BI 1: CC NGUYN T KIM LOI KHI S MC TIU: - Xc nh c v tr v c im cu trc electron ca KL IA, IIA Lit k mt s tnh cht ha hc ca n cht Vit c phng trnh phn ng ca cc hp cht in hnh ca chng K ra mt s ng dng v vai tr sinh hc ca n cht, hp cht KL trn Nhm IA (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) 1. c im lin kt LiNaKRbCsFr rkl1,551,892,362,482,682,80 r+ 0,680,981,331,491,651,75 I5,395,144,344,183,89 _1,00,90,80,80,70,7 I A II A III B IVB VB VI B VII B VIII B I B II B III A IVA VA VI A VII A VIII A1 1 21 H H He1.008 1.008 4.00263 4 5 6 7 8 9 102 Li Be B C N O F Ne6.939 9.0122 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.18311 12 13 14 15 16 17 183 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar22.99 24.312 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.064 35.453 39.94819 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 364 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr39.102 40.08 44.956 47.89 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.847 58.932 58.71 63.54 65.37 69.72 72.59 74.922 78.96 79.909 83.837 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 545 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 * 98 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.9 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.75 127.61 126.9 131.2955 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 866 Cs Ba **La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 186.21 190.2 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.29 204.38 207.2 208.98 * 209 * 210 * 22287 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116 1187 Fr Ra ***Ac Rf Ha Sg Ns Hs Mt Uun Uuu Unb Uuq Uuh Uuo* 223 226.03 227.03 * 261 * 262 * 263 * 262 * 265 * 268 * 269 * 272 * 277 *285 *289 *293Based on symbols used by ACS S.M.Condren 199958 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71* Designates that **Lanthanum Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Luall isotopes are Series 140.12 140.91 144.24 * 145 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.51 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97radioactive 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103*** Actinium Th PaUNp Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No LrSeries 232.04 231.04 238.03 237.05 * 244 * 243 * 247 * 247 * 251 * 252 * 257 * 258 * 259 * 260Periodic Table of theElementsKim loi kim to lin kt ion, cc hp cht kim loi kim c mng tinh th ion. Khi t chy, ngn la c mu c trng. Na: vngK: tm Li: taRb, Cs: tm hng 2. Tnh cht ho hc: Nguyn t KLK ch c 1e lp ngoi cng, nn chng d nhng 1e t cu trc bn vng ca kh him. C nng lng ion ha nh V vy KLK c tnh kh rt mnh . Tnh kh tng dn t Li n Cs M M++e 2.1) Tc dng vi phi kim: a) Vi O2: 2Na+O2(oxi kh) Na2O2(natri peoxit) 4Na+O2(kk kh) 2Na2O (natri oxit) b) Vi clo 2Na0+Cl22Na+1Cl 2.2) Tc dng vi axit : Phn ng vi acid thng v acid oxy ha : HCl, H2SO4 , HNO3 2Na+2HCl 2NaCl+H2 M+2H+M+ +H2 P xy ra rt mnh lit,gy n nguy him 2.3. Tc dng vi nc, ancol: 2Na +2 H2O 2NaOH+ H2

