CONTENT

TITLE

APPRECIATION

OBJECTIVE

HERBARIUM

WEEDS

WEEDS FAMILY

20 SPECIMEN OF HERBARIUM

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

APPRECIATION

Assalammualaikum,firstly I want to say Alhamdulillah to god because with the

permission of Allah I have successfully finishing my herbarium assignment without any

problem. For this part one assignment, I have working hard and try my best make sure

that I can finishing this work and submit it on the date that have been stated. I also want

to say a thousand of thanks to my parent because they give supported to me since I

started studying here. To completed this assignment, they always give me a spirit to

make this herbarium assignment successfully done.

This appreciation also to my lecturer, Miss Nor Saleha Bt. Md Saleh ,the most

important person that are responsible of the AGR109 assignment for 2010 session. A

thousand of thanks for you because give me important point and introduce way how to

make this herbarium assignment. I can’t imagined what would happen if without all your

knowledge. From your given information, I have done my assignment earlier from the

expected date. Before I forget, I want to say a lot of thankful to my friends that help me

either in direct or indirectly.

Lastly, to my entire senior, I appreciate your knowledge and brilliant idea for my

herbarium assignment. I will remember all the knowledge that has thought. I appreciate

all people who was helps me in completing this Herbarium assignment until it totally

done. I will keep your duties always in my memories. Hopefully we can co-operation

again next time Insya-Allah.

OBJECTIVE

From this assignment, I only observed 3 main objectives there is to study about

the world of herbarium and way to deal with it, to learn how to prepare a herbarium

sheet and to appreciate a god creations.

Firstly is to study about the world of herbarium and how to deal with it. Generally,

a weed is a plant in an undesired place. It`s only grow as a parasites in a gardens,

lawns, or agricultural areas, but also in park and other natural areas. Weeds are known

as unwanted plant. For certain area, weeds are important as a legume cover plant or

land supporter such as field and fringe of hill.

Secondly, the objective for this assignment is learned how to prepare a

herbarium sheet. The materials that we need are old newspapers to cover the

specimens, old boxes as overlapping for specimen, scissor to cut the boxes, scalpel,

and forceps. These materials are important to make the specimen dried completely. The

important thing for this preparation is the newspaper must change everyday to prevent

the specimens from any infection like fungi or bacteria.

The last objective of doing this assignment is to appreciate the god creations and

to gain more knowledge about all these kind of weeds that live around UiTM Kuala

Pilah. From this, we are able to identify the plants part and know it`s common and

scientific name. By that ways, we are tried to improve our lesson and add more

knowledge about the plants that live around us.

HERBARIUM

Herbarium is a collection of dried and mounted plant specimen used in

systematic botany. Herbarium contains a wide range of plants from many different

families. The type of plants that can be used by this way is a weed shrub tree, plants

ranging from fungi, lichens, mosses (bryophytes), ferns, grasses, and forbs. The

specimen must have all the part of plant like root, stem leaf and flower.

In making Herbarium, student needs to collect the specimens and clean it`s.

Next, a pair of old boxes is already prepared with four piece of newspaper. Lay the

specimen on two piece of newspaper and cover the specimen with another two pieces.

After that, place the covered specimen in between a pair of old boxes. Use heavy books

on the top of old boxes to make the specimen flat and dried faster. We must always

check the specimens until it dried completely.

There are two aspects of preservation. The first aspect is the physical

specimen. After plants have been collected, it`s must be dried as soon as possible to

prevent the specimens become wilt. If wilt, we face a problem to handle it`s when we

tried to put the specimens in the newspapers. Other than that, the newspaper must

change everyday to prevent the specimens from any infection like fungi or bacteria.

The second aspect of preservation is maintenance of the information related to

the collection of each specimen. We should include the data for every specimen like it`s

scientific name, common name, family name, habitat, date when specimen was

collected, and the location from which the specimen was collected. This data is

important because it show the background of the specimens.

For every specimen, It usually take time at least 3 months before it completely

dried. The dried specimen can be placed into a clear folder. It`s must be kept carefully.

We also can frame the specimen and covered with plastic to prevent from insect or dirt.

The specimens that have already done can be reach for long time period. It can be used

as a reference for our next generation.

WEEDS

Weed may be defined as any unwanted plant that’s growing. Plants can be

defined as weed if they step cultivated useful plant with one aimed into competition

around growth factors such as nutrients, lights, water, so that the useful plant does not

achieve the desired yield. Weeds are familiar plant in our environment that is seen,

consciously, infesting lawns, sidewalk roadside fencerows, ditches and forest. Weed is

a part of agriculturalist’s every day of live. In general, weed adversely affect the use,

economic value, and aesthetic aspect of the land water they infest.

