HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2005ila in publikacije/Hidroloski 2005 - Uvod.pdf · Ob svetovnem dnevu voda leta 2005 so Zdru`eni naro-di obdobje 2005–2015 razglasili za desetletje

REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJAMINISTRSTVO ZA OKOLJE IN PROSTOR

AGENCIJA REPUBLIKE SLOVENIJE ZA OKOLJE

HIDROLO[KI LETOPISSLOVENIJE 2005

THE 2005 HYDROLOGICALYEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

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NASLOVNICA / COVER PAGE:Poplava reke Radulje v [kocjanu na obmo~ju vodomerne postaje ARSO, 22. 08. 2005 (foto: Marko Burger).Flood of the Radulja River in [kocjan on the location of gauging station EARS, 22. 08. 2005 (Photo: Marko Burger).

REPUBLIKA SLOVENIJA

MINISTRSTVO ZA OKOLJE IN PROSTOR


HIDROLO[KI LETOPISSLOVENIJE

2005

THE 2005 HYDROLOGICAL

YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

LETNIK 16

YEAR 16

LJUBLJANA, 2009

HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2005

THE 2005 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

IZDALA IN ZALO@ILA / PUBLISHED BY

Agencija Republike Slovenije za okolje – Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia

Vojkova 1b, Ljubljana

e-mail: [email protected]

internet: http://www.arso.gov.si

GENERALNI DIREKTOR AGENCIJE / DIRECTOR GENERAL

dr. Silvo @lebir

GLAVNI UREDNIK / EDITOR

dr. Mira Kobold

UREDNI[KI ODBOR / EDITORIAL BOARD

dr. Mira Kobold, mag. Joè Uhan, mag. Roman Tr~ek, Joè Knez

TEHNI^NA UREDNIKA / TECHNICAL EDITORS

mag. Florjana Ulaga, mag. Marjan Bat

KARTOGRAFIJA / CARTOGRAPHY

Peter Frantar

AVTORJI BESEDIL / MAIN AUTHORS

mag. Marjan Bat, Barbara Cankar, Peter Frantar, Ur{a Gale, dr. Mira Kobold, Janez Polajnar, Mojca Robi~, Igor Strojan,

Mojca Su{nik, mag. Roman Tr~ek, Niko Tri{i}, mag. Florjana Ulaga, Barbara Vodenik

SODELAVCI / CONTRIBUTORS

dr. Mi{o Andjelov, mag. Marjan Bat, Du{an Berglez, Vincenc Bogataj, Marko Burger, Peter Centrih, Peter Frantar,

Primo` Gajser, Ur{ka Gale, Gvido Gali~, Vida Herle, Jure Jerov{ek, Slavica Jurkovi}, dr. Mira Kobold, Bogdan Lali},

Roman Lesica, Joè Miklav~i~, mag. Zlatko Mikuli~, Vesna Oùra, Radovan Pavi~evi}, Nejc Poga~nik, Janez Polajnar,

Viktor Pongrac, Marjana Reèk ]u}i}, Mojca Robi~, Damjan Rogelj, Vlado Savi}, Rodoljub Simeunovi}, Branko Stibilj,

Igor Strojan, Kay Su{elj, Mojca Su{nik, Janez [ink, Bogomir [tolcar, Anica [u{ter{i~, Mihael Tominc, mag. Roman Tr~ek,

Niko Tri{i}, mag. Joè Uhan, mag. Florjana Ulaga, Barbara Vodenik

LEKTORIRANJE SLOVENSKEGA BESEDILA / PROOFREADING OF SLOVENIAN TEXT

Miriam Stanonik

PREVOD IN LEKTORIRANJE ANGLE[KEGA BESEDILA / TRANSLATION AND PROOFREADING OF ENGLISH TEXT

Prevajalska agencija ALKEMIST

TISK – PRINTED BY

SYNCOMP d. o. o.

NAKLADA / EDITION

330 izvodov / 330 copies

ISSN 1318-5195

Hidrolo{ki letopis Slovenije 2005

Agencija RS za okolje, 2009

Korencan

Typewritten Text

Korencan

Rectangle

Korencan

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ISSN 1854-2662

ARSO

HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2005 THE 2005 HYDROLOGICAL YEARBOOK OF SLOVENIA

5

Vsebina

Predgovor ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8Spremembe v mreì hidrolo{kih merilnih mest ...................................................................................................................................... 9Seznam opazovalcev v mreì merilnih mest hidrolo{kega monitoringa ................................................................................ 14Primerjalne meritve pretokov z merilnikom FlowTracker in hidrometri~nim krilom .................................................. 16

I. del: PREGLED HIDROLO[KIH RAZMER V LETU 2005 .................................................................................................. 23

A. Povr{inske vode .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 24B. Podzemne vode .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 60C. Izviri ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67D. Morje .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 76E. Vodna bilanca .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83

II. del: PREGLEDNICE S PODATKI ........................................................................................................................................................ 91

A. POVR[INSKE VODE ................................................................................................................................................................................ 92A.0. Pojasnila k preglednicam .......................................................................................................................................................... 92A.1. Seznam vodomernih postaj za povr{inske vode .......................................................................................................... 99A.2. Seznam rednih meritev pretokov ...................................................................................................................................... 101A.3. Mese~ni in letni srednji vodostaji s konicami ............................................................................................................ 115A.4. Dnevni vodostaji z nivogramom ........................................................................................................................................ 123A.5. Mese~ni in letni srednji pretoki s konicami ................................................................................................................ 139A.6. Dnevni pretoki s hidrogramom in krivuljo trajanja ................................................................................................ 147A.7. Mese~ne in letne srednje temperature vode s konicami ...................................................................................... 163A.8. Dnevne temperature vode s termogramom ................................................................................................................ 167A.9. Dnevne vsebnosti suspendiranega materiala z diagramom ................................................................................ 173A.10. Dnevne koli~ine transportiranega suspendiranega materiala

z diagramom in sumarno linijo transporta .................................................................................................................. 175B. PODZEMNE VODE ................................................................................................................................................................................ 177

B.0. Pojasnila k preglednicam ........................................................................................................................................................ 177B.1. Seznam postaj za opazovanje podzemnih voda ...................................................................................................... 181B.2. Mese~ni in letni srednji vodostaji s konicami ............................................................................................................ 185B.3. Dnevni vodostaji z nivogramom ........................................................................................................................................ 191

C. IZVIRI .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 201C.0. Pojasnila k preglednicam ........................................................................................................................................................ 201C.1. Seznam vodomernih postaj na izvirih ............................................................................................................................ 203C.2. Dnevni vodostaji z nivogramom ........................................................................................................................................ 205C.3. Dnevni pretoki s hidrogramom in krivuljo trajanja ................................................................................................ 207C.4. Dnevne temperature s termogramom ............................................................................................................................ 209C.5. Dnevne vrednosti specifi~ne elektri~ne prevodnosti z diagramom .............................................................. 211

D. MORJE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 213D.0. Pojasnila k preglednicam ........................................................................................................................................................ 213D.1. âs in vi{ina visokih in nizkih voda – dnevne vrednosti .................................................................................... 215D.2. Mese~ne in letne srednje vi{ine visokih in nizkih voda in njihove amplitude ........................................ 219D.3. Dnevne in mese~ne srednje vi{ine gladine morja .................................................................................................... 219D.4. Mese~ne in letne skrajne vi{ine gladine morja .......................................................................................................... 219D.5. Zna~ilne vrednosti vi{in morja v dolgoletnem obdobju 1961–2000 ............................................................ 220

III. del: KARTOGRAFSKI PRIKAZI ...................................................................................................................................................... 221

A. Mreà vodomernih postaj za povr{inske vode in morje (l. 2005) .................................................................................. 223B. Mreà postaj za podzemne vode in izvire (l. 2005) .............................................................................................................. 225


6 ARSO

Contents

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7Changes to the network of hydrological monitoring gauging stations ...................................................................................... 9The list of observers in the network of the hydrological gauging stations ............................................................................ 14Comparative measurements with the FlowTracker velocimeter and the current meter ............................................ 16

Part I: A REVIEW OF HYDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN THE YEAR 2005 ...................................................... 23

A. Surface waters .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 24B. Groundwaters .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 60C. Springs .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 67D. Sea .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 76E. Water balance .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83

Part II: DATA TABLES ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 91

A. SURFACE WATERS .................................................................................................................................................................................... 92A.0. Explanation to the tables .......................................................................................................................................................... 92A.1. The list of surface water gauging stations ...................................................................................................................... 99A.2. The list of regular discharge measurements ................................................................................................................ 101A.3. Monthly and annual mean water levels with extremes ...................................................................................... 115A.4. Daily water levels with level graph .................................................................................................................................. 123A.5. Monthly and annual mean discharges with extremes .......................................................................................... 139A.6. Daily discharges with hydrograph and duration curve ........................................................................................ 147A.7. Monthly and annual mean water temperatures with extremes ...................................................................... 163A.8. Daily water temperatures with graph ............................................................................................................................ 167A.9. Daily concentration of suspended material with graph ...................................................................................... 173A.10. Daily quantities of transported suspended material with graph and yearly transport ...................... 175

B. GROUNDWATERS .................................................................................................................................................................................. 177B.0. Explanation to the tables ...................................................................................................................................................... 177B.1. The list of groundwater observation wells .................................................................................................................. 181B.2. Monthly and annual mean water levels with extremes ...................................................................................... 185B.3. Daily water levels with level graph .................................................................................................................................. 191

