʻē aʻe o kēia kālailaina ma muli o ka loaʻa

o ka poke painu i hoʻokuʻi pū ʻia i ke KPPK e like me ke KPPK kālele kūlana, ke KPPK

ʻami nonoʻa nui pili a akapili hoʻi, a me ke KPPK kālele ʻākena akapili. ʻOiai, ua kālele

ʻia nā KPPK a me nā KPPW painu ʻole, ʻo ia ke kumu i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia aʻe ai i loko o ia

mokuna kūpuʻu.

No kekahi pūʻulu kāhulu pepeke aku o ia mokuna, ua pili nō ka ʻokoʻa i ke ʻano o ke

kiʻa alakaʻi o ke KPPK. Ua hōʻike ʻia a kālailai ʻia hoʻi ka lilo ʻana o ka papani he kiʻa

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alakaʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia aku ʻelua ʻano kālele ʻia ʻana o ka papani ma ke ʻano he KPPK, ʻo

ia hoʻi ke kuʻi papani me ʻo a me me, a me ka ʻami nonoʻa iki o.

ʻO kekahi ʻano kiʻa alakaʻi i hōʻike ʻia ma laila, ʻo ia ke kiʻa alakaʻi no loko mai o ke

kūlana nonoʻa o ka pepeke mole. He mau laʻana ko ka Mokuna 5 no ke KPPK a me ke

KPPW pili. He kākoʻo hou kēia i ka hiki ʻana ke kālele i ke kūlana kāhulu nonoʻa o ka

pepeke mole ma ke ʻano he kiʻa alakaʻi.

E like me ke KPPP, ua ʻike pū ʻia ka lilo ʻana o ka piko o ka pepeke mole he ʻano

nonoʻa, he ʻami nonoʻa nui a iki paha a i ʻole he kaʻi nonoʻa, no ka māka ʻana i ia piko.

Ma nā laʻana ʻē aʻe o ke KPPK (+P) o ka mokuna 3, aia ka piko i loko o ka poke kiʻa o ke

KPPK. Ma ka laʻana i hōʻike ʻia ma ka mokuna 5, aia ka piko o ka mole i loko o ke kiʻa

alakaʻi ma ke ʻano he kaʻi nonoʻa, ʻaʻole hoʻi ma kona “kino” maʻamau ma ka poke kiʻa.

7.4 Nā KPPK a me nā KPPW o Kalapana

Ma ka mokuna 6, ma laila i hōʻike ʻia aʻe ai nā hopena o ke kālailai ʻia ʻana o nā

KPPK a me nā KPPW o ka moʻolelo ʻo Kalapana na Nākuina. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao mua he 50 ka

hāpana i ʻimi ʻia a noiʻi ʻia ai hoʻi nā kāhulu pepeke. Ma ke ʻano laulā, ʻelua hopena nui i

puka mai no ia noiʻi ʻana.

ʻO kekahi hopena nui, ʻo ia ke ana ʻana i ka ili ʻana o ke KPPK a me KPPW me ka

hoʻohālikelike pū i ka pinepine o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o kekahi ʻano kāhulu pepeke e

Nākuina. Ma ke kālailai ʻana i nā laʻana a pau i loaʻa, ʻo nā KPPK nona ka ʻami ʻo (28%

o ka huinanui) a me ke kaʻi ʻīloa he (26%) ka mea i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e Nākuina. Ma

ka pae o ka hoʻohana ʻia ma lalo o ia mau mea ʻelua, aia ma laila ke KPPK ʻami nonoʻa

nui (16%) a me ke KPPK ʻami nonoʻa iki o ke kiʻa pepeke (16%).

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ʻO ka lua o nā hopena nui, ʻo ia ka ʻikepili e pili ana i nā KPPK akapili. Ma ia hāpana

hoʻokahi no Kalapana, ua kālailai kaʻawale ʻia nā KPPK akapili ma ka helu ʻana i ka nui

o ka mālama ʻia a me ka nui o ke kāpae ʻia ʻana o nā ʻami a me ke kaʻi ʻīloa he i loko o ia

ʻano kāhulu pepeke. Ua ʻano like nō ka nui o ka mālama ʻana me ka nui o ke kāpae ʻana.

Ma nā laʻana he 97 o ia hāpana, he 48 i ʻike ʻia ai ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka ʻami a kaʻi

ʻīloa paha (49%) a he 49 i ʻike ʻia ai ke kāpae ʻia ʻana o ka ʻami a kaʻi ʻīloa paha (51%).

ʻO ke kaʻi ʻīloa he (100%), ka ʻami i kuhilana (100%), a me ka ʻami nonoʻa nui no/na

(91%) nā mea i mālama ʻia i loko o nā kāhulu pepeke akapili. ʻO nā mea i kāpae nui ʻia,

ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻami nonoʻa iki o/a (86%), ka ʻami ʻo (79%), a me ka ʻami ʻākena i (60%).

No laila, ma ke kālailai ʻana i ka ʻikepili, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa o ka ʻōlelo ke

hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā manaʻo o Bauer lāua ʻo Harlow no ka ʻōlelo Māori. ʻO ka mua,

ua ʻike ʻia nō nā laʻana o nā KPPK ma waho aku o ka KPPK henua a me KPPK nonoʻa.

Ua hōʻole ʻokoʻa ʻia ke KPPK ʻaike ʻo a he hoʻi e Bauer a ua ʻike ʻia nō ʻo ia nā mea nui

loa o ka laha ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. Ua ʻike pū ʻia nā hopena i ʻokoʻa mai kā Harlow no

ka mālama ʻia ʻana o ka ʻami a me ke kaʻi i loko o nā akapili e like me ka mea i

wehewehe ʻia i ka Mokuna 2. Ua ʻike ʻia nō ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻami a me ke kaʻi i loko

o ke kākau ʻana o Nākuina, he kanaka hoʻi i hānau ʻia i ka makahiki 1867, ma mua loa o

ka hilimia ʻokoʻa ʻana o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia.

7.5 He mau Manaʻo Pani

He hoʻokō kēia kālailaina i kekahi o nā pahuhopu o ka pepa puka laeoʻo a Cabral i

kālailai ai i ke kāhulu pepeke painu a me ke kāhulu pepeke kālele ʻākena, ʻo ia hoʻi ka

noiʻi ʻana i nā kāhulu pepeke ʻē aʻe ma waho aku o nā kāhulu pepeke iā ia nā poke painu.

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ʻO kekahi mea i wānana ʻole ʻia i ka wā i kākau ʻia ai ia pepa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka like o nā mea

ʻelua ma ke kālailai ʻana i nā kāhulu pepeke i loaʻa ka piko (+P) a me nā mea i loaʻa ʻole

ka piko (-P). Ua kaulapa pū nā kumuhana o nā pepa ʻelua ma ke kālailai ʻana i ke kāhulu

pepeke kālele ʻākena a me ke KPPK pili ʻami nonoʻa ʻoiai ua like ka nānā ʻana o ke poʻo

kiʻa ʻami nonoʻa a me ke poʻo kiʻa kālele ʻākena a ua ʻano hoʻohuihui ʻia ia mau ʻano

kāhulu pepeke ʻelua i loko o ke kāhulu pepeke kālele ʻākena piko penei:

(701) ʻO Kimo ka mea nāna ʻo Lani i kōkua.

Inā kāpae ʻia ka poke painu o ia laʻana (i kōkua), ua like nō a like me ke KPPK pili

ʻami nonoʻa nui (+P). Ua kālailai ʻia nō he piko ia o ia ʻano kāhulu pepeke kālele ʻākena

ma ka ʻaoʻao pilinaʻōlelo. He ʻanoʻē nō ma kekahi ʻano ʻoiai ua kau ka piko ma mua o ke

poʻo a ʻaʻole hoʻi ia piko ʻo ka ʻākena o ka painu, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻōkena. No laila, ma ka

ʻaoʻao aulaʻa, ua ʻoi aku kāna pili i ka ʻami nonoʻa nui ma mua o ke poʻo kiʻa kālele

ʻākena ma ia laʻana.

ʻAʻole nō i pau pono ke kālailai ʻana i nā kāhulu pepeke o kēia pepa. I loko nō o ka

ulu ʻana o ka hoihoi i kēia kumuhana ma ka lohe ʻana i ka ʻōlelo waha ma ka walaʻau

ʻana me nā hoa mānaleo no Niʻihau a me ka hoʻolohe ʻana i ka leo o nā kūpuna i loko o

nā waihona mānaleo kahiko e like me Ka Leo Hawaiʻi a me ka hana a Clinton Kanahele a

me Larry Kimura, ʻaʻole i kālailai ʻia ka pinepine o ka hoʻopuka ʻia ʻana o kēia ʻano

kāhulu pepeke poke kiʻa a waila paha me ka hoʻokūkū a hoʻohālikelike pū paha me nā

kāhulu pepeke painu a kāhulu pepeke kālele ʻākena hoʻi ma ka ʻōlelo waha. He hoihoi

pū ka hoʻokūkū a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ia mau ʻano kāhulu pepeke ma nā ʻano

ʻonunuʻu a me nā ʻano honuanua like ʻole o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i kumuhana kālailai.

