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Stairway

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Stairway,staircase,stairwell,flightofstairsorsimplystairsarenamesforaconstructiondesignedtobridgea

largeverticaldistancebydividingitintosmallerverticaldistances,calle

dsteps.Stairwaysmaybestraight,

round,ormayconsistoftwoormorestra

ightpiecesconnectedatangles

.

Specialstairwaysincludeescalatorsandladders.Alternativestostairwaysareelevators,stairliftsandin

clined

movingsidewalksaswellasstationaryin

clinedsidewalks.

Componentsandterminology

Step

AntiqueTheat

erstaircasewith

multiplerepairsoffeet-wornstairs

Astraightstairwaywithtiledtreads,

adoublerailinga

ndtwolandingsin

the"PortaGaribaldi"station,Milan

Contents

1C

omponentsandterminology

1.1Step

1.2Therailingsystem

1.3Otherterminology

1.4Measurements

2E

rgonomicsandbuildingcoderequirements

3U

KBuildingRegulations

4Forms

4.1Spiralandhelicalstairs

4.1.1History

4.2Alternatingtreadstairs

5N

otablestairways

6Imageinart

7G

allery

8Seealso

9R

eferences

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ikipedia.org/wiki/Stairway


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Mandatehandrailsifthereismore

thanacertainnumberofsteps(typically2risers)

Min

imumwidthofthestairway,withandwithouthandrails

Not

allowdoorstoswingoverstep

s;thearcofdoorsmustbecom

pletelyonthelanding/floor.

AStairwellmaybedesignatedasanAreaofrefugeaswellasafireescaperoute,duetoitsfire-resistancerateddesignandfres

hairsupply.

Jacques-FranoisBlondelinhis1771Co

ursd'architecture[6] wasthefirstknownpersontoestablishtheergonomicrelationshipoftreadandriser

dimension

s.[7] Hespecifiedthat2xriser

+tread=steplength.[8]

Itisestimatedthatanoticeablemis-stepoccursoncein7,398usesanda

minoraccidentonaflightofs

tairsoccursoncein63,000uses.[9] Somepeople

choosetoliveinresidenceswithoutstairssothattheyareprotectedfrom

injury.

Stairsarenotsuitableforwheelchairsandothervehicles.Astairliftisamechanicaldeviceforliftingw

heelchairsupanddownstairs.

Forsufficiently

widestairs,arailismountedtothetreadsofthestairs.Achairisattache

dtotherailandthepersononthechairisliftedasthechairm

ovesalongthe

rail.

UKBu

ildingRegulations

(overview

ofApproveddocumentK-StairsRampsandGuards)

Approved

documentKcategorisesstairs

asPrivate,Institutionaloras

semblyandother

Whencon

sideringstairsforprivatedwellings

Buildingr

egulationsarerequiredforstairsusedwherethedifferenceof

levelisgreaterthan600mm

Steepness

ofstairsRiseandGoing-A

nyrisebetween155mmand2

20mmusedwithanygoingbetween245mmand260mmoranyrisebetween

165mman

d200mmusedwithanygoing

between223mmand300mm

Maximum

Rise220mmandMinimumGoing220mmrememberingthat

themaximumpitchofprivatestairsis42

.Thenormalrelationshipbetween

dimension

softheriseandgoingisthattwicetheriseplusthegoing(2R

+G)shouldbebetween550m

mand700mm

Constructionofsteps-Stepsshouldhav

eleveltreads,theymayhaveo

penrisersbutifsotreadsshouldoverlapatleast16mm.Domesticprivatestairs

arelikelytobeusedbychildrenunder5yearsoldsotheyshouldbecon

structedsothata100mmdiameterspherecannotpassthough

theopeninginthe

risers.

Headroom

-Aheadroomof2misadequ

ate.Specialconsiderationscan

bemadeforloftconversionsseeparagraph1.10oftheapprov

eddocumentfor

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landingsa

ndapossiblechangeofdirectionhavethefollowingeffects:

The

upstairsisnotdirectlyvisiblefromthebottomofthestairs,w

hichcanprovidemoreprivacy

fortheupperfloor.

Afa

llcanbearrestedatthelanding.

Tho

ughthelandingsconsumetotalfloorspace,thereisnorequire

mentforalargesingledimension,allowingmoreflexiblefloo

rplandesigns.

For

largerstairs,particularlyinexteriorapplications,alandingcanprovideaplacetoresttheleg

s.

