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VOL. VI, - Part I.
Supplied gratis to all bfetnbers of the -Societv.
Price to NON-MEMBERS, YEN z.,,.
ON SALE AT I Seoul, Korea : THE KOREAN RELJOIOUS THACT SOCIETY.
Yokol~ama, Shanghai, Hongkoog. Singapore: KELLY & WALSH, Ltd London : KEGAN PAUL, TRENC~I, T R U ~ E R & CO., Ltd.
Wris: EKNEST L E R o ~ . Leipslc : OTTO 1 IXRRASSOWITZ. New York : GEO. STEC-T. 1
THE HISTORY OF KOREAN MEDICINE.
N. H. BOWMAN, M.D.
SEVERAKCE UNION MEDICAL COLLEGE, SEOUI., KOREA.
The life story of Korean Medicine is based upon a traditional inheritance from the dim past, before the time when history began to be a matter of record, and the subject does not claim our attention today because it is a monument of ancient skill, for in fact it is not, but because it comes to us as a part of the traditions and history of the Korean people.
After careful study of the subject tlie following outline is suggested for consideration.
I. The Chinese origin (2838-2648 H.C.)
(a) SiLlong-se ( a 8 S-1 @rfi & &) (6) The Pon-cho ( g 4 $ s) (c) The Pharmacy sign (4 + % 9 @@ % %)
11. The medical treatises and authors with a chronological outline of the Korean library of meiicine arranged according to the dynasties and the date of their occurence.
111. The revision of the Pon-cho (4 & * e) I 393 A.D. and tlie bibliography.
IV. Emperor Sin-chong's ( 4 + yTilft s) proclamation (1608 A.D.)
(a) You-han, (+ Q1. @J $@) the royal household physician.
(6) The Pon-cho ( g 4 $ g) becomes a book and the accepted standard for Chinese Medicine.
(c) The description of the Pon-cho (9. .$ $) V. The Moon-Chang (B x,j PFj @) and the introduction
of the Pon-cho (1628 A.D.) VI. The Pang-yak-hap-pyun (% 3 3 $&!$& if$$)
as a standard for Korean medicine. ( I 838 A.D.)
4 THE IIISTOKY OF KOREAN MEDICINE.
necessary to refer to it in treating with special topics of this discussion.
111. The revision of the Pon-cho (4 Z, $) occurred in the Mung (s (Ming) dynasty) (I 368-1628 A.D.) during the reign of Mung-tai-cho ($ 4 5 a) 1393 A.D. The Pon-Cho was revised by one E-Se-Chin (4 a @ @) a Chinese doctor and scholar living at KO-wol (3 $J & @) China. In the revision of the Pon-Cho the author incorpo- rated many new rules, which he took from contemporary sources or from his predecessors ; however be this as it may, the bibliographic outline of the Pon-Cho herein given will show the sources drawn upon.
The rule of pulse science is strongly emphasized through- out the Pon-Cho and frequent references are made to one or other of the books or authors of the bibliography. Whether all are books to which reference is made is uncertain, as some were probably names of teachers, but this is a matter of con- jecture. These references indicate much of interest as to the character of the teaching in Medicine in China at that time.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PON-CHO.
ENGLISH DEFINITION
A book of clever proof on the pulse.
Pi-sook-wha's book on the pulse.
Eight beautiful rules of the canon of pulse science.
Rule of the original canon of Sil-long-se.
Catalogue of medicine of all the households of the pre- ceding dynasties.
The rule of gathering and
TIIE HISIORY O F KOREAN MEDICINE. 5
dividing medicine accord- icg to the special records of Do-se.
A summary of brief extracts from various authors.
A catalogue of remarks on medicine.
Important decision on the preservation of health.
Rule of the use of medicine ac- cording to the four seasons.
Seung-Kang Pi Yo. VCTonderful remarks on medi-
cine. Original interpretation of the
nature of medicine. Original remarks on sex. To float and sink alternately,
as if to ascend and descend. The ~rimeval force developed
from original remarks. Five tastes contraindicating
the use of medicine. Medicines to be avoided. How to avoid becoming
pregnant. Five tastes to be avoided. A treatise of ten remedies. Seven kinds of medicine. Pule of treating disease
according to Yi-Song. Chin-chang-ke's rule of the
use of medicine in chronic diseases.
The rule of three ; diaphore- tic, emetic and purgative.
6 , THE HISTORY OF KOKEAX MEDICIKF:.
% d p f : & Rules for emetics. Sf 3 7; ?& 1Rules for purgatives. '41. '"a ?I= ?& Rules for diaphoretics.