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I loko nō o ke ʻoki ʻia o nā leo o kekahi o nā kūpuna a paʻa ma nā waihona leo ma nā

papahana e like me Ka Leo Hawaiʻi, he koʻikoʻi ka noiʻi koke ʻana i kēia kumuhana i

waena o nā Niʻihana nāna e hoʻomau ana i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i loko o ka hale me ka

ʻohana a hiki i kēia wā ke makemake e ana ʻia a kālailai ʻia paha i loko o ka ʻōlelo

Hawaiʻi ola i hilimia nui ʻole i ka ʻōlelo Pelekānia a me ke kuanaʻike Pelekānia.

No laila, ma waho aku o ke kālailai ʻana i nā kāhulu pepeke poke painu ʻole i

kālailai pono ʻole ʻia ma mua, ʻo ka pahuhopu nui i kō i ke kākau ʻana i kēia pepa, ʻo ia

hoʻi ke kākau ʻia ʻana o kēia pepa ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i hiki i ke kanaka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi

ke hoʻonui i kona ʻike ma ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. He pili ia pahuhopu i nā ʻano kānaka ʻōlelo

Hawaiʻi, akā hoʻi, ua kākau ʻia ma ke kuanaʻike e mōakāka ai ia ʻike i nā kumu, nā

haumāna, a me nā limahana o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani. ʻOiai hoʻi, ʻo ke ʻōlelo ke

kaʻā o ka mauli, he kākoʻo hoʻi kēia pepa i ke kālaimanaʻo nāna e hoʻokele nei i ua

koleke ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi nei, ʻo Ke Kumu Honua Mauli, ka mea hoʻi e mau nei ka lapalapa

ʻana o ia ahi he mauli Hawaiʻi ma loko o nā papahana a pau e kaʻa ana ma lalo o laila a

laha loa aku i nā palena a pau o ka pae ʻāina ʻo Hawaiʻi.

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SUMMARY IN ENGLISH An Analysis of Noun Phrase and Existential Phrase Relative Clauses of the

Hawaiian Language and Their Distribution in the Story of Kalapana

At Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani (KHʻUOK), the Hawaiian Language College of the

University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo, the Kumu Honua Mauli Ola (KHMO), an educational

philosophy that targets the perpetuation of the mauli, or life force, that shapes our cultural

identity, is the basis upon which the curriculum and overall management of the program

is framed. It identifies four aspects of our identity that make up our mauli, ʻōlelo

(language), pili ʻuhane (spirituality), lawena (behavioral characteristics), and ʻike kuʻuna

(cultural knowledge). These four aspects are not separate entities. In many cases, they

often overlap, coexist, and work in unison.

The KHMO also identifies the three piko that our mauli flows through. Considering

that our spirit resides in the head, the Piko ʻĪ, located at the fontanelle, is the piko through

which our spiritual relationships flow. The Piko ʻŌ, located at the navel, is the piko

through which the genealogical relationships of our mauli flows. Through the Piko ʻĀ, or

genitalia, we form our relationships to future generations. These three piko allow the

mauli to flow through a singular being and through the people of the same mauli.

The mauli requires a honua, or domain, in order for it to survive and flourish. The

honua ʻiewe is the domain where our mauli forms. The ʻiewe is the placenta that houses

us during gestation. Our mauli forms its first maternal bonds there, subsequently forming

genealogical bonds to our ancestors. After birth, we enter the honua kīpuka. There, the

aspects of our mauli develops under the protective and influential care of our families and

communities. As we get older and as our mauli strengthens and solidifies, we leave the

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safety of the honua kīpuka and venture out into the honua ao holoʻokoʻa, the domain of

the entire world, with our developed mauli and share the uniqueness of that mauli with

people of diverse backgrounds.

ʻO ka ʻōlelo ke kaʻā o ka mauli. “Language is the fiber that binds us to our cultural

identity” is the nuʻukia, or vision, of KHʻUOK. It recognizes the vital role language plays

in the development and survival of one’s mauli. Therefore, language is the aspect of the

mauli Hawaiʻi that the college and its programs battle fiercely to preserve from outside

influence in order for the mauli Hawaiʻi to perpetuate as a whole.

This dissertation was written for the Hawaiian Language and Culture Revitalization

doctoral program of KHʻUOK. It was written as a source and a tool to elucidate

important features of the Hawaiian language, namely noun phrase and existential phrase

relative clauses. It was written in an analytical style familiar to Hawaiian language

teachers and students of Nā Kai ʻEwalu, the Hawaiian language learning textbooks used

in the first two years of language learning.

The grammar and linguistic terms used to describe those relative clauses in this paper

derived from Nā Kai ʻEwalu and other courses that analyze Hawaiian language in

KHʻUOK. Those terms range from the basic poʻo, piko, ʻawe format for describing

pepeke, or sentence structures, used at the introductory levels to more detailed or intricate

descriptions of relative clauses first introduced in Nā Kai ʻEwalu and then built upon in

subsequent Hawaiian language and analysis courses. This paper provides data, context,

and examples of relative clauses to accelerate its recognition, aquisition, and transmission

to enhance Hawaiian language learning and aid the access to higher levels of register.

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The relative clauses (RC) were analyzed by separating them into two categories, the

pili RC and the akapili RC. The pili RC is comparable to restrictive RC whereas the

akapili RC is comparable to relative appositions. The main differences include the

position of the RC, the type of phrase it is describing, and the manner of description. Due

to its previous examination in my M.A. thesis (Cabral, 2004) and in other academic

analyzes, verb phrase RC (VPRC) were largely excluded from this analysis.

The pili RC is located in the same phrase and is constructed upon a head noun. Its

description isolates the head noun from other possible head nouns of the same domain. In

contrast, the akapili RC is located in the subsequent phrase or sentence in the aka, or

shadow, of the phrasal or sentential head noun. Its description doesn’t isolate the phrasal

or sentential head noun like the pili RC as it was previously established or determined. It

provides, however, a description that adds information to the head noun or calls it by a

different name. See examples below.

Example Pili Noun Phrase RC (NPRC): ʻO ʻĀlika ke keiki no ka Moku o Keawe.

(ʻĀlika is the boy from the Island of Keawe (Hawaiʻi).)

Example Akapili NPRC: ʻO ʻĀlika ke keiki no Hawaiʻi, no ka Moku o Keawe.

(ʻĀlika is the boy from Hawaiʻi, the Island of Keawe.)

In the first example, the pili NPRC “no ka moku o Keawe” is located in the same

phrase following its head noun “ke keiki.” This RC isolates the head noun from other

“keiki” in its domain who may be from somewhere else. In the second example, the

akapili NPRC “no ka Moku o Keawe” is located in a different phrase as an appositive

following it phrasal head noun “no Hawaiʻi.” In its description of the phrasal head noun,

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it does not isolate it, it does, however, add information by calling “Hawaiʻi” by another

familiar name “Moku o Keawe.”

Aside from pili and akapili NPRC, pili and akapili existential phrase RC (EPRC),

another non-verb phrase RC, was also examined. EPRC consists of waila, or existential

predicates, such as the locative predicates aia and eia. Subject included (+S) and subject-

less (-S) RC of both the pili and akapili forms of the NPRC and EPRC were also

examined and included in the analysis.

The RC of this paper were compared to Keenan and Comrie’s Accessibility Hierarchy

that determined the universal syntactic properties of RC formation by examining 50

languages. (Keenan, Comrie, 1977) Their overall hierarchy was consistant with Hawaiian

RC, especially VPRC, with the exception of the Object of Comparison. The pili forms of

NPRC and EPRC in Hawaiian were slightly different with the poʻo, predicate phrase,

being accessible for its head noun in pili NPRC (+S) formation. Although possible, the

lauka position (DO) was deleted from the hierarchy of NPRC (-S, +S) and EPRC due to a

lack of evidence of its existence. Below is the accessibility hierarchy for the RC

examined in this paper.

NPRC (-S): Sub (Piko) > IO (ʻami kuhilana/henua) > Obl (Kūhoa) > Gen

(Nonoʻa)

NPRC (+S): Pred (Poʻo) > IO > Obl > Gen

EPRC: Sub > IO > Obl > Gen

Chapter 2

This chapter introduces and discusses previous literature concerning NPRC.

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In Alexander’s Hawaiian Grammar (1968), three examples of three different types of

NPRC were given, a pili NPRC (+S), a pili NPRC (-S), and a pili NPRC as a kālele

kūlana, a type of sentence fronted with certain NP followed by a VP. These types of

NPRC were also examined in this paper as well as the other ʻami, predicate markers not

covered in his analysis. Another difference was his restriction of the “personal pronoun”

to only human referents. This was proven to be too stringent as examples were found

where it was used to refer to other living things other than humans as well as inanimate

objects.

