Hoc Tieng Anh La Khoai Doc - Táº¡i 123doc.vn

7/25/2019 Hoc Tieng Anh La Khoai Doc - Ti 123doc.vn

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LI NI U

YES v NO

NHC I V NHC LI

NGN V DI

MT V NHIU

CON V CHU

TH V THI

SHOULD V WOULD

NY V N

TRC V SAU

SINCE V AGO

IN V AT

CON DAO V CI KO

TO V FROM

BY V WITH

RU NG V CM B

CHM V PHT

SHALL V WILL

QU KH V HIN TI

MNH LNH V YU CU

HA HN V HM DA

MONG C V HY VNG

D NH V XP T

BT BUC V CN THIT

CHO PHP V T CHI

C L V C TH

MC CH V KT QU

NGUYN NHN V L DO

QUYT TM V KHNG

HN V KM


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LI NI U

Nhm p ng nhu cu hc ting Anh ang ngy mt pht trin, Nh xut bnTng hp Hu Giang cho in li cun Anh ng, hc m khoi ca Trn Nh.

Anh ng, hc m khoi l mt cun sch hay c c gi hc ting Anhhoan nghnh.

Nh tn gi, Anh ng, hc m khoi l mt tp hp nhng bi ging l th vAnh ng - t cc vn ng php n gin n phc tp, nhng mo lut, nhng kinhnghim ring ca tc gi trong qu trnh dy v hc Anh ng.

Ngoi ra, tc gi cng cung cp cho chng ta mt phng php hc Anh ngva say m li va c kt qu thc tin.

Cc bn hy c th mt vi trang, chc chn cc bn s thy ngay s hp dnv b ch .

Chc cc bn thnh cng.

NH XUT BN TNG HP HU GIANG


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YES v NO

Chng ta thng cho rng trong Anh ng hai ting yesv nol hai ting d ninht. V khi ch mt ngi km Anh ng, ta thng ni ng-L ca hn ch c yesv no. Nhng ti c th qu quyt rng i vi ngi VN hc Anh ng, hai tingyesvnoli l hai ting kh ni hn c.

Ni nh vy khng khi c bn cho l ni ngoa, v yes v no ch c ngha lc v khng, c th ni c, khng th bo khng, c g l kh khn u.

S tht tri ngc th: hai ting yes v noqu l hai ting kh ni nht trongAnh ng i vi chng ta v l do sau y: ngi VN mnh, khi ng mt iu g vi

ngi i thoi vi mnh, thng dng mt trong nhng ting sau y: , c, vng, d,phi, c v tt c nhng ting ny dch ra Anh ng u lyes. Khi chng ta ng vi mt iu xc nh (affirmation) chng ta ni yes l ng ri. Nhng khi chng tang vi mt iu ph nh (negation), chng ta cng ni yeslun. Ci sai l ch, v trong Anh ng, khi ng vi mt li ph nh, ngi ta ni noch khng ni

yes.


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Th d, bn hy th dch ra Anh ng mu i thoi sau gia A v B, hai ngibn i do ph v bnh phm v mt c gi qua ng:

A C ta khng p.

B , c ta khng p.

Chc chn bn s dch nh sau:

A She is not beautiful.

B Yes, she is not beautiful.

Dch nh vy l sai, v nu A v B l ngi Anh hoc M th mu i thoi trny phi l:

A She is not beautiful.

B No, she isnt.

Ta thy B ng vi li ph nh ca A l c ta khng p, nhng B nino pht biu s ng ch khng niyes. Nu ni yes tc l B khng ng viA l c ta khng p v trong trng hp th cu ni ca B phi l Yes, she is.

Nhng nu B l ngi VN th khi khng ng l c ta khng p, tc lng vi li ph nh ca A, B chc hn s niyes pht biu s ng ca mtli no ca ngi i thoi d l mt li ph nh. Ci yes l do nhng ting

, vng, d, c phi, c, t trong thm tm ta m bt thnh yes trong khi ng ra thphi ni no. V ci yes chc chn s lm A (ngi Anh hoc M) ly lm l vkhng hiu ti sao B bo l c ta khng p m li niyes.

S xo trn gia yes v no ny lm cho ngi Anh-M khi ni chuyn vingi VN nhiu lc khng khi cm thy ngi mnh kh hiu, v khi h ch i mnhni noth mnh li niyesv ngc li mnh niyeslm khi h li phi hiu l no. Chc nhng ngi Anh-M sng VN lu ngy, bit r rng ngi VN nhiu khi ni yesnhng phi hiu l no, mi trnh c nhng ngc nhin trong lc m thoi. Mt bgio s ngi M ni chuyn vi ti rng nhiu khi nghe hc sinh ca b ni yes, b ta

khng hiu lyestht hay l no, v phi hi li l yes yes hay yes no!

Ni tm li, yes v no khng phi l hai ting d ni nh chng ta tng, v slm ln gia hai ting ny l mt trong nhng li cn bn ca ngi Vit khi hc tingAnh. iu ng ch hn na l c khi chnh mnh bit r nguyn tc ng vimt li ph nh th phi nino, vy m trong lc ni chuyn vn b lm ln, thay vni novn but ming niyes.


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Ta khng th ni rng l mt s sai lm ng chm ch v n pht sinh tphn ng t nhin ca ngi Vit khi ni ting Anh. (Theo thin , khi hc ni mtngoi ng th phi ni cho ng, d c khi phi ngoi ha ci phn ng c hu camnh. Ni mt cch khc, mun ni ting Anh cho gii v ng, chng ta phi hc thno c th ngh bng ting Anh ch khng phi ngh bng ting Vit ri mi tm

ch dch ra Anh ng, v nh vy khng th no trnh khi nhng li lm tng t nhyes v notrn y.)

Ngh bng ting Anh tc l s Anh ng ha c ci phn ng my mc camnh trong lc m thoi bng Anh ng. Mc ch ny i hi nhiu thi gi v mt

phng php hc tp cng phu m ti s trnh by vi bn c y. Trong khi chi, mun ni yes v no cho ng, khng c cch no khc hn l nn c chm ritrong khi m thoi bng Anh ng, ng vi yesng vi no, mt vi giy suy nghtrc khi biu ng tnh hay khng biu ng tnh vi ngi i thoi ca mnh, trnh tnh trngyesni thnh no, noha rayesvy.


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NHC I V NHC LI

Phn ng ngi Vit Nam hc Anh ng u mun hc th no cho mau c ktqu, hc th no trong mt thi gian ngn, su by thng hoc mt nm, c mtvn Anh ng kha kh.

Chnh v vy m t ngy c phong tro hc Anh ng nc ta, pht sinh t mthon cnh lch s v x hi c bit, cc trng, cc lp dy Anh ng c m ra rtnhiu v u qung co l dy c kt qu mau chng, thm ch c trng khng ngicam oan rng ch hc trong ba thng, hc vin c th ni v vit Anh ng thngtho i lm. Hu ht cc trng u c mt chng trnh tng t, c chia ra lm

ba cp: s cp, trung cp v cao cp, vi thi gian mi cp l vi thng. V ngi ta gi

l hc cp tc.

Li hc cp tc ny hay hay d, kt qu c thc nh li qung co hay khng vhc vin ht chng trnh cp tc c th s dng Anh ng ca mnh vo nhng vic g?iu chng ti xin nhng cho bn c xt on. Ch xin ni ngay rng chng tikhng ch trng y mt li hc cp tc na m tri li rt mong cc bn hc Anhng hy c mt tinh thn hc hi trng k, quyt tm theo ui ti tn cng mkhng quan tm n thi gian di hay ngn, khng lm nh ngi leo ni bc cmt bc ngoi c li xem mnh leo c my bc.

Ti thng ni vi cc bn hc sinh rng phi quan nim vic hc mt ngoing d l Anh, Php hay bt c mt th ting no khc nh mt ci voyage hay sansretour, mt cuc i khng hn ngy v, tin ti l khng bao gi quay u tr li.Chng ta ng ngh rng Anh ng kh hay d, hc mau bit hay chm bit, m ch nnquan nim rng hc th phi hc uv hc mi, lc no n gii l gii, ng baogi st rut l mnh gii hay cha.

Nhng lm th no hc m khng st rut, hc u v hc mi m vn thykhoi? t cu hi ny tc l ni n vn phng php. Cn c vo kinh nghim cnhn, ti xin ngh vi cc bn mt phng php m ti tin rng nu p dng ng, sem li nhng kt qu tht kh quan m chnh cc bn khng ng trc c. Phng

php ny i hi nhiu kin nhn v cng phu, nhng ci thch th, ci khoi ca nchnh l nhng kt qu m n em li, khin ngi c thy mnh gii lc no khng

bit.

Trc ht, nh trong bi trc ni v chc cc bn cng ng l hcAnh ng th phi nhm ci mc tiu v hnh l c th ngh bng ting Anh ch khng

phi ngh bng ting Vit ri mi tm ch dch ra. Mun t ti mc ch ny thngch c 2 cch: mt l hc Anh ng t nh tr thnh mt ngi English-educatedtc


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mt kin ging mt cu no hc, chc chn bn s c th ni c cu y ngay,ni mt cch t ma tch (Automatic) m khng cn phi ngh tm ch. Nhng cmt iu l d bn cng vic th no i na bn cng phi ra mi ngy mt t thigi hc nh vy. Nhiu cng hay nhng t nht cng phi na gi ng h - ch c nh vy thi. Nhng bn t trc n nay cha bao gi hc theo li ny hy th p

dng mt phen xem sao. Ti tin rng trong vng su thng, bn s thy ci ng l cabn n khc by gi nhiu lm.

Nay ni phn Dch ca phng php nhp tm. Phy ny cn i hi nhiu kinnhn hn na, nhng cng em li nhng kt qu thch th hn.

Phn Dch chia lm bn giai on: dch vit, dch c, dch nhn, v dch nghe.

1)DCH VIT: Mi khi c xong mt bi Anh ng theo cch trnh by trn, bnhy ly mt quyn v ring v chu kh dch bi y ra Vit ng. Khong mt tun sau

bn hy ly bn Vit dch ra Anh ng. (C nhin l trong khi dch bn khng c

nhn vo bi ting Anh trong sch).

Khi dch xong bn hy m sch ra i chiu bi dch ca mnh vi nguyn bnAnh ng trong sch xem mnh dch sai nhng ch no. Chc chn l ln u tin s cnhiu li. Nhng bn ng vi nn ch. vi ngy sau bn li dch bi ting Vit qua ting Anh mt ln na v li i chiu xem cn ch no sai khng. Nu cn sainhiu tc l bn cha c bi k. Vy bn hy c nhng cu m bn cn vp linm by ln na, ri qua vi ngy sau li dch t Vit sang Anh mt ln th ba. C nhvy cho ti khi no bi dch ca bn ng hn vi bi Anh ng trong sch khi y mi lxong giai on dch vit.

2) DCH C: Mt tun sau bn li ly bn dch Vit ng ra dch qua Anhng, nhng ln ny bn khng phi vit ra na m ch c thi. Ngha l bn c mtcu ting Vit ri dch ming ngay sang ting Anh, cu no khng tri bn m sch raxem li. V c nh vy m dch cho ht bi.

Nn nh trong khi dch vit, gp cu no b, bn hy nh du khi dch cbn s ch trng n nhng cu y hn.

Trong khi dch c, bn cng nn lun lun c tht ln ting v ch c lnting m gip bn pht m cho quen khi ni khng ngng.

3) DCH NHN: Mt tun hoc mi ngy sau khi dch c bn s qua giaion dch nhn. Ngha l cng bn dch Vit ng , bn ch nhn tng cu ri dch lnting ra Anh ng. Ni mt cch khc l trong giai on ny mt bn nhn cu ting Vitnhng ming bn s ni cu ting Anh vy.

Nhng cu no dch cn ngp ngng cha c tri chy bn s m sch ra coili sau khi c nh m khng nh ra. Nhng ti tin rng nu bn hc my giai


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on trn tht k cng, th nht nh ti giai on ny bn s khng thy kh khn na.Hn th chnh bn s ly lm l ti sao mnh li dch c mt cch d dng nh vy. l ci kt qu ng nhin ca tt c nhng c gng trc, mt kt qu khng chyi ng no c. V khi t c mc dch nhn ri th qua giai on cht bn nhtnh phi thnh cng.

4) DCH NGHE: y l giai on cht ca phng php nhp tm. Ti giaion ny bn cng ly bn Vit ng ni trn, nh mt ngi khc c tng cu bnthng dch Anh ng. Khi ngi c va dt mt cu ting Vit khi bnningaycu ting Anh . Bn s ly lm kinh ngc khi thy mnh t c mt kt qu phithng. V ci ngi c ting Vit gim bn cn kinh ngc hn khi thy trc mtmnh mt cy ng l xanh rn! Nhng tht ra th khng c ci g l phi thng c. ch l mt kt qu hp l ca mt phng php hp l m thi.