IV. In 1608 A. ID. just 2 r 5 years after E-se-chin (q @ @) revised the Pon-cho the Emperor Sin-chong (u
+ @$ s) of the Mung (9 m) (Ming) dynasty issued a proclamation throughout his empire malting diligent inquiry of every man for the best treatise on the subject of medicine known to the Chinese people. Whereupon an heir of E-se-chin (21 4 3 @ @ @A) took the revised Pon-cho to the royal court of his majesty. (a) The royal household physician, You- han (% SIJ g) by virtue of his position became the head of the Royal Commission before whom came all replies and findings on the subject in question. After having examined the revised Pon-cho, the Royal Commission pronounced it most excellent, in testimony thereof the Emperor's Seal was placed upon it. (6) The Emperor ordered it copied and made into a book which is the first mention of the Pon-cho being anything more in form than a manuscript, as the word signifies. From this time on the Pon-cho became the recognized standard for Chinese medicine. The Emperor also ordered that the book be taught to the " Clever sons " of the empire according to their selection by the doctors. (c) The Pon-cho is a book of varying proportions, but the subject matter is the same in all the editions. The smallest nun~ber of volumes found in any one edition was fifteen, and the greatest number was fifty two. The script is all in Classic Chinese (& a $- 2). It contains many drawings of animals, snakes, birds, plants, flowers and vegetables, representing in all one thousand eight hundred and seventy one agents, described in 60 parts and having a diagnostic and a therapeutic index.
CLASSIFICATION OF MEDICINE ACCORDING TO THE PON-CHO.
KOREAN CHIXKSE ENGLISH TRANSI.A'~ION + % 7JC @ 1 3 Products of paddy fields
watered by the rains.
THE HISTORY OF KOREAN MEDICINE. 7
Products of plddy fields watered from the ground.
Fire, Atmospheres, FIarne, Fever, etc.
Earth. Gold stone. Precious stones. Stone (I). Stone (11). Stone. Mountain grass (I). Mountain grass (11). Green grass. Damp grass (I). Damp grass (11). Poisonous grass. Mushroom found grow-
ing on rocks and pine wood.
Five Fruits. Appetizing fruit. Vine grass (I). Vine grass (11). Water grass. Stone grass. Vallisneria spiralis, a water-
plant. Various grasses Hemp, Barley and Rice. Panicled millet and millet. Eeans. 13rewing of alcoholic li-
quids. Peppery and acrid Vegeta-
bles. Soft vegetables.
8 TIIE HISTORY OF KOREAN MEDICINE.
4- 31 73 1 1 Cucumbers, melons, and vegetables.
4 4 7k 6 Water vegetables. e #- th 34 Mountain fruit.
4 4 % 31 Miscellaneous fruits. 9 2 % @J 54 Household goods. 4 4- Iii g Cuctimbers. 4 it!- 7K .Jf$ 6 Water fruit.
3 3- 3% * 35 Fragrant wood. SL 3 a * 52 Old wide spreading trees
such as Zelkova Keaki.
3 4 % 51 Shrubs. q 4 $3 715 I 2 Parasitic plants, like mist-
letoe.
9- % 8 72; 4 Ibmboo. 3 q %E * 7 Miscellaneous trees. + 1 W * 2 0 Index of the species of
trees. 3 @ 17 Forest animals.
111 & 14 Mountain animals.
9 % 3 @j 2 8 Domestic animals. a +? % 38 Beasts. 4 %? a 1 2 Rats.
3 A 37 Parts of hum at^ body. + 3 ul $ ;k' $ I 53 Famous remedies.
hJ 3 & - 23 Egg embryo (I). AJ 61 41i] & f 2 2 Egg Embryo (11).
3 4 'Zk & 32 Transformed beings. * Ad ?@ & 23 Centipedes. q S W 7 Earth worms (?)
% 8!4 g Dragon 4 4% 17 Snakes. "I $3 31 Fish.
& 228 Skin Fish (without scales). * % Iff$ 4& g Allied species of skin fish (?)
THE HISTORY OF KOREAN MEDICINE. 9
7 4 % 17 Tortoise and fresh water turtles.
J @ 19 Mussels, clams and bi- valves.
-ZP 3 7J€ & 23 Water fowls. 3 % PX $$ 23 Squab, fowls.
