Human Rights and Terrorism Defense Institute of International Legal Studies Regional Defense Combating Terrorism Fellowship Program

Human RightsandTerrorism

Defense Institute of International Legal Studies

Regional Defense Combating Terrorism Fellowship Program

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law

IV. Arrest and Detention

V. Trial and Punishment

VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

2

Introduction:Module Objectives

• Participants will be able to define the major sources of human rights law

• Participants will be able to list the human rights available during arrest, detention, trial, and punishment

• Participants will be able to list the human rights issues in interrogation and combating terrorism generally

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

I. Introduction: What law applies?

Ordinary crime

•National constitution and laws•International human rights law

3

Internal Armed Conflict

• National constitution and laws

• International human rights law

• International law of armed conflict

4

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


International Armed Conflict

•Customary international law of armed conflict

5

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


I. Relationship BetweenLaw of Armed Conflictand Human Rights Law

• Internal armed conflict

• International armed conflict

The law of armed conflict prevails in those situations in which both provide rules.

6

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

I. International Human Rights

Purposes:

•Protect citizens from government

•Obligate government to provide benefits to citizens

7

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

Sources:

•International agreements

• Binding on States which are party to them

•Customary international law

• Binding on every state unless a persistent objector

•Domestic law

8

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

I. International Human Rights

I. UN Charter – Article 1(3)

“The Purposes of the United Nations are:

3. To achieve international cooperation in ....promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinctionas to race, sex, language, or religion.”

9

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

II. UN Universal Declarationof Human Rights

• Adopted by General Assembly in 1948

• non-binding list of aspirational goals

• Some have become binding as customary international law

10

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

• 159 party states• committed respect

specified rights in their borders

• agree domestic laws to give effect to specified rights

• obligations may be limited by reservation

11

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

II. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Nations not yet a party:

12

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

Antigua & BarbudaBahamasBrunei DarussalamChina (PRC)CubaFijiGuinea-BissauKiribatiLaosMontenegroMyanmar (Burma)NauruOmanPakistan

PalauPapua New GuineaQatarSaint Kitts & NevisSaint LuciaSao Tome & PrincipeSolomon IslandsTongaTuvaluUnited Arab EmiratesVanuatu


• A nation may temporarily suspend most rights due to public emergency threatening life of nation, except:

• Arbitrary deprivation of life

• Torture or cruel, inhuman,or degrading treatment

13

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


• prohibition on slavery and servitude

• imprisonment for debt

• retroactive application of criminal law

• recognition before the law

• right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion

14

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


II. Customary International Law of Human Rights

• Prohibits:

• Genocide

• Slavery or slave trade

• Murder or causing disappearance of persons

• Torture or cruel, inhumane, degrading treatment

15

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

• Prolonged arbitrary detention

• Systematic racial discrimination

• Consistent pattern of gross violation of other internationally recognized human rights

16

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

II. Customary International Law of Human Rights

III. Human Rights in Arrest and Detention of Terrorist Suspects

• only on grounds and procedures established by law

• informed at time of arrest of reason; promptly informed of charges

• be promptly brought before judge; be tried or released in a reasonable time

17

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

• entitled to court hearing on lawfulness of detention

• release and compensation for unlawful arrest or detention

• persons detained treated with humanity and respect

18

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

III. Human Rights in Arrest and Detention of Terrorist Suspects

• fair, public hearing by impartial tribunal

• public disclosure of judgment

• presumed innocent

• informed of nature and cause of charges

19

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

IV. Human Rights in the Trial and Punishment of Terrorist Suspects

• adequate time and facilities to

• prepare defense

• be tried without delay

• defend himself in person or through counsel

20

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


• examine government witnesses and obtain witnesses on own behalf

• assistance of an interpreter

• right not to testify against self

• have conviction & sentence reviewed

21

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


• right not to be tried twice for same offense

• right to be tried only for offense established at time crime was committed

• right not to be arbitrarily deprived of life

22

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


VI. Torture, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment

• Convention on Torture Definition:

• “any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person….”

23

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

• Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment

• undefined by international law

• national law fills the void

24

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


VI. Goal of Interrogation

• Obtain reliable information in a lawful manner in the minimum time

• Torture and other illegal methods:

• produce unreliable results

• damage subsequent collection efforts

• bring domestic and international

• discredit25

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

Executive Branch

•Presidential Policy: U.S. does not torture

•Presidential Order – November, 2001

• treat detainees humanely

26

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


• Field Manual on Military Interrogation

• 17 authorized techniques

• torture & other illegal methods prohibited

27

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


VI. FM 34-52 Interrogation Techniques

1. Direct Questions

2. Offer Incentives

3. Emotional Love

4. Emotional Hate

5. Fear-Up (Harsh)

6. Fear-Up (Mild)

7.Fear-Down

8. Pride & Ego-Up

28

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

9. Pride and Ego-Down

10. Futility

11. We Know All

12. File and Dossier

13. Establish Your Identity

14. Repetition

15. Rapid Fire

16. Silent

17. Change of Scene29

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

VI. FM 34-52 Interrogation Techniques

VI. Department of Justice Memorandum – August, 2002

• Torture is:

• excruciating and agonizing pain

• equal to pain of serious physical injury or death

• mental pain that results in significant psychological harm of significant duration

30

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

VI. Additional Techniques at GITMO

Approved by SECDEF 2 December 02 – 15 January, 2003:•False Flag/False Documents•Good Cop/Bad Cop•Stress Positions (4 hours)•Isolation (30 days)•Non-Standard Environment•Deprivation of Light

and Sound

31

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


• Hooding• Prolonged Interrogation

(20 hours)• Remove All Comfort Items• Cold Field Rations• Removal of Clothing• Forced Grooming• Exploiting Fears (dogs)• Mild Physical Contact

32

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

• Approved by SECDEF after 16 April, 2003:

• Good Cop/Bad Cop

• Dietary Manipulation

• Environmental Manipulation

• Sleep Adjustment

• False Flag

• Isolation

33

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


VI. Department of Justice Memorandum – December, 2004

• Torture is:

• extreme, deliberate and unusually cruel practices such as sustained systematic beatings, application of electric current to sensitive body parts, and tying or hanging in positions that cause extreme pain34

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

• March, 2005 - Defense Lawyers' Working Group Memorandum rescinded

• December, 2005 - Secretary of State announces policy of no cruel, inhuman, degrading treatment outside U.S. territory

35

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

VI. Department of Justice Memorandum – December, 2004

VI. Detainee Treatment Act of 2005

• “No person in custody or under the effective control of the Department of Defense or under detention in a Department of Defense facility shall be subject to any treatment or technique of interrogation not authorized by and listed in the U.S. Army Field Manual on Intelligence Interrogation.” (Sec. 1402(a))36

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

• “No individual in the custody or under the physical control of the U.S. Government, regardless of nationality or physical location, shall be subject to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment.” (Sec. 1403(a))

37

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

VI. Detainee Treatment Act of 2005

Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld

IV. Torture

38

Supreme Court, June, 2006

- 1949 Geneva Conventions Common Article 3 applies to conflict with Al Qaeda

- It applies in armed conflict other than between nations

-- President’s interpretation that Common Article 3 does not apply to Al Qaeda is reasonable

-- Court has long held executive interpretation entitled to great weight

VI. Common Article 3of 1949 Geneva Conventions

• Detained persons must:

• be treated humanely

• not be subject to violence to life and person

• not be subject to humiliating or degrading treatment

• be cared for if wounded or sick

39

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

VI. FM 2-22.2 Human Intelligence Collection Operations

• Detainees treated:

• humanely;

• no torture, or cruel, inhuman, degrading treatment;

40

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

• prohibited actions include:

• forcing detainee to be naked, perform sexual acts, pose in sexual manner

• hooding, duct tape over eyes

• beatings, electric shock, other physical pain41

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


• "water boarding"

• use of military working dogs

• inducing hypothermia or heat injury

42

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


• mock executions

• deprivation of necessary food, water, or

medical care

43

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion


Self-Determination

•External self-determination

• not applicable to minorities within a state

•Internal self-determination

• right to independent,

• democratic institutions

44

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

VII. Self-Determination

• state option for election

• to determine independence

• state option to grant autonomy

45

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

VII. Self-Determination

• Freedom of thought, conscience and religion

• Limitations on practice necessary for:

• Public safety

• Order

• Health

• Morals

• Rights of others46

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

VII. Freedom of Religion

VII. Freedom of Expression

• Right to hold and express opinions

• Limitations:

• defamation

• national security

• public order, health, safety or morals

• war propaganda

• hate speech

47

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Human Rights

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

VIII. Terrorism as a Violation of Human Rights

• prohibition against arbitrary deprivation of life

• prohibition against torture or cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment

48

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Motivation

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

IX. Human Rights Enforcement

• Domestic legal systems

• UN Human Rights Council

• ICCPR UN Human Rights Committee

• Security Council

• Sanctions

• Criminal tribunals

• Peace enforcement

• Regional organizations49

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Motivation

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

X. Conclusion

• Human Rights protected by: Domestic law guided by relevant Human Rights Law

• Minimum Human Rights standards

50

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Motivation

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

X. Conclusion

• Only internal self-determination for minorities

• Violence not authorized to achieve rights

• States must balance rights

51

I. Introduction

II. Standards

III. Law



VI. Torture

VII. Motivation

VIII. Terrorism

IX. Enforcement

X. Conclusion

Human RightsandTerrorism

Defense Institute of International Legal Studies

Regional Defense Combating Terrorism Fellowship Program