C. SPRINGS ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 201C.0. Explanation to the tables ...................................................................................................................................................... 201C.1. List of gauging stations of the monitoring of springs ............................................................................................ 203C.2. Daily water levels with level graph .................................................................................................................................. 205C.3. Daily discharges with hydrograph .................................................................................................................................... 207C.4. Daily values of temperatures with termograph ........................................................................................................ 209C.3. Daily values of the specific electrical conductivity with graph ...................................................................... 211

D. SEA .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 213D.0. Explanation to the tables ...................................................................................................................................................... 213D.1. Times and heights of high and low waters – daily values .................................................................................. 215D.2. Monthly and annual mean high and low waters and their amplitudes ...................................................... 219D.3. Daily and monthly mean water heights ........................................................................................................................ 219D.4. Monthly and annual extreme high and low waters ................................................................................................ 219D.5. Characteristical sea levels for the period 1961–2000 .......................................................................................... 220

Part III: CARTOGRAPHIC PRESENTATION ................................................................................................................................ 221

A. The Network of Gauging Stations on Surface Waters and Sea (2005) ...................................................................... 223B. Groundwater and Spring Observation Network (2005) ......................................................................................................225

Predgovor

Ob svetovnem dnevu voda leta 2005 so Zdruèni naro-di obdobje 2005–2015 razglasili za desetletje varova-nja voda z naslovom »Voda za ̀ ivljenje«.Voda namre~postaja najbolj cenjena surovina in naloga vseh nas je,da jo znamo ohranjati, tako kakovostno kot koli~insko,in z njo celostno upravljati. Posebna tema dnevavoda 2005 je bila »Obvladovanje pomanjkanja vode«z namenom, da se izpostavi nara{~ajo~o problematikosvetovnega pomanjkanja vode ter trajnostnega in u~in-kovitej{ega ravnanja z vodnimi viri.

V letu 2005 so v nekaterih predelih sveta trpeli zara-di su{e, v nekaterih pa zaradi preobilnih padavin.Te sopovzro~ile poplave in veliko {kodo tudi v osrednji invzhodni Evropi. Najhuj{e poplave v zadnjih 200 letihso doìveli v ju`ni Kitajski. Globalne padavine so bileblizu povpre~ja obdobja od 1961–1990. Globalna tem-peratura se v letu 2005 ni statisti~no zna~ilno razliko-vala od dosedanje rekordne vrednosti iz leta 1998.

V Sloveniji je bilo leto 2005 v prete`nem deludràve toplej{e od dolgoletnega povpre~ja. Tempera-tura, z izjemo Ljubljane, ni odstopala ve~ kot pol °C,navzgor ali navzdol, od dolgoletnega povpre~ja, kar jev mejah obi~ajne spremenljivosti povpre~ne letnetemperature zraka. Le v Ljubljani je bilo 0,6 °C tople-je kot obi~ajno.Tudi rekordno visoke ali nizke tempe-rature zraka niso bile zabeleène. Padavin je v nekaterihdelih Slovenije padlo ve~, v nekaterih pa manj kot zna-{a dolgoletno povpre~je. V primerjavi z dolgoletnimpovpre~jem je padavin najbolj primanjkovalo v Poso~-ju, zabeleène pa so bile nadpovpre~ne na Dolenjskemter v Celjski in Ljubljanski kotlini.Avgust je bil povsodnadpovpre~no moker, oktobra pa je padavin izrazito pri-manjkovalo v Prekmurju.

Vodnatost rek v letu 2005 je bila v povpre~ju zaokrog deset odstotkov manj{a od dolgoletnega povpre~-ja v obdobju 1971–2000. Zlasti ~asovna razporeditevpretokov se je razlikovala od obi~ajne.Ti so bili manj-{i od obi~ajnih vrednosti v prvi polovici leta in ve~jiv drugi polovici leta.V avgustu so veliki pretoki Murein manj{ih hudourni{kih rek v Posavju, ki so preseglitudi 50 letne povratne dobe, povzro~ili veliko {kode.Na Muri v Gornji Radgoni je bil izmerjen ve~ji pretokkot je bil zabeleèn kadarkoli do tedaj, 1350 m3/s. Kerje bila v obi~ajno poletno su{nem obdobju vodnatostrek pove~ana, izrazitega su{nega obdobja in pomanj-kanja vode ni bilo.

Zaloge podzemnih vod so bile v prete`nih delih alu-vialnih vodonosnikov v letu 2005 glede na dolgoletnopovpre~je v ve~ini normalne in bolj ugodne kot v letihpred tem. Vodonosniki severovzhodne Slovenije so siv tem letu pove~ini opomogli od hidrolo{ke su{e izlet 2002 in 2003. Zelo nizke vodne zaloge so prevla-dovale le v osrednjem delu Prekmurskega polja. Z leto-pisom 2005 za opis stanja zalog podzemne vode

Foreword

On the occasion of the World Water Day 2005, theUnited Nations proclaimed the 2005–2015 period asthe decade of water conservation under the title»Water for Life«. Water is becoming the most valuedresource and it is the task of us all to know how to con-serve it, both in terms of quality and quantity, and tomanage it sustainably.A special topic of the 2005 WorldWater Day was »Coping with Water Scarcity« and itwas aimed at highlighting the increasing issue of glob-al water scarcity and the sustainable and efficientmanagement of water sources.

In 2005, some parts of the world suffered fromdrought while others endured too abundant precipita-tion. This also caused flooding and extensive damagein Central and Eastern Europe. Southern China expe-rienced the worst flooding in last 200 years. Global pre-cipitation levels were close to the 1961–1990 periodnorms. Statistically, the global temperature in 2005 didnot statistically significantly differ from the currentrecorded value from 1998.

In 2005 in Slovenia, the major part of the countryexperienced warmer temperatures than the normals.Withthe exception of Ljubljana, the temperature did not devi-ate by more than half a degree Celsius in either direc-tion from the normals, which is within the limits of thenormal variation of the average annual air temperature.Only Ljubljana experienced temperatures that were0.6 °C warmer than normal. There were also no recordhigh or low air temperatures recorded There was moreprecipitation than normal in some parts of Slovenia andless in other parts. In comparison with the norms,Poso~je saw the greatest shortage of precipitation,whileabove-average precipitation was recorded in the Dolenjskaregion and the Celje and Ljubljana basins.August was anabove-averagely wet month,while Prekmurje experienceda distinct shortage of precipitation in October.

The river water discharges in 2005 were lower byaround 10 percent on average compared to the multi--annual 1971–2000 reference period mean. It was thetemporal distribution of discharges in particular thatdiffered from the normal distribution. The dischargeswere lower than normal in the first half of the year andhigher in the second half of the year. In August, the highdischarges of the Mura River and the smaller torren-tial rivers in the Posavje river basin, which even exceed-ed the 50-year return periods, caused a lot of damage.On the Mura River in Gornja Radgona, a higher dis-charge was measured than has ever been recordedbefore, namely 1350 m3/s. Because the river water dis-charges were increased in the usually dry summerperiod, there was neither a distinctive drought periodnor a shortage of water to be felt.

For the most part, the groundwater reserves in themajor part of the alluvial aquifers in 2005 were normal


7ARSO

uvajamo enotno primerjalno obdobje dvanajstihlet 1990–2001, ki je bilo uporabljeno tudi za opis koli-~inskega stanja podzemnih vod, k ~emur je Slovenijakot ~lanica Evropske skupnosti zavezana z okvirno vod-no direktivo (Directive 2000/60/EC2000).

Morje je bilo v letu 2005 zelo visoko. Srednja let-na vi{ina morja je v Kopru dosegla drugo najvi{jo vred-nost v obdobju spremljanja gladin od leta 1958 naprej.Le leta 2004 je bila srednja letna vi{ina morja vi{ja.

Na vodomerni postaji v Hrastniku na Savi je bilav letu 2005 izmerjena najve~ja vsebnost suspendirane-ga materiala doslej, pove~ane vsebnosti pa v Muri inSavinji v ~asu avgustovskih visokih voda. Skupna vso-ta transportiranega materiala v Muri, Savi in Savinji jebila v primerjavi s preteklimi leti precej ve~ja.

Za potrebe merjenja hitrosti v manj{ih in plitvej-{ih re~nih strugah je v letu 2005 pri{lo do uvedbe ultra-zvo~nega krila, s komercialnim imenom FlowTracker.Metoda meritev je po sami izvedbi analogna metodimeritev s hidrometri~nim krilom, le da se hitrost v posa-mezni to~ki dolo~a na podlagi Dopplerjevega pojava.Podatki o hitrostih vode ter o kon~nem pretoku pre-reza so znani so~asno z zaklju~kom meritve. Poleg uva-janja novih merilnih metod za merjenje hitrosti inpretoka vode je postopoma potekala nadgradnja vodo-mernih postaj v postaje z avtomatskim prenosompodatkov v realnem ~asu, z moderno merilno opremoza merjenje vodostajev, kot so radarski merilniki vodo-staja. Nadgradnja hidrolo{ke merilne mreè prispevak bolj{emu in u~inkovitej{emu spremljanju vse pogo-stej{ih hidrolo{kih ekstremov.

Joè Knez,direktor Urada za hidrologijo

in stanje okolja

with respect to the multi-annual mean and were morefavourable than in previous years. For the most part,the aquifers of north-eastern Slovenia have recoveredfrom the hydrological drought in 2002 and 2003.Verylow water reserves only prevailed in the central partof the Prekmursko field. With the 2005 HydrologicalYearbook, we are introducing a uniform comparativeperiod spanning twelve years from 1990 to 2001 todescribe the state of the groundwater reserves.The sameperiod was also used for the description of the quanti-tative state of the groundwater,which Slovenia is obligedto report as a member of the European Communityin accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive(Directive 2000/60/EC).

