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Lovely Professional University, Punjab Course Code Course Title Course Planner Lectures Tutorials Practicals Credits MEC672 ADANCED HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 16420::Aashish Sharma 2.0 1.0 0.0 3.0 Course Category Courses with numerical and conceptual focus TextBooks Sr No Title Author Edition Year Publisher Name T-1 Fundamentals of Heat and Mass transfer Incropera, F. P., and DeWitt, D. P. 5th 2009 Wiley India Pvt Ltd Reference Books Sr No Title Author Edition Year Publisher Name R-1 A Heat Transfer Textbook Lienhard, J. H. 4th 2012 Phlogiston Press R-2 Advanced heat and mass transfer Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, John R. Howell 1st 2010 Global Digital Press Relevant Websites Sr No (Web address) (only if relevant to the course) Salient Features RW-1 http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Advanced_Heat_and_Mass_Transfer.html? id=yxMnotbAAz4C&redir_esc=y E-Book RW-2 http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IISc-BANG/Heat%20and%20Mass %20Transfer/New_index1.html Lecture Notes Audio Visual Aids Sr No (AV aids) (only if relevant to the course) Salient Features AV-1 http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/112101097/ Video Lectures on Heat and Mass Transfer Detailed Plan For Lectures LTP week distribution: (LTP Weeks) Weeks before MTE 7 Weeks After MTE 7 Spill Over 2

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Page 1: HMT advance heat and masss transfers

Lovely Professional University, Punjab

Course Code Course Title Course Planner Lectures Tutorials Practicals Credits

MEC672 ADANCED HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER 16420::Aashish Sharma 2.0 1.0 0.0 3.0

Course Category Courses with numerical and conceptual focus

TextBooks

Sr No Title Author Edition Year Publisher Name

T-1 Fundamentals of Heat and Mass transfer

Incropera, F. P., and DeWitt, D. P.

5th 2009 Wiley India Pvt Ltd

Reference Books

Sr No Title Author Edition Year Publisher Name

R-1 A Heat Transfer Textbook Lienhard, J. H. 4th 2012 Phlogiston Press

R-2 Advanced heat and mass transfer Amir Faghri, Yuwen Zhang, John R. Howell

1st 2010 Global Digital Press

Relevant Websites

Sr No (Web address) (only if relevant to the course) Salient Features

RW-1 http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Advanced_Heat_and_Mass_Transfer.html?id=yxMnotbAAz4C&redir_esc=y

E-Book

RW-2 http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/Webcourse-contents/IISc-BANG/Heat%20and%20Mass%20Transfer/New_index1.html

Lecture Notes

Audio Visual Aids

Sr No (AV aids) (only if relevant to the course) Salient Features

AV-1 http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/112101097/ Video Lectures on Heat and Mass Transfer

Detailed Plan For Lectures

LTP week distribution: (LTP Weeks)

Weeks before MTE 7

Weeks After MTE 7

Spill Over 2

Page 2: HMT advance heat and masss transfers

Week Number

Lecture Number

Broad Topic(Sub Topic) Chapters/Sections of Text/reference books

Other Readings,Relevant Websites, Audio Visual Aids, software and Virtual Labs

Lecture Description Learning Outcomes Pedagogical ToolDemonstration/ Case Study / Images / animation / ppt etc. Planned

Week 1 Lecture 1 Introduction(Introduction) T-1:Chapter 1R-2:1.1

RW-1RW-2

Introduction will be given to students regarding course contents

Students will have an overview of what they are going to study

Discussion

Introduction(Physical Concepts) T-1:Chapter 1R-2:1.2

RW-1AV-1

Teaching of Physical Concepts

Understanding of Physical Concepts

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Introduction(Molecular Level Presentation)

T-1:Chapter 1R-2:1.3

RW-1RW-2AV-1

Teaching of Molecular Level Presentation

Understanding of Molecular Level Presentation

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Lecture 2 Introduction(Molecular Level Presentation)

T-1:Chapter 1R-2:1.3

RW-1RW-2AV-1

Teaching of Molecular Level Presentation

Understanding of Molecular Level Presentation

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Introduction(Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer)

T-1:Chapter 1R-2:1.4

RW-1AV-1

Teaching of Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

Understanding of Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Introduction(Modern Applications of Heat and Mass Transfer)

T-1:Chapter 1R-2:1.5

RW-1 Teaching of Modern Applications of Heat and Mass Transfer

Understanding of Modern Applications of Heat and Mass Transfer

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Week 2 Lecture 3 Generalized Governing Equations(Introduction)