2Na +2 CH3OH 2CH3ONa+ H2

Do bo qun KLK, ngi ta ngm chm chng trong du ha 3. Hp cht 3.1 Oxit M2O Li2O phn ng chm vi nc, cn cc M2O khc phn ng rt mnh vi nc v ta ra nhiu nhit:M2O + H2O 2MOH 3.2 Peroxid M2O2 Cht rn, ht m mnh, chy ra trong khng kh, phn ng mnh vi nc gii phng kh oxy. Na2O2 + 2H2O H2O2 + 2NaOH H2O2 km bn 2H2O2 2H2O +O2 Phn ng vi CO2 gii phng oxy 2Na2O2 +2CO22Na2CO3 +O2 3.3 Hydroxid D tan trong nc v l cc baz mnh Phn ng vi hu ht cc cht c bn cht axit (CO2, HCl, HNO3 ) Chng n mn mnh vi, da, giy v cc cht hu c khc. Cc MOH (tr LiOH) khng b phn hy bi nhit 2LiOH = Li2O+H2O 3.4. Mui L cc hp cht ion c cu trc tinh th, to nc cao D tan trong nc (tr LiF, Li2CO3 ) Mui hydrocarbonat d phn hy khi un nng, mui carbonat bn vi nhit. 2MHCO3=M2CO3+CO2+H2O 3.5 iu ch kim loi kim: Nguyn tc:Kh cc ion kim loi kim M++eM Phng php:2MX 2M + X2 2MOH 2M + 1/2O2 +H2O 2NaCl2Na + Cl2 in phn nng chy cc mui clorid hay hydroxyd thu c kim loi kim 2NaCl = Na + Cl2 4KOH = 4K + O2 + 2H2O in phn dung dch c vch ngn mui clorid thu c hydroxyd Hoc : Na2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 = NaOH + CaCO3 3.6 ng dng ,trng thi t nhin: ng dng: Dng iu ch hp kim c nhit nng chy thp. Kim loi Cs dng ch to t bo quang in. Hp kim Li- Al siu nh c dng trong k thut hng khng Trng thi t nhin: Trong t nhin,KLK ch tn ti dng hp cht(vd:trong nc bin cha 1 lng ln mui NaCl) Vai tr sinh hc trong y dc -Li2CO3 lm thuc chng lon tm thn. iu tr v phng bnh hng cm trm cm. -NaCl lm thuc cung cp cht in gii. y l dd gn ging vi dd ngoi bo ca c th. NaCl 0,9% ng trng vi dch c th. -Na-phenobarbital (thuc an thn, gy ng, gin c), Na sulfamid (thuc khng khun) Tuy nhin, do Na+ gi nc trong m gy ph nn cc mui natri c s dng thn trng trong iu tr tim mch, thn. - KCl: cht in gii dng iu tr gim kali mu. Nhm IIA (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra) 1.c im chung BeMgCaSrBaRa rkl 1,131,601,972,152,212,35 r2+ 0,340,741,041,201,331,14 I19,327,646,115,695,215,18 I218,215,011,911,010,010,1 _ 1,51,21,00,90,90,9 2.Tnh cht ha hc - Khi chy Ca: mu cam, Sr: son, Ba: lc hi vng. - Cht kh mnh, phn ng trc tip vi nhiu KKL. - nhit thng: Ca, Ba, Sr phn ng vi O2, S, Hal2. - Khi t nng, phn ng vi N2, H2, C. - Be v Mg km hot ng hn, nn phn ng nhit cao hn. TC DNG VI PHI KIM a) Vi oxi: to oxit Ptp/u: 2Mg+ O2 2MgO ( rn)b) Vi phi kim khc:to mui Ptp/u: Ca+ Cl2 CaCl2 ( rn)TC DNG VI NC BeKhng tc dng vi nc MgTc dng chm vi nc nhit thng to Mg(OH)2. Tc dng nhanh nhit cao to MgO. Ca, Sr,BaTc dng vi nc nhit thng to dung dch baz: M +H2O M(OH)2 + H2 Ch :Mg chy trong nc: MgO+ H2O

Mg(OH)2 Mg+H2Oh=MgO+H2Khng dngnc dp tt m chy c Mg TC DNG VI DUNG DCH AXIT a)Vi axit HCl, H2SO4 long: to khH2 2Ca + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2 b) Vi axit HCl, H2SO4 c: Kh

