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Karnataka Text Book Society (R.)100 Ft. Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage,

Bengaluru - 560 085.

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PREFACE The Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new textbooks according to the new syllabi prepared which in turn are designed based on NCF – 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 11 languages, seven of them serve as the media of instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects namely mathematics, science and social science.NCF – 2005 has a number special features and they are:• Connectingknowledgetolifeactivities• Learningtoshiftfromrotemethods• Enrichingthecurriculumbeyondtextbooks• Learningexperiencesfortheconstructionofknowledge• Making examinations flexible and integrating themwith classroom

experiences• Caringconcernswithinthedemocraticpolicyofthecountry• Makeeducationrelevanttothepresentandfutureneeds.• Softening the subject boundaries integrated knowledge and the joy of

learning.• Thechildistheconstructorofknowledge The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely. Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integrated approach The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, masters skills and competencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated with values. The new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help the learner in the total development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country India. Languagetextbooksaredesignedtohelplearnersmastercommunicativecompetencies,excellentcomprehension,meaningfulexpressionandefficientreference skills.

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English is studied by most students as the second language. Teachers have to keep in mind the three fundamental approaches based on which the readers have been designed and adapt their teaching methods and help learners master language skills and competencies and help them become excellent users of English. Schools in Karnataka offer seven languages as media of instruction and eight asfirstlanguagesandtenlanguagesareofferedasthirdlanguage.Theobjectiveistohelpthelearnerstousetheselanguagesefficientlyatthecommunicativelevel. It is hoped that at least a cross section of learners achieve competencies to use these languages at the creative level. Teachers are expected to adapt their teaching methods not to make these textbooks just feed materials for examinations, but help learners master language competencies such as communication, comprehension, expression in writing and necessary reference skills. There is going to be a source book for teachers in Kannada 1st language, English 2nd language and Hindi 3rd language. Please make use of these source books and make teaching very effective. The Textbook Society expresses its gratitude to the chairpersons, writers scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of the Editorial Board in helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks.

Prof. G S Mudambadithaya Nagendrakumar Co-ordinator ManagingDirector Karnataka Textbook Society® Karnataka Textbook Society® Bengaluru. Bengaluru.

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_¡gyé-570005

gXñ` :

lr_Vr. gw_m. Eg. Ho$, {df` n[adr[jH$m (qhXr) ~|Jbyé {d^mJ Am`wŠVmb` ~|Jbyé-560 001

S>m°. am{JZr. Ama, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m (ñd¡pÀN>H$ AdH$me àmá) 738/4, gmopßnZH$mobm ñQ´>rQ>, H$mern{V AJ«hma, Ho$.Ama. _whëbm, _¡gyé - 24

S>m°. Eg. E. _§OwZmW, ghm`H$ àmo\o$ga Ed§ {d^mJmÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, nm|n¡ H$m°boO, EoH$bm,

_§Jbyé-574141

S>m°. Eg. {d{O, gh-{ejH$ (qhXr), gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, dm|Q>rH$moßnb, _¡gyé-570020

lr. Or. E_. _§OwZmW, gh-{ejH$ (qhXr), gaH$mar nr.`w. H$m°boO, Jm¡Zrnëbr, lr{Zdmgnwam VmëbwH$m, H$mobma {Obm-563161

lr_Vr. dg§VHw$_mar ~mB©, gh-{e{jH$m (qhXr), Eg. Eg. nr. Eg. hmB©ñHy$b, H$moßnm VmëbwH$m, {MŠH$_Jbyé {Obm - 577126

dmgwXod_y{V©. Eg, qhXr AÜ`mnH$, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, CX²~yé, _¡gyé VmbyH$,

_¡gyé {Obm - 570026.

CÞV n[aerbZ g{_{V :

S>m°. H$merZmW A§~bJo, AdH$me àmá àmo\o$ga, Jwb~Jm© {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.

S>m°. Ho$.E. go~mpñQ>`Z, H«$mBñQ> {díd{dÚmb`, hmogya amoS>, ~|Jbyé

S>m°. JUoe {~. ndma, AÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, H$Zm©Q>H$ H|$Ðr` {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.

H$bmH$ma:

lr S>r. EZ. d|H$Q>oe, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, Ca_ma H$gbJoao, _§S²>`m {Obm.

H$m`©H«$_ g§`moOH$ :

lr_Vr O`bú_r gr.S>r., ghm`H$ {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.