Bn thy trn ti va vit l khi nghe c cu ting Vit, bn s niccu ting Anh ngay. Ti dng ch ni m khng dng ch dch na, v ti giai on

ny, tht s bn khng cn dch na. Bn nghe cu ting Vit v ni cu ting Anh nhci my, v bn ngh c bng ting Anh v l ci mc tiu m chng ta nhm t lc u vy.

Ci khoi ca phng php nhp tm l hc th nht nh phi c kt qum l mt kt chc chn ch khng phi ci kt qu l m ca nhng lp hc cp tc.Cn g th bng khi nghe mt cu ting Vit mnh c th ningay cu y bng tingAnh, khng phi ngp ngng suy ngh, v ng l trong bng khi n tun ra nhgi.

Nhiu bn hc sinh, khi nghe ti ngh nn hc Anh ng theo phng phpny, t ngi ngng v n i hi nhiu cng phu v thi gi qu, nht l mi cuhc c phi nhc i nhc li nhiu ln, s rng hng xm nghe thy h s ci mnh lln u ri m c mt cu, c li nhi hc i hc li hoi.

Th thut l ngy xa khi mi bt u hc Anh ng v p dng phng phpny, ti cng gp mt tnh trng nh th. Bn cnh nh ti c mt c gi, v m mnghe thy ti ln ging c i c li mi nhng cu nh My tailor is rich hay Ourdoctor is not good th c ta bo vi l em ti rng: ng anh chng my hc c dm bach ng l m ti no cng go ln cho hng xm bit lm nh ta y le lm.

Nhng li bnh phm , d l ca mt ngi p, khng lm cho ti nnch. Ti c tip tc hc nh th ht bi ny qua bi khc, ht cun sch ny qua cunsch khc, ht nm ny qua nm khc. V ci kt qu m ti gt hi c lm cho tign nh sng thm mt cuc i na vy.

Cc bn tr ang hc Anh ng, nu nh hc cho n ni n chn, cng nnc mt tinh thn l lm nh vy th mi c th vt qua nhng tr ngi lc u. Ni


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tm li l hc ng l th cng phi pht tnh nh ng l, d bn hng xm cngi p ang ci thm.

cc hi ngh quc t, c nhng thng dch vin va nghe dch nh ci my.H c hai ng nghe mc vo hai tai nghe mt i biu h ht trn din n bng

ting Php chng hn v tai va nghe ming va dch lun ra ting Anh cho cc ibiu khng bit ting Php nghe. Nhng i biu ny cng c hai ci ng mc vo tai nghe dch ra Anh ng nhng li hng bin bng Php ng ca din gi. Nhngthng dch vin chuyn mn ca i Hi Lin Hip Quc chng hn l nhng nhn tin lng khng km mt b trng. Nhng ci ti ca h cng ch l kt qu ca cng

phu luyn tp lu di, s thin bm ch c phn no thi.

Chng ta hc Anh ng, tuy khng phi ai cng nhm mc ch tr thnh nhngci my dch Lin Hip Quc, nhng t nht cng phi lm th no ni c nhngiu mnh mun ni mt cch tri chy v ng n. t ti mc ch ny, phng

php nhc i nhc li chnh l ng li duy nht cho chng ta.

Cc bn c th tng tng t lc u hc vi nhng cu rt ngn v d nhThis is a chair hay The book is on the table qua giai on hc nhng bi trnh trung bnh tng t nh nhng bi hc Anh ng ca i pht thanh cho n lc bn cnhng tc phm ln ca nn vn hc Anh-M m lc no bn cng p dng li hcnhc i nhc li nh ti trnh by th nht nh phi c mt ngy no bn s cmthy mnh sng thm mt cuc i na.

Vy ngay t hm nay, bn hy p dng phng php nhp tm vi bt c mthc liu no m bn ang hc trong chng trnh ca bn d l Direct Method, English

For Today, English by Radio hay mt cun sch no m bn ang c. Phng phpnhp tm c th p dng cho mi trnh , ngi mi hc nn p dng ngay t u,ngi ang hc p dng cng khng mun, v ngi hc lu ri cng nn p dng tin b hn na.

Ni tm li, ti trnh by vi cc bn ci cha kha ca s thnh cng trongvic hc Anh ng. By gi ti s xin hu chuyn vi bn c v nhng ci cha khaca c cu, mo lut, c php v s thng dng trong Anh ng, cng nhng li lm cn

bn ca ngi Vit Nam thng vp phi trong khi hc mn ngoi ng ny.


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NGN V DI

Trong khi dy hc, mi khi c mt lp hc sinh mi, ti thng t mt vi cuhi th s hiu bit ca h. Mt trong nhng cu hi m ti thng t ra l TrongAnh ng, mt cu thng phi c my phn? Mi khi ti hi nh vy th hu ht clp u nhanh nhu p: Phi c ba phn: ch t, ng t v tc t.

l mt iu sai lm ln. V mi cu trong Anh ng u phi c hai phn v

ch c hai phnm thi. Khng cu no c mt phn, m cng khng cu no c ba haybn nm phn c. D l mt cu tht ngn v tht gin d, hay mt cu tht di, tht khv phc tp, cng ch c hai phn, khng hn khng km. Hai phn l phn Subject(ch t) v phnPredicate(din t).

Subjectl g? Khi bn ni hoc vit mt cu, trc ht bn phi ni n mt cig. Ci c th l mt ngi, mt con th, mt s kin hay mt nim tru tng. Tahy ly mt vi cu lm th d:

1) I am going to school.

2) The book is on the table.

3) The dog ran into the street.

4) How to keep him quiet is a real problem.

5) Patience is the key of success.


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6) Keep off the grass.

Bn nhn thy rng trong mi cu trn y ti u ni n mt ci g. Cu thnht ni n ti. Cu th nh ni n cun sch. Cu th ba ni n con ch. Cuth t ni n lm th no cho hn im lng. Cu th nm ni n s kin nhn. Th

cn cu th su? Cu ny mi xem qua tng chng nh khng ni n ci g c,nhng s tht th khi ti ni Keep off the grass (ng dm ln c) l ti ni n anhv bo anh ng dm chn ln c.

Vy th ci m ta ni nmi khi ta ni hay vit mt cu chnh l phnsubjectca cu . Cnpredicatel g?Predicate, ting Vit tm gi l din t, l phn chiu m ta mun ni v ci subject. Khi ti ni I am going to school l ti mun niti ang i hc ch khng phi i chi hay i ch. Khi ti ni The book is on thetable l ti mun ni n cun sch trn bn ch khng phi di hay ct trong t.Khi ti ni The dog ran into the street l ti mun ni con ch chy ra ngoi ngch khng phi chy vo trong nh hay nm ng di gc cy.

C nh th, trong mi cu ti u ni nmt ci g (Subject) v mun nimtiu g (Predicate) v ci .

Vy chng ta c th phn tch hai phn ca mi th d trn y nh sau:

Subject Predicate

I am going to school.

The book is on the table

The dog ran into the street

Patience is the key of success

How to keep him quiet is a real problem

(You) Keep off the grass

Trn y l nhng cu rt ngn v d. n nhng cu tht di v tht phc tp,khi phn tch ra, ta cng ch thy c hai phn m thi, v trong trng hp ny th mi

phn u c nhiu chi tit, nhiu giy m r mung chng cht, nht l phn din tn c th di l th nh mt bi din t ca cc nh chnh tr vy.

Chng ta th so snh hai cu sau y:

1- A man opened the door.

2- at 10 oclock in the morning a fat, ugly man, wearing a grey hat and blacktrousers, and carrying an umbrella in his hand, carefully and without making a sound,


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opened the big, glasspanelled door which led, by way of a short passage, to thedirectors officel.

Chng ta thy rng trong cu th nht, ci m ti ni n l a man (mt ngi)v iu m ti mun ni v a man l opened the door (m ci ca). V cu c th

phn tch ra hai phn r rt nh sau:

Subject Predicate

A man opened the door

Trong cu th hai, nu c k bn s thy rng ci m ti ni n vn l a manv iu m ti mun ni v a man vn l opened the door.

Ni mt cch khc nhng ting cn bn (key words) ca cu s hai vn l a manbn phn subject v opened the door bn phn predicate. Nhng trong trng hp ny

c hai bn u c gc r chng cht, cnh l xum xu. Phn tch c s chng cht vxum xu i tm ci mch lc ca n l nm c ci cha kha ca c php Anhng vy.

Trc khi th phn tch Subject v Predicate ca mt cu di v kh, c myiu quan trng m ti mun trnh by vi cc bn. Nhng iu ny c l cc bn hc ri, nhng tng cn phi nhc li, cho khi c s thiu st i vi nhng bnmi hc:

iu th nht l cc loi cu trong Anh ng. C tt c 4 loi cu: Cu ni

(Statement), Cu hi (question), cu than (exclamation) v cu lnh (command). Thd:

Statement : He wrote a letter.

Question : Where are we going?

Exclamation : How beautiful she looks !

Command : Don'ts smoke.

C nhin l mi cu trn u c hai phn, phn tch ra nh sau:

Subject Predicate

He wrote. a letter

We are going. where


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She looks how beautiful

(You) dont smoke

iu th hai m ti mun lu cc bn l nhng trng hp ca Predicate.Chng ta thy rng t ci ting chnh bn phn Subject phi l danh t hoc i danh t,v ci ting chnh bn phn Predicate phi l ng t. Nhng c tt c ba trng hpng t, cng c th ni l ba trng hp Predicate m chng ta phi phn bit.

Trng hp th nht l ng t chuyn tip( ransitive verb) tc l mt ng tt n cha ngha v i hi mt s b tc, tc l i hi mt tc t (object) th mi ngha. Th d: ng t punish, nu ti ni The teacher punished chng hn th cukhng ngha v bn s hi punished ci g mi c ch. ng t punish ngmt mnh khng ngha, n i hi mt s b tc. l mt transitive verb, mt

ng t cn chuyn tip hnh ng m n pht biu qua t no khc ng sau n v t chng ta gi l tc t (object). Vy th ta hy thm cho ng t punished trong cuth d trn y mt ci object.

The teacher punished the pupils.

l trng hp th nht, tc l trng hp ng t chuyn tip c tc t theosau.

Trng hp th hai l trng hp ng t khng chuyn tip (intransitive verb),

ngha l mt ng t t n ngha, c th ng mt mnh m khng cn mt s btc no c. Th d: ng t to laugh. Nu ta ni We laughed chng hn, th cu ca ti hon ton ngha, ng t laughed khng i hi mt ting no khc b tccho n.

Trng hp th ba l trng hp ng t khng chuyn tip nhng t n vncha ngha v i hi mt s b tc. Th d: ng t to be, nu ni He is th mc dc ng t is l mt ng t khng chuyn tip nhng n vn cha ngha v cnc s b tc. Ti phi niHe is a boyhayHe is goodth cu ca ti mi ngha.

Trng hp ny Anh ng gi l intransitive verb of incomplete predicate v ci

ting m chng ta dng b tc cho ci ng t khng chuyn tip nhng khng ngha y, Anh ng gi l complement.

Ch complement Vit ng vn dch l tc t nhng ta cn phi phn bitcomplement vi object: mt bn l tc t ca mt ng t khng chuyn tip v mt

bn l tc t ca mt ng t chuyn tip.


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Mt iu quan trng na l trong khi object phi l mt danh t hay i danh t,th complement c th l mt danh t, ai danh t hay l mt tnh t (adjective). Th dtrong cu He is a boy th complement ca is l mt danh t (boy). Trong cu He is goodth complement ca is li l mt tnh t (good).

Ni tm li c ba trng hp predicate: trng hp th nht l ng t chuyntip c object theo sau; trng hp th hai l ng t khng chuyn tip v ngha;trng hp th ba l ng t khng chuyn tip nhng cha ngha, phi cComplement theo sau.

Ngoi ba trng hp trn y, bn khng th tm ra mt trng hp no khc.Vy mi khi vit mt cu Anh ng, bn phi t hi xem cu vn ca mnh nm trongtrng hp no trnh nhng cu vn lng chng.


