Learning

Hosting a hunting-based outdoor skillsevent in yourcommunity

Mary Kay Salwey, Ph.D.WisconsinDepartment of Natural Resources2004

to Hunt

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Credits

Project DirectorMary Kay Salwey, Ph.D.Wisconsin DNRBureau of Wildlife ManagementBox 7921Madison, WI 53707-7921

Editorial AssistanceNancy WilliamsCarrie L. Armus

ArtworkEric DeBoerMary Kay SalweyDynamic GraphicsCindie Brunner

PhotosRobert QueenMary Kay SalweyMike Roach

Design ConceptBlue Raven Graphics

Electronic LayoutMary Kay Salwey, Wisconsin DNR

Published by Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

Copyright 2004 by Wisconsin Department of Natural ResourcesMadison, Wisconsin.

All original illustrations copyrighted.

This book is educational in nature and not-for-profit. It is intended toinspire organizations to pass the tradition of hunting down to youngergenerations. However, all rights are reserved, including the right toreproduce this book or any part thereof in any form except briefquotations for reviews, without the written permission of the publisher.

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Now, WhatDid I Forget?Planning and packing forthe hunting trip

Participants learnwhat key piecesof equipment to

include on ahunting trip.

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Equipment

Day pack, camouflage or blaze orangeShirts and pants, camouflage or blaze orangeUnderwear, long underwearSocks, bootsHat, camouflage or blaze orangeDown vest, wool jacketRain gearFirst-aid kitSurvival kitFlashlightHunting knifeBinocularsVariety of hunting accessoriesWisconsin Waterfowl Hunting Regulations pamphletsHunting licenseHunting permits/tags/stampsExamples of high-energy food (provide enough peanuts, raisins, M&Ms candies and resealable plastic bags to make GORP/Trail Mix for each participant)Water bottles/thermos containersCookwareToilet paperMatchesMap of hunting areaCompassSmall bone sawWhistleSmall fileVarious firearms and ammunition and associated equipment

Objectives

Participants shall:

determine what equipment isneeded for a hunt.

prepare for a hunt with all thenecessary equipment.

insure that the proper care andmaintenance is given toequipment.

explain what hypothermia isand describe its symptoms.

discuss the ways heat is lostfrom the body.

explain the concept of dressingin layers.

state the 3 Ps of survival andwhat the acronym S.T.O.P.means.

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some of the steps in preparing fora successful hunt:

Study the Wildlife. Readingand studying about wildlife willenrich your experiences withwildlife in the field. Learn thehabits of wild animals, theirfood preferences and dailymovements, the ways theyhide and evade people, and theidentifying markings of theanimals you hunt. Also, learnabout the other animals inyour hunting area, especiallythose that may appear similar.Learn to tell the differencebetween these animals beforeyou go hunting.

Study the Regulations.Responsible hunters alwaysread and study the regulationsbefore they set foot in thewoods. Most of the rules that

Archery equipmentPaper and pencilsCopies of “Hunter’s Check List” on pages 84-85.

Station Setup

This activity can be done indoorsor outside at picnic tables.Arrange paper and pencils for yourparticipants to use. Have on handa stack of the “Hunter’s CheckList” to hand out later in thesession. Arrange the equipmenton several tables so that you canreach them when discussing thevarious pieces.

BackgroundInformation

Planning Your HuntAs hunting season approaches,hunters eagerly anticipate openingday. They think about theupcoming hunt, buying a new rifle,reloading special ammunition,camping gear, or maybe a trip to anew hunting grounds. Hunting likeany other activity involving peopleand equipment, requires thoroughplanning to be carried out safelyand successfully. Advancepreparation is the key to a morerewarding and enjoyable huntingtrip. The experienced hunterrealizes it is important to makesome pre-hunt plans for the manyphases of the hunt. Here are

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you need to know are listed inthe hunting regulationspamphlet. Yet, ignorance ofthe law is no excuse. Be aresponsible and ethical hunterand obey the laws whilehunting.

Gain Permission to Hunt.Over 80% of huntable land isowned by private landowners.You must have permission tohunt private land. It is yourresponsibility to find a place tohunt and to obtain permissionbefore hunting privateproperty. County plat booksprovide the names of rurallandowners. These plat bookscan be purchased at the officeof your county clerk oragriculture agent. Once youfind out who owns the land onwhich you’d like to hunt,contact the landowner far inadvance of hunting seasons toask permission to hunt. If thelandowner grants youpermission, then you will haveadequate time to scout thearea and to help the landownerwith the harvest or otherchores. If permission isdenied, be courteous.Landowners have every rightto deny hunters access to theirland. Respect their right to doso. You might want to ask ifyou can “earn” the privilege ofhunting by helping out. Don’t

assume that permission foryou to hunt means permissionfor all your buddies to hunt aswell. Always keep in mind thatyou are an invited guest of thelandowner. Appreciate it andact accordingly.