There was some reference to NPRC in Hawaiian Grammar by Pūkuʻi and Elbert

(1977?), although it was not recognized as a NPRC. The reference was located in the

section called “complex sentences.” (p. 169, Elbert, Pūkuʻi). A VP was “combined” with

a pepeke ʻaike ʻo, a type of sentence beginning with an ʻo NP to create a pili NPRC with

a kiʻa pepeke (gerund). Although this type of NPRC may be semantically similar to the

original VP, the VP is not the root of the “combined” sentence.

In Wilson’s analysis of o and a class possessives in his M.A. thesis (1976), he

examined the possessive (genitive) predicate markers, the ʻami nonoʻa nui no/na and

ʻami nonoʻa iki o/a. These possessive predicate markers were also examined as NPRC,

NPRC + VP, and NPRC + VP as a kālele kūlana. Besides these possessive predicates, he

also examined two other NPRC (-S) with the predicate markers me and mai.

Cabral (2004) analyzed verb phrase relative clauses VPRC in his M.A. thesis of 2004.

He also analyzed actor emphatic relative clauses AERC which included a noun phrase

with the predicate marker na and its other forms (naʻu, nāu, nāna). It was incorporated in

that analysis because of the verb phrase that is attached to the noun phrase where the

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predicate marker na is located and due to its semantic similarity with some of the VPRC

(-S).

NPRC and EPRC were not included in his thesis, however, there were some

similarities in his analysis. He analyzed the (-S) and (+S) forms of the VPRC and EARC

like the RC of this paper. He analyzed the similarities and differences of VPRC and

EARC of Māori to Hawaiian. Also, the distribution of VPRC and EARC in Nākuina’s

Kalapana was analyzed and percentages of said distribution were provided.

The RC of Cabral’s analysis did not include the pili and akapili categories. Pili RC

forms were examined but not categorized as pili RC. Akapili forms of EARC are

examined in Chapter 5 of this paper. Akapili forms of VPRC were not and is a possible

subject for future analysis.

Baker (2012) examined the genitive subject in Ph.D. his dissertation. The majority of

his analysis of RC covered the relationship of the genitive subject to VPRC previously

analyzed by him (2006) as well as Wilson (1976), Hawkins (1979), and Cabral (2004).

He also analyzed the use of the genitive subject in kiʻa pepeke (gerund structures) which

was examined as a NPRC in this paper.

Māori was chosen as a language of comparison pertaining to Hawaiian NPRC

because of its relationship to Hawaiian as a member of the Proto Eastern Polynesian

family. Also, the movement to revitalize the Māori language began at the same time as

the Hawaiian language revitalization movement with the Kohanga Reo and the Pūnana

Leo being conceived by a group of Māori and Hawaiians in the late 1970’s and early

1980’s. These “language nests” were created to restore these languages by immersing

native and non-native speaking preschool aged children in schools solely taught through

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Māori and Hawaiian. Children continue to attend these “language nests” as a vital part of

the revitalization movement of both languages to this day.

The analyzes of NPRC by two linguists of Māori, W. Bauer and R. Harlow, were

examined the literature review for this paper. Their analyzes of NPRC in Māori were

generally similar as they both acknowledged the use of the possessive NP and locative

NP as forms of pili NPRC. However, unlike Hawaiian, they both did not recognize the

use of ko (ʻo) and he as predicate markers of pili NPRC. The ʻo and he pili NPRC were

the most commonly used NPRC in the sample analyzed from Kalapana as noted in

Chapter 6. They both claimed the use of the pronoun strategy in creating pili NPRC, thus

having the subject (+S) retained in the RC, another important difference in the two

languages.

Regarding akapili NPRC, however, Bauer and Harlow had differing opinions

regarding the predicate marker in that particular RC. Harlow believed that the deletion of

the predicate marker was a result of language interference caused by the negative effect

of English on the Māori language. Bauer, on the other hand, believed it to be a natural

deletion which is more congruent to the analysis of akapili NPRC in Hawaiian provided

in this paper in Chapter 4.

Chapter 3 Pili NPRC and EPRC

Chapter 3 examines the pili forms of NPRC and EPRC, including (-S) and (+S)

forms. As previously mentioned in this summary, these RC are found in the same phrase

and are usually attached following the head noun. However, some examples were found

with the RC detached from its head noun, severed by another phrase or phrases. The

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manner in which these RC describe its head noun is another important aspect. These RC

isolate its head noun from other coreferents of the same domain. In (-S) RC, the deletion

strategy is used when the S of the root sentence becomes the head noun. In (+S) RC, the

anaphoric strategy was used to coreference the S to the head noun.

Below are some of the examples analyzed in this chapter. These examples will be

shown in their original form as found in their sources. Diacritical markings will then be

added along with brackets marking the head noun and the underscoring of the RC. A

translation will also be provided.

Pili NPRC ʻO (-S)

No wai ka hewa o ka make ana o ia kanaka? (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 4, Helu 4725.

Nowemapa 1865)

“No wai [ka hewa] ʻo ka make ʻana o ia kanaka?”

“To whom does the fault of that man dying belong to?”

Pili NPRC He (-S)

...a ua loaa io ia ia ia mea he waiwai. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 5, Ano Hou.--Helu 28, Aoao

115. Okatoba 10, 1860)

“...a ua loaʻa ʻiʻo iā ia [ia mea] he waiwai.”

“...and he really did attain that thing known as wealth.”

Pili NPRC He (-S) + total

...ua pepehi ka poe nika i kekahi poe he umikumamakolu;

“...ua pepehi ka poʻe nika i [kekahi poʻe] he ʻumikumamākolu;”

“...the negros killed some people totaling thirteen.”

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Pili NPRC ʻO (+S)

...ike akula laua me ka piha kahaha nui i na laulau o ka hemo ana mai no ia mai loko mai

o ka imu. (Kawelo, XVI)


mai loko mai o ka imu.”

“...and they saw with great wonderment the laulau that had just come out of the

underground oven.”

Pili NPRC He (+S)

a hoonoho aku ia ia ma kekahi wahi he nui na buke,... (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 5, Ano

Hou.--Helu 27, Aoao 111. Okatoba 3, 1860.)

“...a hoʻonoho aku iā ia ma [kekahi wahi] he nui nā puke,...”

“...and situated him in an area where there were a lot of books.”

Pili NPRC He (+S) + total

...no ka aina hookahi o na ohana he 14 ko makou nui,... (Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 3, Helu 20. 14

Mei 1864)

“...no ka ʻaina hoʻokahi o [nā ʻohana] he 14 ko mākou nui,...”

“...for one meal sitting of our family totaling 14 members.”

Pili NPRC I Kuhilana in kai contraction (-S)

He lauoho kai kuu poo,... (Kalapana, ʻao 59)

“He lauoho [kai] kuʻu poʻo,...” (He lauoho ka mea i kuʻu poʻo,...)

“Hair is what is located on my head,...”

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Pili NPRC I Kuhilana (+S)

....pehea ka mea ia ia na maka elua...(Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 2, Ano Hou.---Helu 1, Aoao

1. 4 Malaki 1857)

“...pehea [ka mea] iā ia nā maka ʻelua...”

“...what about a person who has two eyes...”

Pili NPRC Ma (-S)

He wahi ilio uuku paha kela mea ma ka aoao o ka noho nui o ke kupunakane,... (Ke

Alaula, Buke VII, Helu 9, Aoao 33. Dekemaba 1872.)

“He wahi ʻīlio ʻuʻuku paha [kēlā mea] ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka noho nui o ke

kupunakāne,...”

“That thing on the side of the grandfather‘s big chair is probably a small dog.”

Pili NPRC Ma (+S)

A ma ka aoao malalo e pili ana me ke kai malaila ua pa kaua nei, ua hoopuni ia e ka pa

poepoe kiekie. (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 3, Helu 22, Aoao 1. Mei 31, 1877.)

“A ma ka ʻaoʻao ma lalo e pili ana me [ke kai] ma laila ua pā kaua nei, ua

hoʻopuni ʻia e ka pā poepoe kiʻekiʻe.”

“And on the side below next to the sea where the that fortress was located, it was

surrounded by a tall rounded wall.”

Pili NPRC Me (-S)

Ua manao ae au e huli hope a e nana aku ina ke ukali mai nei no ka mea me ka aahu

eleele ia maua,... (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 3, Helu 23, Aoao 1. Iune 7, 1877)

“Ua manaʻo aʻe au e huli hope a e nānā aku inā ke ukali mai nei nō [ka mea] me

ka ʻaʻahu ʻeleʻele iā māua,...”

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“I decided to turn around and look to see if the person with the black garb was

still waiting for us,...”