thnh

,

thnh

Mt s phn ng khc ca KL IIA. a/ Tc dng vi CO2 : Mg chy trong CO2 2 Mg +CO2 MgO+C Khng dngCO2dp tt m chy c Mg b/ Tc dng vi dd baz Ch c Be phn ng c vi dung dch baz (NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)2 ) to ra mui berilat v kh Hidro: Be +2NaOH Na2BeO2+H2 IU CH. Nguyn tc chung: M2+ + 2eM Phng php chnh: in phn nng chy mui Clorua: MCl2 M+Cl2 3. Hp cht Oxt MO -BeO: khng tan trong nc. -MgO: tan rt t trong nc. -Cn li tng tc d vi nc to thnh hydroxit :MO + H2O = M(OH)2 -Chng l nhng oxit baz. Ring BeO kh tan trong axit, tan d trong kim. Hydroxyd M(OH)2 -Hydroxit ca Be v Mg t tan trong nc. -Ca(OH)2 tng i t tan. -Cc hydroxit cn li tan nhiu trong nc. -Khng bn nhit. un nng mt nc bin thnh oxit. - bn nhit tng dn t Be n Ba -Tnh baz tng ln t Be n Ba. -So vi hydroxit kim loi kim trong cng 1 chu kz, tnh baz ca M(OH)2 yu hn. -Ring Be(OH)2 c th tc dng vi kim c to berilat: Be(OH)2 + 2NaOH = Na2[Be(OH)4] Mui -Cc mui clorua, bromua, iodua, nitrat, axetat u d tan. -Mui florua kh tan tr BeF2 d tan. -Mui sunfat ca Be v Mg tan nhiu, cn li tan t, nht l BaSO4. -Cc mui carbonat kh tan v b phn hy khi nung nng -Cc mui hydrocarbonat l mui tan, d b phn hy khi un nng : Ca(HCO3)2=CaCO3 + CO2+ H2O iu ch hp cht: Nhit phn mui carbonat ca kim loi tng ng thu c oxid iu ch n cht Nguyn tc chung: M2+ + 2eM Phng php chnh: in phn nng chy mui Clorua: MCl2 M+Cl2 Vai tr v ng dng trong y dc. c tnh: Be: -Cc hp cht ca Be u rt c, khng c hp cht no dng trong iu tr. Magie: - l nguyn t sinh hc, c trong ni bo, kim sot lng calci thm nhp vo t bo thng qua knh calci. - L cht hot ha cho khong 300 enzym - Tham gia vo c ch n nh nng Na+, K+ 2 bn mng t bo - Dng lm thuc antacid. VD: Mg(OH)2 - Thuc nhun trng, ty: MgSO4.7H2O - Cht lm trn trong sn xut thuc vin nh magie stearat ; bt talc (magie silicat),Calci:-Ca, Mg, P to xng, rng -C vai tr thit yu trong nhiu qu trnh sinh l{: tham gia vo qu trnh ng mu, iu ha dn truyn thn kinh, nu Ca2+ trong mu gim c th d b co git. -Thuc antacid: CaCO3

-Thuc b sung calci: calci clorid, calci gluconat Bari:-Hp cht ca bari c, ch ring BaSO4 t tan, dng lm thuc dng ung (huyn ph trong nc), c tnh cn quang nnlm r nt nh chp bng tia X trong chn on vim lot ng tiu ha BI 2: CC NGUYN T KIM LOI KHI p MC TIU: -Xc nh c v tr v c im cu trc electron ca KL IIIA, IVA - Lit k mt s tnh cht ha hc ca n cht - Vit c phng trnh phn ng ca cc hp cht in hnh ca chng - K ra mt s ng dng v vai tr sinh hc ca n cht, hp cht KL trn Nhm IIIA (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl) -Cc nguyn t nhm IIIA thuc loi nguyn t p: B, Al, Ga, In, Tl trong Bo th hin tnh cht ca phi kim. -Lp electron ha tr ns2 np1. Tr B, cc kim loi nhm ny cn c phn mc 3d trng nn c kh nng to cc ion phc (lai ha sp3 hoc sp3d2 ) - M = M+ + 3e -Ring Tl cn c s oxy ha + 1 2. Tnh cht ha hc: Phn ng vi phi kim:+ Vi O2 :4M+3O2=2M2O3

+ Vi Cl2 , Br2 phn ng ngay nhit thng, I2 un nng Tnh chat BAlGaInTl rkl Ao0,911,431,391,661,71 r3+Ao0,200,570,620,921,05 I1 eV8,305,986,005,796,10 _ (P)2,011,51,61,71,8 + Vi S, N, C phn ungs xy ra nhit cao + Khng c tng tc vi hydro Phn ng vi nc: cn kim ph lp oxit Phn ng vi acid + Vi axit thng (HCl, H2 SO4 long ) 2Al + 6H+ + 12H2O 2[Al(H2O)6]3++3H2

+ Tl : khng phn ng + Khng phn ng vi cc axit c tnh oxy ha (HNO3 , H2SO4 c ngui) Phn ng vi kim: Al, Ga, In c th tan theo phn ng: 2M + 2OH- + 6H2 O 2[M (OH)4 ] + 3H2 Phn ng nhit nhm:2Al+Fe2O3 2Fe+Al2O3

3. Cc hp cht: Oxyd-Cc oxyd ha tr 3 ca Al, Ga, In bn vi nhit v lng tnh. -Tl c c oxyd ha tr I, III.Tl2 O3 Tl2 O + O2 -Oxit nhm v gali tn ti 2 dng th hnh o v . Dng mi b ha tan trong acid hay kim Al2 O3 + 6H+ + 9H2O 2[Al(H2O)6]3+