The sea was very high in 2005. The mean annualsea level in Koper achieved the second highest valuein the period of sea level monitoring since 1958. Themean annual sea level was only higher in 2004.

At the Hrastnik water gauging station on the SavaRiver, the highest concentration of suspended materi-al to date was measured in 2005, while increased con-centrations during the August high waters weremeasured in the Mura and Savinja rivers.The total sumof the transported material in the Mura, Sava andSavinja rivers was significantly higher in comparisonwith previous years.

For the purpose of measuring the velocities in thesmaller and shallower river channels in 2005, an ultra-sonic acoustic Doppler velocimeter with the com-mercial name of FlowTracker was introduced. In termsof execution, this measurement method is analogousto the method of measurement with the currentmeter, the difference being that the velocity at a cer-tain point is determined based on the Doppler effect.The data on water velocities and on the final dischargeof the cross-section are known when the measurementis completed. In addition to the introduction of newmeasuring methods for measuring the velocity and dis-charge of water, the upgrading of water gauging stationsto automatic data transfer in real time took place.Thisupgrade involved modern measuring equipment for themeasurement of water stages such as radar waterstage meters.The upgrade of the hydrological gaugingnetwork contributes to the improved and more effec-tive monitoring of increasingly more frequent hydro-logical extremes.

Joè Knez,Director of the Hydrology and

State of the Environment Office


8 ARSO

Spremembe v mreìhidrolo{kih merilnih mestmag. Marjan Bat

UvodZaradi vsebinskih posebnosti delimo dràvno mreòhidrolo{kih opazovanj na mreò za opazovanje podzem-nih voda, mreò za opazovanje izvirov, mreò za opa-zovanje povr{inskih voda in mreò za opazovanje morja.Mreà za opazovanje podzemnih voda obsega meril-na mesta na vodonosnikih z medzrnsko poroznostjo,ki zavzemajo okoli 20 % ozemlja R Slovenije. Zaradiizdatnih zalog podzemne vode postopno vzpostavlja-mo merilna mesta tudi na vodonosnikih z razpoklinskoin kra{ko razpoklinsko poroznostjo, ki skupaj obsegajonadaljnjih 50% ozemlja. Osnovna veli~ina, ki jo sprem-ljamo na merilnih mestih, je globina gladine podzemnevode; ponekod merimo tudi temperature in specifi~-no elektri~no prevodnost vode. Merilna mesta za opa-zovanje izvirov so namenjena spremljanju njihoveizdatnosti, ki veliko pove tudi o koli~inskem stanjupodzemnih voda v njihovem zaledju. Praviloma so nakra{kih izvirih, ki se odlikujejo prav po velikih vodnihkoli~inah. Nekateri od njih so precej odmaknjeni odnaselij in tudi zaradi tega bolj zahtevni za opazovanje.Osnovna veli~ina, ki jo opazujemo na merilnih mestih,je vi{ina gladine vode. Kjer nam lokacije to dopu{~a-jo, opravljamo na izvirih hidrometri~ne meritve, takoda lahko dolo~amo njihov pretok. Praviloma merimona izvirih tudi temperaturo in ponekod specifi~no elek-tri~no prevodnost vode. Mreà za opazovanje povr-{inskih voda ima najdalj{o tradicijo in je zaradi teganajbolj ustaljena.Vklju~uje tudi vodomerni postaji naBlejskem in Bohinjskem jezeru. Na vseh merilnihmestih beleìmo vodostaje, na ve~ini pa opravljamo tudihidrometri~ne meritve, ki omogo~ajo izdelavo preto~-nih krivulj za dolo~anje pretoka vode skozi presek vodo-merne postaje. Zaradi povednosti in medsebojneprimerljivosti podatkov je pretok na vodomernih posta-jah za povr{inske vode bistvena veli~ina. Na izbranihmerilnih mestih beleìmo tudi temperaturo vode inzajemamo vzorce za dolo~anje koncentracij suspendi-ranega materiala. Spreminjanje vi{ine morske gladinebeleìmo na mareografski postaji Lu{ka Kapitanijav Kopru. Meritve so se pri~ele è leta 1958. Nepreki-njeno ~asovno vrsto podatkov je pomagala zagotovitidodatna mareografska postaja, ki deluje v Luki Koper,v skrajni sili pa so bili v pomo~ podatki postaje v Trstu.Na postaji merimo tudi temperaturo vode. Na morju,pred Punto v Piranu, meri oceanografska boja, ki jerezultat sodelovanja z Morsko biolo{ko postajo, meddrugim tudi smeri in hitrosti tokov, slanost, elektri~noprevodnost in temperaturo morske vode.

Changes to the network of hydrological monitoringgauging stationsMarjan Bat, MSc

IntroductionBecause of substantive differences, we divide thenational hydrological monitoring network into thegroundwater observation monitoring network, thespring monitoring network, the surface water moni-toring network and the sea monitoring network. Thenetwork for monitoring groundwaters comprises obser-vation stations on the aquifers with intergranularporosity that cover around 20% of the territory of theRepublic of Slovenia. Because of the abundant ground-water reserves, we are gradually setting up observationstations on the aquifers with fissure and karstic fissureporosity as well, which together encompass a further50% of the territory.The basic quantity that we mon-itor at the observation stations is the groundwater tablelevel, though in certain places we also measure the tem-perature and specific electrical conductivity of the water.Spring observation stations are intended for monitor-ing the water abundance in the springs, which also tellsus a lot about the quantitative state of the groundwa-ters in their catchment areas.As a rule, they are locat-ed on karstic springs characterised by considerable waterquantities. Some of them are significantly far removedfrom settlements and are therefore more difficult tomonitor. The basic quantity measured at observationstations is the water level. If the location permits it, wealso carry out hydrometric measurements on thesprings to determine their discharge rates.As a rule, wealso measure the temperatures of the springs and insome places the specific electrical conductivity of thewater as well. The network for monitoring surfacewaters has the longest tradition and is therefore the moststable. It also includes the hydrometric stations on lakesBled and Bohinj. We are recording water stages at allthe gauging sites, while we perform hydrometric meas-urements at the majority of gauging sites.These meas-urements enable the production of rating curves fordetermining the water discharge through the cross-sec-tion of the hydrometric station. Because of the inform-ative character and mutual comparability of the data,the discharge at surface water hydrometric stations isa significant quantity.At selected gauging sites, we alsorecord water temperatures and take samples for deter-mining suspended material concentrations.The chang-ing of sea levels is recorded by the Lu{ka kapitanija tidegauge station at Koper, where measurements beganin 1958.The additional tide gauge station in Luka Koperhelped us obtain an uninterrupted time series and weused data from the tide gauge station in Trieste in cases


9ARSO

Leto 2005

V mreì dràvnega spremljanja povr{inskih voda jeleta 2005 delovalo 168 vodomernih postaj (slika 1).V letopisu objavljamo vodostaje za 159 postaj, podat-ki preostalih desetih merilnih mest pa se podvajajo alipa iz razli~nih vzrokov niso primerni za objavo. Gle-de na leto 2004 so dodane vodomerne postaje: Can-kova ({ifra 1100) na Ku~nici, kjer so bila opazovanjaprekinjena 3 leta; Ovsi{e I (4025) na Lipnici, kjer delu-je limnigrafska postaja na novi lokaciji, na stari pa sobila opazovanja ukinjena; Sodna vas (4770) na Mestinj{-~ici, kjer so bila opazovanja za 9 mesecev prekinjenazaradi regulacije; Branik (8640) na Branici, za katerosmo zadnji~ objavili podatke leta 2000. Ukinjena je bilavodomerna postaja Dvor (7040) na Krki, ki jo je v dru-gi polovici leta nadomestila vodomerna postaja Sote-ska (7060).V Tolminu (8330) na Tolminki se je profilmed letom tako spreminjal, da je bil merilnik limni-grafa ve~krat na suhem in so opazovanja pomanjklji-va.Tako pogostim spremembam hidravli~nih lastnostimerilnega mesta ni bilo mogo~e slediti z zanesljivimipreto~nimi krivuljami. Zato podatkov nismo objavili.Moteno je bilo tudi delovanje vodomerne postaje Log

where there was no other data available.We also meas-ure the water temperature at the said stations. At sea,there is an oceanographic buoy just before Punta inPiran, which is the result o cooperation with the PiranMarine Biology Station.This measures the direction andvelocity of currents, the salinity, the electrical con-ductivity and the temperature of the sea water amongother things.

The Year 2005

168 hydrometric stations (Figure 1) operated withinthe national monitoring network of surface streamsin 2005.We are publishing data for 159 stations in theYearbook.The data from the remaining ten gauging sitesare duplicated or are not suitable for publication forvarious reasons. With respect to 2004, the followinghydrometric stations have been added: Cankova (code1100) on the Ku~nica River, where observations weresuspended for 3 years; Ovsi{e I (4025) on the LipnicaRiver, where a water level recording station operatesat a new location while observations were discontin-ued at the old site; Sodna vas (4770) on the Mestinj{~ica


10 ARSO

Vodomerna postaja Tolmin na Tolminki (foto: Mira Kobold, 13. 4. 2005).Tolmin hydrimetric station on the Tolminka River (photo: Mira Kobold, 13. 4. 2005).

pod Mangartom (8245) na kanalu Roje. Na MutskiBistrici sta v letu 2005 vzporedno delovali dve vodo-merni postaji. Vodostaje in pretoke prvi~ objavljamoza novo merilno mesto.