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x

AZwH«$_{UH$m

H«$.g§. erf©H$ {dYm n¥îR>

1. ~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo H${dVm 1

2. _yI© JYm H$hmZr 7

3. JUV§Ì {Xdg {Z~§Y 144. {M{‹S>`m amZr H${dVm 205. AmH$me Zrbm Š`m| hmoVm h¡? {Z~§Y 246. Xoeào_r AmµOmX H$hmZr 307. ào_nyU© AmMaU H$amo H${dVm 378. {_Ì Ho$ Zm_ nÌ nÌ-boIZ 419. lr XÎmmÌo` am_M§Ð ~|Ðo OrdZr 4510. Va~yOm| H$m _m¡g_ H${dVm 51

11. K§{Q>`m± H$hmZr 5512. OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ {Z~§Y 6413. EH$ ZÝhm Qw>H$‹S>m ~mXb H$m H${dVm 7114. n{hE H$s AmË_H$Wm AmË_H$Wm 7515. AmJ H$s bnQ>m| _| H$hmZr 8116. H$~ra Ho$ Xmoho Xmohm 8817. H¥$îU - gwXm_m EH$m§H$s 91

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nmR - 1>

~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo- gmohZbmb {ÛdoXr

~ÀMo ha n[apñW{V go AQ>b {dídmg Ho$ gmW OyPVo hþE AmJo ~‹T>Zo H$s àoaUm àmá H$aVo h¢&

hmW EH$ eñÌ hmo, Z hmW EH$ AñÌ hmo,Z AÞ Am¡a dñÌ hmo,hQ>mo Zht, S>amo Zht, ~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo&

aho g_j {h_{eIa,Vwåhmam àU CR>o {ZIa,^bo hr OmE OZ {~Ia,éH$mo Zht, PwH$mo Zht, ~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo>&

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KQ>m {Kar AQy>Q> hmo, AYa _| H$mbHy$Q> hmo,dhr gwYm H$m Ky±Q> hmo,{Oò Mbmo, _ao Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo&

JJZ CJbVm AmJ hmo,{N>‹S>m _aU H$m amJ hmo,bhy H$m AnZo \$mJ hmo,A‹S>mo Zht, J‹S>mo Zht, ~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo&

Mbmo ZB© {_gmb hmo,Obmo ZB© {_gmb hmo,~‹T>mo Z`m H$_mb hmo,PwH$mo Zht, éH$mo Zht, ~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo&

Aeof aŠV Vmob Xmo,ñdV§ÌVm H$m _mob Xmo,H$‹S>r `wJm| H$s Imob Xmo,S>amo Zht, _amo Zht, ~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo&

****

H${d n[aM` :

gmohZbmb {ÛdoXr : gmohZbmb {ÛdoXr H$m OÝ_ \$Vohnwa {Obo Ho$ q~XH$s Jm±d _| gZ² 1906 H$mo hþAm Wm& CÝhm|Zo qhXr _| E_.E. {H$`m VWm g§ñH¥$V H$m ^r AÜ``Z {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo AmOrdZ {ZîH$m_ ^md go gm{hË` gO©Zm H$s& {ÛdoXr Or Jm§YrdmXr {dMmaYmam Ho$ à{V{Z{Y H${d h¢& ò AnZr amï´>r` VWm

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nm¡am{UH$ aMZmAm| Ho$ {bE gå_m{ZV hþE& BZHo$ _w»` H$mì`-g§J«h h¢- "^¡adr', "dmgdXÎmm', "nyOmJrV',"{dfnmZ' Am¡a "O` Jm§Yr'& BZHo$ H$B© ~mb H$mì`-g§J«h ^r àH$m{eV hþE h¢& ò "nÙlr' Ab§H$aU go ^r gå_m{ZV hþE h¢&

eãXmW© :AñÌ-eñÌ-h{W`ma, dñÌ-H$n‹S>m, hQ>Zm-nrN>o H$s Amoa OmZm, g_j-gm_Zo, àU-à{Vkm, {ZIaZm-gm\$ hmoZm, {~IaZm-\¡$b OmZm, éH$Zm-R>haZm, KQ>m-~mXb, {KaZm-Koam OmZm, H$mbHy$Q>-{df, gwYm-A_¥V, K°y§°Q>-_w±§h _| EH$ ~ma _| br OmZodmbr Vab nXmW© H$s _mÌm, CJbZm-~mha {ZH$mbZm, {N>‹S>Zm-ewê$ hmoZm, amJ-àgÞ hmoZo H$m ^md, _moh; bhÿ-aŠV, \$mJ-Iob, A‹S>Zm-éH$Zm, J‹S>Zm-pñWa hmoZm, {_gmb-CXmhaU, Ñï>m§V; H$_mb-M_ËH$ma, Aeof-g§nyU©, Vmob-_mn, _mob-Xm_, H$‹S>r-O§Ora H$m EH$ N>ëbm Omo Omo‹S>Vm h¡&