Know the Boundaries. Askthe landowner to help youunderstand the boundaries ofthe private property. Staywithin those boundaries orgain permission from adjacentlandowners, also. You shouldfind out if you may crossproperty lines to retrievedowned or critically woundedwildlife you shoot.

Obtain Maps. In addition toplat maps, mentioned above,topographic maps are anexcellent aid in planning yourhunt. You can study theterrain without covering all ofit and you can pinpoint thebest potential hunting areas.You can also draw any wildlifetrails, feeding grounds andbedding areas on the map forfuture reference. See Station#22: Sense of Place for moreinformation on topographicmaps.

Scout the Area. Visit andstudy the area prior to thehunting season. Study thewildlife, their habitats, travelroutes and potential escaperoutes.

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Prepare your Equipment.Check your firearms andammunition, test yourcompass for correct operation,sharpen your hunting knife,waterproof your boots andprepare all your other huntinggear. Every hunter accumulatesa different set of tools, spareparts, and gadgets dependingon previous hunting trips. Youwill need to answer severalquestions before you pack.What type of hunt will you beconducting? Will it be a dayhunt or one that will last forseveral days? Will it be a biggame, upland bird orwaterfowl hunt? Will youcamp or is a cabin available?Will you use a firearm or bow?To prevent forgetting to takean essential item, it’s a goodidea to make up a convenientequipment checklist. Yourchecklist will vary according tothe answers to the questionsjust asked. When you’re readyto go hunting, your checklistwill make it easy to ensure youhave everything you need athome and on a hunting trip.(See Hunter’s Checklist atend of this activity).

Sight in your Rifle. Before abig game hunt, “target” yourrifle for expected averageshooting distances you mayencounter during your hunt.Practice shooting in varioushunting positions, using

support when it is available.Practice dry-fire swinging onmoving targets and squeezingthe trigger as your sightswings across the target.

Pattern and Practice withyour Shotgun. Make sureyour shotgun is hitting whereyou aim. Pattern it byshooting at a 30” circle, drawnon paper or cardboard, from adistance of 40 yards. About65% of the shot should bewithin the circle. Practiceshooting clay birds at trap,skeet or sporting clay ranges.Or practice with hand-thrownclay birds at a safe and suitablelocation. To properly hit themoving targets, keep both eyesopen and focused on thetarget, point the shotguninstead of aiming it like a rifle,and pull the trigger instead ofsqueezing it.

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Set Realistic Hunting Goals.It is totally unrealistic to expectthat you will fill your bag limitevery time you hunt. In fact,with steadily declining habitat,you may experience more andmore hunts with less and lessgame bagged. Think ofhunting as a challenging andrewarding outdoor adventureby itself and think of bagginggame as a bonus. Test youroutdoor skills against the finelyhoned survival instincts of wildanimals. Hunt for the sake ofhunting and each trip will bememorable. You will always bea winner, even if you go homeempty-handed.

Plan your Group Hunt. Ifyou are hunting with others,make sure that everyoneunderstands his or her role.Discuss and determine theroute of each hunter. Use amap to depict the plan.Promote teamwork to helpassure success as well assafety. Check everyone’scompass and synchronizewatches to aid in staying onthe planned course and timeschedule. If a last-minutechange in plans occurs, thehunt leader should make sureeveryone understands how itaffects them. While hunting,do not depend on everyhunting partner following theplan and staying at the standor traveling the designatedroutes. Be aware that they

may move or take an alternatefor many reasons. Because ofthat, be doubly sure every shotis made with complete safety.

Think Safety, Act Safely.Establish your “safe zone offire” in your mind when on astand, drive or while still-hunting. Pick out trees, hillsor other natural landmarks onboth sides of your “safe zone,”and then abide by thoseboundaries no matter wheregame runs or flies. Go anextra step toward being aresponsible hunter. Not onlybe sure of your target andwhat’s beyond, but if you haveeven a slight doubt in yourmind about the legality of thetarget, do not shoot!