Na 106 postajah so bili vodostaji od~itani z limni-grafskih trakov, na 36 pa so jih zabeleìli opazovalciz vodomerov. Na 17 merilnih mestih je bil osnovni virpodatkov o vodostaju digitalni zapis avtomatske merilnepostaje ali podatkovnega zapisovalnika.Leto poprej je bildigitalni zapis uporabljen le na {tirih merilnih mestih.

V letu 2005 je bilo na vodomernih postajah oprav-ljenih 1137 hidrometri~nih meritev. Od teh je bilo660 meritev s hidrometri~nim krilom (aritmeti~na sre-dina izmerjenih pretokov je bila 2,5 m3/s), 403 z aku-sti~nim dopplerjevim merilnikom pretokov (ADMP –srednji pretok meritev 68,4 m3/s) in 74 meritev z aku-sti~nim hidrometri~nim krilom (FlowTracker – srednjipretok meritev je bil 2,8 m3/s).Akusti~no hidrometri~-no krilo so terenske skupine ARSO za~ele uporablja-ti v drugi polovici leta. Nadome{~a mehansko krilo inje posebej primerno za meritve malih pretokov pri niz-kih hitrostih toka. Za merilca je postopek izvajanja meri-tve z obema merilnikoma enak. Rezultati meritve(npr. pretok) se sproti izpisujejo, kar predstavlja dodat-no prednost merilnika. Na Dravi, Muri in Savi so biliv letu 2005 po dvakrat merjeni pretoki nad 1000 m3/s.Poleg rednih je bilo v letu 2005 {e 37 izrednih meritev.

Pretoki so objavljeni za 153 vodomernih postaj. Breznjih sta seveda vodomerni postaji na Blejskem inBohinjskem jezeru, ne dolo~amo pa jih tudi na meril-nih mestih Komin na Ljubljanici, Gorenje in DolenjeJezero na Strènu ter v Postojnski jami na Pivki.

River, where observations were suspended for 9 monthsdue to regulation; Branik (8640) on the Branica River,for which the last data to be published was from 2000.The Dvor (7040) hydrometric station on the Krka Riverhydrometric station was abolished and replaced by theSoteska (7060) hydrometric station for the second halfof the year. At Tolmin (8330) on the Tolminka River,the cross-section changed so much during the year thatthe meter of the water level recorder was dry on sev-eral occasions, rendering the observations deficient. Suchfrequent changes in the hydraulic properties of a gaug-ing site could not be monitored with reliable ratingcurves and, therefore, we did not publish the data.Theoperation of the Log pod Mangartom (8245) hydro-metric station on the canal of the Roja River was alsointerrupted. On the Mutska Bistrica River, two hydro-metric stations operated simultaneously in 2005. Thewater stages and discharges for the new gauging siteare published for the first time.

At 106 stations, the water levels were read fromwater level recorder strips while the stages were record-ed by observers from gauges at 36 stations.At 17 gaug-ing sites, the basic source of the data on the water stageswas the digital record made by an automatic gaugingstation or data logger. In the previous year, digital record-ing was only used at four gauging sites.

In 2005, 1137 hydrometric measurements were per-formed at hydrometric stations. Of these, 660 were car-ried out using current meters (the arithmetic mean ofthe measured discharges was 2.5 m3/s), 403 with theacoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP – the meandischarge of the measurements was 68.4 m3/s) and


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1947 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Leto / Year

Vodomer / Staff Gauge (1) Limnigraf / Water Level Recorder (2) Skupaj / Total (1 + 2)

Avtomatska p. / Automatic s. Podatkovni zapisovalnik / Data logger

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Slika 1: [tevilo vodomernih postaj na povr{inskih vodah v obdobju od leta 1947 do leta 2005.Figure 1: The number of hydrometric stations on surface waters in the period from 1947 to 2005.

Temperature objavljamo za 52 vodomernih postaj.Na 33 merilnih mestih so jih merili opazovalci z ìvo-srebrnim termometrom, na 19 pa merilniki v sklopuavtomatske merilne postaje. Zaradi primerljivosti sopodatki avtomatskih postaj o temperaturah vode izve-deni iz od~itkov med 7 in 8 uro, ker jih tedaj opazujetudi ve~ina opazovalcev. Podrobnej{e podatke hrani-mo v podatkovni zbirki.

Na 4 merilnih postajah je potekal redni zajem vzor-cev za dolo~anje koncentracij in izra~un transporta sus-pendiranega materiala. V Radovljici na Savi in v Suhina Sori sta vzorce zajemala avtomatska vzor~evalnika,ki sta bila zaradi nizkih temperatur pozimi izkloplje-na. Nepopolnih podatkov v letopisu nismo objavili. Pravtako v letopisu niso objavljeni vsi rezultati odvzemovvzorcev ob izrednih hidrolo{kih razmerah, ki so pote-kali na dopolnilni mreì monitoringa suspendiranegamateriala.

V mreì za spremljanje podzemnih voda je leta 2005delovalo 135 postaj.V letopisu objavljamo podatke 132.Glede na leto 2004 sta novi merilni mesti B-1 Brnikna Kranjskem polju in H-1 Ljubljana – Hajdrihova naLjubljanskem barju. Ukinjena je bila postaja v 0851v Mednem. Na novih merilnih mestih se spremlja niha-nje gladine podzemne vode neprekinjeno z limnigra-fom ali avtomatskim merilnikom. V letu 2005 je bilotako opremljenih ̀ e 70 merilnih mest. Podatke z meril-nih mest v Hrastju in Levcu sta postaji avtomatsko

74 with the ultrasonic acoustic Doppler velocimeters(the FlowTracker – the mean discharge of the meas-urements was 2.8m3/s).The field teams of the Environ-mental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia began usingthe ultrasonic acoustic Doppler velocimeter in the sec-ond half of the year. The device replaces the mechan-ical current meter and is especially suitable for measuringlow discharges at low current velocities.The people tak-ing the measurements have the same job irrespectiveof the type of device.The results of the measurements(e. g. the discharge) are displayed concurrently, whichis an additional advantage of the new device. On theDrava, Mura and Sava rivers, discharges in excess of1000m3/s were measured twice in 2005 and there were37 extraordinary measurements performed in additionto the regular ones.

Discharges have been published for 153 hydrometricstations. There is no discharge data for lakes Bled andBohinj and we also do not determine them for the gaug-ing sites at Komin on the Ljubljanica River, Gorenje andDolenje Jezero on the Strèn River and in the Postojnacave on the Pivka River.

We are publishing temperatures from 52 hydro-metric stations.At 33 gauging sites, temperatures weremeasured by observers using mercury thermometersand at 19 by gauges within the scope of the automat-ic gauging station. For the purpose of comparability,data on water temperatures at the automatic stationswas derived from readings made between 7 and 8a.m.,because this is when the temperatures are measuredby the majority of observers. Detailed data is kept inthe database.

At 4 gauging stations, regular sampling took placefor the determination of concentrations of suspendedmaterial and the calculation of its transportation. InRadovljica on the Sava River and in Suha on the SoraRiver, samples were taken by automatic samplers thatwere deactivated in the winter because of low temper-atures. We have not published incomplete data in theYearbook.We also have not published all the results ofsampling during extreme hydrological conditions thattook place at the supplementary network for suspendedmaterial monitoring.

135 stations operated in the groundwater moni-toring network in 2005 and we are publishing data for132 in the Yearbook. Compared to 2004, the new gaug-ing sites are B-1 Brnik on Kranjsko field, [M-1/2 Hrastjeon the Ljubljana field, G-12 ^rna vas and H-1 Ljublja-na-Hajdrihova on the Ljubljana Moor and LE-1/01Levec in the Lower Savinja Valley. Gauging site 0851 inMedno was abolished.At the new gauging sites, the fluc-tuation of the groundwater level is monitored contin-uously by a water level recorder or automatic gauge.In 2005, 70 gauging sites were equipped with this kindof equipment. Data from the gauging sites in Hrastjeand Levec was communicated automatically by the sta-tions to the Environmental Agency of the Republic ofSlovenia so that we could follow the fluctuation of


12 ARSO

Meritev z akusti~nim hidrometri~nim krilom na v.p. Sredi{~e –Ivanj{evski potok (foto: Barbara Cankar, maj 2006).Measurements with the acoustic Doppler velocimeter on theSredi{~e hydrometric station on the stream Ivanj{evski potok(photo: Barbara Cankar, Maj 2006).

posredovali na ARSO, tako da smo nihanje gladine pod-zemne vode ̀ e lahko spremljali sproti (v realnem ~asu),v letopisu pa {e niso objavljeni. Na 65 merilnih mestihso gladine beleìli opazovalci. V Preserju (0430) se jepogostost opazovanj zmanj{ala, drugje pa bistvenih spre-memb glede na leto 2004 ni bilo.

Opazovanje izvirov poteka na 13 postajah. Novi stamerilni mesti Leto`nik ({ifra 6253) na kra{kem izviruLeto{~a pod Menino in Bilpa (4965). Skozi Bilpo sev Kolpo izliva del voda,ki poniknejo na Ko~evskem polju.Obe merilni mesti imata podatkovni zapisovalnik.V letopisu objavljamo podatke {estih merilnih mest.Mednje smo uvrstili vodomerni postaji Dolence I (4985)na Krupi in Stopi~e (7350) na Te`ki vodi, ne objavljamopa podatkov za postajo Divje Jezero (8452) na Jezer-nici, ki predstavlja visokovodni preliv sistema kra{kihizvirov pri Podroteji.