Pili NPRC Me (+S)

...e hoike no na hope luna, na mea me lakou ka waiwai kahi i waihoia‘i,... (Ka Hae

Hawaii, Buke 3, Helu 26. 29 Kepakemapa 1858)

“...e hōʻike nō nā hope luna, [nā mea] me lākou ka waiwai kahi i waiho ʻia ai,...”

“...the deputies, the ones with whom the assets were left, will report it...”

Pili NPRC Mai (-S)

O ka hoopili haole ana ke kumu o na pilikia mai a Kamehameha III. (Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa

Buke 7, Helu 20. 16 Mei 1868)

“ʻO ka hoʻopili haole ʻana ke kumu o [nā pilikia] maiā Kamehameha III.”

“Immitating foreigners is the source of the problems from (the time of)

Kamehameha III.”

Pili NPRC Mai (+S)

A pela no oia i olelo ai ma Oahu i ka la iwakalua o Dekemaba ka makahiki 1825 mai laila

mai keia olelo ana mai ana,... (Ka Lama Hawaii, Makahiki 1, Helu 7, Aoao 1. Maraki 28,

1834)

“A pēlā nō ʻo ia i ʻōlelo ai [ma Oʻahu i ka lā iwakālua o Dekemaba ka makahiki

1825] mai laila mai kēia ʻōlelo ʻana mai āna,...”

“And those were the words he uttered on Oʻahu on the 20th of December in 1825

from where this saying of his comes from,...”

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Pili NPRC No (-S)

...a pau kela poe kanaka no Hawaii i ke komo iloko o ka lua,... (Ka Hoku O Ka Pakipika,

Buke I, Helu 26, Aoao 1. 20 Malaki 1862)

“...a pau [kēlā poʻe kānaka] no Hawaiʻi i komo i loko o ka lua,...”

“...when all of those men from Hawaiʻi were put into the grave,...”

Pili NPRC No (+S)

O makou na mea nona na inoa malalo. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 2, Ano Hou.---Helu 2,

Aoao 5. Aperila 8, 1857)

“ʻO mākou [nā mea] nona nā inoa ma lalo.”

“We are the one’s whose names are below.”

Pili NPRC O (-S)

He aha ke kumu o kou hele ana mai nei e hoopapa? (Kalapana, ʻao 26)

“He aha [ke kumu] o kou hele ʻana mai nei e hoʻopāpā?”

“What is the reason of your arrival to hoʻopāpā (contest of wits)?”

Pili NPRC A (-S)

...kela wahi Paiea a ka hookano nui wale... (Kekūhaupiʻo, ʻao 375)

“...kēlā wahi Paiʻea a ka hoʻokano nui wale...”

“...that Paiʻea of the insolent ilk...”

Pili EPRC Aia (-S)

He aina aia i Hilo ua lilo ia E. Asegut he $160. (Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 5, Helu 44. 3

Nowemapa 1866)

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“[He ʻāina] aia i Hilo, ua lilo iā E. Asegut he $160.”

“A parcel of land located in Hilo, was obtained by E. Asegut for $160.”

Pili EPRC Aia (+S)

O ke kapena o kekahi moku aia maluna o laila kekahi Pake aole nona ua palapala ae la i

haawiia ai.. (Hawaii Holomua, Buke 3, Helu 142, Aoao 1. Ianuari 19, 1893.)

“ʻO ke kāpena o [kekahi moku] aia ma luna o laila kekahi Pākē ʻaʻole nona ua

palapala aʻe lā i hāʻawi ʻia ai...”

“The captain of a certain ship upon which was a Chinese person to whom the

given document didn‘t pertain to...”

Chapter 4 Akapili Noun Phrase and Existential Relative Clauses

This chapter examines the akapili forms of NPRC and EPRC, as well as both (-S) and

(+S) classifications like pili RC. As previously stated, akapili RC are comparable to

relative appositions. The main differences between pili and akapili forms include the

position of the RC, the type of phrase it is describing, and the manner of description.

Unlike pili RC, the akapili RC is not attached to a head noun. The akapili RC is located

in the subsequent phrase or sentence in the aka, or shadow, of the phrasal or sentential

head noun. Its description doesn’t isolate the phrasal or sentential head noun like the pili

RC as it was previously established or determined. It provides, however, a description

that adds information to the head noun or calls it by a different name.

The akapili NPRC (-S) is the clearest form of an appositional RC since the ʻami,

predicate marker, of the NP of the RC is usually identical to the ʻami of the NP of the

phrasal head noun. In some instances, two or more akapili RC were found sharing the

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same phrasal head noun. As in Māori, the deletion of the ʻami is a common occurence in

akapili RC of the Hawaiian language. Examples of this deletion were found in

newspapers published in the 1830’s written by native speakers far before the negative

effects of language interference caused by the English language on Hawaiian became so

prevalent. This led to the conclusion that this is more of a natural deletion rather than a

language interference deletion as Harlow desribed the effects of English on Māori. Below

are examples of the different predicate markers used in akapili NPRC and EPRC (-S)

examined in this paper. In the examples, the original forms were displayed as found in

the sources. Diacritical markings were then added along with brackets signifying the

phrasal head noun and the underscoring of the RC followed by a translation.

Akapili NPRC ʻO (-S) + deletion of ʻami

...eia ianei o Kalanialiiloa, ke alii kaulana i ka hoopapa... (Kalapana, p. 25)

“...eia i ʻaneʻi [ʻo Kalanialiʻiloa], (ʻo) ke aliʻi kaulana i ka hoʻopāpā...”

“Here is Kalanialiʻiloa, the chief famous for hoʻopāpā (battle of wits)...”

Akapili NPRC He (-S)

...ike iho la laua he i‘a hou no he Kapuhili... (Kalapana, ʻao 46)

“...ʻike ihola lāua [he iʻa hou nō](,) he Kapuhili...”

“...they then saw another fish, a Kapuhili...”

Akapili NPRC I/Iā (-S) (Kuhilana/IO)

...hohohoi mai la laua a hiki i ka hale hoopapa, i mua o Halepaniho... (Kalapana, ʻao 47)

“...hohohoʻi maila lāua a hiki [i ka hale hoʻopāpā], i mua o Halepāniho...”

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“ ...they then returned to the house of the contest, in the presence of

Halepāniho...”

Akapili NPRC I/Iā (-S) (Lauka/DO)

...i hana mai nei ia‘u, ia Kalapana, ke Keiki Hoopapa o Puna,... (Kalapana, ʻao 35)

“...i hana mai nei [iaʻu], iā Kalapana, (i) ke Keiki Hoʻopāpā o Puna,...”

“...(is that how) you treat me, Kalapana, the Riddler of Puna...”

Akapili NPRC I/Iā (-S) (ʻĀkena/Agentive)

E na kanaka makua---e, make oukou iaʻu i ke keiki...(Kalapana, ʻao 42)

“E nā kānaka mākua ē, make ʻoukou [iaʻu](,) i ke keiki...”

“My dear elders, you will lose (die) to me, a boy...”

Akapili NPRC Ma (-S)

Eia kekahi; ua ili malaila, ma Papaete, kekahi moku kalepa Farani, he moku nui, a

palemo loa ilalo; (Ka Nonanona, Buke 4, Pepa 6, Aoao 33. Iulai 9, 1844)

“Eia kekahi, ua ili [ma laila], ma Papaʻete, kekahi moku kālepa Palani, he moku

nui, a palemo loa i lalo,...”

“Also, a French trade ship, a big ship, ran aground there, in Papaʻete, and sank all

the way down,...”

Akapili NPRC Me (-S)

...iaia ma kahi loihi loa, hele okoa aku la ka makua e halawai me ia, me kana keiki. (Ka

Lahui Hawaii, Buke 1, Helu 41, Aoao 1. Okatoba 7, 1875)

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“...iā ia ma kahi lōʻihi loa, hele ʻokoʻa akula ka makua e hālāwai [me ia], me kāna

keiki.”

“...while he was far away, the parent went straight to meet with him, her son.”

Akapili NPRC Mai (-S)

...ike na kanaka o kekahi hale i ke kia ahi i ka iho ana mai, mai ka lani mai, mai ka lima

o Iehova,... (Ke Kumu Hawaii, Buke 2, Pepa 19, Aoao 73. Feberuari 15, 1837)

“...ʻike nā kānaka o kekahi hale i ke kia ahi i ka iho ʻana mai, [mai ka lani mai],

mai ka lima o Iehova,...”

“...people of another house saw the lightningbolt come down from the heavens,

from the hand of God,...”

Akapili NPRC Na (-S)

Naʻu na wai? Nau na Halepaki. (Kalapana, ʻao 15)

“[Naʻu](,) na wai? [Nāu](,) na Halepākī.”

“(Related) to me, through whom? (Yes) to you, through Halepākī.”

Akapili NPRC No (-S)

E noa aku o loko no oukou, no kanaka makua... (Kalapana,ʻao 35)


“The inside of the house will be freed of taboo for you, the elders...”