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MT V NHIU

Chng ta bit rng n v cn bn ca cu l ting (word) cng c th gi l ch.Ting c chia lm nhiu loi nh: danh t, i danh t, ng t, trng t, tnh t, giit v lin t. C mt iu kh quan trng m i khi chng ta qun l nhng ci t y

c th l mt ting, m cng c th l nhiu ting hp li.

iu ny cng c th p dng cho Vit Ng. V d khi ti ni Mt c gi nhbc ngang ng th ch nh l mt tnh t ti dng miu t c gi. Nay nuta ni Mt c gi nh mc o tm bc ngang ng th ba ch mc o tm cnghp thnh mt tnh t miu t danh t c gi. Nu ta ni Mt c gi nh mc o tm,tay xch chic cp da, bc ngang ng th thm hai tnh t nh v mc o tm tacn c mt tnh t th ba miu t c gi, l tay xch chic cp da C nm chny hp li thnh mt tnh t miu t danh t c gi. C nh th tnh t (cng gil hnh dung t) m ti dng miu t cho mt danh t, c th l mt ting m cngc th l nhiu ting hp li. Trong trng hp sau ny, ci tnh t ca c gi lnhm ting tnh t, Anh ng gi l adjective phrase.

Ni v trng t cng vy. Trng t c th l mt ting, v cng c th l nhiuting hp li. Th d: Mt c gi nh, mc o tm, tay xch chic cp da, bc vingang ng th ch vi l mt trng t dng miu t ng t bc ca ti.


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Nay nu ti ni Mt c gi nh, mc o tm, tay xch chic cp da, bc vingang ng trong nh nng u thu th nm ch trong nh nng u thu hpthnh mt trng t miu t cho ng t bc.

Ti gi l mt nhm ting trng t, Anh ng gi l adverb phase. Ci

gi tr v nhim v ca nhm ting trng t trong nh nng u thu cng tng ngvi gi tr v nhim v ca trng t vi vy.

Danh t th cng c danh t ting mt v nhm ting danh t. Ta hy ly lmth d cu Ti khng thch mo.

Cu ny thuc vo trng hp ng t th nht m ta thy bi trc, tc lng t chuyn tip c tc t theo sau. ng t y l khng thch v tc t ca nl mo.

Nhng nu ti ni Ti khng thch con mo ca ba ti th tc t ca ng t

khng thch l khng phi l con mo m l c nm ch con mo ca ba ti. Nimt cch khc, nm ch ny hp li thnh mt danh t, Anh ng gi l Noun

phrase.

Ni tm li, mi khi ta ni hoc vit mt cu th nhng n v ta dng xydng ci cu c th l mt ting hoc nhiu ting hp li. Theo nhng th d trn,ta thy u p dng cho 3 loi ting: danh t, tnh t v trng t. Nhng trn y lnhng th d Vit ng. Nay ta th dch nhng th d y ra Anh ng xem sao. Th d thnht:

- A little girl crossed the street.

- A little girl, wearing a purple dress and carrying a leather bag in her hand,hurriedly crossed the street in the early autumn sun.

Trong cu trn, little l mt tnh t ti dng miu t danh t girl. Trongcu di, ngoi ch little ti cn dng wearing a purple dress v carrying a leather

bag in her hand l nhng nhm tnh t dng miu t danh t girl.

Trong cu trn, ng t crossed ca ti khng c ting no m t cho nc tc l khng c trng t (adverb). Nhng trong cu di ti dng ch

hurriedly (vi) l mt trng t, v in the early autumn sun l nhm ting trng t(adverb phrase) miu t cho ng t crossed vy.

V v d th hai:

- I dont like cats.

- I dont like the cat of my father.


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Ta thy rng trong cu trn, danh t cats l object ca ng t dont like.Cu di th c nm ch the cat of my father l nhm ting danh t (noun phrase)lm object cho ng t dont like.

Mt th d khc: I want you to go. ( Ti mun anh i). Trong cu ny ci

object ca ng t want khng phi l you m l you to go. Khng phi timun anh (xin li, vic qui g m ti li mun anh mi c ch?) m l ti munanh i. Vy th you to go l mt nhm ting danh t lm tc t cho ng t wantvy.

Trn y l ni v n v ting v nhm ting trong mt cu. By gi ti s niv n v mnh (clause) trc khi tr li vn phn tch subjectv predicatecanhng cu di v kh.

Mnh l g?Mnh l mt n v c subjectvpredicateng trongphnsubject hocpredicateca mt cu di. Ni cch khc, mnh l mt cu ngn

nm trong mt cu di. Ta hy ly th d my cu sau y:

1) The early settlers had treated the natives shamefully.

2) The settlers arriving first on the island had treated the natives shamefully.

3) The settlers, who arrived first on the island, had treated the nativesshamefully.

Trong cu th nht ti dng tnh t early miu t cho danh t settlersca ti. Trong cu th hai ti dng nhm ting tnh t arriving first on the island miu t cho danh t settlers. V trong cu th ba, ti dng su ch whoarrived first on the island miu t cho danh t settlers. Su ch ny l mt cungn v n c subject(who) vpredicate(arrived first on the island). Cu ngn nyng vai tr mt tnh t miu t cho danh t settlers. Gi tr v nhim v ca ncng tng ng nh gi tr v nhim v ca tnh t early trong cu th nht haynhm ting tnh t arriving first on the island trong cu th hai. Mt cu ngn nmtrong mt cu di v ng vai tr mt tnh t nh vy, ti gi n l mnh tnh t(adjective clause).

Mt v d khc:

1/ We met a reputed statesman.

2/ We met a statesman of great reputation.

3/ We met a statesman who had an international reputation.


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Trong cu th nht, danh t statesman, object ca ng t met c m tbng tnh t reputed. Trong cu th hai, cng danh t statesman c m t bngnhm ting tnh t of great reputation. Trong cu th ba, ci tnh t m ti dng miu t cho danh t statement li l mt ming , who had an internationalreputation.

Tm li chng ta c th miu t mi danh t trong cu bng mt tnh t(adjective), nhm ting tnh t (adjective phrase) hay mnh tnh t (adjective clause).

Ni v trng t cng th, c th c trng t ting mt, nhm ting trng t vmnh trng t. Th d:

1/ I arose early.

2/ I arose at dawn of day.

3/ I arose as soon as it was light.

Trong cu th nht, ng t arose c m t bng trng t early. Trongcu th hai, ng arose c m t bng nhm trng t at dawn of day. V trongcu th, ng arose c m t bng mnh as soon as it was light. Mt mnh dng m t mt ng t nh vy, ti gi n l mnh trng t (adverb clause). Gitr v nhim v ca n cng tng ng nh mt trng t thng vy.

V danh t cng khng c g khc. Danh t m ta dng trong cu c th l danht ting mt, nhm ting danh t, hay mnh danh t. Th d:

1/ We knew the route.

2/ We knew where to go.

3/ We knew that the road led to Dalat.

Trong cu th nht (thuc trng hp ng t chuyn tip c object theo sau)ci object ca ng t knew l the route, danh t ting mt. Trong cu th hai, ciobject ca ng t knew l where to go, nhm ting danh t. Trong cu th ba ciobject ca ng t knew l the road led to Dalat tc l mnh danh t (noun

clause). iu ng ch l nhng nguyn tc trn y u c th p dng cho Vit ng.Th d ti ni:

1/ Ti hiu anh.

2/ Ti hiu cu ni ca anh.

3/ Ti hiu anh ni g.


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Trong cu th nht, tc t ca ng t hiu l i danh t anh. Trong cuth hai, tc t ca ng t hiu l nhm ting danh t cu ni ca anh. Trong cuth ba, tc t ca hiu l mnh danh t anh ni g.

Ni tm li, nhng danh t, tnh t v trng t m ta dng trong cu c th l

mt ting m cng c th l nhiu ting hp li. iu ny rt quan trng cho vic tcu cho ng mo lu tm ti s trnh by.

By gi chng ta hy tr li vi cu th d A man opened the door. Cu nytht l d, phn subject ca n ch c c mt danh t a man; phn predicate th cng t opened l ng t chuyn tip dn theo danh t the door lm object cho n.

Nu trong Anh ng, cu no cng nh cu ny c th chng ta chng c chuyn g ni na. Rt tic l li c nhng cu di v kh hn nhiu m chng ta phi tm hiu ccu, mch lc c th ni v vit Anh ng cho ng mo.

Ti th d bn mun vit mt cun tiu thuyt khi u bng ci cnh mt

ngi m ci ca. Nu bn ch vit Mt ngi m ci ca ri chm cu qua mtcu khc th tiu thuyt ca bn chc chn l chng c ma no thm c. Vy ta philm th no cho ci cnh mt ngi m ci ca n c thm chi tit, ngha l ta phithm mm thm mui cho c hai phn ch t mt ngi v din t m ci ca cho cu vn ca ta thm phn bay bm, th mi gi l vn chng c. Ci bay

bm y c th din tin nh sau y:

Trc ht ti vit:

- A man opened the door.

Trong phn subject ca cu vn c danh t man, ti bn cho n mt tnh t(adjective) miu t cho ci ngi ca ti. ng thi, bn phn predicate c danh tdoor, cng c th c miu t bng mt tnh t. V ti vit:

- A fat man opened the glass-panelled door.

Ta cng miu t ng t opened bng mt trng t ch th cch (adverb ofmanner):

- A fat man cautiously opened the glass panelled door.

Th l cu vn ca ti bt u di di ri y. Nay ti mun t thm ci ngica ti. Ni ng ta bo cha , ti mun ni thm l ng ta i nn xm v mcqun en, tc l ti miu t danh t man bng hai nhm ting tnh t (adjective

phrase). V ti vit:

- A fat man, wearing a grey hat and black trousers, cautiously opened the glass-panelled door.


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By gi ti s ni thm v ci ca. l mt ci ca knh ln dn ti vn phngng Gim c.

Vy ti thm cho danh t door mt tnh t na l big v mt mnh tnht ( adjective clause) ni ci kin l n dn ti vn phng ng Gim c. V ti

vit:

- A fat man, wearing a grey hat and black trousers, cautiously opened the bigglass-panelled door which led to the Directors office.

Nay ti li mun miu t thm ci hnh ng m ca ca nhn vt ca ti.Khng nhng m ca mt cch cn thn(cautiously) m cn c khng lm mt tingng. Ti bn vit:

- A fat man, wearing a grey hat and black trousers, cautiously and withoutmaking a sound, opened the big glass-panelled door which led to the Directors office.

Cu vn ca ti ti y kh di nhng ti vn mun ni thm rng nhn vt tiuthuyt ca ti m ci ca vo hi 10h sng. Ti bn thm cho ng t opened mtnhm ting trng t ch thi gian (adverb phrase of time). V ti vit:

-At ten oclock in the morning, a fat man, wearing a grey hat and blacktrousers, cautiously and without making a sound, opened the big glass-panelled doorwhich led to the Directors office.

Nay ti mun ni thm rng ci ca dn ti vn phng ng Gim c bngmt li i ngn, tc l ta s miu t ng t led trong mnh tnh t which led tothe Directors office bng mt ting trng t ch th cch (adverb phrase of manner).V ti li vit:

- At ten oclock in the morning, a fat man, wearing a grey hat and blacktrousers, cautiously and without making a sound, opened the big glass-panelled doorwhich led, by way of a short passage, to the Directors office.

n y, ti t hi cu vn ca ti ni nhng iu m ti mun ni v cicnh mt ngi m ca cha? , ti qun mt ci chi tit l nhn vt ca ti c xchmt ci d. Ti li phi thm cho danh t manmt nhm ting tnh t na l tay

xch mt ci d. V tivit:

- At ten oclock in the morning, a fat man, wearing a grey hat and blacktrousers, and carrying an umbrella is his hand cautiously and without making a sound,opened the big glass-panelled door which led, by way of a short passage, to the

Directors office.


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Th l ti ni c ht nhng chi tit v mt ngi m ci ca m ucho cun tiu thuyt ca ti. V cu vn ca ti k ra cng kh bay bm y ch!T mt cu rt ngn, ti pht trin thnh mt cu kh di v c phn hi kh mtcht vy.

Sau y ti xin ly mt th d khc v s pht trin t ngn n di v t d nkh ca mt cu Anh ng. Ti s vit lun nhng giai on din tin ca th d nybng Anh ng km theo li dch ra Vit ng, cc bn t theo di v tm xem sthm mm thm mui s din ra nh th no:

- The situation improved.

(Tnh hnh ci thin).

- The situation of the farmers improve considerably.

(Tnh hnh ca dn cy ci thin mt cch ng k).

- The situation of the farmers in the western provinces, who had suffered heavylosses for some years owing to bad harvests and disartrous floods, improvedconsiderably in 1965.

(Tnh hnh ca dn cy cc tnh min Ty, nhng ngi chu nhiu thit hinng n sut my nm v mt ma v nhng trt lt tai hi, ci thin mt cch ngk vo nm 1965.)

- The situation of the farmers in the western provinces, who had suffered heavy

losses for some years owing to bad harvests and disartrous floods, improvedconsiderably in 1965 when a large-scaleprogram of financial and technical assistancewas implemeneted by the government.

(Tnh hnh ca dn cy cc tnh min Ty, nhng ngi chu nhiu thit hinng n sut my nm v mt ma v nhng trt lt tai hi, ci thin mt cch ngk vo nm 1965, khi mt chng trnh gip ti chnh v k thut i quy m cchnh ph thi hnh.)