Pri opazovanju morja je bila leta 2005 v okviruprojekta ESEAS-RI zaklju~ena prenova mareografskepostaje Lu{ka Kapitanija v Kopru ({ifra 9350; podrob-neje glej: http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/morje/projekti/ESEASnet3.pdf). V ~asu gradbenih posegov so bili namerilnem mestu postavljeni nadomestni merilniki.Delovali sta tudi postaja v Luki Koper (9352) in ocea-nografska boja Piran (9400).

groundwater levels in real time but they are not pub-lished in the Yearbook.At 65 gauging sites, water levelswere recorded by observers.The frequency of observa-tions was reduced at Preserje (0430) though there wereno significant changes elsewhere with respect to 2004.

Spring observations take place at 13 stations.The newobservation sites are Leto`nik (code 6253) on the Leto{~karstic spring below Mount Menina and Bilpa (4965).A portion of the streams that infiltrate the Ko~evsko fielddrain into the Kolpa River through Bilpa. Both gaugingsites have data loggers.We are publishing data for six gaug-ing sites in the Yearbook and have included data from theobservation stations of Dolence I (4985) on the KrupaRiver and Stopi~e (7350) on the Te`ka voda River, thoughwe are not publishing data from the Divje Jezero (8452)observation station on the Jezernica River, which repre-sents the weir of the system of karstic springs at Podroteja.

The renovation of the Lu{ka kapitanija tide gaugestation at Koper was completed in 2005 within thescope of the ESEAS-RI project (code 9350; for detailssee: http://www.arso.gov.si/vode/morje/projekti/ESEASnet3.pdf). During construction, replacementgauges were set up at the gauging site. The station atLuka Koper (9352) and the oceanographic buoy in Piran(9400) were also operational.


13ARSO

Leto / Year

Limnigraf / Water Level Recorder (2) Skupaj / Total (1 + 2)

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1952 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Opazovanje / Observations (1)

Slika 2: [tevilo vodomernih postaj na podzemih vodah v obdobju od leta 1952 do leta 2005.Figure 2: The number of groundwater observations stations in the period from 1952 to 2005.


14 ARSO

Seznam opazovalcev v mreì merilnih mest hidrolo{kega monitoringaThe list of observers in the network of the hydrological monitoring gauging stations

Opazovalec Vodomerna postaja Reka, jezeroObserver Gauging station River, lake

Avsec Igor Gor. Jezero StrènAv{i~ Bo{tjan âte` SavaBalog Milena Hote{k IdrijcaBani~ Joè Podbo~je KrkaBa{a Slavko [alara Bada{evicaBa{a Slavko Podka{tel DragonjaBa{a Slavko Koper Jadransko morjeBa{a Slavko Koper luka Jadransko morjeBa{a Slavko Pi{ine DrnicaBevc Franc [o{tanj VelunjaBevk Marija Trzin P{ataBizjak Marija Re~ica PakaBizjak Nada Okroglo SavaBlaì~ Filipina Prestranek PivkaBucaj Lidija Kubed RiànaBuh Ljudmila Komin LjubljanicaCankar Darinka Medno Savaâs Pavla Sol~ava Savinjaêlesnik Alenka [kocjan Raduljaêrnigoj Joè Ajdov{~ina HubeljDremelj Marija Veliko [irje SavinjaFeher Irinka (Irena) Kobilje Kobiljski potokFerfolja Alojz Miren I VipavaFider{ek Joè Trèc PolskavaFilipi~ Marija Pristava [~avnicaFortuna Joèfa Bistra BistraFurlan Emil Vipava VipavaGaber Marija Draà vas OplotnicaGabrijel~i~ Zlatko Nova Gorica KorenGabrijel~i~ Zlatko Solkan So~aGlobevnik Melita Gorenja Gomila KrkaGlojek Marta Kra{e DretaGogala Du{an Cerknica Cerkni{~icaGregori~ Rado{ Vol~ja Draga LijakHeberle Olga Mlino Blejsko jezeroHeberle Olga Mlino JezernicaHerzog Jerneja Cankova Ku~nicaHorvat Ladislav Sredi{~e Ivanj{evski potokHren Antonija Borovnica Borovni{~icaIlijev Zlata Jesenice Sava DolinkaIve Anton Preska Trì{ka BistricaJani~ Karel Nuskova LedavaJereb Matev` @iri Poljanska SoraJurgli~ Jasna Ro`ni Vrh TemenicaKac Joè Stari trg SuhodolnicaKali~ Matja` Oti{ki Vrh MeàKali~ Matja` Oti{ki Vrh MislinjaKap{ Stanko Pre~na Pre~naKarni~nik Elizabeta Ruta RadoljnaKelenc Branko Ranca PesnicaKelenc Karolina Go~ova PesnicaKelenc Katja Borl DravaKer~mar Geza Hodo{ Velika KrkaKern Janez P{ata P{ataKlemen Slanc Marija Razori [ujicaKnafelj Joìca Podhom RadovnaKnap Vesna Muta BistricaKnap Vesna Muta I BistricaKoblar Alojzija @elezniki Sel{ka SoraKo~evar Franc Gradac LahinjaKomac Zdravko Kr{ovec So~aKoro{ec Matilda Makole Dravinja


Ko{ir Luka Sodraìca BistricaKova~ Anica Log pod Mangartom KoritnicaKova~ec Ivana Zamu{ani PesnicaKrajnik Rudolf Suha SoraKramar Milena I{ka I{kaKranjc Tadej Dolenje VipavaKuhar Karel [kofja vas HudinjaLeban Ivan Tolmin TolminkaLesjak Matilda Levec Lo`nicaLeskovec Alojz Podroteja IdrijcaLe{nik Antonija Medlog SavinjaLevi~nik Niko [entjakob SavaLindi~ Martin Radenci KolpaMalis Viljem Hrastnik SavaMartin~i~ Andrej Dolenje Jezero StrènMatja` Boìdar Jelovec MirnaMeja~ Antonija Nevlje NevljicaMesari~ Gizela Polana LedavaMilavec Andrej Malni Malen{~icaMilavec Ivanka Hasberg UnicaMlinari~ Franc Gornja Radgona MuraMoli~nik Vinko Lu~e Lu~nicaMrvar Albin Dvor KrkaMudrini~ Aleksander Bode{~e Sava BohinjkaMudrini~ Aleksander Radovljica SavaMustar Marija Ra{ica Ra{icaNemet Ladislav Zagaj BistricaNovak Joè Postojnska jama PivkaOberstar Vida Prigorica RibnicaOb{tetar Borut Dolenja Trebu{a Trebu{aOmerzel Joè Metlika KolpaOv~jak Matej [o{tanj PakaPav{a Silva Golo Brdo IdrijaPec Franc Lo~e DravinjaPer{olja Silvo Neblo RekaPer{olja Silvo Neblo Ko`banj{~ekPle{nik Francka Gaberke VelunjaPodbev{ek Peter La{ko SavinjaPodlipnik Janez Kranjska Gora Sava DolinkaPoto~nik Joè Podnanos Mo~ilnikPoto~nik Nata{a ^rna MeàPotokar Janez Litija SavaPotrebuje{ Ivan Petrina KolpaPu{avec Luka Ovsi{e LipnicaRov{~ek Edvin Ba~a pri Modreju Ba~aRoènbergar Vojko Kranj KokraSadar Fan~i Kamnik Kamni{ka BistricaSamec Oton Polè HudinjaSeklji~ Edvard Pesje LepenaSimon~i~ Franc Celje SavinjaSkubic Anica Meni{ka vas Rade{caSlavinec Angela [kale SopotaSoto{ek Avgust Sodna vas II Mestinj{~icaStegel Vida Mali Otok Nano{~icaStrni{a Jure @ebnik Sopota[afari~ Viktor Petanjci Mura[avli Marija Cerkno Cerknica[epec Terezija Rakovec Sotla[estan Boris Cerkvenikov mlin Reka[estan Boris Ilirska Bistrica Bistrica[estan Boris Trp~ane Reka[estan Boris Trnovo Reka


15ARSO


[etina Marija Sveti Duh Bohinjsko jezero[etina Marija Stara Fuìna Mostnica[etina Marija Sveti Janez Sava Bohinjka[koflek Biserka Velenje Paka[krbec Simon Branik Branica[orn Stanislav Vir Ra~a[orn Stanislav Podre~je Ra~a[tancer Drago ^rnolica Voglajna[tibelj Ton~ka Ve{ter Sel{ka Sora[turm Albin Kobarid So~a[turm Albin Robi~ Nadià[varc Janko Dvor Grada{~icaTivold Marija Martjanci Martjanski potokTominec Franc Medvode SoraTrauner Julijus Celje VoglajnaTriller Marjeta Zminec Poljanska SoraTrojok Evgen êntiba LedavaTr{inar Milka Martinja vas MirnaTrunkelj Fran~i{ka Trebnja Gorica Vi{njica


Ver~nik Joèf Zre~e DravinjaVidic Ana Blejski most Sava DolinkaVodi{ek Ivanka Vodi{ko Gra~nicaVodopivec Joè Dornberk VipavaVodovnik Vlado Letu{ SavinjaVo{njak Martin Dolenja vas BolskaVugrinec [tefanija Videm DravinjaZagorc Cveto Nazarje SavinjaZajc Anton Podbukovje KrkaZalokar Marjan Domàle Mlin{~ica KanalZalokar Marjan Vir Kamni{ka BistricaZalo`nik Zvonko Kokra KokraZapu{ek Marija [kale LepenaZavrèn Viola Mla~evo Grosupelj{~ica@agar Bojan Log êzso{ki So~a@agar Bojan @aga U~ja@akelj Janez Vrhnika Ljubljanica@akelj Janez Verd Ljubija@vab Pavla Bohinjska Bistrica Bistrica