V. Twenty years after the Pon-cho received imperial re- cognition by the Emperor Sin-chong, (a + $$ %). the famous Chinese and Korean Market called Moon-chang (8 xJ pq f&) was established in N. E. China in the Laotung or Yo- tong (& % % %) province 700 li (333 I /3 English Miles) from the nearest Korean prefect, Wiju (q -+ 3 9;I.l) and 300 li (100 English miles) from the Eastern border of the Laotung or Yo-tong province which was the Yalu River, the N. W. Boundary of Korea. This market was established at the close of the Mung (Ming) (3 Pa) dynasty in the year 1628 A. D., and was continued for a period of 230 years during which time it was the greatest ginseng (9 3 . A g) market in the world. The marltet wis as the word signifies the " Door of trade " for Korea in China. It was the only point in Chinese territory at that time open to the Korean merchantmen. The Koreans took their merchandise there for disposal and the Chinese did likewise. The trade consisted chiefly of ginseng from Korea and silk from China ; however there were other commodities bought and sold by both countrymen. The Pon-cho became the official catalogue of classification for all medicines of the two countries and any one not contained in the Pon cho was marketed under some disadvantage. In the meantime Korean Medicine of various kinds developed in point of importance both in practice in Korea and in commerce at the Moon Chang. The book of antiquity, the Pon-cho, no longer covered the new field of medicine which had sprung up from Korea, therefore the necessity arose for either revising the Pon-cho again or of writing an entirely new book on medicine in order to conserve the trade interests of the Korean con- stituency. In the first instance a revision of the Pon-cho by a
I 2 THE HISTORY OF KOREAN MEDICINE.
NUMBER I I , STOMACH MEDICINE.
~\IEDIcINE NAME
KOREAN C~rrwlrs~c ENGLISEZ
2 9 3 X Atractylis ovata. 3 4 @ & Dried orange-peel. =?= B The Magnolia hypoleuca.
9 fjk % 3z Pinellia ternata, a bean like medicine plant.
3 4 - 3 % E & Red China " root."
3 3 $3 3s Betony of bishopwort. a 3 A 5 Ginseng. 2i 4- % % The ovada cardamon.
a A % 3 Licorice.
Uses :-Sumnler dispepsia.
A DIARRHOEA REMEDY.
MEDICINE NASI*:
KOREAN CHINESE ENGLISH
"3- 4 TZ @+ A drug supplied by several members of the Umbelliferae family.
As* $ %B Gentiana scabra.
a 2 111 2 A kind of medicine-used for head troubles and as a tonic
4 & 9 The seed of a kind of aspen. 4 % ;k 5% Rhubarb. 3 4l 32 55 The Peucedanurn decursivun~.
'3 % I% a Caraway seed. Uses :-A liver regulator.
THE FOUR MEDICINE REMEDY.
MEDICINE NAME
KOREAN CHINESE ENGLISH
+=l% 34 i& 22 Cooked Rehmannia glutinosa.
q74T Elq% White roots of Paeonia albiflora.
THE HISTORY OF KOREAN MEDICIKE. I 3
3d 3 )I! 3 A kind of medicine-used for head troubles and as a tonic.
"i 71 eZ & A drug supplied by several members of the Umbelliferae family.
Uses :-Tonic expectorant for cough, spitting of blood, etc.
E=CHUNG TANG'S INTERNAL REMEDY. MEDICINE NAME
KOREAN CHINESE ENGI-ISH
t l * h g Ginseng. 9 43 t3 * A variety of Atractylis ovata. 7d 3- gg Dried ginger. B A @ Licorice.
Uses :-For jaundice and vomiting.
SAM=SO-UM'S GINSENG AND PERILLA NANKMENSIS. MEDICINE NAME
KOREAN CHINESE ENGI.ISH
a 4t A Ginseng. A "d % % Perilla nankmensis. xi 3i I33 -ka Angelica. d SF q 3i Pinellia ternata, a bean-like
medicinal plant.
7J 2 $i 3s Dried Pueraria Thunbegiana.
m+% %$E& Red China " root " 3 J1 Iff Dried orange-peel. 3 7d 4% The species of Campanula. 71 4 %! & The bark of Citrus aurantium. a A % g Licorice root.
Uses : For " colds " accompanied by fever.
PAL-MUL'S MEDICAL DECOCTION OF EI(IHT INGREDIENTS. MEDICINE KAME
KOREAN CI~INESE ENGLISI~
el ."6- A % Ginseng. '4 & El % A variety of Atractylis ovata.
[4 THE HISTORY OF KOKEBN ME1)ICIXE.
'44% B E % White China " root."
a Zr W 3 Licorice.
*=I% % % W Cooked Rehmannia glutinosa.
'439 Q 4 B White roots of Paeonia albiflora.
%I 3 111 3 A kind of medicine-used for head troubles and as a tonic.
"d- 4 'B !'ti$ A drug supplied by several members of the Umbelliferae family.
Uses :-For impoverished blood and general debility.
YONG SUK SAN'S CAMPHOR AND CALCAREOUS SPAR REMEDY.
KC)RE:AN C l r l s ~ s e ENGI.ISH
34tq E7kZ A calcareous spar.