Akapili NPRC A (-S)

Ku ka makaia a‘u a Kalapana Ke Keiki Hoopapa o Puna---e... (Kalapana, ʻao 43)

“Kū ka makaia [aʻu](,) a Kalapana, (a) Ke Keiki Hoʻopāpā o Puna ē....”

“I, Kalapana, the Riddler of Puna, will get my revenge...”

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Akapili EPRC Aia (-S)

...e kala loa, aia nae la ilalo, me ke alii o makou, me Manua, aia la iloko o

Kauhaikikihaehae,... (Ka Hoku O Ka Pakipika, Buke I, Helu 26, Aoao 1. Maraki 20,

1862)

...e kala loa, [aia naʻe lā i lalo], me ke aliʻi o mākou, me Manua (Manuʻa?), [aia lā

i loko o Kauhaikikihaehae (Kaʻūhāikikīhaehae?),...

“...for a long time, he was below, with our chief, Manuʻa, in

Kaʻūhāikikīhaehae...”

Akapili EPRC ʻAʻole (-S)

A napoo nae ko la i ka ili o ke kai, aole i loko o ke ana, e ke keiki wahahee... (Kalapana,

ʻao 39)

“A napoʻo naʻe ko lā [i ka ʻili o ke kai], ʻaʻole i loko o ke ana, e ke keiki

wahaheʻe...”

“Your sun set on the horizon, not in a cave, you liar.”

Akapili EPRC ʻAʻohe (-S)

...he oiaio io no na olelo a ke keiki, aohe he mea olelo wale, no ka mea,... (Kalapana, ʻao

47)

“...[he ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻiʻo nō] nā ʻōlelo a ke keiki, ʻaʻohe he mea ʻōlelo wale, no ka

mea,...”

“...the words of the child are true, not just gibberish, because...”

The akapili (+S) forms are not as clear as akapili (-S) forms since the NP of the RC is

usually not identical or similar to the phrasal or sentential head noun therefore making it

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difficult to distinguish its role as an RC in some instances. Examples of akapili (+S)

forms examined in this paper provide contexts distinguishing that role. Other than

retaining the S in NPRC and EPRC (+S), its description of the head noun and its location

post head noun in a different phrase is congruent with NPRC and EPRC (-S). Below are

examples of the types of akapili RC (+S) examined.

Akapili NPRC ʻO (+S)

Noho ihola laua a ao i ka hoopapa, o ka hana ia i kela la ame keia la. (Kalapana, ʻao 9)

“[Noho ihola lāua a aʻo i ka hoʻopāpā], ʻo ka hana ia i kēlā lā a me kēia lā.”

“They started preparing for the battle of wits, that’s what they did everyday.”

Akapili NPRC He (+S)

...o Halepaiwi ka mua, a o Halepaniho aku ka lua, he mau kane laua... (Kalapana, ʻao 3)

“...[ʻo Halepāiwi ka mua, a ʻo Halepāniho aku ka lua], he mau kāne lāua...”

“Halepāiwi was born first, and then Halepāniho was second, both males...”

Akapili NPRC He (+S) + sum with genitive article

He makahiki ae nei paha, e hoomanao ia ka nalowale ana o kekahi waapa mai kekahi o na

Ailana lepo manu ae me kekahi mau kanaka, he umi ko lakou heluna, a maluna o kekahi

waapa i holo ai. (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 1, Helu 19, Aoao 1. Mei 6, 1875)

“He makahiki aʻe nei paha, e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia ka nalowale ʻana o kekahi waʻapā

mai kekahi o nā ʻAilana lepo manu a me [kekahi mau kānaka], he ʻumi ko lākou

heluna,...”

“For what happened about a year ago, let‘s memorialize the vanishing of ship

from one of the guano islands and its crew, there were ten of them,...”

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Akapili NPRC I (+S)

... hiki aku la ia i Hilo, ilaila kona kaikaina o Lapakahoe,... (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 6, Ano

Hou.--Helu 4, Aoao 13. Aperila 24, 1861)

“...hiki akula ia [i Hilo,] i laila kona kaikaina ʻo Lapakahoe (Lapakahoe?),...”

“...he arrived in Hilo, where his younger brother Lapakahoe was,...”

Akapili NPRC Ma (+S)

... aole paha i poina i na poe he nui wale, ka pau ahi nui ma Ulakoheo, i kekahi mau

makahiki i kaa hope ae nei, malaila ko kakou Moi aloha ia po,... (Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa,

Buke 1, Helu 50. 8 Nowemapa 1862)

“...ʻaʻole paha i poina i nā poʻe he nui wale () ka pau ahi nui [ma ʻUlakōheo,] i

kekahi mau makahiki i kaʻa hope aʻe nei, ma laila ko kākou Mōʻī aloha i ia pō,...”

“...There probably aren‘t a lot of people who forgot about the large house fire in

ʻUlakōheo a few years ago, where our beloved king was that night,...”

Akapili NPRC Me (+S)

E hiki no ia ia ke hoopii ma ke Kanawai i ka poe kue mai ia ia, e hele no ma kona hale

hana ma Hauula, me ia ka hooponopono no na mea a pau. (Nūpepa Kūʻokoʻa, Buke 1,

Helu 52. 22 Nowemapa 1862)

“E hiki nō iā ia ke hoʻopiʻi ma ke Kānāwai i ka poʻe kūʻē mai iā ia, e hele nō [ma

kona hale hana ma Hauʻula], me ia ka hoʻoponopono no nā mea a pau.”

“He’ll be able to file a lawsuit against anyone disputing him, so go to his house in

Hauʻula, there with him all arrangements can be made.”

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Akapili NPRC Mai (+S)

he wahi puka ma ke kua o ka hale, a pii aku i luna o ka pali, mai laila mai keia olelo

kaulana, he alaiki ko kahuna,... (Ka Lahui Hawaii, Buke 3, Helu 44, Aoao 1. Novemaba

1, 1877)

“...he wahi puka ma ke kua o ka hale, [a piʻi aku i luna o ka pali], mai laila mai

kēia ʻōlelo kaulana, he ala iki ko kāhuna,...”

“...there was a back door, and he would walk up to the ledge, from where this

famous saying comes from, “the path of a kāhuna is a narrow one,...”

Akapili NPRC No (+S)

“...ilalo na kuli, a e hele a pau imua o ko kakou Akua nui, Nona mai ko kakou mau alii, a

me na kapu o lakou.” (Makaainana, Buke 4, Helu 22, Aoao 1, Novemaba 25, 1895, pa.)

“...i lalo nā kuli, a e hele a pau i mua o [ko kākou Akua nui], Nona mai ko kākou

mau aliʻi, a me nā kapu o lākou.”

“...kneel down, and go before God, who gave us our kings, as well as their laws.”

Akapili EPRC Aia (+S)

...o Kahuku ka aina i kai, o Kamalukii ka uka, aia ilaila ua mau ia hou nei; (Ka Hae

Hawaii, Buke 2, Ano Hou.---Helu 47, Aoao 185. Feberuari 17, 1858)

“...ʻo Kahuku ka ʻāina i kai, ʻo Kamalukiʻi [ka uka], aia i laila ua mau iʻa hou

nei.”

“...Kahuku is the area below, Kamalukiʻi is the area upland, there those new fish

were located.”

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Akapili EPRC ʻAʻole (+S)

He pali kiekie ma na aoao a puni, e like ana paha me ka pali o Kaholo ma Lanai, aole nae

me ia ke kiekie loa. (Ke Alaula, Buke III, Helu 5, Aoao 17. Augate 1868)

“He pali kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻaoʻao a puni, e like ana paha [me ka pali ʻo Kaholo ma

Lānaʻi], ʻaʻole naʻe me ia ke kiʻekiʻe loa.”

“There were tall cliffs on all sides, almost as tall as the Kaholo cliffs of Lānaʻi,

but not quite that tall.”

Chapter 5

This chapter examines NPRC and EPRC that included different aspects to its

construction from previous RC examined in this paper. These aspects included the

addition of a VP in some cases, the relativisation of a pronoun, the relativisation of a

genitive, and the use of the genitive S in NPRC.

Kālele Kūlana as NPRC and EPRC

The main and most important meaning or emphasis of a pepeke is at its beginning, at

the poʻo. The kālele kūlana begins with a NP that emphasizes the location, time, reason,

or any other meaning of the NP followed by a VP with tense, aspect, and mood (TAM)

markers. Some kālele kūlana begin with EP such as aia and are then followed by a NP

and a VP. The S of kālele kūlana may come between the NP and VP or following the VP.

Below are examples of kālele kūlana being used as NPRC and EPRC in both pili and

akapili forms.