T-1:Chapter 1R-2:2.1

Teaching of introduction to Generalized Governing Equations

understanding of Generalized Governing Equations

Discussion and Brain storming

Generalized Governing Equations(Macroscopic(Integral) Local Instance Formulation)

T-1:Ch 2R-2:2.2

RW-1 Teaching MacroscopicIntegral Local Instance Formulation

UNderstanding MacroscopicIntegral Local Instance Formulation

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Lecture 4 Generalized Governing Equations(Microscopic(differential) Local Instance Formulation)

T-1:Ch 2R-2:2.3

RW-1 Teaching Microscopic differential Local Instance Formulation

Understanding Microscopic differential Local Instance Formulation

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Generalized Governing Equations(Fundamentals of Turbulence)

T-1:Ch 2R-2:2.5

RW-1AV-1

Teaching Fundamentals of Turbulence

Understanding Fundamentals of Turbulence

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Week 3 Lecture 5 Heat Conduction(Introduction) T-1:Ch 3R-2:3.1

Introduction to heat conduction

Understanding basic concept of conduction heat transfer

Discussion

Heat Conduction(Steady State Heat Conduction)

T-1:Ch 3R-2:3.2

RW-1RW-2

Introduction to Steady State Heat Conduction

Understanding of Steady State Heat Conduction

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Page 3: HMT advance heat and masss transfers

Week 3 Lecture 6 Heat Conduction(Unsteady State Heat Conduction)

T-1:Ch 3R-2:3.3

RW-1RW-2

Teashing Unsteady State Heat Conduction

Understanding Unsteady State Heat Conduction

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Heat Conduction(Numerical simulation of Heat Conduction Problems)

T-1:Ch 3R-2:3.4

RW-1RW-2

Teaching Numerical simulation of Heat Conduction Problems

UNderstanding Numerical simulation of Heat Conduction Problems

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Week 4 Lecture 7 Heat Conduction(Melting and Solidification)

T-1:Ch 3R-2:3.5

RW-1RW-2

Teaching phenomenon of Melting and Solidification

Understanding phenomenon of Melting and Solidification

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Heat Conduction(Microscale Heat Conduction)

T-1:Ch 3R-2:3.6

RW-1 Teaching Microscale Heat Conduction

Understanding Microscale Heat Conduction

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Lecture 8 Test 1

Week 5 Lecture 10 External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer(Boundary Layer Approximation)

T-1:Ch 4R-2:4.3

RW-1 Teaching Boundary Layer Approximation

Understanding Boundary Layer Approximation

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer(Governing Equations for Boundary Layer Approximation)

T-1:Ch 4R-2:4.4

RW-1 Teaching Governing Equations for Boundary Layer Approximation

Understanding Governing Equations for Boundary Layer Approximation

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Lecture 9 External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer(Introduction)

T-1:Ch 4R-2:4.1

Teaching basics of External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer

Understanding basics of External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer

Discussion and Brain storming

External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer(Concepts of the Boundary Layer Theory)

T-1:Ch 4R-2:4.2

RW-1AV-1

Teaching Concepts of the Boundary Layer Theory

Understanding Concepts of the Boundary Layer Theory

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Week 6 Lecture 11 External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer(Laminar Boundary Layer Solutions for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer)

T-1:Ch 4R-2:4.5

Teaching Laminar Boundary Layer Solutions for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

Understanding Laminar Boundary Layer Solutions for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Lecture 12 External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer(Similarity Solutions)

T-1:Ch 4R-2:4.6

RW-1 Teaching Similarity Solutions

Understanding Similarity Solutions

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer(Integral Methods)

T-1:Ch 4R-2:4.7

RW-1 Teaching Integral Methods

Understanding Integral Methods

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Week 7 Lecture 13 External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer(Computational Methodologies for Forced Convection)

T-1:Ch 4R-2:4.8

Teaching Computational Methodologies for Forced Convection

Understanding Computational Methodologies for Forced Convection

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer(Application of Computational Methods)

T-1:Ch 4R-2:4.9

Teaching Application of Computational Methods

Understanding Application of Computational Methods

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Page 4: HMT advance heat and masss transfers

Week 7 Lecture 14 External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer(Analogies and Differences in Different Transport Phenomena)