Aä`mg

I. ZrMo {Xò Jò àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bImo :1) H${d Š`m-Š`m Zht ahZo na ^r AmJo ~‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE

H$hVo h¢?2) H${d H$hm± Zht PwH$Zo Am¡a éH$Zo Ho$ {bE H$hVo h¢?3) H${d H$~ _a H$a OrZo Ho$ {bE H$hVo h¢?4) H${d {H$go ImobZm MmhVo h¢?

II. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma aoIm ItMH$a {_bmAmo :

1. g_j O§Ora H$m N>ëbm2. àU Iob3. bhÿ gm_Zo 4. \$mJ à{Vkm5. H$‹S>r aŠV

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III. Ame` ñnï> H$amo :1. hQ>mo Zht, S>amo Zht, ~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo & 2$. éH$mo Zht, PwH$mo Zht, ~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo& 3$. {Oò Mbmo, _ao Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo& 4$. A‹S>mo Zht, J‹S>mo Zht, ~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo& 5. PwH$mo Zht, éH$mo Zht, ~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo& 6. S>amo Zht, _amo Zht, ~‹T>o Mbmo, ~‹T>o Mbmo&

IV. H${dVm H$s n§pŠV`m± nyU© H$amo:

1. hmW

~‹T>o Mbmo&

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2. Vmob Xmo,

~‹T>o Mbmo&

V. àËòH$ eãX Ho$ gm_Zo CgHo$ g_mZ Üd{Zdmbo eãX {bImo:

1. eñÌ

2. {eIa

3. AQy>Q>

4. {_gmb>

5. AmJ

6. Vmob

VI. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma H${dVm H$s n§pŠV`m| H$mo JX²` _| {bImo:

O¡go : aho g_j {h_{eIa

gm_Zo {h_{eIa hmo&

1) ^bo hr OmE OZ {~Ia&

2) KQ>m {Kar AQy>Q> hmo&

3) {N>‹S>m _aU H$m amJ hmo&

4) Mbmo ZB© {_gmb hmo&

5) Obmo ZB© {_gmb hmo&

6) H$‹S>r `wJm| H$s Imob Xmo&

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VII. {_bVo-OwbVo eãXm| H$mo {_bmAmo:

1. éH$mo Obmo

2. A‹S>mo _amo

3. Mbmo PwH$mo

4. S>amo J‹S>mo

VIII. n‹T>mo Am¡a ghr AW©dmbo dmŠ` Ho$ gm_Zo () bJmAmo:1. Z hmW EH$ AñÌ hmo&

hmW _| EH$ h{W`ma hmo& ( )

hmW _| EH$ h{W`ma Z hmo& ( )

2. Vwåhmam àU CR>o {ZIa&

Vwåhmar à{Vkm gm\$ Z hmo& ( )

Vwåhmam àU gm\$ hmo& ( )

IX. AnZo dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$amo:

1. àU -

2. {~Ia -

3. AQy>Q> -

4. {_gmb -

5. H$_mb -

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• Bg H${dVm H$mo `mX H$a H$jm _| gwZmAmo&

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nmR - 2

_yI© JYm

- g§H${bV

N>mÌ {Xb-{X_mJ go H$m_ H$aZm grIVo h¢&

{H$gr O§Jb _| EH$ eoa ahVm Wm& EH$ {g`ma CgH$m godH$ Wm& EH$ ~ma EH$ hmWr go eoa H$s b‹S>mB© hmo JB©& eoa ~war Vah Km`b hmo J`m& dh MbZo-{\$aZo _| ^r Ag_W© hmo J`m& Amhma Z {_bZo go {g`ma ^r ^yIm Wm&

eoa Zo {g`ma go H$hm-"Vw_ OmAmo Am¡a {H$gr new H$mo ImoOH$a bmAmo, {Ogo _maH$a h_ AnZm noQ> â gH|$&' {g`ma {H$gr OmZda H$s ImoO H$aVm hþAm EH$ Jm±d _| nhþ±M J`m& dhm± CgZo EH$ JYo H$mo Kmg MaVo hþE XoIm& {g`ma JYo Ho$ nmg J`m Am¡a ~mobm-"_m_m, àUm_ ! ~hþV {XZm| ~mX Xe©Z hþE h¢& Vw_ BVZo Xþ~bo H¡$go hmo Jò?' JYm ~mobm - "^mB©, Hw$N> _V nyN>mo& _oam ñdm_r ~‹S>m H$R>moa h¡& dh noQ> â Kmg Zht XoVm& Bg Yyb go gZr hþB© Kmg ImH$a noQ> âZm n‹S>Vm h¡&' {g`ma Zo H$hm- "_m_m, CYa ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m Kmg H$m _¡XmZ h¡&