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Pili NPRC I (+S) Kālele Kūlana

“...a haki ko wawae ia’u, a pau kou hele ana, aka, e hoihoi ana wau ia oe i ka hale ilaila

oe e kau ai a hiki i ke kaawale ana aku o na Iole Kupua e hoopili nei i ku’u wahine, a pau

hoi kona hoauwana hele ia ana. (Ke Kiai, Buke 1, Helu 3, Aoao 1. 1 Kepakemapa 1902)

“... a haki ko wāwae iaʻu, a pau kou hele ʻana, akā, e hoʻihoʻi ana au iā ʻoe i [ka

hale] i laila ʻoe e kau ai a hiki i ke kaʻawale ʻana aku o nā ʻIole Kupua e hoʻopili

nei i kuʻu wahine, a pau hoʻi kona hōʻauana hele ʻia ʻana.”

“...I’ll break your leg, and you won’t able to walk, but, I’ll take you back to the

house where you’ll get on board until the demigod rats who are enticing my wife

are far off, and she won’t be tempted to frolic about.”

Pili NPRC Ma (+S) Kālele Kūlana

I keia manawa no nae ua aneane pau ia hana, ua hana na‘lii o Iapana i kuikahi me

Beritania, me Farani, me Amerika, a me Rusia, a ua noa kekahi mau awa komo malaila e

komo ai na moku o kela ano keia ano,... (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 4, Ano Hou.---Helu 50,


“I kēia manawa nō naʻe ua ʻaneʻane pau ia hana, ua hana nā aliʻi o Iāpana i

kuʻikahi me Beretānia, me Palani, me ʻAmelika, a me Rusia, a ua noa [kekahi

mau awa komo] ma laila e komo ai nā moku o kēlā ʻano kēia ʻano,...”

“Nowadays, that type of arrangement is almost over, the rulers of Japan made a

treaty with England, France, and Russia, and some ports where ships of all kinds

enter are free of restriction.”

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Pili NPRC Me (+S) Kālele Kūlana

...a e hiki no i ka Peresidena ke kikoo i ke Kuhina Waiwai i ke dala e like me ka nui me ia

e pono ai ua mau kula nei. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 4, Ano Hou.---Helu 32, Aoao 125. 9

Nowemapa 1859)

“...a e hiki nō i ka Pelekikena ke kīkoʻo i ke Kuhina Waiwai i ke kālā e like me ka

[ka nui] me ia e pono ai ua mua kula nei.”

“...and the president can disburse to the Minister of Finance the money in the

amount which is needed by those schools.”

Pili NPRC Mai (+S) Kālele Kūlana

...e hoihoi hou ia aku no ia iloko o ka waihona mai laila mai i uku ia ai na dala mua. (Ka

Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 64, Helu 27, 2 Iulai 1925)

“...e hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia aku nō ia i loko o [ka waihona] mai laila mai i uku ʻia ai nā

kālā mua.”

“...it can be returned in to the account from where the first monies were paid.”

Pili NPRC A Kālele Kūlana

O kau palapala e W. H. Kuihelani, ua waiho iki a ka manawa kupono alaila makou e pai

aku ai. (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 4, Helu 27. 6 Iulai 1865)

“ʻO kāu palapala e W. H. Kuihelani, ua waiho iki [a ka manawa kūpono] a laila

mākou e paʻi aku ai.”

“As for your document, W. H. Kuihelani, we put it aside until the right time when

we will then publish it.”

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Akapili NPRC I (+S) Kālele Kūlana

he pono no na na manu nana i pao ko huewai, ilaila oe e hoahewa aku ai, inoino hewa ka

inoa o ka poe maikai (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 1, Helu 45. 4 ʻOkakopa 1862)

“...he pono nō [na nā manu nāna i pao ko huewai], i laila ʻoe e hoʻāhewa aku ai,

ʻinoʻino hewa ka inoa o ka poʻe maikaʻi...”

“...accusing the birds who pecked at your water gourd is the moral thing to do,

that’s where you should place your blame, and not defile the name of the good

people...”

Akapili NPRC No (+S) Kālele Kūlana

Ua akaka ma keia mau pauku, no ka makemake o kanaka i ka hewa, a no ka makemake

ole ia Iehova, a me kana mau kauoha, nolaila i hookuu ia mai ai na kanaka e poho loa

iloko o ka pouli. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 3, Ano Hou.---Helu 11, Aoao 41, 16 Iune 1858)

“Ua akāka ma kēia mau paukū, [no ka makemake o kānaka i ka hewa, a no ka

makemake ʻole iā Iehova, a me kāna mau kauoha], no laila i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ai

nā kānaka e pohō loa i loko o ka pouli.”

“It was clear in these passages, that because men longed for sin, and they didn‘t

turn to God and his commandments, that‘s why men were left to waste away in

the darkness.”

Akapili NPRC A (+S) Kālele Kūlana

Aia a hiki iloko o na la ku, alaila au e holo aku ai e imi ia oe. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 6,

Ano Hou.--Helu 4, Aoao 13. 24 ʻApelila 1861)

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“Aia a hiki i loko o nā lā Kū, a laila au e holo aku ai e ʻimi iā ʻoe.”

“Only when we are in the days of Kū, only then will I seek you out.”

Combined NPRC and VPRC

This type of RC seems to be a combination of a NPRC and VPRC. The predicate

markers no and na are used as initial RC to the head noun. It is then followed by a VPRC

with its TAM markers. In this form of RC, the S of the VPRC is located in the initial

NPRC. See examples below.

Pili NPRC No + VPRC

Ua ike no oe, ina aole ke Alii e inu i ka Opiuma, i mea nona e hiamoe ai, ina ua kulikuli

maoli kela ia oe, no kou walaau i ka po. (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 1, Helu 26. 24 Mei

1862)

“Ua ʻike nō ʻoe, inā ʻaʻole ke Aliʻi e inu i ka ʻOpiuma, i [mea] nona e hiamoe ai,

inā ua kulikuli maoli kēlā iā ʻoe, no kou walaʻau i ka pō.”

“You already knew, if the king doesn‘t drink Opium, as a way for him to sleep,

then you would’ve been too noisy, because of your constant babbling at night.”

Pili NPRC Na + VPRC

...e haawi aku ia ia i elua haneri dala, i mea nana e hoopukapuka ai... (Ka Nupepa

Kuokoa, Buke 1, Helu 9. 25 Ianuali 1862)

“...e hāʻawi aku iā ia i ʻelua haneli kālā, i [mea] nāna e hoʻopukapuka ai...”

“....give him two hundred dollars, in order for him to invest...”

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Actor Emphatic Akapili NPRC Na

Kālele ʻĀkena, or actor emphatic sentences, were also examined as NPRC in this

section. The root forms of both (-S) and (+S) Kālele ʻĀkena were discussed prior to their

RC forms. Pili actor emphatic RC were previously examined in my M.A. thesis on

VPRC. Therefore, only akapili forms, both with (-S) and (+S), were examined here. See

examples below.

Akapili NPRC Na (-S) Kālele ʻĀkena

oia no kekahi e holo pu, a nana na ka mea i kamaaina, e hookele i ka moku a hiki i kahi a

na Luna Koa Aupuni e makemake ai, (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 1, Helu 34. 19 Iulai

1862)

“...ʻo ia nō kekahi e holo pū, a [nāna](,) na ka mea i kamaʻāina, e hoʻokele i ka

moku a hiki i kahi a nā Luna Koa Aupuni e makemake ai,...”

“...he also will go, and it will be him, the one who knows the way, to steer the

ship to where the officers wished to go,...”

Akapili NPRC Na (+S) Kālele ʻĀkena

Ua haawi mai oia i poe kanaka nona, mai ka mau loa mai, e lilo lakou i poe mamo nana,

nana no lakou e kuai, a kahea,... (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 6, Helu 8. 23 Pepeluali 1867)

“Ua hāʻawi mai ʻo ia i poʻe kānaka nona, mai ka mau loa mai, e lilo lākou i poʻe

mamo [nāna], nāna nō lākou e kūʻai, a kāhea,...”

“He gave him some people, from the eternal light, to become children for him, for

him to sell, and call upon,...”

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NPRC on Pronouns

The relativisation of pronouns using NPRC is very common in Hawaiian. The three

predicate markers examined in this section included ʻo, me, and o. First, second, and third

person dual pronouns (māua, ʻolua, lāua) were most commonly relativized with ʻo and

me. O was more universally used among pronouns. The NPRC of pronouns included both

proper names, NP with determiners, or the third person singular pronoun ia as RC. Some

of the examples examined are found below.

Pili NPRC ʻO on Pronoun

Ke huipu nei maua o Naomi e uwe aloha ia olua o Kamika wahine, (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa,

Buke 15, Helu 18, 29 ʻApelila 1876)

“Ke hui pū nei [māua] ʻo Nāomi e uē aloha iā [ʻolua] ʻo Kamika wahine,...”

“Nāomi and I are coming together to mourn sympathetically for you and Ms.

Kamika,...”