- The situation of the farmers in the western provinces, who had suffered heavy

losses for some years owing to bad harvests and disartrous floods, improvedconsiderably in 1965 when a large-scaleprogram of financial and technical assistancewas implemeneted by the government in cooperation with relief agencies from several

friendly countries.

(Tnh hnh ca dn cy cc tnh min Ty, nhng ngi chu nhiu thit hinng n sut my nm v mt ma v nhng trt lt tai hi, ci thin mt cch ngk vo nm 1965, khi mt chng trnh gip ti chnh v k thut i quy m c


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chnh ph thi hnh sau khi nghin cu k cng, vi s cng tc ca nhng c quan cutr ca nhiu nc bn.)

Cc bn thy rng cu th nht ch vn vn c 3 ch, v cu sau cng c ttc 54 ch, mt cu kh di v kh phc tp, nhng vn da trn ci cn bn Tnh hnh

ci thin. S pht trin din tin qua nhiu giai on bng cch thm mm thmmui cho danh t tnh hnh cng nh ng t ci thin. Ti chc chn rng ccbn t nhn ra nhng chi tit , tc l nhng tnh t, nhm ting tnh t v mnh tnh t ti dng miu t cho ci danh t tnh hnh cng nhng trng t, nhmting trng t v mnh trng t m ti dng miu t cho ci ng t cithin ca ti.


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CON V CHU

Theo hai th d m ti trnh by vi bn c trong bi trc v s pht trint ngn n di v t d n kh ca mt cu Anh ng, chng ta c th t ra tr chil th va hc va chi l tr sinh con ci.

Th d hai ngi cng chi tr ny th ngi th nht vit ra mt cu tht ngnthuc mt trong ba trng hp predicate m cc bn bit. Ngi th hai thm vomt chi tit: hoc l mt tnh t, nhm ting tnh t hay mnh tnh t miu t choci danh t subject hoc l mt trng t, nhm ting trng t hay mnh trng t miu t cho ci ng t phn predicate hoc l mt tnh t, nhm ting tnh t haymnh tnh t miu t cho ci danh t object nu cu t ra thuc trng hp c

ng t chuyn tip c object theo sau v.v

Sau khi ngi th hai thm vo mt chi tit nh vy, ti phin ngi th nhtcng ngh cch thm vo mt chi tit khc cho cu di thm ra. V c nh th mlun phin thi nhau thm chi tit vo cho ti khi no mt ngi chu thua th thi. Cnhin l kt qu phi l mt cu di c ngha l hn hoi ch khng phi mt cu tuy cc cu mch lc nhng chng c ngha g c.

Nhng ti sao ti li gi tr chi ny l tr sinh con ci? l v khi bnthm chi tit vo cu tc l bn cho ch trong cu con vy: danh t ra tnht, v ng t th ra trng t. Nu ci tnh t con hay trng t con l mtmnh chng hn th ci mnh y tt nhin phi c subject v predicate caring n, ngha l nhng ch trong mnh y li c th ra mt lp na: ni mtcch khc, danh t con s ra tnh t chu, v ng t con s ra trng tchu vy. C nh th m sinh si ny n ra mi, con ra chu, chu ra cht, vrt c th l ti cht cht na cng vn c.

Nhng ni nh vy khng c ngha l ti khuyn khch cc bn nn vit nhngcu vn tht di chng t ci kh nng sinh si ny n ca mnh. Ngc li chng tann hn ch sinh v lun lun ch nn vit nhng cu ngn v sng sa, hn lnhng cu di m rm r ti ngha. Chng ta nn chia iu m chng ta mun ni ra

lm hai hay ba cu ngn, hn l gi ghm c vo mt cu di. Tr sinh con ci mti ngh trn y ch l mt tr chi th xem mnh c nm vng ng li t cuhay khng. Nu lc no mnh cng thch vit nhng cu di th e rng s c lc con ci ra ba bi, khng sao trnh khi s lum thum b bi trong nh.

Tm li, cn c vo tt c nhng iu ti trnh by, chng ta c th c mt nim bao qut v c cu ca mt cu Anh ng gm c nhng im sau y m timun cng bn c n li trc khi qua vn khc:


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1/ T (word), nhm t (phrase) v mnh (clause) l nhng n v lmthnh cu.

2/ Mi cu phi c 2 phn v ch c 2 phn m thi. l subject v predicate.Subject ch ci m ta ni n v predicate ch iu m ta mun ni v ci subject.

3/ Trong phn subject t chnh l mt danh t hoc i danh t ng lm chcho ng t bn phn predicate. Danh t ny c th c miu t bng mt hoc nhiutnh t , nhm tnh t v mnh tnh t.

4/ Trong phn predicate, t chnh l mt ng t. ng t ny c th c miut bng mt hay nhiu trng t, nhm trng t hoc mnh trng t.

5/ Nu ng t l mt ng t chuyn tip th n c tc t (object) theo sau.Object phi l mt danh t v n c th c miu t bng mt hay nhiu tnh t, hocnhm tnh t v mnh tnh t.

6/ Nu ng t l mt ng t khng chuyn tip v ngha th n ng mtmnh nhng cng c th miu t c bng mt hay nhiu trng t , nhm trng t vmnh trng t.

7/ Nu l ng t khng chuyn tip nhng cha ngha (intransitive verb ofincomplete predicate) th n phi c mt complement i theo sau. Ci complement nyc th l mt danh t hay mt tnh t. Nu l danh t th n cng c th c miu t

bng mt hay nhiu tnh t, nhm tnh t v mnh tnh t.

8/ Mi mnh u c subject v predicate ring ca n c ngha l danh t trong cng ra tnh t v ng t ra trng t ca mt th h th ba trong qutrnh pht trin ca cu vn.

tng kt nhng iu trn y, xin cc bn hy nhn vo ci s di y:


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C th ni ci s trn y l nn tng ca cu Anh ng, v mt cu d di vphc tp n u cng vn c xy dng trn ci nn tng ny. Ti xin nhc li mtln na l cc bn phi quan nim mi n v trong s trn y u c th l mt t(word), mt nhm t (phrase) hay mt mnh (clause).

Ngoi ra tng cng nn nhc rng nhng n v danh t, ng t, tnh t vtrng t trong ci c cu trn y phi c gn lin vi nhau th cu vn mi ngvng c, cng nh nhng vin gch phi c gn lin vi nhau bng h v xi mngth mi xy thnh mt ci nh. Cng vic gn lin cho n v trong cu l nhim vca nhng lin t (conjuction), hoc i danh t lin quan (relative pronoun).

Th d nh trong cu ni v ci cnh mt ngi m ci ca m chng ta nghin cu trc y ta thy hai nhm ting danh t wearing a grey hat and blacktrousers v carrying an umbrella in his hand c ni lin vi nhau bng lin tand.

Rt may l lin t ch c th c nhm t thi ch khng c mnh . Nu lin t

m cng c mnh lin t th lon to.

Nay cc bn c th p dng ci s trn y th phn tch bt c mtcu Anh ng no ra lm hai phn subject v predicate, v ng thi phn tch mi lnra tng n v ca n. Tr li vi nhn vt tiu thuyt m ci ca ca chng ta, cuth d:


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At ten oclock in the morning, a fat man wearing a grey hat and black trousers,

and carrying an umbrella is his hand cautiously and without making a sound, opened

the big glass-panelled door which led, by way of a short passage, to the Directors

office.

C th c phn tch bng cch v ra mt s theo mu trn y ri binnhng n v vo ng v tr ca n nh sau:


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Trn y, chng ta th phn tch mt cu Anh ng ra hai phn subject vpredicate ca n cng nhng n v xy dng ca mi phn. Li phn tch (analysis)ny tng i mi m hn, v cng r rng v hay ho hn li phn tch thnh mnh (analysis into clause) m hc sinh thng phi hc ti nh trng v trong hu ht cc

sch dy vn phm Anh ng.

Phn tch thnh mnh trong Anh ng, ging nh analyse logique trong Phpng, c th ni l xa ri, v li phn tch ny lm cho ngi ta c cm tng rngn v cn bn ca cu l mnh (clause) trong khi nhng nhm t (phrase) cng lnhng n v ng k m nhiu khi li cn quan trng hn c mnh . V th nhiu tcgi sch vn phm ngy nay ch trng b li phn tch thnh mnh v p dng li

phn tch thnh n v (analysis into units) nh ti trnh by.


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Trong cun Good English How To Write It tc gi G.H. Vallins vit rng liphn tch thnh mnh m vn p dng ti cc trng hc v thng lm in uhc sinh trong cc k thi khng nhng v b m cn c hi na v n khng lm sngt c cu v mch lc ca cu m li lm cho n ti thm. Vallins cng ngh li phntch thnh n v v nhn thy rng nhng n v nhm t (phrase) cn quan trng hn

c nhng mnh .

Tr li cu th d v mt ngi m ci ca chng ta thy rng nu ch phntch thnh mnh th ci phn vo hi mi gi sng s nm trong mnh chnhv n l trng t ca ng t m trong khi nu phn tch thnh n v th ta c th tn ng ring ra vi t cch l mt nhm trng t miu t cho ng t m.

Nu phn tch mnh th danh t mt ngi s i lin vi ng t m vtc t ci ca trong mnh chnh cn nu phn tch thnh n v ta li thy danh tmt ngi ng ring bn phn subject vi nhng tnh t m n ra.

Li phn tch thnh n v v th rt c li cho chng ta. N lm cho chng takhng nhng thng sut c cu vn t r n ngn m cn gip chng ta nm vngc c php Anh ng ni v vit cho ng mo. Phn tch mt cu vn v th lunlun l mt cng vic l th cho nhng ai mun hc ni v vit Anh ng thng thoch khng phi ch l cng vic ca cc th sinh trong cc k thi.

Mt nh ng hc Anh quc so snh vic phn tch mt cu vn nh l cngvic iu tra mt v n mng. Mt cu vn di trong t, nhm t v mnh chngcht ln nhau, sinh con ci tm lum, thot nhn vo chng khc g mt v n mngy b mt. Ci danh t subject chnh l ngi b m st, ci ng t bn phn predicate

cng nhng t m n dn theo l l do ca n mng. Tm c nhng yu t ny ri,chng ta ch cn vic tin hnh cuc iu tra tm ra th phm tc l ngha ca toncu.

Ni tm li, nu mun phn tch mt cu, chng ta nn p dng li phn tchthnh n v thay v li phn tch thnh mnh . Nm vng c li phn tch thnhn v l mt li kh sc bn chng ta lm ch c ci tnh hnh Anh ng camnh.

Nhng c nhin s phn tch ch l mt phng tin i ti mt cu cnh.Chng ta hc phn tch khng phi bt c h c mt cu Anh ng no l bn tm

cch m x n ra, v ngc li khng phi mi khi ni v vit th li xy dng cuca mnh tng giai on mt theo li sinh con ci m ti trnh by.

Khi ni cng nh khi vit l lc tim thc chng ta lm vic. Chng ta nihoc vit mt hi m khng h ngh u l ch t u l din t, u l nhm tnh tu l mnh trng t .v.v Nhng ci tim thc ch c th hot ng khi no


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chng ta c thc v c php Anh ng. Ni mt cch khc, mun ni v vitAnh ng nh ci my, th chng ta phi bit ci then my ca Anh ng trc .


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TH V THI

Chng ta c mt nim tng qut v cu Anh ng, v hai phn ca mi cu,v nhng n v ca mi phn v mi tng quan gia cc n v y. l nhng iucn bit v cch t cu. By gi ti xin hu chuyn vi cc bn v nhng iu cn bitv cch dng ch pht biu cho ng ci mnh mun ni.

Trc ht ni v ng t th mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht l vn th v thi. Chng ta ko nn nhm ln 2 ch ny: Thi (time) l thi gian, mt khinim quen thuc ca con ngi v l mt ci g c lp i vi ngn ng, khng hchu s chi phi ca ngn ng. Cn th (tense) ch l mt hnh thc ng t, chng tadng ch mt mi tng quan thi gian no . N l mt hnh thi ca ngn ng v

bin i theo quy lut ca mt ngn ng.

ng t Anh ng c hai th n (simple tense) tc l hnh thc bin i cachnh ng t m ko c ch no ph thuc v nhiu th ghp (compound tense) tc lnhng hnh thc bin i ca ng t c thm mt hoc nhiu ch ph thuc.

Hai th n gi l Simple present (th d: He writes) v Simple Past(th d:He wrote).