4 4 $4 Cinnabar.
% 4 725 88 Camphor. Uses :-For croup in children.
CHUNG-WHA-PO=UM'S FEVER ERADICATOR AND NERVE TONIC.
I<ORIIAN CHISXSI? ENGI.ISM
3 9 2 % A kind of medicinal plant, Scrophularia Oldhami.
q x& 9 E33% White roots of Paeonia albiflora.
*q% %& i& 3 Cooked Rehmannia glutinosa.
"J 7-1 #* la 6% A drug supplied by several
members of the Umbellifcrae family.
3 Ill 3 A kind of medicine-used for head troubles and as a tonic.
% q W #fi The yellow bark of the Phel- lodendron anlurense.
4 .x % @ Anemarrhena asphodeloides. %#-!i+ x%$@ Starch obtained fro111 the root
of the Trichosanthes japonica.
S f 4- S Licorice.
THE HISTORY OF KOREAN MEDICINE. 15
Uses :-For fever and to increase the negative principle in one's nature.
PYEWG WE SAN'S STOMACH REMEDY.
KOREAN CHIKESE ENGLISH
*it @ 3E 7R Atractylis ovata. 3 =I I I $ R Dried orange-peel. & 9 JE& $k The Magnolia hypoleuca. .Y. 4 -If' 3 Licorice.
Uses :-For cramps of the stomach following the ingestion of food.
The amount of each ingredient contained in the foregoing formulas averages from 25 to 75 grains, making a quart of finished decoction. The more progressive practitioners of native medicine regard the Pang-yak-hap-pyun with scorn, be- cause they look upon any book of medicine that is not written in classic Chinese as being too inferior for their consideration. In fact for a practitioner of native medicine to depend upon a copy of the Pang-yak-happyun only is considered prima facie evidence that he can not read classic Chinese, otherwise he would do so and avail himself of the store of knowledge contained therein. Therefore it is to be noted that there are two classes of these practitioners of native medicine, namely, those who read. classic Chinese and those who can not, a
distribution which is known and recognized by even the laity.
ACUPUNCTURE.
VIII. Acupuncture bears the same relation to native medicine as surgery does to modern day scientific medicine. The essentials of this art and practice are taken from the Whang-chai-yung-choo-kyung (q fig +- 7d 3 @ s), one of the two books originating in the Whang (q %ll a %) dynasty (2697-2597 B.C.). The authorship of this book and its fellow is ascribed to the Emperor. Whether or not the ruler was the real author or whether the title was given honori-
I 6 THE HISTORY OF KOREAN MEDICINE.
ficially, and the real author remained unknown, is doubtful. It may be noted that such manuscripts as appeared in this dynasty and the one preceding are ascribed to the founder of the dynasty, but after this time a different order obtains-(see chronological chart). Therefore Emperor Whang (3 3) bears practically the same relation to acupuncture as Sil-long-
se (4 :3, a1 @@ & E) does to native medicine. Of the two books rcfrrred to as occurring in this dynasty,
the one 111entIoned is the only one which deals with the art of acupuncture and for this reason the other book will not be considered further.
The fundamental principle underlying this practice is based on the assumption that the blood becomes stagnated and will not flow properly thraugh the naturaI channels of the body. Acupuncture is also believed to hasten relief, over and above what might be expected from the use of drugs.
The Korean name for this art is " Ch'im " (% @) which is a term applied to any kind of an instrument used in piercing the flesh of the body, however the term in its original use and the one adhered to in this discussion was applied to needles only. At some subsequent time however the word jim (9 &) came to be used, but to signify a different form of treatment by the application of heat with or without medicine. The jirn is altered by modifiers to indicate what article is employed, for instance the mugu7ort (Artemesia) a weed growing in all parts of Korea, is used quite extensively for this purpose under the name of Sook jim (3 2 s) which is employed in two forms, the poultice and the fire ball. The poultice is prepared by boiling a quantity of the leaves and the stalk, then placing it in a cloth and wringing until the wa:er is expressed. The hot pulp remaining is then used as a podtice. The fire ball called
% or % is made by crushing a small quantity of the stalk and rolling it between the palms of the hands, after which the ball, varying in size from a pea to a walnut, is set on fire and placed over different portions of the body. The " Pillow jirn "
(% % 3 & &) is made by heating the wooden block on
THE IIISTOKY OF KOREAN MEDICISE. I 7
which the Koreans rest their heads while sleeping and applying it to different portions of the body for various ailments. With this explanation of the jim, (%I &) or the second term, the discussion of the ch'im, the first and original word will now he resumed.