Weeds are controversial plant that are neither all bad all good, depending on

one’s lock. Weed prevent and reduce wind ,water erosion of the land. They appear and

growth quickly to cover unsightly scar in the landscape made by human and nature.

Some weeds, such as downy brome and Russian thistly; provide excellent forage for

livestock during certain period of the year, especially in the spring. Weeds provide

employment for local and transient labor hired to control them. Weeds serve as hoots

for insect and disease organism that move onto parasites nearly crops and ornamental

plant.

Briefly, weeds are familiar object; there are not easily to define. Some plant are

readily recognized as weeds due to their general undesirable mess. For example,

common chickweeds, field bindweeds, punctured vine, purple nut sedge, quack grass,

sandbur and Russian thistle.

WEEDS FAMILY

MELASTOMACEAE

The herbs and shrub trees, it has single leaves commonly in three (nini), [3(9)] veins

and intersect. The flowers looks real, one shape and dwisex. Mostly they have 4 or 5

sepal and rangy. They also have more stamen. Besides ,this type of family contains

many appendages. The fruit like berry or in capsule. It looks similarly surrounded by

‘kaliks’. While its seed not have an endosperm.

EUPHORBIACEAE

These shrub or herbs trees consist of internal and stipule. The flowers are small. It is

only have one shape and it is also unisex. Its have 5 rangy with lots of stamen.

Mostly ,the ovary have 3 locul. Besides, its microfilm are surrounded by carbuncles. In

fact, sometimes the fruit consist of 3 or 6 seeds and also contains an endosperm.

CYPERACEAE

One seasons and perennial herbs trees. The stems look like triangle. It leaves growth in

trees row. Sometimes the fruit are dwisex and sometimes unisex. Their flowers is

supported by a single glum. The gynesium contains 2 or 3 with one locul or one ovule.

The fruit usually hands looks like triangle shape.

GRAMINEAE

The one ,twice season grasses, or perennial grasses and bamboo. They have a joint

stem and all its cavity. The leaves is definitely elongated. Most of the leaves elongated

straight at the origin. It have small flowers which is dwisex and unisex. In the young

spike, the floral is usually support with a pair of glum lemma ‘a palae’. Its have 3 or 6

stamen. Gynesium are basically have 3 carpel, the ovary has one locul and one ovule,

essence thread 2 or 3 force. In the caryopsis, its contains endosperm and a lot of

starch.

MALVACEAE

Most species are herbs or shrubs but some are trees and lianas. Leaves are generally

alternate, often palmately lobed or compound and palmately veined. The margin may be

entire, but when dentate a vein ends at the tip of each tooth (malvoid teeth). Stipules

are present. The stems contain mucous canals and often also mucous cavities. Hairs

are common, and are most typically stellate. The flowers are commonly borne in definite

or indefinite axillary inflorescences, which are often reduced to a single flower, but may

also be cauliflorous, oppositifolious or terminal. They often bear supernumerary bracts.

They can be unisexual or bisexual and are generally actinomorphic, often associated

with conspicuous bracts, forming an epicalyx. They generally have five valvate sepals,

most frequently basally connate. Five imbricate petals. The stamens are five to

numerous, connate at least at their bases, but often forming a tube around the pistils.

The pistils are composed of two to many connate carpels. The ovary is superior, with

axial placentation. Capitate or lobed stigma. The flowers have nectaries made of many

tightly packed glandular hairs, usually positioned on the sepals.

SELAGINELLACEAE

Selaginella is a genus of plants in the family Selaginellaceae, the spikemosses

Selaginellas are creeping or ascendant plants with simple, scale-like leaves on

branching stems from which roots also arise. The plants are heterosporous

(megaspores and microspores), and have structures called ligules, scale-like

outgrowths near the base of the upper surface of each microphyll and sporophyll.

Unusually for the lycopods, each microphyll contains a branching vascular trace.

FABACEAE

The leaves are usually alternate and compound. Most often they are even- or odd-

pinnately compound, They are often trifoliate and rarely palmately compound , in the

Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae commonly bipinnate . They always have

stipules, which can be leaf-like, thorn-like or be rather inconspicuous. Leaf margins are

entire or, occasionally, serrate. Both the leaves and the leaflets often have wrinkled

pulvini to permit nastic movements. In some species, leaflets have evolved into tendrils.

LYCOPODIACEAE

A family of primitive vascular plants, including all of the core clubmosses. These plants

bear spores on specialized structures at the apex of a shoot; they resemble a tiny battle

club, from which the common name derives. They are non-flowering and do not produce

seeds.

COMPOSITAE

The herbs and shrub trees. Sometimes its contains a liquid milk cell. The leaves

alternate or can be intersect. Usually the flowers are small, and exist in dwisex and

unisex. Sometimes, the head of bouquets involucel looks like have a shape and

sometimes unshaped. Its collar looks like chimney, and its flower have 2 sepal, 5

stamen that grow from rangy. The gynesium contains 2 carpels,an inferior ovary and

one locul. The seeds not contains albumen.