Nhng iu chng ta cn ch l Th hin ti (Present tense) khng nhng cth dng cho thi hin ti m cn c th dng cho c thi qu kh v tng lai. Th d:

Mr. Brown sells books.

ng t sells trong cu ny vo th hin ti, nhng n miu t hot ng cang Brown trong c 3 thi qu kh, hin ti v tng lai. Cu ny c ngha l: ngBrown lm ngh bn sch. Nm ngoi ng ta bn sch, nm nay ng ta bn sch vsang nm ng ta cng s bn sch.

Ngc li, th qu kh (past tense) cng c th c cho thi hin ti hoc

tng lai, ch ko phi h mt ng t c dng Past tense l n nht thit phi chthi qu kh. Th d:

I wrote a letter to my brother last week.

If I wrote to my brother now, he would receive the letter on Tuesday.

If I wrote to my brother tomorrow, he would receive the letter next week.


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Trong cu th nht, ng t wrote vo th qu kh v thi qu kh. Trongcu th hai, ng t wrote vo th qu kh nhng thi hin ti. V trong cu th ba,ng t wrote cng vn th qu kh nhng ci thi li l thi tng lai.

Vy trong khi hc cch dng ng t, chng ta ng nn lm present time vi

Present Tense, past time vi Paste Tense, future time v Future Tense. Chng ta s cnhiu dp tr li vn ny.


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SHOULD V WOULD

Khi ni nshouldv wouldnhiu bn s ngh ngay rng l tr ng t dng trong iu kin cch (Coditional). Ngh nh vy l lm v should v wouldl haitr ng t tuy c i khi dng cho iu kin cch nhng cng c dng trong nhiutrng hp khc khng c g gi l iu kin c. V vy chng ta nhiu khi thy lngtng khng bit dngshouldv would th no cho ng, v k ra th y cng l mttrong nhng ci kh khn m chng ta gp phi khi hc ting Anh.

Sau y ti xin trnh by vi cc bn v cc trng hp dngshould v would.

Trc ht nh cc bn hc trng,shouldv would l th qu kh cashall

v will v c dng trong trng hp li ni lp li (reported speech). Vn nykhng c g kh nhng cng cn phi nhc qua cho khi c s thiu st. Th d:

Hesayshe will come tomorrow.

Hesaid he wouldcome the next day.

I thinkishalllike this book.

I thoughtIshouldlike that book.

Shouldv would cn c dng vi hnh thc Continuous ca ng t theo sau,tc l vi To be + Verb-ing: Khi ng t ny ch mt hnh ng lin tc trong mtkhong thi gian no . Th d:

He said he would bewaitingfor you at the station.

I told her to come in the afternoon as Ishould be doingmy work in the morning.

When he left for his holiday he said he would be sittingon the beach the nextday instead of at his desk in the office.

Tuy nhin, hnh thc ny cng c th c dng ch thi gian tng lai mcd ng t trong cu khng miu t mt hnh ng lin tc no c. Th d: He said hewould be leaving tomorrow v He said he would leave tomorrow cng u c nghanh nhau.


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Cc bn thy rng trong nhng cu th d trn y,should v would chng c gl conditional c. ch l qu kh ca shall v willm chng ta dng trong li nilp li.

By gi ni ti shouldv woulddng trong iu kin cch ngha l trong mt

cu c nu th ny th th n. Ti phi ni ngay rng nushould vwouldkhng phinht thit lc no cng conditional th hai ch ny cng phi l hai ch c nht chng ta pht biu mt kin conditional vy. Ni mt cch khc ngoi should vwould ra trong Anh ng cn c nhiu cch khc chng ta dng khi mun ni mtcu nu th ny th th n.

Sau y l mt vi cch khc nhau pht biu mt trng hp iu kin, trong c c cch dngshould v would. Ti th d bn c mt ngi bn tnh c th lnthm Saigon, v bn ngh rng nu anh ta ln Saigon th anh ta c th i thm S Th.Ci kin ny c th c pht biu bng nhiu cch khc nhau:

1) If he comesto Saigon, he willvisit the Zoo.

2) If he came to Saigon, he wouldvisit the Zoo.

3) If he were to come to Saigon, he would visit the Zoo.

4) Were he to come to Saigon, he would visit the Zoo.

5) If he should come to Saigon, he would visit the Zoo.

6) Should he come to Saigon, he would visit Zoo.

Tt c 5 cu th d trn y nu dch ra ting Vit th u ging nhau c: Nuhn n Saigon, th hn s i thm S Th. Nhng ting Anh li c ti 6 cu khcnhau.

Nu ti bit l ngi bn ca ti rt c th sp ln Saigon, khi ti s dng cus 1.

Nu vic n Saigon ca anh ta kh lng xy ra, khi ti s dng mt trongnhng cu t s 2 n s 6. (Ti s ni thm v cch t cc cu iu kin bi sau; bi

ny ch ch trng v should v would.)

Trong cu th d If he came to Saigon, he would visit the Zoo, cc bn nhnthy rng ng t trong mnh iu kin (conditional clause) c dng th qu khmc du ci nu trong mnh y ni n mt vic cha xy ra ngha l cn trongthi tng lai. Trng hp dng th qu kh cho ng t trong mt mnh iu kinnh vy c ngha l ci iu kin y tuy c th xy ra nhng kh lng s xy ra.


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Mt th d khc: Ti nh chiu nay i xem chp bng, nhng nu tri ma thti s nh. Cu ny nu ni ting Vit th ta ch c th ni mt cch l Nu tri math ti s nh. Nhng trong Anh ng chng ta c nhiu cch ni cu y, ty theoci trnh nu ca chng ta. Nu nh lc ny ti ni tri ang chuyn ma, ngha lvic tri ma rt c th xy ra th khi ti ni:

If it rain I shall stay home.

Nhng nu lc ti ni m tri cn ang nng, khng c ci g bo hiu mt trnma sp ti, ngha l vic tri ma kh lng s xy ra th khi phi ni:

If it rained I should stay home.

Trong cu di, ng t rained vo th qu kh mc du n ch mt viccn nm trong thi tng lai.

Ngoi ra, ng t trong mnh iu kin cng c dng th qu kh chmt vic gi nh, mt vic khng c tht m ti gi t l c. Th d:

If I thought that, I should say so.

Cu ny c ngha l nu ti ngh nh th th ti s ni nh th nhng s tht thti khng ngh nh th. Cu ny c ngha l That is not what I think ( khng phil iu ti ngh). Trong trng hp ny ng t thought vo th qu kh nhng lich mt vic thuc v thi hin ti vy.

Cc bn cng nhn thy rng nu trong mnh iu kin ti dng ng t th

qu kh th trong mnh tip sau ti dng should hoc would thay cho shallhoc will. Should v would y cng ging nh trong trng hp reportedspeech tc l qu kh ca shall v will.

Tr li vi cu th d anh bn nh n thm Si gn, nu ti ni cu ny kli mt vic thuc thi qu kh, ngha l nm y, thng y anh ta n Saigon th anhta i thm S Th th cu Anh ng phi l:

If he came to Saigon, he would have visited the Zoo.

Cu ny c ngha l ti khng bit (hi nm ngoi chng hn) anh bn ti c nSaigon hay khng, nhng ti ngh rng nu anh ta c n th anh ta i thm s thri.

Cc bn nhn thy rng, thay v ni If he came to Saigon, chng ta c th niIf he were to come to Saigon. Werey l mt hnh thc cn st li ca bng thicch (subjunctive mood) ca ng t to be m hin trong Anh ng rt t khi dngn, nhng vn cn dng trong nhng mnh iu kin.


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If he were to come cng c th i ngc l, were he to come. Trongtrng hp b ch if trong mnh iu kin chng ta phi o ngc v tr ca cht v ng t. iu ny khng nhng p dng cho were to m cn p dng cho tohave. Th d: Had I the time I should write a longer letter. (Nu ti c th gi ti svit mt bc th di hn).

Bn cng nhn thy s o ngc ny trong hai cu th d c dng should mnh iu kin:

If he should come Saigon, he would visit the Zoo.

Should he come to Saigon, he would visit the Zoo.

Should y mi chnh l Conditional v n c dng cho c ngi thnht, th nh v th ba, ch khng thay i.

Trong hai cu trn y, cng nh trong c my cu th d m ti ra, ti dng would mnh th hai. Nay nu ti khng dng would m dng will thsao? Th d ti ni:

If he should come to Saigon, he will visit the Zoo.

Should he come to Saigon, he will visit the Zoo.

Ci khc nhau l ch nu ti dng will th c ngha l ti hon ton tin chcrng anh ta s i thm S th nu anh ta ti Saigon.

iu ny cng r rt nu ch t trong cu l ngi th nht pht biu ci munca mnh nh lm mt vic g. Th d anh nh ti b gim mt ci th v ti ni rngnu ti i ph th ti s b th cho anh. Trng hp ny, phi dng will trong mnh th hai.

If I should go out, I will post the letter for you.

Dng will v vic b th ti chc chn l ti s lm, nu ti i ph.

By gi chng ta hy so snh 3 cu sau y:

1- If he come to Saigon, he would visit the Zoo.

2- If he came to Saigon, he would have visited the Zoo.

3- If he had come to Saigon, he would have visited the Zoo.


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Cu th nht ni v mt vic cha xy ra, ngha l thuc thi tng lai. Khi tini cu ny th anh bn ca ti cn lc tnh, cha ln Saigon v ti cng khng bitchc l anh ta c nh ln Saigon hay khng nhng ti ngh rng nu anh ta ln Saigonth anh ta s i thm S Th.

Cu th 2 ni v mt vic thuc thi qu kh, ngha l ngy y, thng y, nmy ti khng bit a bn ti c ln Saigon hay khng, nhng ti ngh rng nu anh c lnSaigon th anh ta i thm S Th.

Cu th 3 cng ni v thi qu kh nhng li ni v mt vic khng xy ra.Khi ni cu ny ti bit ngy y, thng y, nm y anh bn ti khng ln Saigon,nhng ti ngh rng nu anh ta c ln Saigon th anh ta i thm S Th.

Cc bn nhn thy s khc bit gia cu 1 v cu 2 l: would visit trong cu 1c i ra would have visited trong cu 2. Ti dng th Perfect ch mt vichon tt trong qu kh vy.

Cc bn cng nhn thy s khc bit gia cu 2 v cu 3 l If he came trongmnh iu kin ca cu 1 i thnh If he had come trong mnh iu kin cacu 2. Ti dng Past Perfect chi rng ci nu ca ti thc s khng xy ratrong qu kh.

Tm li, nhng cu iu kin (conditional sentences) c nhiu cch ni trongAnh ng, ty theo ci trnh nu nng hay nh, ty theo mi tng quan thi giankhi ni cu y. Vic dng ch should (cho c ba ngi th nht, th nh v th ba)trong mnh cu iu kin ch l mt trong nhng cch y m thi.

Should v would cn c dng trong nhiu trng hp khc, khng c g liu kin c.

Trc ht lshouldch mt iu m ta phi lm (obligation). Cc bn chc quen vi trng hp ny, nn ti tng khng cn phi ni di dng, ch a ra mt vith d:

You should look both ways before crossing the road.

(Anh phi nhn c hai pha trc khi bng qua ng).

He should be more careful.

(Hn ta phi cn thn hn).

I should have locked the door but I forgot about it.

(Ti phi kha ca, nhng ti qun kha.)


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Should y cng ging nh ought to nhng nh hn must. (Chng ta str li im ny khi bn v nhng cch khc nhau pht biu nim obligation, ych bn v cch dng ch should m thi).

Shouldcn c dng ch iu m ta ch i (expectation). Th d ti ni:

It should be fine tomorrow.

(Ngy mai tri phi p.)

Ci ngha ca should trong cu ny cng gn ging nh trong trng hpobligation, nhng khi ni cu ny c nhin ti khng mun ni rng c mt s bt buctinh thn no khin tri ngy mai phi p, m ti ch mun ni rng theo ti nhnthy th ngy mai tri phi p. Trng hp ny, thay v dng should ti cng c thni It ought to be fine tomorrow. Mt vi th d khc:

He should arrive this evening.

(Anh ta phi ti y ti nay.)

There should be another tea-cup somewhere, I know we used to have six.

(Phi c mt ci tch na u . Ti bit l mnh vn c 6 ci.)

We should know the result by tomorrow.

(Chng ta phi bit kt qu vo ngy mai).

kt lun bi ni v shouldv would ny mi cc bn nhn nh cu ni sauy:

You should get the result by tomorrow, should you do what you should do now.

(Anh phi thu hoch c kt qu vo ngy mai, nu anh lm iu m anh philm by gi.)