Understand the Dangers.To adequately plan for a hunt,you must first understandsome of the life-threateningsituations you can encounter inan outdoor setting. Inparticular, understand thedangers of hypothermia.

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HypothermiaWhen hunting, particularly in late fall, winter or earlyspring, you may experience temperatures that are oftenbelow 60 oF. Many times, the days are windy and wet.During these times, one of the biggest threats to yoursurvival is losing body heat. Hypothermia, the numberone killer of outdoor recreationists, is a condition in whichyour body loses heat faster than it can produce it. Yourbody’s core temperature rapidly falls below its normal 98.6OF. It is a rapid, progressive collapse of your mental andphysical capabilities accompanied by the chilling of yourbody’s inner core. It is caused by exposure to cold andaggravated by wind, by being wet and being exhausted. Itis especially dangerous because you may not always beaware that it is happening to you until it is too late torecover.

The signs of hypothermia are:

1. Uncontrollable fits of shivering.2. Vague, slow, slurred speech.3. Memory lapses or incoherence4. Immobile, fumbling hands5. Frequent stumbling6. Drowsiness7. Apparent exhaustion. Inability to get up after a rest.

Most cases of hypothermia develop when temperatures arebetween 30 and 50 degrees. Many outdoor recreationistscannot believe that such apparently mild temperatures canbe so dangerous. They sometimes fatally underestimatethe danger of being wet when the temps are so mild.Hypothermia can strike when you least expect it and issometimes called “the killer of the unprepared.”

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Five Ways Your BodyLoses Heat

Convection: Heat istransferred away from yourbody to the air or water whencolder air or water moves overyour body. Even the slightestbare skin much faster than stillair. Wind can drive cold airunder and through clothing.Clothes with extremely tightweave can protect you fromwind and reduce the amount ofheat your body loses byconvection. Wind refrigerateswet clothes by evaporatingmoisture from the surface. Aduck hunter who unexpectedlyfalls into the water or staysout in the rain, withoutappropriate clothing, candevelop hypothermia. Clothingthat is waterproof or waterrepellent will help keep youdry.

Conduction: Heat is lost byyour body being in directcontact with a colder object,such as the ground. Thecolder the surface you touch,the more heat that is lost.Bare skin touching cold metalsuch as gun barrels or tentstakes can quickly causefrostbite. Directly sitting onsnow can cause loss of bodyheat by conduction and canalso make your clothes wet,thus increasing your chancesfor hypothermia. Clothing thatinsulates your body heat helps

reduce conduction. Sitting oncushions, sleeping on closed-cell insulating pads andwearing hat and glovesinsulates your body from coldsurfaces.

Radiation: Heat is lost byelectromagnetic wavesescaping from your body tothe surrounding, colderenvironment. The largest lossof heat by radiation occursfrom your head, neck, hands,wrist and ankles. Up to 75%of heat loss can occur throughthe head and neck. Keep theseareas covered with appropriateclothing, particularly at thefirst signs of shivering. An oldsaying is “When your feet getcold, put on your hat.” Youshould wear loose, lightweightlayers of dry clothes. If yourclothes are too tight (like toomany socks in your boots),you’ll cut off circulation andincrease heat loss. You shouldbe able to wiggle your toes.Good outdoor clothing retainsbody heat and traps insulatingair. Wear a wool hat andprotect your neck. Goosedown is a good materialbecause it retains body heatvery well and it is lighter inweight than wool. However, itloses its insulating qualitieswhen it becomes wet. Newerpolyester substances such asThinsulate have heat retentionvalues twice that of down, yetthey will not absorb water.

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Evaporation: You lose heatby sweating and by breathing(see respiration below). In thesummer time, this is how yourbody keeps its coretemperature from becomingtoo high (hyperthermic). Butyour body can sweat even incold weather. Hunters need tobe especially careful aboutbeing dressed too warm towalk into their stand. Theycan sweat on the walk in andthen get chilled from being wetwhile they are still motionlesson their hunting stand. Anytime your body gets wet whenit is cold, you are asking fortrouble. In cold weather, it is agood rule of thumb to avoidperspiring during your huntingactivities. You can control theamount of heat you lose byevaporation by wearingclothing that can be ventilatedor taken off, that will notabsorb water, but will breathe.One problem with many typesof rain gear is that they do notallow moisture to escape, soyour perspiration gets trappedand you get wet anyway.Clothes lose about 90% oftheir insulating value whenthey get wet. Wool, however,is a great traditional clothbecause it has the valuableproperty of drying from theinside out, thus it helps to wickmoisture away from your skin.Even when wool is wet itprovides some insulationagainst the cold. Cotton, on

the other hand, is hard to dryand will freeze if it gets wet incold weather. Wet down isworthless. Some modernmaterials such as Gore-Texprovide wind and waterprotection while still allowingbody moisture to escape.