Al2 O3 + 2OH- + 3H2O 2[Al(OH)4]-

Hydroxyd: Dng kt ta nhy khng tan trong nc, l hp cht lng tnh tr Tl(OH)3 M(OH)3 + OH- = [M(OH)4]-

M(OH)3+ 3H++ 3H2 O=[M(H2O)6]3+ Tl(OH)3 ch tan trong acid. TlOH d tan trong nc v l baz mnh gn bng KOHMui:NH4 .Al(SO4 )2 .12H2 O: phn nhm amoni K.Al(SO4 )2.6H2 O: phn nhm kali (phn chua) AlCl3 khan Na3 AlF6 :phc floroaluminat (Criolit)iu ch : in phn nng chy Al2O3

Al2 O3 Al + O2 Vai tr v ng dng trong y dc -Bo: + B v hp cht ca n c c tnh lng ln. + Acid boric v borat khng c tnh st khun, ch c tnh km khun yu, c dng lm cht chng nhim khun ngoi da -Al:+ Khng c vai tr sinh hc, thy c tnh mn ca nhm nh hng ti no biu hin ra ngi cao tui + Lm thuc antacid: Al(OH)3 BI 3:NGUYN T KIM LOI NHMIV A 1.V tr v c im -Sn v Pb -Lp e ha tr: ns2 np2

-S oxy ha c trng: +2 v +4 2. Tnh cht ha hc - Phn ng vi phi kim: oxy; halogen- Tc dng vi nc:2Pb + O2 + H2O 2Pb(OH)2

- Phn ng vi dung dch kim: M + 2NaOH + 2H2 O = Na2[M(OH)4 ] + H2 - Tnh kh ca Ge, Sn, Pb trong dd axit c th hin qua gi tr th oh kh sau: 0.5 0.25 Sn4+ Sn2+ Sn 0.01 SnO2 -0.500.25 GeO2 Ge2+ Ge -0.25 1.46-0.126 PbO2 Pb2+ Pb - Ge khng phn ng vi axit long thng thng, Pb tan tng i hn ch do to thnh mui t tan -Trong HCl , Sn, Pb tan d hn do to phc H2ECl4: 4HCl + Pb H2 + H2[PbCl4] -Tan trong a.acetic khi c mt O2 Pb + 1/2O2 + 2CH3COOH Pb(CH3COO)2 + 2H2O - Khi p vi HNO3 , c Ge v Sn u to thnh H2GeO3, H2SnO3: E + HNO3 H2EO3 + 4NO2 + H2O -Nu HNO3 long, th hin ging nh 1 kim loi. 3Sn + 8HNO3 3Sn(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O -Nu H2SO4 , nng, Sn to thnh Sn (+2) - Pb p vi HNO3 long, c hay H2SO4 , nng u to thnh Pb2+. Pb + 3H2SO4 Pb(HSO4)2 + SO2 + 2H2O Pb + 2H2SO4 PbSO4 + SO2 + H2O (un si) Tnh kh ca Ge, Sn, Pb trong mt kim th hin qua cc gi tr th oh kh sau: -0.07 -0.97 GeO2 Ge [Ge(OH)6]2- Ge -0.97-0.96-0.79 Sn(OH)2 Sn[Sn(OH)6]2- [Sn(OH)4]2- Sn -0.58-0.58 +0.3-0.54 PbO PbO2 Pb[Pb(OH)6]2- [Pb(OH)4]2- Pb 3. Cc hp cht: Oxit (MO; MO2 ) + Cc oxit MO u kh tan trong nc + Ch c 2 oxit: PbO v PbO2