Cu ny c ba ch should: ch th nht ch iu m ta ch i (expectation),ch th nh ch iu kin (Condition) ch th ba ch iu m ta phi lm (obligation).

c n y c l bn cm thy Anh ng tht l rc ri nhng xin bn ng vinn ch, v vi thi gian, vi thi quen, nht l vi s nhc i nhc li thng ngy,nhng ci m bn thy l rc ri hm nay ngy mai s thnh quen thuc c. Nu bnhc nhng iu m bn phi hc hm nay, chc chn l bn phi gt hi c kt quvo ngy mai. Should you learn what you should learn today, you should get the result

by tomorrow.


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gm nhng mnh nu th ny ch l mt gi thuyt, mt vic kh thc hin hoc khng thc hin trong qu kh.

Th d loi A:

1- What can we do if it rains?

2- We shall go provided the weather is fine.

3- So long as you return the book by Saturday I will lend it to you with pleasure.

4- Dont come unless I tell you to come.

Th d loi B:

1- He would come if he had time.

2- If you had tried harder, you would have succeeded.

3- If you were a bird, you could fly.

Nhn nh cc cu trn y, trc ht chng ta thy rng mun ni mt cu nuth ny, th th n khng phi ch c ch ifdng vo mnh iu kin m cn cnhng ch khc nh so long as, provided (that), on condition (that), v trong trnghp iu kin ph nh (negative condition) ngi ta dng unless (cng c ngha nhif not nhng mnh hn).

By gi chng ta hy xt tng cu mt thuc loi A. Cu 1: What can we do ifit rains? (Nu tri ma th chng ta lm g?) a ra mt ci nu c th c m cngc th khng. Khi ti ni cu ny, ti c ni l tri c th ma m cng c th khngma, tc l ci iu kin ca ti c th thc hin m cng c th khng.

Cu 2: We shall go provided the weather is fine (Chng ta s i nu tri p)cng a ra mt iu kin tng t: tri c th p m cng c th xu. Cu 3 (Ti vuilng cho anh mn cui sch, nu anh tr n li cho ti vo ngy th by v cu 4 (Anhng n tr khi ti bo anh n) u c nhng iu kin c th thc hin m cng cth khng.

Anh ng gi l iu kin b ng (open condition) tc l c tnh ca loiA.

Cn loi B gm nhng cu iu kin kh thc hin hoc khng thc hinc. Anh ng gi l iu kin b i (rejected condition). Th d cu: He wouldcome if he had time nu dch ra ting Vit th ch c th ni hn s n nu hn c


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thi gi nhng cu ting Anh c ngha l hn kh lng c th gi nhng nu hn c thgi th hn s n.

Cu 2 If you had tried harder, you would have succeeded ch mt iu kin khng xy ra trong qu kh. Cu ny c ngh l anh khng h c gng hn, nhng

ti ngh rng nu anh c gng hn th anh thnh cng. iu kin y cng l mtiu kin b i.

Cu 3: If you were a bird you could fly (Nu anh l chim th anh s bit bay)l mt th d r rt nht v iu kin b i v sc my m anh c th l con chim

bay bng tri anh c.

Tm li, nhng cu iu kin trong Anh ng c th chia lm 2 loi: loi iukin b ng v loi iu kin b i vy.

Nay nu xt v cch dng ng t trong hai loi cu iu kin , chng ta s

thy khc bit nh th no?

Nhn vo cc th d m ti a ra, ta c th nhn thy s khc bit ni bt l:vi nhng cu iu kin b ng th ng t trong mnh iu kin (cng gi lmnh nu if-clause) c dng vo hin ti (Present Tense) v ng t trongmnh chnh th c dng vo th hin ti hoc tng lai (Present or Future Tense).

Cn nhng cu iu kin b i th ng t trong mnh nu c dngvo th qu kh (Past Tense) v ng t trong mnh chnh th c dng vi would,

should, could (hocmight).

mi ch l mt nhn xt cn c vo nhng cu th d m ti a ra. Stht th vic dng ng t trong cc cu iu kin cn uyn chuyn nhiu hn th.

Ring loi cu iu kin b ng c nhiu cch dng ng t nh sau:

1- Present Tense trong c hai mnh chnh v ph:

What can we do if he doesnt come.

If you are right, I am wrong.

If you have enough money, why dont you buy a car?

(Ch : Mnh chnh trong cu iu kin c th i trc hoc i sau mnh iu kin, tc l mnh ph.)

2- Future Tense trong cu mnh chnh v Present Tense trong cu mnh ph:


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If its ready he will bring it tomorrow.

What shall we do if it rains?

I shall take an umbrella in case it rains.

Supposing the enmy wins the war, what will happen to us?

3-Future Perfect Tense trong mnh chnh v Present Tense trong mnh ph:

If you dont get there before five oclock, he will have left the office.

Trong cu ny ti dng th Future Perfect mnh chnh v c mi tng quanthi gian cn ni r: nu anh khng ti trc nm gi th hn s ri khi s ri.Hnh ng ri khi s c hon tt (Perfetct) trong tng lai (Future) m c im

thi gian l lc nm gi.

4- Future Tense trong mnh chnh v Present Perfect trong mnh ph:

If he has finished his work by six oclock, we shall be able to take him with us.

If he has done a good job, we shall pay him for it.

5- Present Tense trong mnh chnh v Present Perfect trong mnh ph:

If you have been travelling all night, you probably need a rest.

If youve finished your homework, you can go out and play.

Nhng ng t dng vo th Perfect (Present Perfect hay Future Perfect) lunlun c mt c im thi gian lm u mi cho tng quan thi gian trong cu. Khiti ni If you have been travelling all night you probably need a rest tc l ti ni cuy vo lc sng sm: so vi c im thi gian ny th ci hnh ng du hnh ca anh din ra t trc v hon tt (Perfect) lc ti ni tc l hin ti (Present). V khi ti niIf youve finished your homework, you can go out and play th c im thi gian llc ti ni: so vi c im y th hnh ng lm bi ca anh din ra t trc vhon tt (Perfect) thi hin ti (Present).

6- Future Tense trong mnh chnh v Past Tense trong mnh ph:

If she promised to be here, she will certainly come.

If he arrived only yesterday, he will probably not leave until Sunday.

7- Present Tense trong mnh chnh v Past Tense trong mnh ph:


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If he arrived only yesterday, he is unlikely to leave today.

If you spent the night on the train, you probably need a rest.

8-Past Tense trong c hai mnh chnh v ph:

If thats what he told you, he was telling lies.

9- Future Tense trong mnh chnh v Past Perfect Tense trong mnh ph.

If he hadnt come in when you arrived, he will not come in at all this morning.

10- Present Tense trong mnh chnh v Past Perfect Tense trong mnh ph:

If he had not left any message when you called, he probably intends to be back

before you leave.

By gi chng ta hy bn n cch dng ng t trong nhng cu iu kin bi. Xin nhc li: iu kin b i tc l mt iu kin khng th thc hin c (thd: if you were a bird) hoc mt iu kin kh c th thc hin, cha thc hin choc khng thc hin c trong qu kh.

c tnh ca nhng cu iu kin b i l ng t trong mnh chnhthng c dng vi tr ng t would, should, couldhoc might, nhng cng c thlshallhay willnu s vic trong mnh chnh l mt iu chc chn.

Vic dng ng t trong loi cu iu kin ny ty thuc ci nu m ta t rani v thi tng lai, thi hin ti v tng lai phi hp hay thi qu kh.

1-Nu ci iu kin t ra ni v thi tng lai, th ng t trong mnh chnhc dng vi would, should, could, mighttrong khi ng t trong mnh ph cdng vishouldhoc were to. Th d:

If he should hear of your marriage, he would be surprised.

Cu ny c ngha l hn ta by gi ang xa, kh lng m bit c rng anh ly v, nhng nu hn ta nghe tin anh ly v, th hn ta s ly lm ngc nhin. Nukhi ni cu ny ca ti l hn ta quanh qun ni thnh, c th bit l anh ci vm cng c th khng bit, nhng ti ngh rng nu hn bit th hn s ngc nhin: khi cu iu kin ca ti li thnh iu kin b ng, v ti phi ni If he hears of

your marriage, he will be surprised.

Mt vi th d khc:


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If you were to try, you would be able to do it.

If you should be passing my house, you might return the book you borrowedfrom me.

If you should start early tomorrow morning, you would be at your destination byevening.

(Ch : thay v ng t would trong cu th d cht trn y chng ta c thdng couldhoc might, hocshouldty theo ta mun ni. Nu ti ni you would beat your destination by evening tc l ti mun ni mt c l s xy ra (probability).

Nu ti ni you couldhay might beat your destination by evening tc l ti mun nimt iu c th xy ra (possibility). V nu ti ni you should be at your destination

by evening tc l ti mun ni mt iu m ti cho l phi xy ra (expectation). Trongtrng hp ny th cu ca ti s c 2 ch should trong c mnh chnh ln mnh ph If you should start early tomorrow morning, you should be at your destination

by evening, mt ci should ch iu kin, v mt ci should ch s ch i mt cig phi xy ra vy. (Xem li bi Should v Would.)

2-Nu ci iu kin t ra ni v thi hin ti, hoc v c thi hin ti ln thitng lai, th ng t trong mnh chnh c dng vi would, should, couldhocmightv ng t trong mnh ph dng vo th qu kh. Ci th qu kh ny cgi l th qu kh gi to (Past Unreal). Th d:

If I had the money I should pay you now.

Cu ny c ngha l lc ny ti khng c tin hoc cha c tin, nhng nu tic th ti s tr anh ngay. Mt vi th d khc:

If he heard of your marriage, he would be surprised.

If I accepted this offer, what would you say?

He wouldnt be in difficulties if he were not so foolish.

If you went to London you might see the Queen.

You could do it if you tried.

If he took his doctors advice, he might soon be well again.

Supposing her husband saw me with her, what might he think?

He wouldnt do it unless you ordered him to do it.


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3- Nu ci iu kin a ra ni v thi qu kh th ng t trong mnh chnhc dng th Perfect Infinitive i cp vi would, should, couldhoc mightnu ngt y cng ch mt vic thuc thi qu kh. Cn ng t trong mnh ph c dngvo th Past Perfect. Th d:

If he had heard of your marriage he would have been surprised.

Cu ny c ngha l trong qu kh anh ta khng h bit g v v anh ly v c,nhng nu anh ta bit th anh ta phi ngc nhin. Mt vi th d khc:

If you had been at the meeting I should have seen you.

You could have done it if you had tried.

If he had taken his doctors advice, he might not have died.

Cu th d cht trn y tht r rt: khi ti ni cu th hn ta cht ri, tcl hn khng nghe li bc s nhng ti ngh rng nu hn ta nghe li bc s th hnta khng i t bng vy.

l ni v trng hp c hai nu th ny v th th n u ni v thi qukh. Th cn trng hp nu th ny thuc thi qu kh, m th th n lai ni vthi hin ti th sao?

Trng hp ny ng t trong mnh nu vn phi dng Past Perfectnhng ng t mnh chnh phi c dng th hin ti. Th d thay v ni rngnu anh ta nghe li bc s th anh ta khng cht ti ni nu anh ta nghe li bc

s th by gi anh ta vn cn sng. Trong cu ny, ci nu th ny ca ti vn thucthi qu kh, nhng ci th th n ca ti li c t vo thi hin ti v khi ti

phi ni:

If he had taken his doctors advice, he might still be alive.

Tc l trong trng hp ny, ti vn dng Past Pefect trong mnh nunhng phi dng Present Infinitive thay v Perfect Infinitive trong mnh chnh vy.

Trn y l ni v cc cch dng ng t trong nhng cu iu kin. By gi,

trc khi qua mt vn khc, ti mun ni qua v mt vi iu cn nh khc c linquan n vn t cu iu kin:

Th tng lai vishallhay willkhng c dng trong cc mnh iu kind l ci iu kin nhm v thi tng lai (Xin nhc li nn phn bit gia th vthi). Th d:


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If he comes next week what shall we ask him to do?Ch khng phi If he willcome next week what shall we ask him to do?

Nhng trong trng hp ch willkhng phi l tr ng t cho th tng lai ml mt ng t ring ch mun hoc sn lng (willingneess) th ta c th dng n

trong mnh iu kin c. Th d:

If you help me, I can finish by six.

(Nu anh gip ti, th ti c th lm xong t hi su gi).

If you will help me, I can finish by six.

(Nu anh sn lng gip ti th ti c th lm xong vo hi su gi).

Th qu kh ca willl wouldcng c th c dng trong mnh iu kin

ch s sn lng. Th d thay v ni If you will help me, I can finish by six ti c thni:

If you would help me, I could finish by six.

C nhng cu iu kin m ngi ta ch ni phn th th n m khng niphn nu th ny tc l ch ni ci mnh chnh cn mnh nu c hiungm. Th d:

I would do anything to help him.

He would never consent to that.

Would you like a cup of tea?

I would like to go with you.

Would you open the door, please.

y l nhng cu m chng ta ni thng ngy, nhng c l nhiu khi chng takhng rng l nhng cu iu kin.