T-1:Ch 4R-2:4.10

Teaching Analogies and Differences in Different Transport Phenomena

Understanding Analogies and Differences in Different Transport Phenomena

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

External Convective Heat and Mass Transfer(Turbulence)

T-1:Ch 4R-2:4.11

RW-1AV-1

Teaching Turbulence Understanding Turbulence

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

MID-TERMWeek 8 Lecture 15 Internal Convective Heat Tansfer

(Introduction)T-1:Ch 5R-2:5.1

RW-1RW-2

Introduction to internal convective heat transfer

Understanding Internal Convective Heat Tansfer

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Internal Convective Heat Tansfer(Basic Definitions, Terminology and Governing Equations)

T-1:Ch 5R-2:5.2

RW-1 Teaching Basic Definitions, Terminology and Governing Equations

Understanding of Basic Definitions, Terminology and Governing Equations

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Internal Convective Heat Tansfer(Hydrodynamically and Thermally Fully Developed Laminar Flow)

T-1:Ch 5R-2:5.3

Teaching Hydrodynamically and Thermally Fully Developed Laminar Flow

Understanding of Hydrodynamically and Thermally Fully Developed Laminar Flow

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Internal Convective Heat Tansfer(Hydrodynamically Fully Developed and Thermally Developing Laminar Flow)

T-1:Ch 5R-2:5.4

RW-1RW-2

Teaching Hydrodynamically Fully Developed and Thermally Developing Laminar Flow

Understandingof Hydrodynamically Fully Developed and Thermally Developing Laminar Flow

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Internal Convective Heat Tansfer(Developing Flow, Thermal and Concentration Effects)

T-1:Ch 5R-2:5.6

RW-1RW-2

Teaching Developing Flow, Thermal and Concentration Effects

Understanding Developing Flow, Thermal and Concentration Effects

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Lecture 16 Internal Convective Heat Tansfer(Developing Flow, Thermal and Concentration Effects)

T-1:Ch 5R-2:5.6

RW-1RW-2

Teaching Developing Flow, Thermal and Concentration Effects

Understanding Developing Flow, Thermal and Concentration Effects

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Internal Convective Heat Tansfer(Full Numerical Solutions)

T-1:Ch 5R-2:5.7

Teaching Full Numerical Solutions

Understanding Full Numerical Solutions

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Internal Convective Heat Tansfer(Forced Convection in Microchannels)

T-1:Ch 5R-2:5.8

Teaching Forced Convection in Microchannels

Understanding Forced Convection in Microchannels

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Internal Convective Heat Tansfer(Turbulence)

T-1:Ch 5R-2:5.9

RW-1AV-1

Teaching Turbulence Understanding Turbulence

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Week 9 Lecture 17 Internal Convective Heat Tansfer(Turbulence)

T-1:Ch 5R-2:5.9

RW-1AV-1

Teaching Turbulence Understanding Turbulence

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Natural Convection(Introduction) T-1:Ch 6R-2:6.1

RW-1AV-1

Teaching Natural Convection

Understanding Natural Convection

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Page 5: HMT advance heat and masss transfers

Week 9 Lecture 17 Natural Convection(Governing Equations for Natural Convection)

T-1:Ch 6R-2:6.2

RW-1RW-2

Teaching Governing Equations for Natural Convection

Understanding Governing Equations for Natural Convection

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Lecture 18 Test 2

Week 10 Lecture 19 Natural Convection(Scale Analysis)

T-1:Ch 6R-2:6.3

Teaching Scale Analysis Understanding Scale Analysis

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Natural Convection(External Natural Convection)

T-1:Ch 6R-2:6.4

RW-1RW-2

Teaching External Natural Convection

Understanding External Natural Convection

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Lecture 20 Natural Convection(Natural Convection in Enclosures)

T-1:Ch 6R-2:6.5

Teaching Natural Convection in Enclosures

Understanding Natural Convection in Enclosures

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Natural Convection(Natural Convection in Melting and Solidification)

T-1:Ch 6R-2:6.6

RW-1 Teaching Natural Convection in Melting and Solidification

Natural Convection in Melting and Solidification

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Natural Convection(Instability Analysis of Natural Convection)

T-1:Ch 6R-2:6.7

Teaching Instability Analysis of Natural Convection

Understanding Instability Analysis of Natural Convection

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Week 11 Lecture 21 Condensation and Evaporation(Introduction)

T-1:Ch 7R-2:7.1

Teaching Introduction to Condensation and Evaporation

Understanding Condensation and Evaporation

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Condensation and Evaporation(Dropwise Condensation)