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Mbmo dht Vw_ _oao gmW AmZ§X go ahmo&' JYo Zo H$hm-"^mB©, _¢ Vmo Jm±d H$m JYm h±y& dhm± O§Jbr OmZdam| Ho$ gmW _¢ H¡$go ah

gH°y§$Jm?' {g`ma ~mobm- "_m_m, dh ~‹S>r gwa{jV OJh h¡& dhm± {H$gr H$m H$moB© S>a Zht h¡& VrZ J{Y`m± ^r dht ahVr h¢& do ^r EH$ Ymo~r Ho$ AË`mMmam| go V§J hmoH$a ^mJ AmB© h¢& {g`ma H$s ~mV gwZH$a JYm bmbM _| Am J`m& JYo H$mo boH$a YyV© {g`ma dhm± nhþ±Mm, Ohm± eoa {N>nm ~¡R>m Wm& eoa Zo n§Oo go JYo na àhma {H$`m bo{H$Z JYo H$mo MmoQ> Zht bJr Am¡a dh S>aH$a ^mJ I‹S>m hþAm&

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V~ {g`ma Zo ZmamµO hmoH$a eoa go H$hm-"Vw_ EH$X_ {ZH$å_o hmo Jò& O~ Vw_ EH$ JYo H$mo Zht _ma gH$Vo Vmo hmWr go H¡$go b‹S>moJo?' eoa P|nVm hþAm ~mobm- "_¢ Cg g_` V¡`ma Zht Wm, Bgr{bE MyH$ hmo JB©&' {g`ma Zo H$hm- "AÀN>m, A~ Vw_ nyar Vah V¡`ma hmoH$a ~¡R>mo, _¢ Cgo {\$a go boH$a AmVm h±ÿ& dh {\$a JYo Ho$ nmg nhþ±Mm& JYo Zo {g`ma H$mo XoIVo hr H$hm- "Vw_ Vmo _wPo _m¡V Ho$ _w±h _| hr bo Jò Wo& Z OmZo dh H$m¡Z-gm OmZda Wm& _¢ ~‹S>r _wpíH$b go OmZ ~MmH$a ^mJm&' {g`ma Zo h±gVo hþE H$hm- "Aao _m_m, Vw_ Cgo nhMmZ Zht nmE& dh Vmo JYr Wr& CgZo Vmo ào_ go Vwåhmam ñdmJV H$aZo Ho$ {bE hmW ~‹T>m`m Wm&

Vw_ Vmo {~ëHw$b H$mà {ZH$bo Am¡a dh ~oMmar Vwåhmao {d`moJ _| ImZm-nrZm N>mo‹S>H$a ~¡R>r h¡& Vwåh| Vmo CgZo AnZm n{V _mZ {b`m h¡& AJa Vw_ Zht MbmoJo Vmo àmU Ë`mJ XoJr&' JYm EH$ ~ma {\$a {g`ma H$s ~mVm| _| Am J`m Am¡a CgHo$ gmW Mb n‹S>m& Bg ~ma eoa Zht MyH$m& CgZo JYo H$mo EH$ hr PnQ²>Q>o _| _ma {X`m&

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^moOZ H$aZo go nhbo eoa ñZmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE J`m& Bg ~rM {g`ma Zo JYo H$m {Xb Am¡a {X_mJ Im {b`m&

eoa ñZmZ H$aHo$ bm¡Q>m Vmo ZmamµO hmoH$a ~mobm- "Amo {g`ma Ho$ ~ÀMo, VyZo _oam ^moOZ OyR>m Š`m| {H$`m? VyZo BgHo$ öX` Am¡a ga Š`m| Im {bò?'