Would you open the door, please c ngha l Would you open the door, ifyou please?

Would you like a cup of tea? c ngha l Would you like a cup of tea if Ioffered you one?

I would you like to to with you. C ngha l I would like to go with you ifyou accepted my company.


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I would do anything to help himc ngha l I would do anything to help himif I had the opportunity.

Mt cu iu kin c th gm 2 mnh c lp lin kt (coordinate clauses)thay v mt mnh chnh v mt mnh ph. Th d:

Spare the rod and spoil the child.

Cu ny c ngha l if a child is spared punishment, it will be spoilt. (Nukhng trng pht mt a tr th n s h).

Cng trong phm vi vn shouldv would, c mt cu hi thng lm cho ccbn hc sinh ca ti lng tng, khng tr li c, hoc tr li sai. Cu hi nh sau:

Trong cu I would like to talk with you chng hn, th ng t like c dng th (tense) no? Nhiu bn nhanh nhu p ngay rng l th Conditional. Tr li

nh vy l sai, v sai hai im:

Mt l trong Anh ng khng c ci th no gi l Conditional c v ng tAnh ng khng c nhng hnh thc bin i c bit dng cho trng hpConditional nh trong Php ng; hai l cu I would like to talk with you l mnh chnh trong mt cu ni iu kin m mnh ph (tc l mnh iu kin) chiu ngm: I would like to talk with you if you had the time, v nh th th ciconditional l ch had ch khng phi ch would like.

Vy th would likekhng phi l th conditional ca ng t likenh kiujevoudrais ca Php, m cng khng phi l mt hnh thc bin i c bit no khc cang t like. Th th n l g?

Xin tha l mt s phi hp gia hai ng t ring bit would v like. ngt like y c dng v bin cch (infinitive) ca n, i i vi would l mttr ng t ch mun (volition).

Nu bn rng ra, ta thy rng trong Anh ng nu cc th ca ng t l nhnghnh thc bin i ca ng t ch tng quan thi gian th cng c nhng s

phi hp ng t (verb combinations) m ngi ta dng khng phi ch tng quanthi gian nhng l ch ci kha nhn ca ta i vi mt hnh ng hay mt trng thi

no .

Nhiu th ting trn th gii, nh Php ng chng hn, c nhng hnh thc bini c bit ca ng t ch nhng kha nhn khc nhau i vi mt hnh ng haymt trng thi. V nhng s bin i hnh thc ca ng t nh th c gi l cch,Php ng gi l Mode, Anh ng gi l Mood. V ng t trong Anh ng ch c bacch l Indicative (dng cho nhng cu thng v cu hi) Imperative (dng cho nhng


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cu lnh) v Subjunctive (cch ny ngy nay ngi ta rt t dng n tr trong nhngcu c cu chc nh God save the Queen!hay God bless you!

V ng t trong Anh ng c t cch nh vy nn mi khi cn phi ch mtkha nhn c bit no v mt hnh ng hay mt trng thi ngi ta phi dng n

cch ghp ng t chnh vi mt tr ng t m Anh ng gi l Modal Auxiliaries hayModal Verbs (Tnh t modal do danh t mood m ra). S phi hp ng t nyc gi l verb combination.

Vy th would liketrong th d nu trn l mt s phi hp gia ng t likev ci modal verb would ch mun ch hng phi l mt th c bit no ca ngt likec.

C nhin, ngoi would ra cn c nhiu modal verb khc cho chng ta s dngnhshould, must, may-might, can-could, ought, will, shall.

Sau y l th d v ng t may, mt ng t m ta dng ch mt ci g cth (possible) hoc c l (probable) x a.

You may believe that I am wrong.

Perhaps you believe that I am wrong.

Trong cu trn ti c mt s phi hp gia modal verb mayv ng t believe ch mt s c th. Trong cu di thay v dng modal verb may ti dng dng tperhaps ni ln ci c th .

Nh vy, nhng cch t cu iu kin m chng ta hc trn y chnh lnhng cch phi hp ng t ni ln ci iu kin vy. Chng ta s cn gp nhiutrng hp phi phi hp ng t khi bn n nhng cch khc nhau pht biunhng nim nh yu cu, i hi, ngh, cm on, ha hn, hm da, t chi, hyvng, cu mong, d nh, so snh


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TRC V SAU

Cc bn th dch gim ti cu ny ra Anh ng: Hm qua ti i xem chiubng. Chc chn nhiu bn s thy l rt d v bn h bt dch ngay l:

Yesterday I went to the movie.

Nhng tha cc bn dch nh vy l sai ri, v ti sao cc bn li chyesterday ln u cu mi c ch. ng ra th cu ting Anh phi l:

I went to the movie yesterday.

Cc bn ch yesterday ln u ch v dch theo cu ting Vit bt ubng ch hm qua. Nh vy l cc bn ni ting Anh theo tinh thn ting Vit chkhng phi theo tinh thn ting Anh vy.

Th d trn y cho ta thy Vit ng v Anh ng c nhiu im khng gingnhau trong vn v tr ca trng t thi gian. Bnh thng trong Vit ng chng ta hay trng t thi gian ln u cu, nhng trong Anh ng ngi ta li khng lm nh vy.

Vn l s nhn mnh vo hnh ng trong cu hay vo thi gian ca hnhng y. Ch khi no chng ta mun nhn mnh vo im thi gian ca hnh ngtrong cu th chng ta mi trng t thi gian ln u cu. Th d nh trong trng

hp trn y nu ti mun ni vi bn l hm qua ti i xem chiu bng ch khngphi l i lm hay i do ph tc l ti mun cho bn bit mt hnh ng ca ti hmqua th ti phi ni l:

I went to the movie yesterday.

Tc l ti t trng t thi gian ca ti vo ci v tr bnh thng ca n.Nhng nu ti mun k cho bn bit rng hm kia ti i nhy m, hm ka ti i cuc v hm qua th ti i xem chp bng, khi y ti mi t trng t thi gian ca ti lnu cu v ni:

Yesterday I went to the movie.

Trong khi Vit ng thng t trng t thi gian ln u cu d c nhn mnhhay khng nhn mnh, th Anh ng ch t trng t thi gian ln u cu khi c nhnmnh vo im thi gian . Mt th d khc:


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Hm qua Quc Hi hp phin c bit tho lun v vn t do boch.

Nu phi dch cu ny ra Anh ng th chc chn s c nhiu bn vit l:

Yesterday the National Assembly held a special session to discuss the problemof freedom of the press.

Dch nh vy l sai v trong cu ny hin nhin khng c nhn mnh vo imthi gian m ch nhn mnh vo vic lm ca Quc Hi. Vy th cu Anh ng phi l:

The National Assembly held a special session yesterday to discuss the problemof freedom of the press.

Cc bn th m mt t bo Vit v mt t bo Anh ng ra xem. Trong t boVit c rt nhiu tin bt u bng trng t thi gian nh hm qua, tun ti, th

by va qua hay hm ri. Trong khi th trong c t bo Anh ng cc bn khlng tm thy mt tin tc bt u bng mt trng t thi gian nh yesterday, lastweek, last Saturday, hay recently. Tt c nhng trng t thi gian ny u ct sau ch t hoc ng t, v mt l rt d hiu l tin tc khng nhn mnh vo thigian trc m nhn mnh vo s vic trc.

Mt th d khc: anh bn ti c mt con mo v anh ta thng cho n n vobui sng. Nu ti mun cho bn bit v cng vic cho mo n ca anh ta, tc l nhnmnh vo hnh ng, th ti phi ni:

He feeds the cat every morning.

Nu ti mun cho bn bit l mi bui sng anh ta lm g ngha l ti ch nthi gi ca anh ta hn l ch n vic anh ta nui mo th khi ti ni:

Every morning he feeds the cat.

S t lm v tr ca trng t thi gian trong Anh ng l mt trong nhng ci lithng thng nht ca ngi Vit khi hc ting Anh. Bn c th kim sot li nhngcu bn vit hoc c thng ngy, bn s thy l c rt nhiu cu bn ttrng t thi gian ln u trong khi cu ca bn ch c nhn mnh vo s vic m

khng c nhn mnh vo thi gian.

Nay ta hy bn thm v vn ny, tc l vn v tr trng t trong cu Anhng, mt vn kh quan trng nht l i vi ngi Vit hc ting Anh.

V tr ca trng t thi gian bnh thng l sau ng t, nhng c mt loitrng t thi gian m ngi ta gi l adverbs of frequency (trng t ch s thng c)


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nh always, often, seldom, sometimeschng hn u c t gia ch t v ng t.Chng ta hy tr li vi th d anh bn nui mo ca ti:

He always feeds the cat.

He oftenfeeds the cat.

Heseldomfeeds the cat.

Hesometimesfeeds the cat.

He never feeds the cat.

Cc bn thy rng v tr ca adverb of frequencyl gia ch t v ng t nung t trong cu c dng mt th n (simple sense). Cn nu ng t trong cuc dng mt th kp (compound sense) hoc l mt s phi hp ng t (verb

combination) th trng t s c t nh sau:

He has alwaysfed the cat.

He has oftenfed the cat.

He hassometimesfed the cat.

He will never feed the cat.

He wouldsometimesfeed the cat.

He shouldoftenfeed the cat.

Cc bn nhn thy rng trong nhng trng hp ny v tr ca adverb offrequency nm gia tr ng t v ng t chnh.

By gi chng ta hy ni v trng t ch cch (adverb of manner) v ly mt cukhc lm th d cn bn (cho mo n mi ngn qu): She cleared the table. (c ta dn

bn).

Cc bn hy so snh nhng cu sau y:

Sheslowlycleared the table.

She cleared the tableslowly.

Shesadlycleared the table.

She cleared the tablesadly.


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She calmlycleared the table.

She cleared the table calmly.

Trong nhng cu th d trn y, trng t nm gia ch t v ng t hoc nm cui cu. Nu bn c bit ch n ci cch c ta dn bn nh th no th bn ttrng t ra ng sau ng t v tc t ca n. Cn nu bn ch trng n s kin ci

bn c dn m ch mun ni qua v ci cch dn bn th bn t trng t gia cht v ng t.

C nhin bn cng c th t trng t ch cch ngay u cu, nhng trnghp ny ch dng khi bn k chuyn v mun cho cu ni hoc cu vit ca bn c mthiu lc c bit. Nhng bn nn nh l ng bao gi t trng t nm vo gia ngt v tc t v ng t v tc t lun lun i lin vi nhau. Nu ng t ca bn c mttr ng t i km trong trng hp mt th kp hoc mt s phi hp ng t, v nu

bn khng c nhn mnh vo ci cch lm ca ng t y, th bn t trng t ngay

sau tr ng t. Th d:

She wasslowlyclearing the table.

l ni v v tr ca trng t ting mt. Cn trng hp cu ca bn c nhmting trng t (adverb phrase) th bnh thng bn phi t nhm ting trng y cuicu. Th d:

She cleared the table withtrembling hands.

He answered the telephone with a languid voice.

Bn cng c th t nhm ting trng t ln u cu nu bn k chuyn vmun cho cu ni hoc vit ca bn c mt hiu lc c bit. Th d:

With much hesitation he signed the cheque.

Quick as lighning he opened the door.

Trn y l ni v nhm ting trng t ch thi gian v ch cch nhng lut nycng p dng cho cc nhm ting trng t khc. V tr bnh thng vn l cui cu,

ch i khi mi t u:

I like osysters very much indeed.

She caught sight of him at the end of the road.

Prices are high because of the shortage.


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If possible, I will come tomorrow.

Trn y, chng ta mi ch ni n nhng cu m ng t ng mt mnh hocc tc t trc tip (direct object)theo sau. Nay chng ta hy xt n trng hp ng tc tc t gin tip (indirect object).

Chc cc bn bit th no l indirect object. Th d nh thay v ni He fedthe cat, ti c th ni He gave food to the cat hoc He gave the cat some food.Trong 2 trng hp ny danh t cat l tc t gin tip ca ng t gave. Ti chc cc

bn bit rng, nu c gii t to ng trc tc t gin tip th ting ny i sau tc tgin tip. Nhng ta cng c th t n ng trc tc t gin tip v b ch to i.

Mt vi th d khc:

She read him the letter She read the letter to him

He lent me the book. He lent the book to me.

I will send you a cheque. He will send a cheque to you.

Trong nhng cu th d trn y, nu c trng t th v tr ca trng t cng nhtrong nhng cu khng c tc t gin tip. Nn nh l c hai tc t trc tip v gin tipu i theo ng t v khng c tch ri khi nhau. Th d:

She slowly read him the letter.

I will send you a cheque at the end of the month.

After some hesitation, he lent the book to me.