+ Tt c cc oxit ca thic v ch u ha tan trong acid v trong kimHydroxyd M(OH)2 : l hp cht lng tnh Pb(OH)2+ 2KOH=K2[Pb(OH)4 ] Sn(OH)2+ 2HCl=SnCl2 +2H2O Mui: - Cc mui Sn(+2) kh c nhiu ion kim loi. SnCl2 + 2HgCl2 SnCl4 + Hg2Cl2 + (trng) SnCl2 + Hg2Cl2 SnCl4 + 2Hg + Bi(NO3)3 + 2Na2[Sn(OH)4] + 6NaOH 2Bi+ + 3Na2[Sn(OH)6] + 6NaNO3. Vai tr sinh hc trong y dc: Germani: + pht hin bis-|-carboxy-ethyl germani sesquioxyd l cht c kh nng tng cng h min dch v c tc dng chng khi u. Thic:+ SnO2 c dng ngoi do c tc dng st khun, c bit l staphylococus. + SnF2 phng chng cc bnh v rng. Tt hn cc florid khc, nhng kh bo ch v bo qun. -Ch:+ tng lm thuc se chng vim, nhng do ch tch ly v c tnh cao nn khng dng na. + Ch tn cng ton din v lm tn hi kho hem ca c th, gy hu qu nghim trng trn h to mu, thn kinh, ni tit, thn v gan. + C nhiu ng dng trong k thut v i sng nn cng ang gy ra nhim ton cu. BI 4: CC NGUYN T PHI KIM MC TIU: - Nu c c im v tnh cht ha hc ca hydro, H2O v H2O2 -Xc nh c v tr v c im cu trc electron ca PK IVA, VA, VIA - Lit k mt s tnh cht ha hc ca n cht - Vit c phng trnh phn ng ca cc hp cht in hnh ca chng - K ra mt s ng dng v vai tr sinh hc ca n cht, hp cht PK trn HYDRO V OXY 1.HYDRO c im chung: Hydro c 3 ng v : -Vi 2 ng v bn: protiumH11(P)v deuterium:H21(D); - ng v phng x l tritium H31 (T). -Hydro c cu hnh in t 1s1 nn:H +1e H- (th hin tnh oxi ho) H H+ + 1e (th hin tnh kh) H + H H2 (lk CHT) -S oxi ho: -1, 0, +1 -rH+ = 10-5 (A) -H+ c tc dng phn cc v cng mnh Ha tnh: - nhit thng km hot ng. H2 2H (> 2000oC) - Hydro mi sinh c th phn ng vi N2, S, P, As, v kh: MnO4 v Mn2+, H2SO3 v H2S, Cr2O72- v Cr3+, NO3 v NH4+Tnh oxi ha: 2Na + H2 2NaH Tnh kh: - nhit thng: F2 + H2 2HF - H2 phn ng vi Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, N2, S,khi c as, to, xt, O2 + H2 H2O - to cao: CuO + H2 Cu + H2O - Tnh kh yu (trong dd) 2H+ + 2e H2 E0 = 0,000 V iu ch: Trong cng nghip Nguyn liu l kh t nhin: CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2(800oC) AH0 = 206 kj CH4 + O2 2CO + 4H2(800oC) AH0 = -71 kjCO + H2O CO2 + H2 (Fe2O3; 450oC) Nguyn liu l than: C + H2O CO + H2 (1000oC) AHo = 131 kj 2C + O2 2COAHo = -22 kj H2 c tinh khit cao c iu ch bng phng php in phn nc c thm NaOH, KOH (30%) hay H2SO4 (10%) tng dn in. 2. NC Cu to phn t v l{ tnh- Phn t nc c cu to dng gc vi lin kt OH bn vng: 104.50 = 1,84D 2H2O 2H2 + O2 AH0 = 135 kcal/mol

Gin trng thi ca nc: Phn t ncTnh lng cc Lin kt hir R L Him im im - Do lin kt hydro, nn nc c cc tnh cht khc thng: + phn cc ln, in ly ln. + Tnc v Ts cao bt thng + Nc rt rng v nh hn nc lng. Do hnh th c bit ca phn t nc (vi gc lin kt 104,45o), khi b lm lnh cc phn t phi di xa ra to lin kt tinh th lc gic m.+ Khi nglnh di 4oC, cc phn t nc phi di xa ra to lin kt tinh th lc gac m.ChatH2OH2SH2SeHF Tnc0C085,5465,7283,36 Ts0C10060,3541,519,52 Ha tnhNc c tnh lng tnh P2O5 + 3H2O 2H+ + 2H2PO4 CaO + H2O Ca2+ + 2OH NH4Cl + H2O NH4OH + HCl TiCl4 + H2O Ti(OH)4 + 4HCl Tnh oxi ha-kh 2H+ + 2e H2|(b kh)E0 = 0,000V O2| + 4H+ + 4e 2H2O (b oxi ho) E0 = +1,229V Na + H2O = NaOH + H2 2F2 + 2H2O=4HF+O2 pH0714 E0H+/H2V0,0000,4140,828 E0O2/H2OV+1,229+0,815+0,401 Tnh to phc - Nc c kh nng lm phi t to phc aquo (o c cp e khng lk trn O). VD: [Cr(H2O)6]3+; [Fe(OH)6]2+ - To thnh tinh th hydrat. V d: FeCl3.6H2O ;MgCl2.6H2O ; V d: FeSO4.7H2O ; CuSO4.5H2O 3. Hydroperoxid H2O2:Bn cnh lin kt Van der Waals cn c lin kt hydro (H2O2HO2H) nn H2O2 c: -Tnh acid-baz: pKa = 11,70. H2O2 H+ + HO2 H2O2 + 2NaOH Na2O2 + 2H2O -Tnh oxi ha-kh:2H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e 2H2OE0 = +1,77V O2| + 2H+ + 2e H2O2 E0 = +0,68V 2H2O2=2H2O+O2