Pili NPRC Me on Pronoun

E NA MAKUA MEA KEIKI, O HAWAII, O Maui, o Oahu, o Kauai paha, ke makemake

nei au i Kaikamahine opiopio, he 11 makahiki paha, e noho mau me maua me ka‘u

wahine, a lilo oia i keiki hanai na maua,... (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 5, Ano Hou.--Helu 50,


“E NĀ MĀKUA MEA KEIKI O HAWAIʻI, O Maui, o Oʻahu, o Kauaʻi paha, ke

makemake nei au i Kaikamahine ʻōpiopio, he 11 makahiki paha, e noho mau me

[māua] me kaʻu wahine, a lilo ʻo ia he keiki hānai na māua,...”

“Dear Parents of Hawaiʻi, Maui, Oʻahu, and Kauaʻi, I’m looking for a young girl

around 11 years old to live with my wife and I to be an adopted child of our,...”

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Pili NPRC Me on Pronoun with Ia Pronoun

No ka lilo ana mai o ke kuleana o Kalua ia’u, ma ke kuai ana a maua me ia, i na dala $30,

elua Loi, he Apana kula ma ka Paakea. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 3, Ano Hou.---Helu 43,

Aoao 169. 26 Ianuali 1859)

“No ka lilo ʻana mai o ke kuleana o Kalua (Kālua?) iaʻu, ma ke kūʻai ʻana a

[māua] me ia i nā kālā $30, ʻelua loʻi, he ʻāpana kula ma Paʻakea.”

“By receiving the title from Kālua by purchasing it for $30, we received two taro

patches and a parcel of land in Paʻakea.”

Pili NPRC O on Pronoun

...no ka mea, o oe o kaua ka mea mama e holo nei ma na eheu mama o ka manawa,..

(Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 17, Helu 43, 26 ʻOkakopa 1878)

“...no ka mea, ʻo [ʻoe] o kāua ka mea māmā e holo nei ma nā ʻeheu māmā o ka

manawa,...”

“...because you out of us is the fast one traveling on the fast wings of time,...”

Pili NPRC O on Pronoun

...a hui me ko mau hoahele haawi aku oe i keia i’a ia Keoahimakaakua, no ka mea oia o

oukou ka mea nana e hoolana i na papa (a?) oukou. (Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 61, Helu

49. 7 Kekemapa 1922)

“...a hui me ko mau hoahele, hāʻawi aku ʻoe i kēia iʻa iā Keoahimakaakua

(Keōahimakaakua, Keʻōʻahimakaakua?), no ka mea, ʻo [ia] o ʻoukou ka nāna e

hoʻolana i nā papa a ʻoukou.”

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“...when you meet your traveling companions, give this fish to Keoahimakaakua

because he out of all of you is the one to right your papa.”

NPRC and EPRC with the Relativisation of Genitives

As in VPRC as analyzed by Cabral (2004), the relativisation of genitives also occur in

NPRC and EPRC. When genitives are the head noun, it can be coreferenced in the RC

with the use of genitive articles or genitive predicate markers, although non-genitive

articles may also be used. Third person pronouns are most commonly used in

coreferencing although not exclusively since examples of second person pronouns were

also found. In the examples below, the root of the RC is also shown to reveal the genitive

being relativized.

Pili NPRC He (+S) of a Genitive

O ka wahine he kane waiwai kana, aole no ia e hiipaka i ke keike... (MALO mokuna 19,

paukū 29)

“ʻO [ka wahine] he kāne waiwai kāna, ʻaʻole nō ia e hiʻipaka i ke keiki…”

“The woman who has a rich husband, she wouldn’t foster her own child...”

Root: He kāne waiwai kā ka wahine.

Pili NPRC He (+S) with Amount of a Genitive

Aohe ana keiki a ka wahine mare, hookahi no keiki kane a ka manuahi o Pilipo kona

inoa. (Ka Hae Hawaii, Buke 2, Ano Hou.---Helu 15, Aoao 57. 8 Iulai 1857)

“ʻAʻohe āna keiki(,) a ka wahine male, hoʻokahi nō [keiki kāne a ka manuahi] ʻo

Pilipo kona inoa.”

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“She, the wife, has no children, but his mistress has one child whose name was

Pilipo.”

Root: ʻO Pilipo ka inoa o ke keiki kāne a ka manuahi.

“Pilipo was the name of the child of the mistress.”

Pili NPRC Na (-S) Actor Emphatic of a Genitive

Kuhi au o Malamapono he kuene wale no ia na kona haku i hoouna mai i na mea i haawi

ia. (Ke Alaula, Buke VI, Helu 11, Aoao 41. 1 Pepeluali 1872)

“Kuhi au, ʻo Mālamapono, he kuene wale nō [ia] na kona haku i hoʻouna mai i nā

mea i hāʻawi ʻia.”

“I’m guessing, regarding Mālamapono, that he was the steward whose lord sent

the things that were granted.”

Root: Na ka haku o ia kuene i hoʻouna mai i nā mea i hāʻawi ʻia.

“It was the lord of the steward who sent the things that were granted.”

Pili EPRC Aia (+S) of a Genitive

(543) ...me ka bipi aia ka ai ma kona kua,... (Ka Elele Hawaii. Buke 4, Pepa 10, Aoao 37.

Okatoba 24, 1848.)

“...me [ka pipi] aia ka ʻai ma kona kua,...”

“...with the cow who had the food on his back,...”

Root: Aia ka ʻai ma ke kua o ka pipi.

“The food was on the back of the cow.”

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Genitive Subjects

Another aspect of NPRC that was similar to VPRC was the use genitive subjects. In

the two examples below, ʻo ia is the S in the root forms of both NPRC. The S were then

represented in the genitive article kona and located before the NP of both RC.

Pili NPRC Ma (+S Genitive)

...oiai i kona wa ma ka ili o ka moana, aole oia i hopo i na mea e kue aku ana iaia... (Ka

Nupepa Kuokoa, Buke 15, Helu 104. Malaki 1876)

“...ʻoiai i [kona wā] ma ka ʻili o ka moana, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hopo i nā mea e kūʻē aku

ana iā ia....”

“...during the time he was on the open ocean, he didn’t worry about his

adversaries...”

Root: I ka wā ma ka ʻili o ka moana ʻo ia.

“The time he was on the open ocean.”

Pili NPRC Na (+S Genitive) Actor Emphatic

O keia mau wahi o ke kupapau ke lawe ia e kona mea nana i aloha nui,... (Malo, 27:18)

“ʻO kēia mau wahi o ke kupapaʻu ke lawe ʻia e [kona mea] nāna i aloha nui,..”

“These places where the corpse is taken by the person who loved him,...”

Root: Nāna ʻo ia i aloha nui.

“He/She loved him.”

Chapter 6 NPRC of Kalapana

This chapter analyzes the distribution of pili and akapili NPRC and EPRC in the story

Kalapana composed by Moses Kuaea Nākuina, a native Hawaiian language speaker. The

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story was first published in July of 1902 at the time when the negative effects of language

interference caused by the English language on Hawaiian started to take place. Nākuina,

however, was an educated man who was cognizant of said language interference and was

extremely mindful of not having it affect his writing style. Kalapana was said to be

written in the “authentic Hawaiian language of years past.” (Charlot, 2005)

In the first 50 pages of Kalapana, all of the pili and akapili NPRC were counted with

the intent of finding a pattern to its usage. When counting both pili and akapili NPRC,

there was a total of 63 with the predicate marker ʻo and 58 with he counting for 28% and

26% respectively of all NPRC in Kalapana. The predicate marker o was next at 36 (16%)

even though those marking the NP with the gerund ʻana were the only ones counted in

this tally.

A second pattern that became evident was Nākuina’s extensive use of akapili NPRC

(-S). In the 97 examples found in Kalapana, the percentages of those repeating the

predicate marker (49%) and of those deleting it (51%) were very similar. However, some

akapili NPRC were more inclined to repeat the marker whereas some were more inclined

to delete it. The highest rate of repeating markers included he (100%), i kuhilana (100%),

and no/na (91%). The highest rate of deletion included o/a (86%), ʻo (79%), a i ʻākena

(60%).

Chapter 7 Conclusion

This dissertation is extends the previous research of RC, particularly VPRC,

presented in my M.A. thesis of 2005. It provided data and analysis of non-verb phrase

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RC, namely NPRC and EPRC. The analysis also provided two categories of NPRC and

EPRC, pili and akapili, which weren’t covered in my previous research.

This chapter also reiterated the main objective of this paper which was providing an

analysis of NPRC and EPRC for Hawaiian language speakers wanting to increase their

own language knowledge. Although it may be used as a resource by any Hawaiian

language speaker, the intended audience are the teachers, students, and faculty of

Hawaiian language revitalization programs under the leadership of Ka Haka ʻUla O

Keʻelikōlani. Since, ʻo ka ʻōlelo ke kaʻā o ka mauli, “language is the fiber that binds us to

our cultural identity,” this paper supports Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani’s educational

philosophy, Ke Kumu Honua Mauli Ola, that targets the perpetuation of the Hawaiian

language and the mauli Hawaiʻi.