In 59 A.D. during the reign of Choong Mung ( Ffi FlJ) appeared the Wee-hakeepmoon (4 3 9 @ A fq) a medical Primary in which is included a few more rules for the application of the ch'im and elaborating on the rules of the Whang-chai-yung-choo-kyung, (q Cq ++ 7d
@ @) the original source of the ch'irn practice. After this there appeared a succession of books, but none of then1 were of any special significance until 420 A. D., when the Tong-een-kyung appeared, which was written by one Wang-you-il (q + a,! 2 $@ -). This author modeled a man out of copper, which is signified by the title of the book, mean- ing the Copper man book. He elaborated on all the previous teachings of his predecessors and constructed a chart illustra- tive of the Copper man's anatomy, which is t o this day the accepted standard of anatomy amongst the practitioners of native medicine. In connection with this anatomical scheme it was believed that there are ( I ) blood vessels (2) nerves and (3) channels.
There are five kinds of channels illustrated (0) The spleen and stomach (w] 3 7d I$ s) (6) the liver (3 7d f i @-) (c) the lung (fl] 73 @) (d ) pericardium (4 3. 73 &+ a C) and the ( 6 ) gall (3 7d 18 @).
(a) The channels given off from the spleen and stomach convey nutritious material. fur finaI distribution to the different parts of the body.
(6) This organ gives off channels for the distribution of gall and it is believed, now as it was then, that the eye is directly connected with the liver by means of a gall channel, which accounts for the yellowish discoloration of the eye in jaundice.
(c) The channels originating from this organ are supp~s-
20 TIIE IIISI'OKY OF KOREAN MEDICINE.
of stomach sickness, painful arms and back, stopping of chest, cough and indigestion.
No. 15-" Gathering Valley " (3 + & @). Cauterize three times 2/10 of an inch deep between the thumb and forefinger for headache, foul sores, painful eyes, ringing of ears, sore mouth and throat, toothache, fever ant1 malaria.
No. 24-" Five Li " (& 4 5 9). Three inches up the arm from the elbow. Use no needle but cauterize ten times for spitting of blood, painful arm and shoulder, weak arms and legs, fever, enlarged glands of the neck, cough and malaria.
No. 27-" Big Barn "(74 3 f. e). Cauterize I roo of an inch deep three times between the shoulder and neck for blood poison of chest, aches of the shoulder, arm and back.
No. 28-" Heaven (g 3 m) cauterize one inch after the Pootol (+ 3 g) 4/ I o of an inch deep, 3 times for the dumps, sore throat and hard breathing.
Other ambiguous names given to these operations are- '' four white " - " earth barn " - " welcome " - " man wel- come " - " house itch " - " milk center " - " milk root " -" water root " - " return " - " calf nose " - " three li " - I 1 young sea " - " small sea " - '' bent wall " - " heaven window " - " hearing hole " - " through sky " - " germ pil- low "-" heaven post "-" three focus "-" white ring," etc.
The next book in order is the Chun Kum Pang (%d + 9 & k), " a thousand gold," written in 632 A.D. zvhch is
practically a repetition of the,foregoing with individual inter- pretations by the author. The Ch'im-Koo-Tai-Sung (% + * Ad fi & A a) 1682 A.D. is n book devoted exclusively to the use of the ch'im and is the first instance of any book being devoted to this subject alone. It delineates the virtues of the ch'im and describes the successes obtained by this method of treatment, which is also the first attempt to give anything like a clinical account of results. It introduces a new ch'im which the author calls a Yak jim (3 &) or " medicine jim." This jim has been described in the foregoi~lg pages.
This chronology of medical books brings the subject down
to the Yi (q+) dynasty (Korea). There is one book, Tong- wee-paw-kam (% Jt 3 % @ % g) of Korean origin written by one Haw-Choon (%{ 3 8 @) and entitled "A t-aluable treatise on Oriental Medicine," that is much employed by practitioners of native medicine W~TCF regard it as a reliable source of information for both medicine and acupuncture. Of late years the book has been revised and the old copper man's anatonly has been replaced with modern cuts taken from European anatomical books. However the old sect of practi- tioners of native medicine do not accept these innovations and they continue to believe in the old copper man anatomy.
The other books originating in Korea and included in the chronological outline do not treat of the subject of acupuncture.
The followi~lg is a list of books taken from the Chronolo- gical Outline of the Korean Library of Medicine already given to show which ones are concerned with the subject of acu- puncture.
KOREAN CHINESE EKGLISH
2$J fly + 78 @ Wang-chai. 4 4 $?J @ @ A FBEf Wee-hakeep-moon.
$ij -j- Tong-wonsip-saw.
3 78 %? Nan-kyung. 73 A @ Tong-een-kyung.
3 *J -7. & Chun-kum-pang. 3 4 +-j & & ;k f& Ch'im-koo-tai-sung.