Opazovalec Postaja za podzemne vodeObserver Groundwater observation station

Arta~ Joè Brezovica I.Artenjak Stanko Spodnja HajdinaBerani~ Ivan JablaneBerani~ Slava Brun{vikBizjak Ivan GotovljeBone Branko Vipavski Kri`Cvetko Boìdar Sandi Trgovi{~eCvikl Anton Zgornje Gru{ovljeîh Elizabeta Gornji Lako{Drobni~ Fran~i{ka MalenceErjavec Franc LipovciFilipi~ Igor Klju~arovciFi{er Ana Zgornja GoricaGalun Janez KungotaJarkovi~ Fran~i{ka DramaJenko Marta MejaJerebic Franc BrezovicaKa~ Irena Arja vasKau~i~ Anton PlitvicaKmeclj Leopold [kofja vasKolo{a Elizabeta RadmoànciKova~ Marija Sinja GoricaKregar Marija Dolenja vasKrpan Adrijan Ajdov{~inaKru{ec Ivana SegovciLepej Darinka Star{eMali Viljem [empeterMedle Martina [mal~ja vasMedve{ek Joìca Hrva{ki Brod

Opazovalec Postaja za podzemne vodeObserver Groundwater observation station

Merljak Luka Ren~eMesari~ Feliks BakovciMulec Eda @epovciOu~ek Franc RankovciPe~nik Franc Spodnji Stari GradPinter Ervin Nem~avciPle{ko Joè KozarjePlo{injak Franc StojnciRat Alojz Letu{Repnik Anica Zg. Jar{e in Menge{ ter PreserjeRepnik Anton Pari`ljeRodo{ek Du{an Veliki PodlogRojc Cvetka Vol~ja DragaSimon~i~ Ivan GoricaSimoni~ Rajko DornavaSlapnik Milena PodgorjeStamni~ar Dejan Ve{~icaStropnik Marko Medlog-V1941[avri~ Daniela Buko{ek[kraban Avgu{tin KrogTement Lidija SobetinciTonja Helena Sveti DuhToplak Joè RenkovciVil~nik Avgust PtujVintar Nada Kalce-NakloWeingerl Joè Mali SegovciZadobov{ek Rudolf TrnavaZevnik Marija Celje@ibrek Jelena Zgornje Krapje

Primerjalne meritve pretokovz merilnikom FlowTtrackerin hidrometri~nim krilommag. Roman Tr~ek, Barbara Cankar

Vrsto let se je na ARSO za potrebe izvajanja meritevpretokov uporabljala le metoda merjenja s hidrome-tri~nim krilom.V uporabi je krilo z oznako C31, pod-jetja Ott Hydrometrie iz Kemptna, Nem~ija. Premerelise (vetrnice) krila zna{a 8 cm, s ~imer lahko pokrije-mo meritve hitrosti na obmo~ju 0,05m/s do 3,5m/s ali5,0 m/s. Zgornja meja je odvisna od zahtev pri umer-janju, ki poteka kontinuirno, vsaj na 3 leta.

Zaradi togega prilagajanja ekstremnim razmeram(meritvam visokih in nizkih voda) ter dolgotrajnimmeritvam vi{jih pretokov je bilo potrebno poiskati alter-nativne metode. Problemi so se pojavili tudi z vzdrè-vanjem merilne opreme ter zagotavljanjem rezervnihdelov spremljajo~ih in{trumentov (npr. {tevna naprava),

Comparative measurementswith the FlowTracker veloci-meter and the current meterRoman Tr~ek, MSc, Barbara Cankar

For a number of years, only the current meter methodwas used by the Environmental Agency of the Republicof Slovenia for measuring discharges.The agency usesthe C31 current meter manufactured by Ott Hydrometriefrom Kemptn, Germany.The diameter of the propelleris 8 cm and it can cover velocity measurements in therange from 0.05 m/s to 3.5 m/s or 5.0 m/s. The upperlimit depends on the requirements during calibrationthat proceeds continuously, at least every three years.

Because of its poor flexibility when adjusting toextreme conditions (measuring high and low waters) andlong lasting measurements of higher discharges, weneeded to find alternative methods. Problems also arosein the maintenance of the measuring equipment and withthe provision of spare parts for the accompanying instru-ments (e. g. the counting device), which are slowly dis-appearing from the market. This is why the method ofmeasuring discharges with the ADCP (acoustic Dopplercurrent profiler) was introduced in 2003, as describedin the 2003 Hydrological Yearbook of Slovenia.

The quality of discharge measurements on largerrivers and during high water was thus assured. But analternative solution still needed to be found for themeasurement of velocity in the smaller and shallow-er river channels. For these conditions, the most suit-able device is the FlowTracker (FT) acoustic velocimeteror current meter.The FT is manufactured by the Son-Tek/YSI company from San Diego, California, USA(Figure 3).

This method of measuring discharges began to beintroduced by the Environmental Agency of the Repu-blic of Slovenia in mid-2005. By the end of the year,81 measurements had been performed at 66 differenthydrometric stations.At 23 gauging sites, measurementsusing current meters were performed simultaneously.The locations of these measurements and the datesof implementation are given in the tablet below (Ta-ble 1).

Description of the Method of MeasuringDischarges with the FT Velocimeter

The method of measurement using the FT velocime-ter is analogous to the current meter method in termsof execution, but the principle of determining the veloc-ity at individual points is different.The velocity is deter-mined based on the Doppler effect (changes betweenthe emitted and received frequency or wavelengthphase shifts), while the current meter measures the


16 ARSO

Slika 3: Ultrazvo~ni merilnik FT v uporabi Agencije RS zaokolje. Senzor (v spodnjem levem kotu) je sestavljen iz oddaj-nika na sredini in sprejemnikov na obeh koncih konzol.Vnosnastavitev in pregled rezultatov omogo~a enota z zaslonomin tipkami, ki je povezana s senzorjem preko 2 m kabla.Figure 3: The FT ultrasonic velocimeter used by the EnvironmentalAgency of the Republic of Slovenia. The sensor (in the bottomleft corner) consists of a transmitter in the centre and receiverson both sides of the consoles.The entry of settings and the review ofthe results are enabled by a screen and keyboard that is connectedto the sensor by a 2-metre cable.

ki po~asi izginjajo s trì{~a. Tako se je leta 2003 vpe-ljala metoda merjenja pretokov z ultrazvo~nim meril-nikom ADMP (akusti~ni Dopplerjev merilnik pretoka),opisana v Hidrolo{kem letopisu Slovenije 2003.

Kvalitetne meritve pretokov na ve~jih rekah in obvisokih vodah so bile s tem zagotovljene. Potrebno paje bilo poiskati alternativno re{itev merjenja hitrostiv manj{ih in plitvej{ih re~nih strugah. Za te razmereje najprimernej{i to~kovni merilnik hitrosti, t. i. ultra-zvo~no krilo, s komercialnim imenom FlowTracker (FT).FT proizvaja podjetje SonTek/YSI iz San Diega, Kali-fornija, ZDA (slika 3).

Metoda merjenja pretokov s FT se je za~ela uvaja-ti na ARSO sredi leta 2005. Do konca leta je bilo nare-jenih 81 meritev na 66 razli~nih vodomernih postajah.Na 23 merilnih mestih so se so~asno izvedle tudi meri-tve s hidrometri~nimi krili. Lokacije teh meritev terdatumi izvedbe so podani v spodnji preglednici (pre-glednica 1).

Opis metode merjenja pretokov s FT

Metoda meritev s FT je po sami izvedbi analogna meto-di meritev s hidrometri~nim krilom, le da je principdolo~anja hitrosti v posamezni to~ki druga~en. Dolo-~a se na podlagi Dopplerjevega pojava (spremembe medoddano in sprejeto frekvenco oz. spremembe v faznemzamiku valovanja), medtem ko se pri krilu dolo~a napodlagi {tevila vrtljajev elise. FT sestavljajo senzor, pri-trjen na spodnji del jeklenega droga, in vhodno-izhod-na enota (mini prenosni ra~unalnik), ki je prav tako

number of revolutions of the propeller.The FT is madeup of a sensor attached to the end of a steel pole andan input-output unit (a mini portable computer),whichis also attached to the pole. The program allows us tomanage and monitor the measurements and enter dataon depths and the crosswise location within the chan-nel (the distance of verticals from the bank). Simulta-neously with the completion of measurements, wereceive data on the velocities and the total dischargeof the section, which is a significant advantage in com-parison with the current meter, where the values arewritten in a booklet. It is necessary to rewrite the algo-rithm prior to evaluating the measurements performedwith the current meter, which is done subsequently atthe office. So several days or even weeks can elapsebefore we obtain the data.

The first and most important condition for a qual-ity measurement is the selection of an appropriategauging site. Such a site must be located in a flat, sta-ble section of the channel.The river bed should be asregular and even as possible and without vegetationor larger rocks.A tape measure is run across the chan-nel to serve for positioning the verticals.The verticals,where the velocities of the current are to be measured,are determined so that the individual discharge in eachvertical does not exceed 10% of the total discharge.Thus we get at least 12 verticals in each section (twofor the determination of the left and right banks and10 verticals for the determination of the velocity).Thedepth of the cross-section and the velocity at theselected points are determined simultaneously ineach vertical.


17ARSO

Preglednica 1: Vzorec primerjalnih meritev.Table 1: A sample of comparative measurements.

