History and Theory of Architecture 1 Chapter 2 (Download Only)

8/8/2019 History and Theory of Architecture 1 Chapter 2 (Download Only)

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2010 Cosmopoint

SUBJECT COORDINATOR: MARIATI BAGDAD

School Of ArchitectureFaculty Of Built Environment

ADAADA 123123 : HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE: HISTORY & THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 11

CHAPTERCHAPTER 22::ANCIENT EGYPTANCIENT EGYPT

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CHAPTERCHAPTER 22 :: ANCIENT EGYPT

2: ANCIENT EGYPT

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Early Dynastic period and Old Kingdom

2.3 First Pyramids

2.4 Fourth-Dynasty Pyramids at Giza

TOPIC OUTLINES

Slide 2 of 33 2010 Cosmopoint



2.5 Middle Kingdom

2.6 New Kingdom



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COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

LO1 Students able to understand the world architecture and ableto identify building typology such as tombs, palaces, and




temples.



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INTRODUCTION- Land and People

As long ago as 4000 B.C.E, the Egyptians were a people already highlycivilized, and skilled in the arts of peace and war.

2.1 Introduction




river, was flanked by rocky heights, nearly vertical in many places, which

afforded abundance of excellent building stone.

At the Delta, however, the valley widened out, with the falling away of

these heights, into broad lowlands, from which there was access to theouter world.



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Starts: 4000-3000 BCE

YEARS AREA

ACHIEVEMENTS

PRE-DYNASTICPERIOD=

Nile River, IFDU, MEMPHIS,

Upper+Lower Egypt

ARCHITECTURE

2.2 Early Dynastic Period And Old Kingdom




1-Develop WRITING= HIEROGLYPHS= Pictorial &

Phonetic Symbols

2-Introduced medium ofRECORD= PAPYRUS

3-Believed inAFTERWORLD=PYRAMID

(GHIZEH)=Preserve Mummy

4-Unified states of UPPER+LOWER Egypt by Menes

(The Pharoah King o f Upper Egypt)

Influenced by the RULER POWER:

FUNERARY MONUMENT=PYRAMID,

STATUES,

TEMPLE,



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EGYPTIAN HISTORY

divided into 30 dynastiesbut 5 significant Era

& OLD KINGDOM =

2920-2134 BCE

1000-324 BCE

324 BCE-330 AD

NEW KINGDOM =





1ST PYRAMIDS =

-

4th DYNASTY PYRAMIDS

AT GIZA=

1700-1000 BCE

MIDDLE KINGDOM=



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THE EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD & OLD KINGDOM2920-2134 BCE

It comes largely from funerary monuments and inscription, caused

by an Egyptian believed afterlife.





Religion taught earthly existence was followed by an afterlife in

which ka /life-force was reunited with ba /physical manifestation tobecome akh /spirit (ka + ba = akh), thus the transformation must be

successful through ritual activity.

The Pharaoh's ka who is not prepared for afterlife should be well

kept / served thus led to the construction of enduring tombs forroyalty and development of mummification.



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ARCHITECTURE

EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD

& OLD KINGDOM =1st 8th Dynasties

Earliest Tomb= Mastabas an eternal houses constructed ofreed, thatch and wood then using brick. Providing room for





YEARS /AREA

Greatly in fluenced by the

FUNERARY AFTERWOLD

2920-2134 BCE Revision Mastabas=made of brick was a blocklike structureabove ground placing chamber for serdab the deceased statue& added deep shaft under building to place body at its base.



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THE 1ST PYRAMIDS2600 BCE

Priesthood prescribed significant ritual for Pharaoh led to enlargementof Mastabas to form PYRAMID.

It is important for Pharaoh lifted skyward in his eternal home, thus,-

2.3 The First Pyramids




morning light was the symbol of the Sun God as worshipped atHeliopolis.

PYRAMID shape is a symbolic reference to the annual rebirth of nature,for as flood draw away, first sign of plant life appear on the small

hillocks. The shape represented both daily and yearly rebirththroughout eternity.



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THE 1ST PYRAMIDS contd2600 BCE

1st built for Djosers Funerary constructed in stone, large rectangle inplan, cover 35 acre, surroundes by wall 33 H and 1 mile long.