T-1:Ch 7R-2:7.2

RW-1RW-2

Teaching Dropwise Condensation

Understanding Dropwise Condensation

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Condensation and Evaporation(Filmwise Condensation)

T-1:Ch 7R-2:7.3

RW-1RW-2

Teaching Filmwise Condensation

Understanding Filmwise Condensation

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Lecture 22 Condensation and Evaporation(Filmwise Condensation)

T-1:Ch 7R-2:7.3

RW-1RW-2

Teaching Filmwise Condensation

Understanding Filmwise Condensation

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Condensation and Evaporation(Falling Film Evaporation on a Heated Wall and Spray Cooling)

T-1:Ch 7R-2:7.4

Teaching Falling Film Evaporation on a Heated Wall and Spray Cooling

Understanding Falling Film Evaporation on a Heated Wall and Spray Cooling

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Boiling(Introduction) T-1:Ch 8R-2:8.1

Teaching Introduction to Boiling

Understanding Boiling Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Week 12 Lecture 23 Boiling(Pool Boiling Regimes) T-1:Ch 8R-2:8.2

RW-1RW-2

Teaching Pool Boiling Regimes

Understanding Pool Boiling Regimes

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Boiling(Nucleate Boiling) T-1:Ch 8R-2:8.3

RW-1RW-2AV-1

Teaching Nucleate Boiling

Understanding Nucleate Boiling

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Boiling(Critical Heat Flux) T-1:Ch 8R-2:8.4

Teaching Critical Heat Flux

Understanding Critical Heat Flux

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Page 6: HMT advance heat and masss transfers

Week 12 Lecture 24 Boiling(Film Boiling) T-1:Ch 8R-2:8.6

RW-1RW-2

Teaching Film Boiling Understanding Film Boiling

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation(Electromagnetic Waves and Thermal Radiation)

T-1:Ch 9R-2:9.1

Teaching Electromagnetic Waves and Thermal Radiation

Understanding Electromagnetic Waves and Thermal Radiation

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation(The Blackbody as the Ideal Radiator)

T-1:Ch 9R-2:9.2

RW-1 Teaching The Blackbody as the Ideal Radiator

Understanding The Blackbody as the Ideal Radiator

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Week 13 Lecture 25 Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation(Properties of Real Surfaces: Definitions, Measurements and Prediction)

T-1:Ch 9R-2:9.3

RW-1RW-2

Lecture for spill over

Teaching Properties of Real Surfaces Definitions, Measurements and Prediction

Understanding Properties of Real Surfaces Definitions, Measurements and Prediction

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Lecture 26 Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation(Properties of Real Surfaces: Definitions, Measurements and Prediction)

T-1:Ch 9R-2:9.3

RW-1RW-2

Lecture for spill over

Teaching Properties of Real Surfaces Definitions, Measurements and Prediction

Understanding Properties of Real Surfaces Definitions, Measurements and Prediction

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation(Application and Exploitation of Radiative Properties)

T-1:Ch 9R-2:9.4

Teaching Application and Exploitation of Radiative Properties

Understanding Application and Exploitation of Radiative Properties

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation(High Energy Radiation Surface Interactions)

T-1:Ch 9R-2:9.5

RW-1AV-1

Teaching High Energy Radiation Surface Interactions

Understanding High Energy Radiation Surface Interactions

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation(Light Pipes and Fiber Optics)

T-1:Ch 9R-2:9.6

RW-1 Teaching Light Pipes and Fiber Optics

Understanding Light Pipes and Fiber Optics

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation(Infrared Sensing, Cameras and Photography)

T-1:Ch 9R-2:9.7

RW-1 Teaching Infrared Sensing, Cameras and Photography

Understanding Infrared Sensing, Cameras and Photography

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Fundamentals of Thermal Radiation(Other Contemprory Applications and Research)

T-1:Ch 9R-2:9.8

Teaching Other Contemprory Applications and Research

Understanding Other Contemprory Applications and Research

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Heat Transfer by Radiation(Radiative Transfer Through Transparent Media)

T-1:Ch 10R-2:10.1

RW-1 Teaching Radiative Transfer Through Transparent Media

Understanding Radiative Transfer Through Transparent Media

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Heat Transfer by Radiation(The Enclosure: The Net Radiation Method for Diffuse Surfaces)