Spiralandhelicalstairs

Spiralstairswindaroundacentral

pole.Theytypicallyhav

ea

handrailontheoutersid

eonly,

andontheinnersidejus

tthe

centralpole.Asquaredspiralstair

assumesasquarestairwelland

expandsthestepsandra

ilingtoa

square,resultinginuneq

ualsteps

(largerwheretheyexten

dintoa

cornerofthesquare).A

pure

spiralassumesacircularstairwell

andthestepsandhandra

ilare

equalandpositionedscr

ew-

symmetrically.Atightspiralstair

w

ithacentralpoleisveryspace

efficientintheuseoffloorarea.Spiral

stairshave

thedisadvantageofbeingverysteep.Unlessthecentralcolumnisverylarge,thecircumferenceof

thecircleatthewalklinewillbesmallen

oughthatitwillbeimpossible

tomaintainanormalgoinganda

normalris

ewithoutcompromisingheadroombeforereachingtheupper

floor.Tomaintainheadroomm

ostspiral

stairshave

veryhighrisesandaveryshortgoing.Mostbuildingcodeslimittheuseofspiralstairstosmallareas

orsecondaryusage.[citationneeded]

Theterm"spiral"isusedincorrectlyfora

staircasefromamathematical

viewpoint,asamathematicalspirallies

inasingle

planeandmovestowardsorawayfromacentralpoint.Aspiralstaircasebythemathematical

definition

thereforewouldbeoflittleuse

asitwouldaffordnochangeinelevation.Thecorrectmathem

atical

termform

otionwherethelocusremains

atafixeddistancefromafixed

linewhilstmovinginacircula

rmotion

aboutitis

"helix".Thepresenceorotherw

iseofacentralpoledoesnotaffecttheterminologyappliedtothedesignofthestructure.

ThereisnonewelatLoretto

Chapel'sspiralstaircase(the

"Miraclestair")

inSantaFe,New

Mexic

o,USA.

UpwardviewoftheTulipStairs&

lanternattheQueen'sHouse,

Greenwich,UnitedKingdom.

Spiralstairwayseenfrombelow

;

MelkAbbey,Austria.

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thestairsappeartobenever-ending,aphysicalimpossibility.The

imagewasadoptedbyM.C.E

scherin

hisiconiclithographAscendingandDescending.

Image

inart

Stairwayi

sametaphorofachievementorlossofapositioninthesociety,ametaphorofhierarchy(e.g.Jacob's

Ladder,TheBattleshipPotemkin).

Gallery

Theworld'slong

eststairwayatthe

Niesenbahnfunic

ularinSwitzerland

has11,674steps 1

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Spiral(d

oublehelix)

stairsof

theVatican

Museum

s

AngkorW

atin

Cambodia

.

Modifiedstairwayforthe

elderlyinThailand.

ThePotemkinStairs

(18344

1)inOdessa,

Ukraine.

Spiralstai

rswith

ornamentalbalusters.

Beatlesons

tairwayof

JapanAirlin

esDouglas

DC-8

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Seeals

o

Cab

lerailings

Fire

escape

Fish

ladder

Stairclimbing

Stee

lsquareforuseinstairframing.

Refere

nces

1.^"B

anister".http://m-w.com/cgi-bin/d

ictionary?book=Dictionary&va=banister.Retrieved2November201

0.

2.^"A

-MezzEngineeredIBCStairs".http://www.amezz.com/ibc-stairs-co

de.htm.Retrieved2November2010.

3.^StateofCalifornia

4.^"P

opularMechanicshomepage".http://www.popularmechanics.com/how_

to_central/home_clinic/1275341.html.Retrieved2November2010.

5.^NFPA101LifeSafetyCodeHandbo

okTenthEdition2006,CotandHarrington,ISBN0-87765-697-5,pg.167

6.^"B

artlebyonline".http://www.bartleby.com/65/bl/BlondelF.html.Retrieved2November2010.

7.^"?".http://97.1911encyclopedia.org/S/ST/STAIRCASE.htm.

8.^"?".http://www.generativeart.com/2000/KOUTAMANIS_

GA_

2000.H

TM.

9.^"S

tairSafety:AReviewoftheLiteratureandDataConcerningStairGeometryandOtherCharacteristics".http://www.toolbase.org/Best-Practices/Codes-

Regulations-Standards/stair-safety.Retrieved2November2010.

10.^"S

tairs".BBC.co.uk.23January200

1.http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A506611.Retrieved2November

2010.

11.^Ruggeri,Stefania:Selinunt,Edizio

niAffinitElettive,Messina2006

,ISBN88-8405-079-0,p.77

12.^JamesH.Monckton(1891).Monckto

nsOnePlaneMethodOfHandRailingandStairBuilding,

Copyrigh

t1888.p.Plate2,Figure4.

13.^"?".http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/gwr5/content_pages/record

.asp?recordid=49700.

14.^"W

elcometoLysefjord".http://www

.lysefjordeninfo.no/en/.Retrieved

2November2010.

Retrieved

from"http://en.wikipedia.org/w

iki/Stairway"

Categories:Architecturalelements|Gard

enfeatures|Stairways|Buildingengineering|Safetycodes

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