Only 1 entrance, small door at southeast corner lead to narrowcolonnaded processional hall. End of Corridor one enter tocourtyard dominated by Dyosers stepped pyramid.



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ARCHITECTURE

1ST PYRAMID

3

Djosers STEPPED PYRAMID= 197ft above 397 X 358 foot base.Begun with Mastaba, built up to 6 steps. Outside faade waslimestone and Internal part resemblance of Djosers Palace atMemphis.





YEARS/ AREA

Greatly influenced by theFUNERARY OF PHAROAH

2630-2611 BCE -SAQQARA

ARCHITECT

IMHOTEP-3RD dynasty

1. Mastaba2. Southern Tomb3. Token Palace4. Throne Dais5. Boundary Caim s

6. Mortuary Temple7. Serdab8. Robing Hall9. Palace of the South10. Palace of the North

124

5 6

78

9 10



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ARCHITECTURE

1ST PYRAMID

Djosers STEPPED PYRAMID= 197ft above 397 X 358 foot base.Begun with Mastaba, built up to 6 steps. Outside faade waslimestone and Internal part resemblance of Djosers Palace atMemphis.





YEARS/ AREA


2630-2611 BCE -SAQQARA

ARCHITECT

IMHOTEP-3RD dynasty



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THE 1ST PYRAMIDS contd2600 BCE

The typical material areimmitated in stone: reed-bundle

and papyrus-stalk columns, log





immobile stone door.

A statue of Djoser looking

outward sit in the serdab with

small aperture cut in the wallbeing the only access to theoutside world.



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THE 1ST PYRAMIDS contdSneferu Pyramid at Meidum2575-2551 BCE

The evolution of pyramid begun for

Sneferu-one of the 1st pharaouh of the

4th dynasty at Meidum.





yet reached 302 ft height with its step

core rising above the rubble thusnamely as ONION PYRAMID.

Entrance was through a sloping

corridor opening off the North-side,descending below ground then rising

short distance vertically to burial

chamber at the centre of the pyramid

base.



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ARCHITECTURE

1ST PYRAMID

Sneferu PYRAMID developed= added outer layer, began with steppedcore of 7 layers and transformed into true pyramid with 2 overbuildings.302 ft H and called as ONION PYRAMID.





YEARS/ AREA


2575-2551 BCE MEIDUM6miles of south Saqqara



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THE 4th DYNASTY PYRAMID AT GIZA 2550-2460 BCEKHUFU PYRAMID 2551-2528 BCE

The work of Sneferus descendent known as KHUFU, KHAFRE &MENKAURE (in Greek called Cheop, Chepren & Mycerinus)

The largest pyramid= KHUFU (2551-2528 BCE) has unprecendented





Khufu is not solid hence has 3 burial chambers inside whereby oneplaced at excavated out of foundation bedrock and the rest at stonemountain erected.

The lowest part is an underworld, the middle chamber=Queen Chambercontained statue as serdab while the Top is Kings Chamber built of redgranite.



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THE 4th DYNASTY PYRAMID AT GIZA 2550-2460 BCEKHUFU PYRAMID 2551-2528 BCE CONTD

Ceiling built of 11 pairs of granite beams set as gabled braced or saddle roofextending into the mass pyramid above the chamber.

5 massive sets of horizontal granite slabs from relieving chambers stacked





e ween e oa roo an a ce ng o e cryp o re uce we g anpressure above.

The corbelled gallery leading to this chambers constructed of marvel, 26ftheight.

Both Kings and Queens chambers have pairs of small shaft directedupwards through the mass of pyramid as a ventilation.



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ARCHITECTURE

4th DYNASTY=PYRAMID KHUFU

KHUFU PYRAMID = The lowest part is an underworld, the middlechamber=Queen Chamber contained statue as serdab while the Top isKings Chamber built of red granite.





YEARS/ AREA


2550-2460 BCE GIZA



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THE KING CHAMBER





THE PASSAGEWAYTHE QUEEN CHAMBER



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THE 4th DYNASTY PYRAMID AT GIZA 2550-2460 BCEKHAFRE PYRAMID 2520-2494 BCE






Slightly smaller is PYRAMID OF KHAFRE son of Khufu with 705sqft base and 471 ft height which made of original smoothlimestone.