Myrsinaceae

Myrsinaceae is a rather large family from the order Ericales. It consists of 35 genera

and about 1000 species.

It is a widespread family belonging to temperate to tropical climates. The plants are

mostly monoecious, but a few are dioecious. The small flowers are arranged in

racemose terminal clusters, or in the leaf axils. The flowers are 4- merous or 5-merous,

i.e they have 4 or 5 sepals and petals. The floral envelope has a distinct calyx and

corolla. The calyx is regular and polysepalous. The non-fleshy petals of the corolla are

more or less united, closely overlapping. There are 4 or 5 stamens, usually isomerous

with the perianth. The carpel has one style and one stigma, with the ovary unilocular,

superior or semi-inferior.The one-seeded, indehiscent fruit is a thin-fleshed berry or

drupe.

Acanthaceae

The family Acanthaceae (or Acanthus family) is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering

plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species.

Most are tropical herbs, shrubs, or twining vines; some are epiphytes. Only a few

species are distributed in temperate regions. The four main centres of distribution

are Indonesia and Malaysia, Africa, Brazil and Central America. The representatives of

the family can be found in nearly every habitat, including dense or open forests,

in scrublands, on wet fields and valleys, at the sea coast and in marine areas, and

in swamps and as an element of mangrove woods.

Plants in this family have simple, opposite, decussate leaves with entire (or sometimes

toothed, lobed, or spiny) margins, and without stipules. The leaves may

contain cystoliths, calcium carbonate concretions, seen as streaks on the surface.

The flowers are perfect, zygomorphic to nearly actinomorphic, and arranged in

an inflorescence that is either a spike, raceme, or cyme. Typically there is a

colorful bract subtending each flower; in some species the bract is large and showy.

The calyx is usually 4-5 lobed; thecorolla tubular, 2-lipped or 5-lobed; stamens either 2

or 4 arranged in pairs and inserted on the corolla; and the ovary superior, 2-carpellate,

with axile placentation.

The fruit is a two-celled capsule, dehiscing somewhat explosively. In most species,

the seeds are attached to a small, hooked stalk (a modified funiculus called a jaculator)

that ejects them from the capsule.

A species well-known to temperate gardeners is Bear's Breeches (Acanthus mollis), a

herbaceous perennial plant with big leaves and flower spikes up to 2 m

tall. Tropical genera familiar to gardeners include Thunbergia and Justicia.

Avicennia, a genus of mangrove tree, usually placed in Verbenaceae or in its own

family, Avicenniaceae, is included in Acanthaceae by theAngiosperm Phylogeny

Group on the basis of molecular phylogenetic studies that show it to be associated with

this family.

SUMMARY

Alhamdulillah, thanks to Allah s.w.t because I had finished my herbarium

assignment perfectly by the time given. From a started collect the weeds, I realize that it

is not too difficult as my friends thinking. From this activity, I realize that I’m improving

my knowledge about weeds and its function. Besides, I also know that in weeds, they

have their own local name, scientific name, their family, and their peculiar habitats. It is

very special. I’m very proud in giving fully percent of committing this assignment.

After finishing this assignment I found that I’m really achieve the objective of this

assignment. Now, I realize there are so many types of plant exist in the world. Before

this, when I see a grass, I just see it as ordinary grass, but now, I can determines and

specify the particular family name for the grass. From this, I indirectly appreciate to

Allah for His creation. Other than that, this particular assignment also gain me more

knowledge that I’ve never know before.

Of course this kind of assignment is very well in improving their general

knowledge and boost up their cleverness in studying process. Starting from now, I can

understand more about weeds for example, the effect on crop rotation seed quality ,the

advantages and much more.

REFERENCE

1) BOOKS REFERENCES : TITLE → Rumpai (panduan berilustrasi)

WRITER → Ahmad Azly b. Mohd Yusof

PUBLISHER → Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka,

Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia,

Kuala Lumpur, 1944.

2) INTERNET REFERENCES :

• http://www-public.jcu.edu.au/discovernature/plantfamily/index.htm

• http://www.answers.com/topic/herbarium#Collections_management

• http://plants.usda.gov/index.html

3) HERBARIUM ASSIGMENT LAST SEMESTER.