5- 3 @ X & Tong-wee-paw-kam. IX. In 19x3 all the practitioners of native medicine in
Seoul, Korea, were requested by the Japanese authorities to assemble for the purpose of effecting an organization, which was done. A chairman and secretary were eIected and a membership of one hundred and fifteen was recorded in this organization. Each member of the organization who presented a membership certificate signed by the chairman and secretary of the organization, accompanied with a registration fee, to the police department, was granted an article of writing (March 1914) conferring upon the applicant the title of " Scholar of
2 2 THE HISTORY OF KOREAN MEDICINE.
Medicine " 4 #J & which in effect is a license to practice native medicine in Korea for a period of five years. Later this was extended to covei- the life time of the doctor so licensed.
This unique regulation has served the purpase of incorpo- rating this class of practitioners under government supervision and preventing the perpetuation of the practice of native medi- cine in Korea.
X. In the preceding paragraphs the evolution of medi- cine from prehistoric times has been outlined-its appearance upon the far horizon of history in China and its introduction into Korea has been set forth. The old manuscripts of Chinese origin buried from the Englishspeaking world in a mass of strange and scattered hieroglyphics have beell brought to light for our perusal. The knowledge gained by this study will not, of necessity, give to us in this 20th century of intellectual en- vironment greater energy of thought, but it will give us a better understanding of the life-story of Oriental medicine and its history in Korea.
ANATOMICAL CHARTS
EXPLANATION OF ANATOMICAL CHART. No. I I. Brain. 2. Throat. 3. Lungs. 4. Pericardium. 5 . Heart. 6. Spleen. 7. Diaphragm. 8. " Oil Sac," omentum ? 9. Stomach.
10. Neck of spleen. ligament ?
r I. Neck of stomach. cardia ?
I z. Neck of liver. Inf. vena cava ? I 3. Internal Anus. pylorus ?
14. Liver. I 5. Small intestines. 16. Inside of large intestines. 17. Large intestines. 18. Gall Bladder. rg. Kidney. 20. Original source of urine. Renal vessels ? 2 I. Urethral sphincter. 22. Bladder. 23. Straight intestines. 24. Center of breast. 25. Navel. 26. Inside face of navel. 27. Urinary meatus. 28. Sphincter. 29. End of large intestine. 30. Anus.
3 I. Seven parts of heart. 32. Three parts of spinal column.
I. Thoracic Portion. II. Abdominal ,,
111. Pelvic JB
I 0 THE HISTORY OF KOREAN MEDICIEZE.
Korean who most needed it, would have been a failure as a business proposition since the Chinese preferred the old to the new, and also, because Korea was to China only a child and surely what was not bred in the bone of a Chinaman could not come out in the flesh of a Korean.
VI. Therefore a new book called the Pang-yak-hap.pyun
(q 3 3 3 fj $J!$ & @) was written by one Whang-do-soon (3,E & %@) a Korean doctor and scholar of the Chinese classics living at Sauk-chung-dong (14 '3 5- 6 ff: fm) Seoul, Korea. For all ethical intents and purposes, the author incorporated the fundamentals of the Pon-cho in his new book. In introducing the book the author used the name of the great teacher Confucius, whom he claimed to represent, admonishing all who should read the book to follow its precepts as the author had done, thereby dispelling all doubt as to authenticity in the minds of the Chinese to whom the drugs were to be sold and justifying the practice of Korean medicine in Korea. The book was written in mixed s~r ip t (Chinese context with Korean connectives). The first edition was published in the 447th year ( I 839 A. D.) of the Yi (El @) dynasty (Korea) seventy six years ago. Eleven years later the second edition appeared. The third and present edition appeared just sixteen years after the first, all of which were written by the same author. The first edition appeared just twenty years before the Moon-chang (8 x,j f"j i&) the border market or the " door of trade " was discontinued. Following the third and last revision of the book the market continued for only foul- years.
. VII. The Pang-yak-happyun (% 3 3 3 2 $@ & M) is a book of only 58 pages containing a diagnostic index of diseases and therapeutic indications for the use of 223 agents as medicine.
The book answers more nearly to the description of a catalogue of medicine and is practically so regarded, but it does not contain a price list of any description. It is in all essentials a tradesman's commentary on medicine, embodying many prescriptiolls for as many ills. Many of these prescriptions are
THE f1ISTOKP 01' KOREAN MEDICINE. I I
popuIarly known to the laity who buy then) from the drug
shops, Sil-longyou-aup (4 + + adf @Ifi f& a s) and take them home to use after the fashion of domestic medicine.
SA=AN.TON(I'S EYE WASH.