H2O2+2KI+ H2SO4= I2 +2H2O+K2SO4 5H2O2+2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 = 5O2 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 8H2O NHM VIIA (Halogen)F, Cl, Br, I, At 1.V tr v c im lin kt: Tnh cht FClBrIAt r1,331,811,962,202,30 A1eV3,53,63,53,3 _432,82,2 - Halogen c i lc electron ln.- Cc Halogen u c m in ln. -Halogen l nhng phi kim in hnh. - Trong cc hp cht, flo lun c s oxh -1,cc halogen khc ngoi s oxh -1, cn c +1, +3, +5, +7. 2.Ha tnh: -Tnh oxi ha 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeIIICl3 3Fe + 4I2 FeIII2.2FeIIII3 (Fe3I8 ~ Fe3O4) - Vi cng ngt, p ca cc halogen xy ra theo 1 mc mnh lit gim dn t F2 n I2, v d vi H2. - Mt halogen hot ng c thtc dng vi mui halogenua gii phng halogen km hot ng hn.Br2 + 2KI I2+2KBr -Khi tan trong nc, cc X2 c td vi H2O 2F2 + 2H2O 4HF + O2Eo = +2,06V 2I2 + 2H2O 4HI + O2Eo = -0,28V X2 + H2O HX + HXO (X: Cl, Br,I) - Tnh kh:Ngoi tnh cht oxy ha, cc halogen cn th hin tnh kh (tr flor) v tnh cht ny tng dn t trn xung trong nhm. V d: 5Cl2 + Br2 + 6H2O 2HBrO3 + 10HCl 5Cl2 + I2 + 6H2O 2HIO3 + 10HCl 3I2 + 10HNO3() 6HIO3 + 10NO + 2H2O iu ch Br2 t nc bin v nc h mui, axit ha vi H2SO4 v cho kh Cl2 sc qua. 3Br2 + 3Na2CO3 = 5NaBr + NaBrO3 + 3CO2 5NaBr + NaBrO3 + 3H2SO4 = 3Na2SO4 + 3Br2 + 3H2O iu ch I2 t nc ca l khoang du m v rong bin. 2.Cc hp cht ca cc halogen: -Cc hydracid HX -HF, HCl, HBr v HI. - nhit thng, cc hir halogenua u l cht kh. D tan trong nc to thnh dung dch axt halogenhiric.Tnh oxi ha-kh - Tnh kh tng dn. - Tr HF, cc HX khc u c tnh kh v tng dn t HCl n HBr n HI. - Acid HCl b oxy ha bi cc cht oxy ha mnh nh KMnO4, MnO2 nhng khng b oxy ha bi H2SO4 c. 2HBr + H2SO4() SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O 8HI + H2SO4() H2S + 4I2 + 4H2O 2FeCl3 + 2HI 2FeCl2 + I2 + 2HCl Cc hydracid HX: Tnh chtHFHClHBrHI pKa3,173710 rAo1,331,811,962,20 dXXAo0,921,281,411,60 EHX kJ/mol565431364297 Tnc0C83114,28850,8 Ts0C19,584,966,735,3 - DD nc HX l nhng axit halogenhidric HX + H2OH3O++X-