20

SPECIMEN

OF

HERBARIU

M

COMMON NAME Selaput Tunggul

SCIENTIFIC NAME Mikania micrantha

FAMILY NAME Compositae

HABITAT Wet Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 3 September 2010

ROOT

LEAVES

STEM

COMMON NAME Kacang Kanabalia Darat

SCIENTIFIC NAME Canovilla maritim

FAMILY NAME Fabaceae

HABITAT Wet Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 3 September 2010

ROOT

STEM

LEAVES

COMMON NAME Paku Biru

SCIENTIFIC NAME Selaginella

FAMILY NAME Selaginellaceae

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 4 September 2010

ROOT

STEMLEAVES

COMMON NAME Mata Pelanduk

SCIENTIFIC NAME Ardisia crispa

FAMILY NAME Myrsinaceae

HABITAT Wet Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 4 September 2010

ROOT

STEM

LEAVES

COMMON NAME Senduduk Bulu

SCIENTIFIC NAME Climedia hirta

FAMILY NAME Melastomaceae

HABITAT Wet Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 5 September 2010

ROOT

LEAVES

STEM

COMMON NAME Hempedu Bumi

SCIENTIFIC NAME Andrographis paniculata

FAMILY NAME Acanthaceae

HABITAT Wet Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 5 September 2010

ROOT

LEAVES

STEM

COMMON NAME Paku Serani

SCIENTIFIC NAME Lycopodium cerranum

FAMILY NAME Lycopodiaceae

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 6 September 2010

ROOT

STEM

LEAVES

COMMON NAME Dukung Anak

SCIENTIFIC NAME Phyllantus amarus

FAMILY NAME Euphorbiaceae

HABITAT Wet Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 8 September 2010

ROOT

STEMLEAVES

COMMON NAME Pokok Kapal Terbang

SCIENTIFIC NAME Chromolaera odorata

FAMILY NAME Compositae

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 8 September 2010

ROOT

STEM

LEAVES

COMMON NAME Kancing Baju

SCIENTIFIC NAME Tridax procumbent

FAMILY NAME Compositae

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 9 September 2010

ROOT

STEM

LEAVES FLOWERS

COMMON NAME Sedaguri

SCIENTIFIC NAME Sida acuta

FAMILY NAME Malvaceae

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 9 September 2010

ROOT

STEM

LEAVES

COMMON NAME Kelutut

SCIENTIFIC NAME Urena lobata

FAMILY NAME Malvaceae

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 9 September 2010

ROOTSTEM

LEAVES

COMMON NAME Rumput Telur Belalang

SCIENTIFIC NAME Sporobolus diander

FAMILY NAME Gramineae

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 7 September 2010

ROOT

STEM

FLOWERS

LEAVES

COMMON NAME Rumput Payung Terjun

SCIENTIFIC NAME Eupatorium odoratum

FAMILY NAME Compositae

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 7 September 2010

ROOT

LEAVES

STEM

FLOWERS

COMMON NAME Rumput Tahi Ayam

SCIENTIFIC NAME Ageratum conyzoides

FAMILY NAME Compositae

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 6 September 2010

ROOT

STEM

LEAVES

COMMON NAME Rumput Bunga Jauh

SCIENTIFIC NAME Cyperus distans

FAMILY NAME Cyperaceae

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 6 September 2010

ROOT

STEM

LEAVES

FLOWERS

COMMON NAME Hairy Spurge

SCIENTIFIC NAME Chamaesyce hirta

FAMILY NAME Euphorbiaceae

HABITAT Wet Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 6 September 2010

ROOT

STEM

LEAVES

COMMON NAME Senduduk

SCIENTIFIC NAME Melastoma malabathricum

FAMILY NAME Melastomaceae

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 7 September 2010

ROOT

STEM

LEAVES

COMMON NAME Rumput Gandar

SCIENTIFIC NAME Cyperus aromaticus

FAMILY NAME Cyperaceae

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 9 September 2010

ROOT

STEM

LEAVES

COMMON NAME Rumput Hakisan

SCIENTIFIC NAME Rhynchelytrum repens

FAMILY NAME Gramineae

HABITAT Dry Area

LOCATION FOUND Uitm Kuala Pilah

DATE FOUND 7 September 2010

ROOT

STEM

FLOWERS

LEAVES

STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM

ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT

LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES

FLOWERS FLOWER

S

FLOWERS FLOWERS FLOWER

S

FLOWERS

STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM

ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT

LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES

FLOWERS FLOWER

S

FLOWERS FLOWERS FLOWER

S

FLOWERS

STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM

ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT

LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES

FLOWERS FLOWER

S

FLOWERS FLOWERS FLOWER

S

FLOWERS

STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM

ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT

LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES

FLOWERS FLOWER

S

FLOWERS FLOWERS FLOWER

S

FLOWERS

STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM

ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT

LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES

FLOWERS FLOWER

S

FLOWERS FLOWERS FLOWER

S

FLOWERS

STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM STEM

ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT ROOT

LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES LEAVES

FLOWERS FLOWER

S

FLOWERS FLOWERS FLOWER

S

FLOWERS