T-1:Ch 10R-2:10.2

RW-1RW-2

Teaching The Enclosure The Net Radiation Method for Diffuse Surfaces

Understanding The Enclosure The Net Radiation Method for Diffuse Surfaces

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Week 14 Lecture 27 Test 3

Page 7: HMT advance heat and masss transfers

Week 14 Lecture 28 Heat Transfer by Radiation(Multimode Heat Transfer with Radiation)

T-1:Ch 10R-2:10.3

Teaching Multimode Heat Transfer with Radiation

Understanding Multimode Heat Transfer with Radiation

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Heat Transfer by Radiation(Inverse Problems)

T-1:Ch 10R-2:10.4

RW-1 Teaching Inverse Problems

Understanding Inverse Problems

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Heat Transfer by Radiation(The Effect of Participating Media)

T-1:Ch 10R-2:10.5

RW-1 Teaching The Effect of Participating Media

Understanding The Effect of Participating Media

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

Heat Transfer by Radiation(Applications of Radiative Transfer)

T-1:Ch 10R-2:10.6

RW-1RW-2

Teaching Applications of Radiative Transfer

Understanding Applications of Radiative Transfer

Discussion and Brain storming PPT if required

SPILL OVERWeek 15 Lecture 29 Spill Over

Lecture 30 Spill Over

Scheme for CA:Component Frequency Out Of Each Marks Total Marks

Test 2 3 10 20

Total :- 10 20

Details of Academic Task(s)

AT No. Objective Topic of the Academic Task Nature of Academic Task(group/individuals/field

work

Evaluation Mode Allottment / submission Week

Test 1 To check the students ability of understanding heat transfer phenomenon

Test for physical properties, numerical solutions for heat transfer problems through conduction.

Individual Written test 3 / 4

Test 2 Student evaluation Knowledge of student regarding convection processes. Individual Written test 7 / 9

Test 3 Student evaluation knowledge regarding radiation processes. Individual Written test 11 / 13

Plan for Tutorial: (Please do not use these time slots for syllabus coverage)Tutorial No. Lecture Topic Type of pedagogical tool(s) planned

(case analysis,problem solving test,role play,business game etc)

Page 8: HMT advance heat and masss transfers

Tutorial 1 Understanding of Physical Concepts, Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, Modern Applications of Heat and Mass Transfer

Case analysis,Problem solving

Tutorial 2 Macroscopic(Integral) Local Instance Formulation and Microscopic(differential) Local Instance Formulation

Problem solving

Tutorial 3 Steady State Heat Conduction, Unsteady State Heat Conduction, Numerical simulation of Heat Conduction Problems

Case analysis,Problem solving

Tutorial 4 Melting and Solidification, Microscale Heat Conduction, Problem solving

Tutorial 5 Concepts of the Boundary Layer Theory, Boundary Layer Approximation, Governing Equations for Boundary Layer Approximation

Problem solving

Tutorial 6 Laminar Boundary Layer Solutions for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer, Similarity Solutions

Problem solving

Tutorial 7 Computational Methodologies for Forced Convection, Application of Computational Methods, Analogies and Differences in Different Transport Phenomena, Turbulence

Case analysis,Problem solving

After Mid-TermTutorial 8 Internal Convective Heat Transfer, Basic Definitions,

Terminology and Governing Equations, Hydrodynamically Fully Developed and Thermally Developing Laminar Flow, Developing Flow, Thermal and Concentration Effects

Problem solving

Tutorial 9 Forced Convection in Microchannels, Governing Equations for Natural Convection

Case analysis

Tutorial 10 Scale Analysis, External Natural Convection, Natural Convection in Enclosures, Natural Convection in Melting and Solidification, Instability Analysis of Natural Convection

Problem solving

Tutorial 11 Dropwise Condensation, Filmwise Condensation, Falling Film Evaporation on a Heated Wall and Spray Cooling

Problem solving

Tutorial 12 Pool Boiling Regimes, Nucleate Boiling, Critical Heat Flux, Film Boiling, Electromagnetic Waves and Thermal Radiation

Case analysis,Test

Tutorial 13 Application and Exploitation of Radiative Properties, High Energy Radiation Surface Interactions, Infrared Sensing, Cameras and Photography

Case analysis,Problem solving

Tutorial 14 Radiative Transfer Through Transparent Media, The Enclosure: The Net Radiation Method for Diffuse Surfaces, Inverse Problems, The Effect of Participating Media

Problem solving