Respiration: Heat escapeseach time you exhale. Youbreathe in the cold air andyour body transfers heat fromwithin its core to the air. Youthus exhale warm air and loosebody heat with each breath.You can reduce this heat lossby covering your mouth andnose area with a bandanna or ascarf made out of wool.

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Gloves

FlannelShirt

Hat

Down Jacket

Mittens

Zip-upSnowsuit

Wool Pants2 PairsWoolSocks Insulated

Boot

ThermalUnderwear

Rain Gear

Insulating Layer: This is thelayer that provides you extrawarmth. It consists of thesecond pair of underwear(long johns over thin silkunderwear), a second pair ofgloves or mittens (mittensprovide better insulation sinceyour fingers touch and canwarm each other), a secondpair of socks (thick wool socksover thinner layer). Woolshirt, wool pants, insulatedvest, insulated coat, warmknitted hat, extra thick woolinserts in hunting boots areother examples of theinsulating layer.

Protective Layer: This layerprotects you and your clothesfrom the elements: chaps orchap-pants to protect you frombrambles, raingear, overshoes,parka with hood, over-mittenswith forearm chaps.

Dress like an OnionDress in layers. There are threebasic layers:

Foundation Layer: This isthe clothing immediately nextto your skin. In mild weather,you can wear regular cottonunderwear. In colder weather,you will need to wear suitablelong underwear tops andbottoms, preferably two layerswith the inner layer of silk.Wear two pairs of socks, withthe thin, lightweight ones nextto your feet. They should bewool, Orlon, or wool-Orlonmix. Don’t wear cotton socksbecause they make your feetfeel wet, cold, clammy anduncomfortable. They can evencause blisters. In extremelycold weather, wear two pairsof gloves with the inner layerbeing thinner knitted wool.

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Plan Your MealsWhile you can live only about 3days without water, your body canfunction for up to three or moreweeks without food, if you remaininactive. Food produces theenergy you need during yourhunting trip. When planning youroutdoor meals, you need toconsider that different types offoods produce different amountsof energy. For instance, fatsproduce over twice as muchenergy as protein orcarbohydrates. Therefore, youroutdoor hunting expedition shouldinclude plenty of high-energyfoods such as nuts, peanut butter,vegetable oils, butter ormargarine. GORP (Good OldRaisins and Peanuts), or trail mix,is a good source of high energy foractive hunters. The basic recipecalls for equal parts of peanuts,raisins and M&M candies. This canbe carried in your hunting jacketto provide you with quick energy.

Clothing not only has to beappropriate for the weather, itneeds to be appropriate for thehunting experience and for safety.Camouflage clothing allows you toblend in with your environment soyou are less visible to the animalsyou are hunting. The purpose ofdressing in blaze orange is to helphunters see each other in the field.

Plan Your Water SupplyWater is essential for a healthybody and crucial to most bodyfunctions. A good majority of ourbody (50-70%) is made of water.A person can expect to live onlyabout three days without drinkingwater. So control of water loss iscritical. This is true in coldweather as well as hot.Dehydration is a problem youencounter regardless of thetemperature. You lose, withnormal activity, about 2 and ½quarts of water per day…twoquarts from excretions, one pintfrom respiration and one pintfrom perspiration. Both theweather conditions and yourphysical exertion while hunting willimpact the amount of water youlose. Since you need to replacethis water loss on a daily basis,you must arrange to have waterwhile you are hunting. If you can’tcarry all the water you need, youshould plan on packing necessarywater purification systems, such aspans for boiling surface water,chemical treatments (such asbleach), or microfiltration devices. Include some high calorie

foods in your meals.

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The Three P’s of Survival

When planning an outdoor experience away from home, youmust consider your survival needs. You never know when anemergency may happen such as a swift change in the weather oran accident. You need to consider the three “Ps” of survival:

Planning a hunting trip should take place well in advance ofthe outing.

Preparation means to know and practice survival skillsbefore you may need to use them.

Prevention means to anticipate and avoid emergencysituations.

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Rules for Outdoor Survival

Hunt with the “buddy” system.Have a partner to stay in touchwith. Watch over each otherand share responsibilities,duties and successes.