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PAPA HUAʻŌLELO He mau huaʻōlelo kēia o kēia pepa i loaʻa ʻole i loko o ka puke wehewehe ʻōlelo, a i

ʻole, he mua huaʻōlelo i ʻokoʻa kona hoʻohana ʻia ʻana mai ka manaʻo o loko o ka puke

wehewehe ʻōlelo. No loko mai hoʻi ia mau huaʻōlelo o Nā Kai ʻEwalu, ka paepae ʻike

ʻōlelo o nā papa ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi o Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani, a me nā papa helukiʻe ʻē

aʻe o laila e kālailai ana i ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi. I mea kēia papa huaʻōlelo e kōkua ʻia ai ka

mea heluhelu i kamaʻāina ʻole i ka manaʻo a me ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ia mau huaʻōlelo.

ke aulaʻa - kik. - ka ʻaoʻao manaʻo o ka huaʻōlelo a pilina ʻōlelo paha.

ke akapili - kik. - he poke a pepeke paha e waiho ana ma lālā ma hope pono, ma ke “aka” hoʻi o kekahi poke a pepeke paha ma ke ʻano he ʻikepili keu a inoa hou paha.

ka hune kaime - kik. - he huaʻōlelo e māka ana i ka manawa like me ai, ana, nei, ala, a pēlā wale aku.

ka hune kuhi - kik. - he huaʻōlelo e māka a kākoʻo ana i ke kuanaʻike o ka ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi e like me aku, mai, aʻe, me iho.

ka hune ʻaʻau - kik. - he huaʻōlelo e kākoʻo ana i ka "naʻau" o ka pepeke e like me nō, kā, lā, naʻe, hoʻi, anei, me paha.

ka hupua - kik. - he ʻano huaʻōlelo nona ka manaʻo o kekahi mau huaʻōlelo i hui pū ʻia ma ia huaʻōlelo hoʻokahi.

ka lālā - kik. - he poke a mau poke paha nona ka ʻīkoi hoʻokahi.

ke kaʻi hua - kik. - ke ʻano o ka manaʻo e pili ana i ke kaʻina o nā hua ʻōlelo i loko o ka pepeke.

ke kiʻa alakaʻi - kik. - ke kiʻa i wehewehe ʻia kona manaʻo e ke kāhulu pepeke.

ke kuhane - kik. - he mea “ola” ma ke ʻano o ke kanaka a holoholona ʻē aʻe paha.

ke kūhoa - 1. kik. - he kūlana i loko o ka pepeke nona ka ʻami ʻo me; 2. he kuanaʻike papani no kāua, kākou.

ke kūlā - kik. - he kuanaʻike papani no ia, lāua, lākou.

ke kūnā - kik. - he kuanaʻike papani no ʻoe, ʻolua, ʻoukou.

ke kūnei - kik. - he kuanaʻike papani no au, māua, mākou.

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ka pepeke - kik. - he inoa no ka hopunaʻōlelo Hawaiʻi i hoʻomāhelehele ʻia ma ke poʻo, piko, a ʻawe hoʻi.

ka pepeke keiki - kik. - ka pepeke nona ka manaʻo kākoʻo i ka pepeke makua e like me kāhulu pepeke.

ka pepeke makua - kik. - ka pepeke nona ka manaʻo nui o ka hopunaʻōlelo.

ka pepeke mole - kik. - ka pepeke no loko mai ona i kūkulu ʻia ai ke kāhulu pepeke.

ka poke - kik. - ka ʻīkoi o nā māhele o ka pepeke ma ke ʻano he painu, kiʻa, a waila paha.

ka poke alakaʻi - kik. - ka poke i wehewehe ʻia kona manaʻo e ke kāhulu pepeke.

ka poke kiʻa - kik. - ka poke iā ia ka memeʻa a iʻoa paha me ka painu ʻole.

ka poke painu - kik. - he poke iā ia ka painu a me nā māka painu.

ka poke waila - kik. - he poke iā ia ka waila, e like me aia, eia, ʻoiai, a pēlā aku, ma ke poʻo

ka ʻami henua - kik. - ka ʻami ma e māka ana i ka henua.

ka ʻami hoa - kik. - ka ʻami me e hoʻokuʻi ana i ka memeʻa a iʻoa paha i "hoa" me kekahi mea.

ka ʻami kuhilana - kik. - ka ʻami i a i ʻole iā e kuhi ana i ka henua.

ka ʻami lauka - kik. - ka ʻami i a i ʻole iā e māka ana i ka ʻōkena, ka lauka hoʻi, o ka hamani.

ka ʻami nonoʻa nui - kik. - ʻo no a i ʻole na a me nā kino hupua o ia mau ʻami (noʻu/naʻu, nou/nāu, nona/nāna) ma ke ʻano he nonoʻa.

ka ʻami ʻākena - kik. - ka ʻami i a i ʻole iā e māka ana i ka ʻākena o ka ʻaʻano.

ka ʻami nonoʻa iki - ʻo o a i ʻole a a me nā kino hupua (oʻu/aʻu, ou/āu, ona/āna) me ke ʻano he nonoʻa.

ka ʻami ʻākena - kik. - ka ʻami e māka ana i ka ʻākena o ka ʻaʻano.

ka ʻanapola - kik. - ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o kekahi huaʻōlelo ma ke ʻano he hoʻopili a pani paha i kekahi huaʻōlelo a inoa paha o mua o ka pepeke a pōʻaiapili paha i ʻole e pīnaʻi ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻia ʻana.

ka ʻeinonoʻa - kik. - ma ka pilina nonoʻa, ʻo kēia “ʻona” o ka mea i “ʻona” ʻia, penei: No Kimo ka pāpale. ʻO Kimo ka ʻeinonoʻa.

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NĀ KŪMOLE

ʻAha Pūnana Leo, Inc., and Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani. 2009. Kumu Honua Mauli Ola. Hilo, Hawaiʻi: ʻAha Pūnana Leo and Ka Haka ʻUla O Keʻelikōlani.

Alexander, W. D. 1968. A Short Synopsis of the Most Essential Points in Hawaiian Grammar. First Tuttle edition ed. Vol. 1. Rutland, Vermont & Tokyo, Japan: Charles E. Tuttle Company, Inc.

Baker, Kaliko. 2012. “A-Class Genitive Subject Effect: A Pragmatic and Discourse Grammar Approach to A- and O- Class Genitive Subject Selection in Hawaiian.” PhD diss., University of Hawaii at Manoa.

Bauer, Winifred. 1997. The Reed Reference Grammar of Māori. 1st ed. Vol. 1., Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Books.

Cabral, Jason. 2004. “He Kālailaina o ke Kāhulu Pepeke Painu me ke Kāhulu Pepeke Kālele ʻĀkena a me ka Ili ʻana o ia Mau Kāhulu Pepeke i Loko o nā Moʻolelo ʻo Kalapana a me Kaluaikoʻolau.” Master’s thesis, University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo.

Charlot, John. 2005. Moses Kuaea: A Hawaiian Novelist. Hawaiʻi: The Pacific Institute, BYUH.

Downing, Bruce T. “Some Universals of Relative Clause Structure.” In Universals of Human Language: Syntax, na Joseph H. Greenberg, Stanford University Press, 1978.

Finegan, Edward. 1994. Language: Its Structure and Use. Orlando: Harcourt Brace and Company.

Goddard, Clifford. 1998. Semantic Analysis. 1st ed. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press.

Harlow, Ray. 2001. A Māori Reference Grammar. Vol. 1. Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson Education New Zealand Limited.

Keenan, Edward L. and Bernard Comrie. “Noun Phrase Accessibility and Universal Grammar.” Linguistic Inquiry 8 (1977): 63-99.

Payne, Thomas E. 2006. Exploring Language Structure. 1st ed. Vol. 1. New York: Cambridge University Press.

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Pukui, Kawena Pukui, and Samuel H. Elbert. 1986. Hawaiian Dictionary. 6th ed. Vol. 1. University of Hawaii Press.

Pukui, Kawena Pukui, and Samuel H. Elbert. 1979. Hawaiian Grammar. Honolulu, Hawaii: University Press of Hawaii.

Wilson, William H. 1976. “The O and A Possessive Markers in Hawaiian.” Master’s thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa.

Wilson, William H., and Kauanoe Kamanā. 2012. Nā Kai ʻEwalu. Hilo, Hawaiʻi: Hale Kuamoʻo.

Documents

HE KĀLAILAINA I NĀ KĀHULU PEPEKE POKE KIʻA A … · Ua nui nā kālailai ʻia ʻana o nā kāhulu pepeke i loaʻa ka poke painu me ke kūlana poʻo, e like me ke kāhulu pepeke