[ifra Vodomerna postaja Vodotok DatumCode Gauging station Stream Date

1 3015 Kranjska Gora Sava Dolinka 16. 11.2 3060 Jesenice Sava Dolinka 16. 11.3 3250 Bode{~e Sava Bohinjka 15. 11.4 3260 Ukanc Savica 15. 11.5 3320 Bohinjska Bistrica Bistrica 15. 11.6 3370 Natega Mlino 15. 11.7 4206 Medvode I Sora 11. 11.8 4215 @iri II Poljanska Sora 10. 11.9 4230 Zminec Poljanska Sora 10. 11.

10 4270 @elezniki Sel{ka Sora 10. 11.11 4298 Ve{ter Sel{ka Sora 10. 11.12 4660 Martinja vas I Mirna 26. 10.13 4695 Jelovec Mirna 26. 10.14 4705 Ore{je Sevni~na 26. 10.15 6020 Sol~ava I Savinja 02. 11.16 6280 Velenje Paka 02. 11.17 6300 [o{tanj Paka 02. 11.18 6340 Re~ica Paka 02. 11.19 6350 [kale Lepena 02. 11.20 6385 Pesje IV Lepena 02. 11.21 6400 [kale Sopota 02. 11.22 6415 Gaberke Velunja 02. 11.23 7310 Ro`ni Vrh Temenica 26. 10.

pritrjen na drog. Preko programa vodimo in spremljamomeritev ter vna{amo podatke o globinah in staciona-ì (oddaljenosti vertikal od brega). So~asno z zaklju~-kom meritve dobimo podatke o hitrostih ter o kon~nempretoku prereza, kar je velika prednost v primerjavis hidrometri~nim krilom, pri katerem se vrednosti izpi-sujejo v knjiìco. Pred izvrednotenjem meritve s krilomje potreben prepis v algoritem, ki se izvede kasneje,v pisarni. Do pridobitve podatka o pretoku tako navad-no prete~e ve~ dni, lahko tudi tednov.

Prvi in najpomembnej{i pogoj za kvalitetno meri-tev je ustrezna izbira merilnega mesta.To mora biti naravnem, stabilnem odseku struge. Dno struge naj bo ~imbolj nespremenljivo ter brez zarasti ali ve~jih skal. Pre-ko struge se napelje tra~no merilo, ki sluì za dolo~anjepoloàja vertikal. Vertikale na katerih se merijo hitro-sti toka se dolo~ijo tako, da posamezen pretok pripa-dajo~i vertikali ne presega 10% celotnega pretoka.Takoimamo v vsakem prerezu vsaj 12 vertikal (dve za dolo-~itev levega in desnega brega ter 10 vertikal za dolo~itevhitrosti). Na vsaki vertikali se so~asno dolo~i globinapre~nega prereza ter hitrost v izbranih to~kah.

Za dolo~anje {tevila to~k na posamezni vertikaliobstaja ve~ priporo~il in metod. Odlo~ili smo se za upo-rabo eno oz. dvo-to~kovne metode, ki sledi tudi stan-dardu ISO 748: 1997.V globinah manj{ih od 0,8 m semeri hitrost toka v eni to~ki na globini 0,6 h (merje-no od gladine navzdol). V primeru ve~jih globin upo-rabljamo dvoto~kovno metodo na globinah 0,2 h ter0,8 h. Izredna enoto~kovna metoda, z meritvijo hitro-sti na 0,5 h, se uporabi vedno, ne glede na globino vode,v primeru, ko merimo hitrosti pod ledom oziroma kadarmenimo (glede na izku{nje), da vertikalna porazdeli-tev hitrosti ni teoreti~na (logaritmi~na), npr. potopljenamatica toka. Dobljeno hitrost pri globini 0,5 h pom-noìmo s korekcijskim faktorjem 0,89, da dobimo sred-njo hitrost v vertikali.

V vseh primerih je ~asovni interval meritve dolg 60s.Zmanj{amo ga le v primeru hitro spreminjajo~ih sepogojev, npr. hitrega padanja oz. dviganja gladine vode.Vsaki vertikali se dolo~i pripadajo~a povr{ina pre~negaprereza ter srednja hitrost toka. Z metodo povr{ina-hi-trost najprej dolo~imo posamezne pretoke po lamelah,preko katerih dobimo celoten pretok reke.

FT meri hitrosti z dovolj veliko natan~nostjo le, ~e jev vodi dovolj veliko {tevilo delcev, ki povzro~ijo mo~anodboj signala. Mo~ in kvaliteto odboja merimo s para-metrom SNR (signal-to-noise ratio). SNR mora biti obvsaki meritvi nad 10 dB. Meritve s parametrom SNRokrog 4dB niso ve~ povsem optimalne,vendar jih {e ved-no lahko uporabljamo kot okvirne vrednosti za nadaljnjoobdelavo, meritve s SNR pod 4 dB pa so nezanesljive.

Teàve povzro~ajo tudi predvsem robna obmo~ja,~e se tam nahajajo ve~ji balvani ali skale oziroma, ~eje breìna zara{~ena. FT meri hitrosti toka v volumnuvode na razdalji 10 cm od oddajnika zvo~nega signa-la. To razdaljo moramo upo{tevati pri dolo~anju legemerjenega vzorca glede na celotno strugo ter pri meri-

There are several recommendations and methodsfor determining the number of points in an individualvertical. We decided on using the one- or two-pointmethod, which is in line with the ISO 748: 1997 stan-dard.At depths less than 0.8 m, the velocity of the cur-rent is measured at one point at the depth of 0.6 h(measured from the surface of water downwards). Inthe case of greater depths, we use the two-point methodwith depths of 0.2 h and 0.8 h.The non-standard one--point method measuring velocity at 0.5 h is used, irre-spective of the depth, whenever we measure velocitybeneath ice or when we believe (from experience) thatthe vertical distribution of velocity is not theoretical(logarithmic), e. g. a submerged current field.The veloc-ity obtained at the depth of 0.5 h is multiplied by thecorrection factor of 0.89 in order to obtain the meanvelocity in the vertical.

In all cases, the duration of the measurement is60 seconds.We shorten the interval only in cases of rap-idly changing conditions, e.g. a rapid decrease or increaseof the water level. An associated surface of the trans-verse cross-section is determined for every vertical aswell as the mean velocity of the current. Using the sur-face velocity method, we first determine the individ-ual discharges by lamella, through which we obtain thetotal discharge of the river.

The FT velocimeter only measures velocity withhigh enough accuracy if there is a sufficient numberof particles in the water to cause a strong signal reflec-tion.The strength and quality of the reflection is meas-ured with the SNR parameter (signal-to-noise ratio).The SNR must be higher than 10 dB on each meas-urement. Measurements taken with the SNR param-eter at around 4 dB are not entirely optimal, but canstill be used as indicative values for further treatment,though measurements with SNR of below 4 dB areunreliable.

It is primarily the verges that cause problems if thereare larger boulders or rocks there or if the bank is over-grown. The FT velocimeter measures current veloci-ties in a volume of water at a distance of 10 cm fromthe sound signal transmitter.This distance must be takeninto account when determining the position of the meas-ured sample with respect to the entire river channeland in the measurements at the last vertical so that wedo not hit the bank. The setup of the pole on whichthe gauge is attached also affects the quality of the meas-urements. During the measurement, we must standcompletely vertical and perpendicular to the (meas-urement) transverse cross-section.Any deviation fromthe vertical directly affects the accuracy of the results.

The method of measuring velocity with the FTvelocimeter is useful in a range of from 0.001 m/s to5 m/s and from a depth of 2 cm and up. The upperdepth limit is determined by the length of the cablewith the attached probe (2m in our case) and the lengthof the staff onto which the gauge is attached.The gaugecan store up to 64 measurements, though it is recom-


18 ARSO

tvah na zadnji vertikali, da s signalom ne zadenemo obbreìno. Na kvaliteto meritve vpliva tudi postavitev dro-ga, na katerega je merilnik pritrjen. Ob meritvi morastati povsem vertikalno ter pravokotno na (merski) pre~-ni prerez. Odmik od vertikale neposredno vpliva nanatan~nost rezultatov.

Metoda merjenja hitrosti s FT je uporabna v obmo~juod 0,001m/s do 5m/s ter od globine 2cm naprej.Zgornjaomejitev globine nam predstavlja dolìna kabla s son-do (v na{em primeru 2 m) ter dolìna palice, na kateroje merilnik pritrjen. Merilnik lahko shrani do 64 meri-tev, kljub temu je priporo~ljivo, da se meritve redno (vsajenkrat tedensko) prena{ajo z merilnika v bazo meritev.

Najpomembnej{e prednosti meritev s FT v primer-javi s konvencionalno metodo s hidrometri~nim krilomso:• rezultati meritev so pridobljeni hitreje,• pove~ana kvaliteta meritev zaradi la`je kontrole

izmerjenih vrednosti in zmanj{anja verjetnosti ~lo-ve{ke napake,

• cenej{e, enostavnej{e in zanesljivej{e vzdrèvanje (nikalibracij in teàv z zagotavljanjem rezervnih delov,programska oprema za enostavno kontrolo delovanja).Frekvenca izmerjenih hitrosti s FT je 1Hz. Za izbran

~asovni interval merjenja to pomeni 60 meritev v enito~ki, s ~imer se doseè ve~ja natan~nost meritev. Meto-da je uporabna pri {ir{em spektru meritvenih pogojev(è v globini od 2 cm dalje, medtem ko so po standar-du veljavne meritve s hidrometri~nim krilom {ele odglobine ve~je od 3 × premera elise, kar zna{a ve~ kot20 cm). Zaradi ob~utljivih delov (kerami~nih open,krmilna enota z displejem) je potrebno nekoliko pre-vidnej{e rokovanje z in{trumentom, sama metoda pazahteva strokovno bolj usposobljeno ekipo.