Never tolerate unsafe practicesby hunters in your party.Caution any hunter who iscareless in handling a firearm.

Plan ahead for possiblechanges in the weather.

Do not exceed your physicalability or outdoor skills.

If you get lost, then. . .

S.T.O.P.!

Give explicit directions tosomeone at home regardingwhere you will be hunting andthen go there. If somethinghappens to you, others will beable to find you.

Travel very slowly whilehunting. You will see morewildlife, bag more game andavoid slipping and falling.

Learn to use a topographicmap and compass and carrythese with you. Set a courseand be aware if you changedirections. Check behind youfor landmarks to find your wayback.

Avoid streams that are deepand have steep banks. Stay offthin ice or slipperystreambanks.

Respect all wildlife and do notdisturb non-game wildlife.Take time to appreciate andlearn about these animals byobserving their behavior.

Make sure any animal youdown is dead before handlingit. If in doubt, poke it gentlywith a stick to be sure.

Carry a compact survival kit toprevent and treat injuries, starta fire and providenourishment.

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S.T. O.P. !Sit down and relax. Don’t panic, but admit you’re lost. Build afire if night is drawing near. The fire will provide you with asource of warmth and comfort and can also act as a signal.

Think. Think about your situation. What needs to be done next?

Observe. Look for familiar landmarks. Consider the weather.Will it be changing? Look around for materials to provide youwith shelter, fire, water and food.

Plan. After you sit down and have thought about the possibilitiesand observed your surroundings, plan what your next move willbe. Many times it is a better idea to make a camp and wait forhelp to come to you rather than expend extra energy trying towalk out.

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Procedure

Explain to your participants thatthey will be planning a hunt in thisactivity. Review the informationdiscussed in the BackgroundInformation section aboveregarding planning for the hunt.

Discuss the three “P’s” of survival.Tell participants they need tofollow the basic survival rulesdescribed in the BackgroundInformation section above. Alsoexplain they should “S.T.O.P.” whenthey get lost.

Ask participants what they wouldwear if hunting in warm weather.In cold weather? Discuss thedangers of hypothermia. Defineand describe the ways the bodyloses heat.

Discuss the benefits of dressing likean onion…that is, dressing inlayers. Describe the three majorlayers of clothing. Show examplesof each layer. Explain the need tokeep hands and feet warm and dry.Stress the importance of layeringsocks and gloves and of bringingalong extra pairs of socks andgloves. Also stress the importanceof covering the head.

Next, discuss the advantages anddisadvantages of different types ofclothing materials, such as wool,cotton, goose down,polypropylene, Thermax TM,Thinsulate TM, Hollofil II,PolarGuard, and GoreTex TM.

Discuss the use of camouflageversus blaze orange. Showexamples of the different types ofpatterns (for example, leafpatterns, bark patterns, cattailpatterns, blaze camouflage) andtheir uses.

Discuss the importance ofproviding for a reliable source ofclean drinking water and whatoptions are available if they can’tpack all their own water withthem. Discuss the different waterpurification systems available.

Talk about the need for high-energy food during outdoorhunting expeditions. Explain thedifferences in the amount ofenergy produced by fats versusproteins and carbohydrates. Haveyour participants make GORP andtake a small bag of this trail mix toeat as a snack during the rest ofthe day’s events.

Now reveal that the participantswill make plans for a waterfowlhunt. Hand each participant themost recent Waterfowl HuntingRegulations pamphlet. Tell themthat before any hunt, they shouldreview the appropriateregulations. Ask them what’s newfor the upcoming duck season.

Activity

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Ask participants to work in groupsto develop a checklist of all theequipment that they will need fortheir hunt. Handout the Hunter’sCheck List and compare their listto the list you provide them.

Next, work with participants todevelop a plan of action for theactual hunt. Break your groupinto two teams. Have one teammake a plan for a one-day trip,and the other team plan for a triplasting one week. Tell them thatfor group hunts, the hunt planshould divide the responsibilities soall hunters are involved inpreparing for the hunt. Have yourparticipants consider the following:

Who will secure and pack thevarious camp gear needed?

If you will be hunting biggame, who has a meat saw?

What kind of vehicle is neededto transport the group? Whowill provide it?

How long will it take to travelto the site, and when will youleave?

Are there clear directions tothe hunting area?

Are area maps available andhow can they be obtained?

How will expenses be shared?

If planning a hunt on privateland, who will contact thelandowner?