- HF l axit yu l doEH-X rt ln v F-+HF HF2- => Td vi kim to mui hidro florua- HF td SiO2: SiO2 + 4HF = 2H2O + SiF4 - Axit HF c, ri vo da gy vt lot kh lnh - Tnh axit tng t HCl HI iu ch HX:CaF2 + H2SO4= CaSO4 + 2HF (250oC) NaCl + H2SO4= NaHSO4+HCl (250oC) NaCl + NaHSO4 = Na2SO4+HCl (400oC) H2 + Cl2 = 2HClPBr3 + 3H2O= H3PO3 + 3HBrPI3 + 3H2O= H3PO3 + 3HI Br2 (I2) + P + H2O = HBr (HI) Cc oxihydroxid HXOn S Oxh +1+3+5+7 ClHClOHClO2HClO3HClO4 BrHBrOHBrO2HBrO3(HBrO4) IHIOHIO2HIO3H5IO6 Tnh oxi ha-kh: Tiu phnClOClO2ClO3ClO4 EoClOx-/Cl- (V) 1,50 0,88 1,56 0,77 1,45 0,63 1,38 0,56 Tnh acid-baz: - Cc nguyn t c cng s oh th m in cng cao tnh axit cng mnh V d: HClO3 > HBrO3 > HIO3 Xt m hnhXo+ Oo H - Cng mt nguyn t X, khi s oxi ha cng cao tnh acid ca oxihydroxid tngV d :HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4 Xt : O* Xo+ Oo H X c s oxi ha cng ln th tnh acid cng tng. - HXO l acid rt yu- HXO4 l acid mnh nht. - HIO4 tn ti dng H5IO6 iu ch: 2 2chay nong KF trong phan ienF H 2HF + 2 2p22 2 Cl H NaOH O H NaCl + + +O H MnCl Cl HCl KMnO2 2 2 48 2 5 16 2 + + +- Dng kh clo y brom, iot ra khi dd mui bromua, iodua. Cl2 + 2NaBr = Br2 + 2NaCl Vai tr sinh hc: - Flor c nh trong rng v khung xng . Vi liu nh s lm gim tn sut b su rng- Clor l anion ch yu ca dch ngoi bo . N cng vi natri v calci tham d vo qu trnh phn b nc trong t chc v duy tr cn bng acid-baz,qu trnh tiu ha. hot ng tit dch d dy, ng thi kt hp vi ion H+ hnh thnh acid HClNhu cu tiu th trung bnh NaCl l trn 10g/ngy, tc l trn 6g clor /ngy. Ngun cung cp NaCl v KCl ch yu t thc n trong 2/3 di dng muiPHN NHM VIA(Chalcogen)O, S, Se, Te, Po 1.c im chung: TChtOSSeTePo r21,361,821,932,11 I1 eV13,6210,369,759,018,4 A1eV1,472,082,021,35 _3,52,62,552,30 2.Ho tnh: Tnh oxy ho gim dn trong nhm, Te c tnh cht ca KL. -S t/d vi H2 300oC to H2S -S t/d kim loi to thnh sunfua kim loi: KL kim, kim th, Ag, Hg p/ xy ra to thp, cn vi Ni, Co, Cr to cao. -S chy trong kk cho ngn la mu lam nht (SO2) -S t/d flo to thng, vi clo, brom khi un nng to nn cc halogenua ca S. -S t/d vi cc cht oxy ha nh: KNO3, KClO3, K2Cr2O7,HNO3, H2SO4 c. 2KClO3+ 3S = 2KCl+3SO2 2H2SO4 + S = 3SO2+ 2H2O-S ch thuc sng en, thuc pho v thuc dim. -S khng tan trong H2O nhng tan kim, dd sunfua, sunfit. 3S + 6NaOH = 2Na2S + Na2SO3 + 3H2O S2-+ nS = Sn+12-

SO32-+S = S2O32- - Se, Te t/d vi nhiu kim loi to thnh cc sunfua, selenua, telurua. -Vi H2, Se t/d to cao, telu khng t/d. -Se v Te t/d flo, clo to thng v vi oxy un nng. -Se khng t/d vi H2O, Te t/d vi hi H2O 100-150oC Te + 2H2O = TeO2 + 2H2 -Se, Te khng t/d vi axit HCl nhng Po li c: Po + 2HCl = PoCl2 + H2