MIIDICIKE NAME
KOREAN CHINESE EKCLISH
"5 91 'k% A drug supplied by several members of the Umbelliferae family.
% d 3 2!2 Iihizomes of the Coptis teeta. 3' 73% '%i.% The roots of Paeonia albiflora. 9 3 F3 B% Caraway seed. Y % l 35 fZ Apricot seed. dq%! & f& 3 Kehrnan~~ia glutinosa.
Uses-A wash for sore eyes.
KOONG*RE=TANO'S GINSENG REMEDY.
MEIIICISE NAME
KOKITAN CIIINIISE XA(:I.ISH
3i 3 )I1 , % A kind of medicine used for head troubles and as a tonic.
"d- 71 %!!@ A drug supplied by several members of the Umbelliferae family.
9 sf ? z Pinellia ternata, a bean-like medicinal plant.
% 9 % 7% Mugwort anh Atractylis ovata. + % X 8 putchuck root. 4 3 @ I2 Inferior cardamons. S. ,!% % Lindera strychnifolia. a a %- 8 Licorice. 9 3 A @ Ginseng. 4 =-I @ J?t Cinnamon bark.
Uses-A remedy for dropsical conditions.
r 8 THE HISTORY OF KOREAN MEDICINE.
ed to contain air during foetal life but after birth when respira- tion is established blood in supposed to enter, which continues through life.
(4 The oil channel!; are connected with an oil sac re- motely situated in the region below the diaphragm. This probably corresponds to the omentunl and possibly the base of the mesentery.
(e) These channels are confined to the u?per half of the body and they have no connection with the liver. They are the receptacles for a complimentary fluid which is supposed to be the seat of courage.
All the above named channels are supposed to contain blood but in a modified form, due of course to the presence of the respective substances which they receive and convey.
The chart of anatomy consists of three parts, Sam Cho
EE. ( I ) Regional ( 2 ) visckral (3) .Surgical. .
The Regional consists .of three divisions : (a) . Upper third of the trunk-thorax, Sang Cho
2% 1% (b) Middle third of--the trunk--abdomen, Chudg
Cho*2i *fE ( c ) Lower third of the trunk-lower abdomen, Ha
Cho g l; ,% (2) The Visceral-In this chart there are 32 anatomical
structures named, which may be noted by referring to the chart. See chart number I. . (3) The Surgical-The blood vesseIs, nerves and channels
represent the chief items of consideration. These structures are described as large and small, with erroneous origins and distributions, except for the fact that some of the blood vessels are shown to originate in the heart. The nerves are supposed to originate independent of the brain and cord and have abrupt endings. Along the supposed courses of these blood vessels, nerves and channels, certain points for the application of the chim are described in great detail. Each pdint is described as a
THE HISTORY OF KOREAN MEDICIKE; I9
separate operation for a different group of symptoms all of which are based on the pulse law, but there is no definite principle taught in any of the pulse laws and the observer is left to exercise his own judgment and to formulate his own interpretation of the symptoms. These points, described as sites for the application uf the ch'im, are determined by surface measurements from a given point in the respective region. See charts I1 and 111.
For example-on the face, these points are determined by measurement in a given direction from the corner of the eye.
On the foyehead-from a point midway between the eye brows.
Shoulder region-from the center of the axilla and the point of the shoulder; the chest-from the center of the mammary gland and from the cardinal point at the end of the sternum where the aorta is supposed to end.
The abdotne~t-from the umbilicus. The Pelvis-from the center of the pubic arch in front and the center of the sacruan behind.
On the limbs-from points before, behind and from either side.
The extwmitirs--from the ball of the foot and great toe. The toes-from the 1st and 2nd joints of each. The same
rule applies to the hands and fingers. Special stress is laid on the significance of all promontories of the body as suitable points for the application of the ch'im.