How can the group becontacted in the event of anemergency?

Will you call home during thehunt?

Ask the teams to share their planswith each other.

Have different types of clothing,boots, firearms and ammunition,food and other equipmentavailable for the students tocompare. Explain the advantagesand disadvantages of each piece ofequipment.

Remind participants to alwaysinclude a good first-aid kit with anappropriate First-Aid Handbook.The handbook should help themunderstand what to do fordifferent emergencies. These kitsmay be purchased in a variety ofsizes, but encourage them toconsider making one of their own.They should know what is in thekit and how to use it. Have agood first-aid kit handy and showthem the components of the kit,explaining how each piece is used.

Also stress the importance oftaking along a small, pocket-sizedpersonal survival kit in the eventof an emergency. Have a survivalkit on hand to demonstrate whatequipment to include in the kit.

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Remind participants that there’splenty of work to do after thehunt. Equipment should bechecked, skillets greased, firearmscleaned, tents dried out, stovesand lanterns cleaned, and allequipment readied and stored forthe next outing. Taking time toclean equipment ensures it willhave a long life and will be readyfor the next outing.

Firearms

FirearmGun caseAmmunitionGun cleaning kitHunting regulationsHunting licensePermits, game tags,registration materialsSpotting scope

Archery Supplies

BowExtra bow stringHunting arrowsField arrowsSpare broadheadsBroadhead cementBroadheadBroadhead fileQuiverBow string silencersBrush deflectorsBow string waxBow tip protectorArmguardShooting glove or tabCamouflage bowcoverCamouflage outfitArchery regulationsArchery licensePermits, game tags,registration materials

Hunting-relatedEquipment

Appropriate decoysAppropriate callsScent cover-upsBinocularsCompassTopographic map for remote areasKnifeWhetstoneBlock and tackleBone sawMeat sacksBulk saltPlastic bagsRope and wireWaders or hip boots

Clothing

Thin inner pair of socksHeavy wool socksExtra pair of socksBootsCamp shoesUnderwearLong underwear tops and bottomsWool shirtSweaterTrousers (wool or canvas)Hunting jacketVestHunting hatGloves or mittensExtra pair of gloves or mittensRain GearSilicone boot dressingSpare boot laces

Toiletries

Toilet paperToothbrushToothpasteHand soapTowelWashclothCombDeodorantPrescription medicationRazor and shaving creamSewing kit

Camping Gear

TentTarpSleeping bagFoam pad or air mattressPillowCamp seatsCamp stove and fuelCooking utensilsMatches, waterproofCoolerWater containersFoodWater bottles or thermos containersLantern & fuelExtra mantlesFlashlightsFlare gun and flaresAxBucketsHammer and nailsCamp shovelTool kit

Hunter’s Check List

Accessories

Duffel bagCamera and filmField guidesSunglassesPencilNotebook

First-Aid Kit

First-Aid handbookEmergency numbers forlocal areaDozen assorted Band-Aids4 x 4 inch sterile bandageRoll of 1-inch gauzebandageRoll of ½ inch adhesivetapePetroleum gelAntisepticRazor bladeSmall scissorsTweezersEye snareSmall mirrorAspirinIbuprofen

Safety pins in fourassorted sizes

Needle and threadNails in four

assorted sizesPencil and paperSnare wire (3 yards

of copper orbrass wire)

Chicken bouilloncubes (2)

Tea bags (1 or 2small packages)

Salt in small packetSignal mirrorTape (tape lid to

container with 18 inches of

waterproof tape)

Survival Kit

Container (small, pocket-sized metal containersuch as empty pipetobacco can)

Container lid (outsidepainted fluorescentorange, inside with aground to air signalcard taped to it)

Handles (drill holes andattach wire handles forcooking)

Matches (long-stemmed,strike-anywherewooden matches orwindproof matcheswith a striker)

Flint and steelFire starter tablet (burns approximately 6 minutes)Absorbent cotton batting

(for tinder)Small pocket knife with two bladesFishing equipment (lures,

line, hooks, split shot, bobber)

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Hunting and Outdoor Skills Student Manual, National RifleAssociation of America, 1993.

The Hunter’s Guide, National Rifle Association of America, Washington,D.C., 1990.

Basic Principles: Outdoor Living Skills Series, Don Deaton, Ph.D.,Missouri Department of Conservation, 1979. (curriculum guide)

Preparing for a Successful Hunt, Wisconsin Department of NaturalResources, 1985.

References