Khafre only has 1 chamber at the centre pyramids base level,

accessed by a passageway.



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ARCHITECTURE

4th DYNASTY=PYRAMID KHAFRE

KHUFU PYRAMID = The lowest part is an underworld, the middlechamber=Queen Chamber contained statue as serdab while the Top isKings Chamber built of red granite.





YEARS/ AREA


2520-2494 BCE GIZA



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ARCHITECTURE


KHAFRE PYRAMID = Has 1 chamber at the centre pyramids baselevel, accessed by a passageway.





YEARS/ AREA

Greatly influenced by theFUNERARY OF PHARAOH

2520-2494 BCE GIZA



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THE 4th DYNASTY PYRAMID AT GIZA 2550-2460 BCEMENKAURE PYRAMID 2490-2472 BCE






Slightly smaller is PYRAMID OF MENKAURE son of Khafre with 335X 343 ft base and 213 ft height.

The last Pharaouh Shepseskef chose not to have pyramid burialwhile later rulers pyramid built never exceeded Giza trio Pyramid.



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ARCHITECTURE


MENKAURE PYRAMID = 335 X 343 ft base and 213 ft height.





YEARS/ AREA


2490-2472 BCE GIZA



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THE MIDDLE KINGDOM (11th -13th DYNASTIES)

2040-1640 BCE

The era of inter-regional conflict is designated the 1st intermediateperiod then 2nd phase called the Middle Kingdom.

2.5 Middle Kingdom




The royal capital was relocated from Memphis to Thebes, and thePharaoh had significant role as feudal lord over local vessels anddivine ruler.

The tomb still major architecture proven by the construction of

Mentuhotep II at Deir-el-Bahari 2061-2010 BCE.



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THE MIDDLE KINGDOM (11th -13th DYNASTIES) contd

2040-1640 BCE

More temple built during this era at Beni-Hasan, which are cut intorock cliffs and provided with sheltering porticoes.

2.5 Middle Kingdom




This tomb reflect political importance by building minor nobles andcourt officials.

Most of the architectural character was created by excavation andreplicated spaces with ordinary dwellings, that is, wooden and

plastered reed structures with slightly arched roof of mats lain onthe frame.



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THE MIDDLE KINGDOM (11th -13th DYNASTIES) 2040-1640 BCEMENTUHOTEP II TOMB 2061-2010 BCE

The tomb still major architecture proven by the construction ofMentuhotep II at Deir-el-Bahari 2061-2010 BCE.

2.5 Middle Kingdom




It combined temple and tomb chamber in single composition, thecomplex approached by axial route from Nile which had 2colonnaded terraces surrounding a masonry mass.

The central axis lead to reception temple via courtyard and

hypostyle hall to Mentuhoteps actual burial vault carved in therock-cliff.



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ARCHITECTURE

MIDDLE KINGDOM=TOMB MENTUHOTEP II

MENTUHOTEP II TOMB = Temple and tomb chamber in singlecomposition, the complex approached by axial route from Nile whichhad 2 colonnaded terraces surrounding a masonry mass.

2.5 Middle Kingdom




YEARS/ AREA

2490-2472 BCE GIZA

Greatly influenced by the

RULER MORTUARY



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THE NEW KINGDOM (18th -20th Dynasties)

1550-1070 BCE

The tomb still major architecture proven by the construction ofMentuhotep II at Deir-el-Bahari 2061-2010 BCE.

2.6 The New Kingdom




It combined temple and tomb chamber in single composition, thecomplex approached by axial route from Nile which had 2colonnaded terraces surrounding a masonry mass.

The central axis lead to reception temple via courtyard and

hypostyle hall to Mentuhoteps actual burial vault carved in therock-cliff.



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THE MENTUHOTEP II ANUBIS CHAPEL

2.6 The New Kingdom




PUNT COLONNADE



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THE MENTUHOTEP II & WIVES

THE MENTUHOTEP II

THE MENTUHOTEP II TEMPLE

2.6 The New Kingdom




THE MENTUHOTEP II DAUGHTER-

PRINCESS AUSHEAD



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Chapter 4 A World History of Architecture:THE GREEK WORLD

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History and Theory of Architecture 1 Chapter 2 (Download Only)