The total number of operations described and the cor- responding number of groups of symptoms indicating the operation are one hundred and sixty, but for the sake of brevity or~ly a few are herein given. The majority of the names of the operations have no special significance or cor- responding meaning in English, therefore it would be of no special value to burden these pages with all their names. ESxample :-
Operation No. 2. " Cloudy gate " (a e n) or Axilla. Cauterize five times 3/10 of an inch deep for the relief
~ ~ T R G I ~ A L (ISHAET NO. 2. Points indicating opetatton. 4 % @ #t - hricadiel channels. 4 35 ,M - N- 4!8 tiM43r - Liver and Call Chonnde. H& - spleen aud Stomach Chnm1s. 14 1 - Hood Fred&. $a &@
CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINE 01: THE KOREAN LIBRARY OF MEDICINE
CHIYA
DYNASTY DATE 1 3 0 0 ~ NAME 4 1 2383-2648 B.C. Korean .$& B %$ E$ fi Chinese 212
English Pon-Cho
DEFINITIOX APTHOR
4 % MI An original manuscript #$ fi
Sil-long se
1 2697-,2597 B C. Korean E)I 5 a 8 %I U 1 f i Chinese 3: e 3 rd A t~eat'se on medicine 1 fi
English Whang chai-so moon Whang clmi-hon-one se
Korean 3 ql ZJ + 8 %!iwY Chinese E $i k?5 A treatise on medicine fi English \\-hang-chai-yung-choo kyung Whang-chai hon-one-se
3.2 76-59 A.1). Korean 7 j a 4 3 4 3 'P Vl Chinese @ 3 A treatise on medicine f i
Englibh Kynng ak chun-saw Chang-gni-peen
59 A.1). Korean q %) 3 9 El 3 Chinese @ 9 A Qq A medical primary * 42 English \\'ee-bak-eep moon E-Chung
e m m
DEGREE
ql ho R W * Emperor Z
St l z > * 56
Emperor * St 1
8 E* ?i Emperor n . .
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8 m I I Physician
D A I E 223-221 A.D.
BOOK NAME Korean 3 W + ?J Chinese 4 @ 3 @ )$ English Kum gay-ok-ham.kynng
DEGREE (+ sta el4 Physician
A treati-e on nedicine
260-227 A.D. Korean % 3 4 Chinese ,@ j- English Tong-won.sip-saw
A library of ten volumes on medicine
9 a B R Pl~ysicinn CI
sl8 2 $ 9
Physician 0
Y 8 . I J 4 Physician 8
2 Ya 2
Irl
IJhysician 8
'Korean Chine e Erglish
260 A.D. A library of six volumes on medicine
284-286 A.D. Korean Chineie English
,4 list of diseases not hard to con!rol
A treatise on medicine and anatomy
Korean Chinese English
Korean Chinese English
Y 8 W R Physician
A treatise on medicine
Korean 4 3 3 a Chinese @ @ IE @ English Wee-hak-chungchun
+* em Oopak
st8 W E i Physician
. A IreaDse on medicine
1375 A.D. Korean a 8 Chinese fjiJ @ English Man-pyung-whay-choun
1375 A.D. Icorean $1 3 9 Chinese ;E @ English Clioong clie-elloo.--sung
1375 A.D. Korean f 3 Chinese & English Pon.cho-kang-mok
137.5 A D . ]<orean 4 a 7 j Chinese English Chang se-you-kyung
& $ I 16j0-166oAU. ICorean 9 5 9 3 mi3 Chinese pq #
English Wee moon-paup yule
3 4 . 1657-1688 A.D. Korean 9 + 3 8 @ % Chinese #$ $ & @
English \\Tee.cl~ong-ku~n-knn
4 1896-1910 A.D. Korean fd 7 FV 4 %#i Chinese $t & T&
English Chi~n koo-tai-syung
n -0 4
A renledy ior ewry ill. Kong-sin
A rule of control in + Zfl
disease E'f-% Wang-oo-tai
A revision including the 21 AI 61 general features 07 the
' ' - original manuscript. b W & (I'un Cho) E-se-chin
3 ?l ?! A treatise on medicine a +
Chnng gni-peen
4-* A law of medicine
Vou-chang
231 Instructions for first aid gg 9RA
0-chun-kum
A treatise oil acopunc:ure 62 l ~ y needle and cautery & @
Tang-kai-chco
q?I Pa Physician
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c a 9 % p &- @!A rn
Physician ~ 8
9 8 x W E i m I'hysiciau ' r! z 9 8 m
Si-4 Physician
9 % @R Physician
T ) Y N A S ~ Y DATE 21 1392-1909 *
1526 A.D.
1777 A.D.
1855 A.D.
KOREA Roolc NAME De~l~l'rrorv ALTTIIOR
Korean +1 9 9 9 3 Chinese Q .& @ ji P W English \Iray-saing-wee-pang-syen-yo
Korean % 3 Y 2t A valuable treatise on Chinese l a Oriental medicine 3 $4 English Tong-we-po-kam IIaw-clloon
Krrean dl @ @
Chinese 8 % English Chai-choong-sin-pyun
Korean 3 &L *J 8 A treatise of medicine & Ciiinese ji %& & containing prescrip- English Pang-yak-hap-pyun tions \Vang-tow-soon
ICorean 19
Chinese 9 )
English 7)
]<orean 99
Chinese 99
English 99
Revision
lievision
9E-J w!k Physician
9 % ma 2 Physician
9% 2 F3.R 2 Physician '
0 s 4% r, &a Physician
N % IFSR Physician
9 3 @ E l Physician