- Vi H2SO4 c v HNO3, Se v Te t/d nh S, cn Po nh kim loi. S + 6HNO3 H2SO4 + 6NO2 | + 2H2O Po + 8HNO3 Po(NO3)4+ + 4NO2| +4H2O -Se v Te cng tan trong dd kim ging nh S:3E + 6KOH = K2EO3 + 2K2E + 3H2O Ozon L tnh - Phn t ozon c cu to dng gc:116,5o - 1 nguyn t O c s oxh (+4), 2ngt cn li (-2) -Ozon c : Tnc = 192,70C; Ts = 111,90C -C ozon lng v ozon rn (O3) c mu xanh thm.-kt, l cht kh mu lam nht, mi tanh, rt c v ph hu ng h hp (nu nng rt nh c tc dng tt vi c th) - tt c cc trng thi tp hp ozon c th b n khi va chm. - tan trong nc ln hn O2 ( 0oC, 100 th tch nc ho tan ti 49 th tch ozon) Ha tnh - Ozon c hot tnh oxi ha mnh hn oxigen rt nhiu: -O3(k) + H2O(l) + 2e- O2(k) + 2OH-(dd) E0 = 1,241V -O2(k) + 2H2O(l) + 4e- 4OH-(dd) E0 = 0,401V -O3(k) + 2H+(dd) + 2e- O2(k) + H2O(l) E0 = 2, 07V -O2(k) + 4H+(dd) + 4e- 2H2O(l) E0 = 1,229V -Ozon c th tng tc vi Ag, Hg iu kin thng. V d:2Ag + O3 = Ag2O + O2 -C th oxy ha S2- thnh SO42-:PbS + 4O3 = PbSO4 + 4O2

-V amoniac thnh nitrit v nitrat -Ozon ph hy nhanh chng cao su, bi vy khng nn dng ng cao su dn kh ozon. -Nhiu cht hu c khc, nh ru chng hn, bc chy khi tip xc vi ozon -Ozon oxy ha ioua thnh iot ngay trong mi trng baz:2KI + O3 + H2O = I2 + 2KOH + O2 ng dng: - nng rt b trong kh quyn (10-6 % v th tch) ozon c ch li i vi sc khe con ngi, nhng vi nng ln hn th c hi. -Dng ozon dit trng nc ung, kh mi, bo qun hoa qu. Trong y khoa, ozon c dng cha su rng. - Dng ozon ty trng cc loi tinh bt, du n v nhiu cht khc. 3. Cc hp cht ca cc chalcogen: Cc hydracid H2EH2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te Dihidro sunfua H2S: Tnh kh rt mnh, chy trong kk cho ngn la mu lam nht, thiu oxi cho S 2H2S + 3O2 = 2SO2 + 2H2O 2H2S + O2 = 2S + 2H2O=> thu hi S t H2S trong kh thi nh my -Vi KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, halogen, H2S p/ d dng to thng gii phng S 2KMnO4 + 5H2S + 3H2SO4 = 2MnSO4 + 5S + K2SO4 + 8H2O I2 + H2S= S + 2HIMt s vi khun v rong oxi ha c H2S thnh S v tch ly S li trong t bo ca chng (n 25% khi lng) Mt s VK khc li bin sunfat thnh H2S: -H2S khng mu, mi trng thi, rt c -Ch 0,1% kh H2S trong kk gy nhim c nng. -Khi ht phi kh H2S c nng cao hn, c th b ngt hoc cht v tt th. TchtH2OH2SH2SeH2Te pKa146,99 va 12,893,89 va 11,0 2,64 va 11 rAo1,361,821,932,11 dXE Ao0,961,331,471,69 EHE kJ/mol463374276238 Tnc0C085,6060,451 Ts0C10060,7541,518 Cc oxihydroxid H2EOn: Gin Latime ca cc ngt VIA trong mi trng axit: 0,160,510,070,6 SO42- SO2 S4O62- S2O32- S 0.45 0,354 1,10,74 SeO42- H2SeO3 Se 1,000,53 H2TeO4 TeO2 Te 1,51 1,10,37 PoO3 PoO2 Po2+ Po Acid sulfur:l acid yu SO2 + H2O = H2SO3 Mui sulfit hay hydrosulfit, SO2 u th hin tnh kh v tnh oxy ha:SO2+Br2+2H2 O = H2 SO4 + 2HBr 5SO32- + 2MnO4-+ 16H+ = 5SO42- + 2Mn2++ 8H2O SO32- + 2S2-+ 6H+= 3S+ 3H2O Axit sulfuric H2SO4 : l acid mnh SO3 + H2O= H2SO4 -H2SO4 tinh khit c th ha tan kh SO3 theo bt k t l no, hn hp thu c gi l oleum. -H2SO4 tan v hn trong nc v ta nhit mnh. - H2SO4 c hp ph mnh hi nc, c th ly nc ca cc hchc: C12H22O11 = 12C + 11H2O=>H2SO4 gy bng da S oh+4+6 S Oxi ha H2SO3H2SO4 SeH2SeO3H2SeO4 TeH2TeO3H6TeO6