Upload
daniel-huntelar
View
230
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
1/57
The State University of Medicine and
Pharmacy N. Testemitanu
Chief of Histology, Cytology and Embryology departament
Lilian Saptefrati
Vice Chief of Histology, Cytology and Embryology departament
Tatiana Globa
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
2/57
Theme Nr.2
CYTOLOGY
CELL MEMBRANE, CELL MEMBRANESTRANSPORT. INTERCELLULARJUNCTIONS. NON-CELLULAR
STRUCTURES.
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
3/57
The plasmalemma is composed of a
phospholipid bilayer and associatedintegral and peripheral proteins.
Types of lipids on plasmalemma are:-phospholipids,
-cholesterol and
-glycolipids.
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
4/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
5/57
Elementary biological membraneIs composed of:
- phospholipids bilayer,- associated proteins.
Types of elementary biological membrane
- Plasmalemma- is the skeleton of the cellmembrane
- Endomembranes- are membranes of cellorganelles.
- Special membranesare membranes of nervefibres and photoreceptor cells.
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
6/57
Cell membrane
glycocalyx
plasmalemma
elements ofcytoskeleton
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
7/57
Glycicalix
Composed of carbohydrates chains linked tomembrane proteins and lipids.
Role:
- protects cell surface- interaction cell-cell
- interaction cell-extracellular matrix
- individuality to the cell
- provides the formation of the
cytoreceptors.
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
8/57
Molecular structure of the cell
membrane.
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
9/57
Ultrastructure of cell membrane
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
10/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
11/57
Functions of cell membrane
Maintaining the structural integrity of the cell Controlling movements of substances in and out
of the cell (selective permeability)
Regulating cell-cell interactions
Recognizing, via receptors, antigens and foreigncells as well as altered cells
Acting as an interface between the cytoplasmand the external milieu
Establishing transport systems for specificmolecules
Transducing extracellular physical or chemical
signals into intracellular events.
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
12/57
Structural classification of cell
membrane proteins
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
13/57
Cryofracture ( frozen and fructered)
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
14/57
Functional destination cell membranes
proteins can be classified:
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
15/57
Receptors and their ligands.
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
16/57
Each cell type in the body contains a set of
receptors proteins that enable it to respond to acomplementary set of signaling molecules in a
specific programmed way.
A molecule which binds (attaches) to a receptor is
called a ligand.
Receptors may be for
-self antigens -(endogenous) neurotransmitter, a
hormone, complement, Ig, etc.- non- selfantigens (exogenous) pharmaceutical
drug, viruses, bacteria or toxins.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_%28biochemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligand_%28biochemistry%298/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
17/57
Functions of protein receptors:
Control of selective permeability,
Regulating cell-cell interactions
Recognizing, via receptors, antigens and
foreign cells as well as altered cells
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
18/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
19/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
20/57
Membrane transport
Large molecules
endocytosis
exocytosis
transcytosis
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
21/57
Endocytosis :
-for solid
substance;
- with changing of
cells surface;
- pseudopodia.
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
22/57
Endocytosis :
-for liquid
substance;
-without changincells surface ;
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
23/57
Endocytosis :
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
24/57
Intercellular junctions :
Simple
- linear-shaped
- denticular
- digital-shaped
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
25/57
Compound junctions
Occludingtight junctions. Using
transmembrane proteins (occludins).Impermiable . They act as seals to prevent
the flow of the substance between the
cells.
Ex.: intestinal and bladder
Epithelium.
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
26/57
Anchoring junctions
zonula adherens
(belt desmosome),
macula adherens
(spot desmosome),
hemidesmosome.
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
27/57
desmoplakins
desmogleins
intermediate
filaments
Desmosome
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
28/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
29/57
Desmosoma
desmoplakins
desmogleins
intermediate filaments
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
30/57
Communicating junctions
GAP junction (nexus)
Smooth and cardiac muscle cells
connexin protein
connexon
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
31/57
Non-cellular structures
Syncytium
Symplast
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
32/57
Simplast
muscle fibres in
longitudinal section
nuclei of the muscle
fibre
isotrop (light) disk
anisotrop (dark)diskmuscle fibres in cross-
section
myofibrillae
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
33/57
heme 3
CYTOPLASM: HYALOPLASM, CELLULAR
ORGANELLES, INCLUSIONS
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
34/57
Cytoplasm
Is the cellular region between cellmembrane and the membranesurrounding the nucleus.
Main functions:
energy, storage and manufacturing.
Components of cytoplasm:
-cytosol,
-organelles,
-cytoskeleton,
-inclusions
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
35/57
Cytosol(cytoplasmic matrix)
It is jelly-like material (80% water) and
usually incolor. The fluid of the cytosol is a
thick soup of proteins, carbhydrates, salts,
sugars, lipids, nucleotides and aminoacids.
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
36/57
Structural classification of organells
membranous
Routh ER
Smooth ER
Golgi ap.
lysosome
peroxisome
mitochondria
nonmembranous
Ribosome
cytoskeleton
centrioles
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
37/57
Functional
systems of the
cell
System of
synthesis of
cell
System of energy
System of intracellular
digestion
Cytoskeleton
System of synthesis
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
38/57
System of synthesis
of cell
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
39/57
Ribosome
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
40/57
Types of ribosomes
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
41/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
42/57
Rough and smooth endoplasmatic reticulum
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
43/57
Golgi aparatus
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
44/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
45/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
46/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
47/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
48/57
Inclusions
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
49/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
50/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
51/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
52/57
Microtubules
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
53/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
54/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
55/57
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
56/57
Lipid droplets in the hepatocytes
Glycogen inclusions in the hepatocytes
8/10/2019 heme 2-n3 (author O.Mazuru) (1) (1).pdf
57/57
Glycogen inclusions in the hepatocytes