Nhng nguyn tc v v tr ca trng t v nhm ting trng t m ti trnhby vi cc bn trn y c nhin khng phi l nhng nguyn tc cng rn. C nhiutrng hp, bn c th uyn chuyn khng p dng nhng nguyn tc . Th d nhcu sau y:

I will certainly and without a doubt send you a cheque at the end of the month.

Trong cu ny ngoi trng t certainly ti c hai nhm ting trng t lwithout a doubt v at the end of the month c t v tr bnh thng, nhngnhm ting trng t without a doubt li c t gia ch t v ng t. Nhngkhng phi lc no bn cng c th lm nh vy c v tt hn l chng ta nn lmtheo nhng quy tc ra trn.

Ni chung th v phng din v tr, trng t c th chia lm ba loi: loi ngu (front-position adverbs) loi ng gia (mid-position adverbs), v loi ng cui


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(end-position adverbs). Loi ng u gm c nhng trng t nghi vn how, when,where, why. Loi ng gia gm a s cc adverbs of frequency nh always, regularly,usually, generally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally, rarelly, seldom, nevervever. Loi ng cui th gm cc trng t ch thi gian, a im, ng hng, cungcch (manner) trnh (degree), nguyn do (reason)..v.v.. Nhng nhng trng t ny

cng c th t vo v tr ng u hoc ng gia, nh chng ta thy trn.

Trong trng hp chng ta c hai hoc nhiu trng t trong mt cu th th tca cc trng t y nh th no? Nu l hai trng t cng ch thi gian th thngthng ngi ta t n v nh hn ng trc. Th d:

I will meet you at three oclock tomorrow.

We arrived at five oclock yesterday afternoon.

I saw the film on Tuesday evening last week.

Tuy nhin, nu n v ln c coi l quan trng hn, hoc nu n v nh lmt kin m ngi ni ngh n sau, th trt t trn y li c o ngc:

I will meet you tomorrow, at three oclock.

We arrived yesterday afternoon about three oclock.

Khi c hai trng t ch a im, th n v nh hn thng thng, nhngkhng phi l lun lun, c t ng trc. Th d:

He lives in a small village in the Delto.

We spent the holidays in a cottage in the mountains.

Trt t ny c th thay i ty theo cch hnh vn, hoc lm cho cu vnc cn i. Th d:

We spent the holidays in the mountains in a cottage we rent from a friend.

Khi trong cu c mt trng t ch a im hoc ng hng, v mt trng tch thi gian, th trng t ch thi gian thng thng i sau. Th d:

We went for a swim in the lake before breakfast.

I will be there early.

We are going to Holland next month.

I expect to be back home by Tuesday.


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Meet me outside the post office at five oclock on Monday.

They went to the cinema on Saturday evening.

Can you get here by evening.

Please return the book to the library before Monday.

Trt t ny c th thay i, ngha l trng t ch thi gian c th ng u cu.Th d:

Last month, we went to Dalat; next month we are going to Vung Tau.

Nh chng ta thy, trng hp ny c dng khi ta mun nhn mnh voim thi gian ca hnh ng. Tuy nhin, ch c v tr ca trng t thi gian c th ci ra u cu, cn trng t ch a im hoc ng hng th t khi c t vo v tr

ny. Th d, bnh thng khng ai ni: To Dalat we went last month c.

i khi trng t ch thi gian cng c t ngay sau ng t trnh s lmln v ngha. Th d bn hy so snh hai cu sau y:

Please return all books to the library before Monday.

Please return before Monday all books that you have borrowed from the library.

Trong cu trn, cc trng t c t v tr bnh thng: trng t ch a imto the library ng trc trng t ch thi gian before Monday.

Trong cu di, trng t ch thi gian before Monday c c bit t vogia ng t v tc t, v nu n c t vo cui cu th ngi c th hiu rng nmiu t cho ng t borrowed ch khng phi cho ng t return.

Ngoi ra, nu trong mt cu c trng t ch a im hoc ng hng v trngt ch s thng c (adverbs of frequency) th trng t ch a im hoc ng hngc t trc trng t ch s thng c, trong khi trng t ch s thng c c ttrc trng t ch thi gian. Th d:

I have been to London several times this year.

He walked round the park twice before dinner.

He gave lectures at the training college three days a week last term.

He saw that film at the Rex Cinema twice last week.

He goes to Europe every other year.


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Trt t trn y cng c th c thay i bng cch t trng t ch thi gianln u cu trong trng hp chng ta mun nhn mnh vo im thi gian ca hnhng:

Before dinner he walked round the park twice.

This year I have been to London several times.

By gi chng ta hy ni qua v cc trng t ch cung cch v trnh (adverbsof degree and manner). Cc trng t ch cch nh well, badly, hard v mt s trng tch cch khc thng thng u c t cui v khng ng gia ng t v tct. Th d:

She sings beautifully.

He is working well.

He is playing badly today.

He had done the work well.

She plays tennis beautifully.

You speaks English perfectly.

Trong trng hp nhng cu than (exclamatory sentences) c ch how thtrng t c t lin vi how ch khng t cui cu. Th d:

How well he has done his work!

How well she plays tennis!

How beautifully she sings!

How hard you work!

Trng t ch trnh much thng thng c t cui cu:

He doensnt speak much.

Does she play tennis much.

Do you like the cinema much?

He doesnt like wine very much.


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(Hy so snh cu ny vi cu He doesnt like very much wine. Cu trn cngha l hn khng thch ru lm v cu di vn ng vn phm nhng c ngha lhn khng thch ung nhiu ru.)

V tr ca mt ting, ca mt nhm ting hay ca mt mnh l iu rt quan

trng v n c th bin i ngha ca c mt cu. Trn y chng ta bn v v trca trng t trong cu v ra mt s nguyn tc cho cc trng t ch thi gian,trng t ch a im hoc ng hng, trng t ch trnh v cung cch v trng tch s thng c. Chng ta d thy rng mt trng t hoc mt nhm ting trng tthuc cc loi trn y c t u cu, gia cu hoc cui cu, c th bin i ci m ta mun ni.

By gi ti mun bn vi cc bn v vic dng mt loi trng t c bit mAnh ng gi l adverb particles, dch tm l nhng mu trng t. Nhng adverb

particles quan trng nht gm c: up, down, in, out, on, off, away, back.

Nhng mu trng t ny c phi hp vi ng t lm thnh nhng s phihp ng t c nhng ngha hoc bnh thng (th d: take your hat off, put your haton) hoc bt thng (th d:put off a meeting, c ngha l hon mt cuc hp li.)

Nhng mu trng t ny c phn ging vi Vit ng. Th d: put your hat offVit ng l b m ra; put your hat on Vit ng l i m vo; stand up lng ln, sit down l ngi xung. Nhng ch ra, vo, ln, xung cng cnhim v tng ng nh nhng mu trng t off, on, up, downtrong Anh ng vy.

C nhng mu trng t c dng nh gii t. Th d: trong cu I ran down the

hillth down l gii t, cn trong cu The clock has run downth downl trng t. Sphi hp run down y c ngha l ngng chy.

Trong mt vi trng hp khc run down cng c ngha l ht hi. Th d:The battery has run down c ngha l bnh in ht hi. Run downcn c dngnh mt ng t chuyn tip v trong trng hp th n c ngha l ng ng. Thd: Their car ran down a predestrianc ngha l Chic xe hi ca h ng ng mtngi i b.

Tnh ra c n hng trm cch phi hp t v mu trng t nh vy. Nhng sphi hp ny c khi c mt ngha r rt do hai ngha ca ng t v trng t cng li

(th d: They went out c ngha l h i ra.) Nhng cng c nhiu s phi hp c mtngha khc hn khng l thuc ngha ca ng t v trng t cng li (Th d: The gunwent off by accident c ngha l: sng n v tai nn.)

V tr bnh thng ca nhng mu trng t l ng sau trng t v tc t. Thd:

Put your hat on.


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Take your coat off.

Lock this up.

Dont lock yourself out.

Send them back.

Have you given it away?

Bring her in.

The bus knocked him down.

Take the dog out.

They shouted the man down.

Trt t trn y c i li mu trng t t vo gia ng t v tc t trongtrng hp chng ta c mt tc t di hoc mt nhm ting danh t ng vai tr tc t.Th d:

Put on the other hat.

Take off your overcoat.

You should put on the warmest clothes you have.

She cleaned up every room in the house.

She put on a air of innocence.

He has brought about great reforms.

Dont throw away anything that might be useful.

Please bring in those chairs that are in the garden.

Trt t trn y cng c dng khi chng ta mun nhn mnh vo tc t. Thd:

We must lock up the house.

Youve brought about my ruin.


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(Nn nh rng trong trng hp tc t l mt i danh t nhn xng (personalpronoun) th mu trng t bt buc phi t ng sau. Th d:Put it on. Take it off.Lock it up.)

By gi ti xin hu chuyn vi bn c v vn v tr ca tnh t. Nh cc bn

bit v tr bnh thng ca tnh t l trc danh t m n miu t. Th d:

He wore a large black hat.

She is a beautiful girl.

Nu tnh t ng a v tc t gn tnh (complement) tc l tc t ca mt ngt khng chuyn tip nhng cha ngha nh ng t to be hoc cc ng t tngng, th tnh t ng sau ng t. Th d:

Our doctor isgood.

My parents are not rich.

Cng nn nhc li l khi c nhiu tnh t lin tip theo nhau ng a vcomplement th hai tnh t cht c ni lin bng lin t and. Th d:

The day was cloudly and cold.

He looked pale, tired and dispirited.

The flowers were many-colored, flagrant and in full bloom.

Trong th d cht trn y, bn nhn thy in full bloom l mt nhm ting tnht (adjective phrase). Bnh thng mt nhm ting tnh t phi ng sau tnh t m nmiu t ch t khi ng trc, ch tr trng hp ngi ta c t n ra ng trc vdng gch ni ni lin nhng ting trong nhm ting y. Th d:

A never-to-be-forgotten evening.

(Mt bui ti khng-bao-gi-qun-c.)

Ngoi ra cc bn cng nhn thy l trong Anh ng ngi ta thng dng danh

t lm tnh t, v nhng danh t c dng lm tnh t phi ng trc ci danht m n miu t ch khng th ng sau. Th d:

It was a dark November evening.


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Trong cu ny, November l mt danh t dng lm tnh t miu t chodanh t evening. Nhng ngi ta khng th ni The evening was dark and

November c.

Vic dng danh t lm tnh t rt thng dng trong Anh ng nht l trong cc

bi qung co. Th d:

This ell-purpase effictiency office calculator will bring you bussiness success.

Trong cu ny, danh t calculatorc ti ba danh t khc c dng lm tnh t miu t cho n. Li dng qu nhiu danh t lm tnh t nh th i khi lm cho cuvn thnh nng n,phi vy chng ta nn trnh l hn.

Ngoi ra cng c nhiu ngi qu tham dng tnh t, vit nhng cu trong cc mt x-ri tnh t ni ui nhau ng trc danh t. Th d:

He lived in a large, ugly, noisy, disagreeable industrial town.

Trong cu ny, danh t town c miu t bng 5 tnh t ni ui nhau ngtrc l large, ugly, noisy, disagreeable v industrial. Do m cu vn trnn nng n, trong khi chng ta c th vit:

He lived in a large industrial town which was ugly, noisy and disagreeable.

Cc bn ng ngi dng lin quan i danh t (relative pronouns) lm nhngmnh tnh t (adjective clauses) v lm cho cu vn thm cn i, bt nng n, v

bt c nhng tnh t hoc nhm ting tnh t ni ui nhau nh ngi ta xp hng

mua v chp bng. Th d:

A man wearing a red tie, leaning against the gate taking his pipe out of hismouth, began to whistle a tune known to them all.

Cu ny c mt lot nhng nhm ting phn t (participle phrases) tc l mtloi nhm ting tnh t ni ui nhau miu t cho danh t man lm cho cu vn rtnng n. Nay chng ta c th sa li l:

A man wearing a red tie, who was leaning against the gat, took his pipe out of

his mouth and began to whistle a tune which they all knew.

Trong cu ny ti dng lin quan i danh t who dn theo mt mnh tnh t miu t cho man v lin quan i danh t which dn theo mt mnh tnh tkhc miu t cho danh t tune. ng thi ti cng cho phn predicate ca cu thm mtng t chnh na l took v ni lin hai ng t bng lin t and.


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SINCE V AGO

Since v ago l hai ch thng lm cho chng ta lng tng v nhiu khi lm ln.Ch ago ng sau mt trng t hoc nhm ting trng t ch thi gian ch mt svic xy ra dt khot trong qu kh cch vi hin ti l bao nhiu lu. Th d:

He left Saigon three months ago.

(Hn ri Saigon cch y ba thng).

Khi ti ni cu ny th hn ri Saigon ri, ngha l hnh ng ri khi

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