Analiza rezultatov primerjalnih meritev

Na triindvajsetih razli~nih merilnih mestih so se so~a-sno oz. pri istem vodostaju izvedle meritve pretokov.Najprej si bomo ogledali rezultate primerjalnih meri-tev celotnega vzorca (slika 4, preglednica 2).

Pri sedemdesetih odstotkih primerjalnih meritev jebilo odstopanje parametrov meritev manj{e od 10 %,pri osmih meritvah manj{e od 5 %. Obi~ajno se s pove-~anjem razlik pri izmerjeni povr{ini ter srednji hitro-sti pove~a tudi odstopanje pretoka. Pri nekaterihmeritvah se je pokazal trend razlik srednjih hitrosti npr.v pozitivno smer ter razlik povr{ine prereza v negativ-no smer (ali obratno). Tako je lahko kljub precej{nje-mu neujemanju parametrov povr{ine in hitrostiujemanje kon~ne vrednosti pretoka precej{nje.

Pri 90 % primerjalnih meritev se vrednosti preto-kov razlikujejo za manj kot 10 %, pri 57 % je odstopa-nje manj{e od 5 %. @e samo ta podatek je indikatorsmiselnosti uporabe ultrazvo~nega merilnika in nado-mestitve hidrometri~nega krila.

mended that the measurements are regularly (at leastonce a week) transferred from the gauge to the meas-urement database.

The most important advantages of measurementsusing the FT velocimeter in comparison with the con-ventional method using the current meter are:• measurement results are obtained more quickly,• increased quality of the measurements because it is

easier to control the values measured and there islower probability of human error,

• cheaper, simpler and more reliable maintenance (nocalibration and problems with assuring spare parts,software for easy control of the operation).The frequency of the velocities measured with the

FT is 1 Hz. For the selected time interval of measure-ment, this means 60 measurements per point, mean-ing greater accuracy is achieved.The method is usefulfor a wider spectrum of measurement conditions(from a depth of 2 cm, while the measurements takenwith the current meter in line with the standard canonly be made from a depth of 3-times the propeller dia-meter onwards, meaning a depth of more than 20 cm).Because of the sensitive components (ceramic bricksand a control unit with a display), it is necessary to han-dle the instrument with greater care, while the methoditself demands an expertly qualified team.

Analysis of the Results of the ComparativeMeasurements

At 23 different gauging sites, discharge measurementswere performed simultaneously or at the same waterlevel.We will, first take a look at the results of the com-parative measurements of the complete sample (Figu-re 4, Table 2).

In 70% of the comparative measurements, the devia-tion of measurement parameters was less than 10%,while in 8% of the measurements it was less than 5%.Usually, the increase in differences of the measured sur-face and the mean velocity also increases the deviationof the discharge. In certain measurements, a trend ofdifferences in the mean velocities could be observed,e. g. in the positive direction, while the differences inthe cross-section surface were negative (or vice versa).Thus, despite the significant disagreement of theparameters of the surface area and velocity, the agree-ment of the final discharge value can be significant.

In 90% of the comparative measurements, the dis-charge values differ by less than 10%, while in 57% thedeviation is lower than 5%. This data alone is an indi-cator that using the ultrasonic gauge (FT) and conse-quently replacing the current meter is a reasonable choice.

Considering the assurances of the manufacturer(namely that every gauge is inspected prior to use) andadditional tests by independent organisations (Morlocket al, 2002 and Corbett, 2005), we can justifiably con-clude that the majority of discrepancies are the result


19ARSO


20 ARSO

Ods

topa

nje

/ D

iffe

renc

e (%

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Vzorec primerjalnih meritev / Comparing measurement's sample

Razlika {irine / Width difference ± %[ ] Razlika povr{ine / Cross section area difference ± %[ ]

Razlika pretoka / Discharge difference ± %[ ] Razlika srednje hitrosti / Mean velocity difference ± %[ ]

Slika 4: Absolutno odstopanje rezultatov meritev narejenih s FT, v primerjavi z rezultati meritev narejenih s hidrometri~nimkrilom za dolo~ene parametre meritve pretoka po merilnih mestih. Opis lokacije merilnega mesta z zaporedno {t. je podanv spodnji preglednici 2.Figure 4: The absolute deviation of measurement results obtained with the FT velocimeter in comparison with the results of measurementstaken with the current meter for certain parameters of discharge measurements by gauging site. A description of the gauging sitelocation with the serial number is given in the table below (Table 2).

Preglednica 2: Razlika izmerjenih pretokov obeh merilnikov po merilnih mestih.Table 2: The difference of discharges measured with both gauges by gauging site.

Vodomerna postaja Vodotok Krilo FlowTracker Razlika pretoka ± (%)Gauging station River Current meter FlowTracker Discharge difference ± (%)

Pretok (m3/s)Discharge (m3/s)

1 Kranjska Gora Sava Dolinka 0,794 0,827 2,12 Jesenice Sava Dolinka 7,87 6,62 7,93 Bode{~e Sava Bohinjka 6,89 6,51 2,84 Ukanc Savica 0,53 0,577 4,45 Bohinjska Bistrica Bistrica 0,25 0,168 166 Natega Mlino 0,24 0,181 127 Medvode I Sora 12,6 11,9 2,88 @iri II Poljanska Sora 0,66 0,645 1,19 Zminec Poljanska Sora 4,58 4,87 3,2

10 @elezniki Sel{ka Sora 1,75 1,48 7,711 Ve{ter Sel{ka Sora 3,34 3,38 0,5912 Martinja vas I Mirna 1,6 1,89 9,113 Jelovec Mirna 2,58 2,56 0,3914 Ore{je Sevni~na 0,258 0,251 1,415 Sol~ava I Savinja 0,97 1,16 9,816 Velenje Paka 0,655 0,715 4,617 [o{tanj Paka 1,5 1,29 7,018 Re~ica Paka 1,76 1,72 1,119 [kale Lepena 0,038 0,0435 7,220 Pesje IV Lepena 0,127 0,113 5,521 [kale Sopota 0,061 0,0508 8,422 Gaberke Velunja 0,25 0,254 0,8823 Ro`ni Vrh Temenica 0,659 0,592 5,1

Glede na zagotovila proizvajalca, da je vsak meril-nik pred uporabo preverjen, in dodatne teste neodvi-snih organizacij (Morlock et al, 2002 in Corbett, 2005)lahko upravi~eno sklepamo, da je ve~ina neskladijposledica napak ~love{kega izvora. Glede na izvajanjemeritev majhnih pretokov moramo biti za zagotovitevnatan~nosti v okviru ± 4 % izredno vestni in natan~nizlasti pri izbiri profila in izvedbi meritve.

Kon~na ocena primerjave

Zaradi primerjave in{trumentov smo uporabili istiprincip merjenja: ~asovni interval 30s in isto {tevilo ver-tikal. Ujemanje rezultatov je bilo pri~akovano dobro.Za dvig kvalitete meritev v prihodnosti smo pove~a-li ~as merjenja hitrosti na 60 s in {tevilo vertikal na(vsaj) 10, z mo`nostjo razumnega zmanj{anja v zeloozkih umetnih koritih. Ujemanje rezultatov pri ve~jihprerezih je bilo zelo dobro. Manj{e razlike nastopijo priobliki pre~nih prerezov, ki nastanejo zaradi ve~jega {te-vila vertikal pri meritvi s hidrometri~nim krilom.Tudita napaka bi bila s pove~anjem {tevila vertikal odprav-ljena. Pri manj{ih in plitvej{ih pre~nih prerezih nasto-pijo ve~ja odstopanja. Zaradi majhnih merjenihvrednosti parametrov se vsaka neto~nost v ponovitvimeritve pokaè kot veliko odstopanje rezultatov. Paz-ljivost pri izvedbi meritve v tak{nih profilih mora biti{e toliko ve~ja.

of human error.When doing measurements at low dis-charges, we must be highly conscientious and precisein order to ensure accuracy within the range of ± 4%,especially when selecting the hydrometric profile andwhen doing the measurement.

Final Evaluation of the Comparison

In order to compare the instruments, we employed thesame principle of measurement: a time interval of 30sand the same number of verticals. As expected, theagreement of the results was good. In order to enhancethe quality of the measurements in the future, weincreased the time of the velocity measurements to 60sand the number of verticals to (at least) 10, but haveallowed for a reasonable decrease in very narrow arti-ficial channels. The agreement of the results in largercross-sections was very good. Smaller differences arisefrom the shape of the transverse cross-sections becauseof the greater number of verticals when taking meas-urements with the current meter.This error could alsobe done away with by increasing the number of verti-cals. Greater deviations occur in smaller and shallow-er transverse cross-sections. Because of the low valuesof the measured parameters, any inaccuracy in the rep-etition of the measurement manifests itself as a majordeviation of the results. Care when taking measurementsin such hydrometric profiles must be that much greater.


21ARSO

Literatura / Literature

Morlock, S., Fisher, 2002. Hydroacoustic Current Meters for the Measurement of Discharge in Shallow Streams andRivers, USGS, Indianapolis http://hydroacoustics.usgs.gov/reports/SEMpaper.pdf

Corbett, A. 2005. Flowtracker Evaluation Report, NRM, QueenslandHuhta, C. Handheld Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) for Water Velocity Surveys, SonTek, San Diego

Documents

HIDROLO[KI LETOPIS SLOVENIJE 2005ila in publikacije/Hidroloski 2005 - Uvod.pdf · Ob svetovnem dnevu voda leta 2005 so Zdru`eni naro-di obdobje 2005–2015 razglasili za desetletje