YyV© {g`ma {J‹S>{J‹S>mVm hþAm ~mobm- "_hmamO, _¢Zo Vmo Hw$N> ^r Zht Im`m h¡& Bg JYo H$m {Xb Am¡a {X_mJ Wm hr Zht, `{X hmoVo Vmo `h Xmo~mam, _oao gmW H¡$go AmVm &' eoa H$mo {g`ma H$s ~mV na {dídmg hmo J`m& dh em§V hmoH$a ^moOZ H$aZo _| OwQ> J`m&

****eãXmW©:

ImoO-Vbme, Xþ~bm-H$_µOmoa earadmbm, {Z~©b; MmoQ>-AmKmV, Kmd; YyV©-H$nQ>r, ZmamµO-Jwñgm, {ZH$å_m-~oH$ma, P|n-g§H$moM, _m¡V-

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{ZYZ, H$mà-S>anmoH$, CËgmh hrZ; ~oMmar-XrZ, PnQ²>Q>m-dma, h_bm; ~w{Õ-{X_mJ, OyR>m-{Og na _w±h bJm`m J`m hmo, CpÀN>ï>; {J‹S>{J‹S>mZm - XrZVmnyd©H$ àmW©Zm H$aZm&

Aä`mg

I. CÎma {bImo :1) eoa MbZo-{\$aZo _| Š`m| Ag_W© hmo J`m?

2) {g`ma H$s H$m¡Z-gr ~mV gwZH$a JYm bmbM _| Am J`m?

3) eoa H$mo {g`ma H$s {H$g ~mV na {dídmg hmo J`m?

eãXmW© Am¡a eãX aMZm :

II. eãX Am¡a AW© H$m ghr {_bmZ H$amo : 1. O§Jb wÕ 2. b‹S>mB© àmUr 3. Km`b {ZaW©H$ 4. new dZ 5. MmoQ> >>O»_r 6. {ZH$å_m CpÀN>îQ 7. OyR>m Kmd

III. {dbmo_mW©H$ eãXm| H$mo {_bmAmo : 1. S>a br 2. ~war g_W© 3. Ag_W© {Z‹S>aVm 4. ~hþV Agwa{jV 5. gwa{jV H$_

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IV. ghr eãX MwZH$a dmŠ` nyam H$amo:

(AJa, Zht, OwQ>, Am¡a, Bgr{bE) 1. Vw_ OmAmo {H$gr new H$mo ImoOH$a bmAmo&

2. _¢ Cg g_` V¡`ma Zht Wm, MyH$ hmo JB©&

3. Vw_ Zht MbmoJo Vmo dh àmU Ë`mJ XoJr&

4. _¢Zo Vmo Hw$N> ^r Im`m h¡&

5. dh em§V hmoH$a ^moOZ _| J`m&

V. {H$gZo, {H$ggo H$hm?

1. Vw_ OmAmo Am¡a {H$gr new H$mo ImoOH$a bmAmo&

2. _m_m, àUm_! ~hþV {XZm| ~mX Xe©Z hþE h¢& Vw_ BVZo

Xþ~bo H¡$go hmo Jò?

3. _m_m, CYa ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m Kmg H$m

_¡XmZ h¡&

4. _¢ Cg g_` V¡`ma Zht Wm, Bgr{bE MyH$ hmo JB©&

5. VyZo _oam ^moOZ OyR>m Š`m| {H$`m?

VI. ZrMo [bIo dmŠ`m| H$mo KQ>Zm-H«$_mZwgma {bImo:

1. eoa Zo {g`ma go H$hm "Vw_ OmAmo Am¡a {H$gr new H$mo ImoOH$a bmAmo&'

2. {g`ma Zo H$hm - "_m_m, CYa ZXr Ho$ {H$Zmao EH$ ~hþV ~‹‹S>m Kmg H$m _¡XmZ h¡&

3. eoa ~war Vah Km`b hmo J`m&

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VII. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma eãX ~ZmAmo:

hmWr - hm{W`m| H$mo

1. ì`mnmar -

2. _§Ìr -

3. ^mB© -

eoa - eoam| H$mo

4. OmZda -

5. {g`ma -

6. no‹S> -

VIII. BZ eãXm| go dmŠ` ~ZmAmo:

1. MbZm-{\$aZm -

2. Ag_W© hmoZm -

3. noQ> âZm -

4. {ZH$å_m hmoZm -

5. Mb n‹S>Zm -

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• gwZr hþB© `m n‹T>r hþB© {H$gr H$hmZr H$mo H$jm _| gwZmAmo

Am¡a {bImo&

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nmR - 3

JUV§Ì {Xdg - g§H${bV

gZ² 1947, 15 AJñV H$mo ^maV AmµOmX hþAm& Cg {XZ go h_ AnZo Xoe H$mo Mbm aho h¢& Bg ì`dñWm Ho$ {bE h_Zo H$mZyZ Ed§ {Z`_m| H$mo aMm h¡& Bgo g§{dYmZ H$hVo h¢& Bg nmR> Ho$ Ûmam ~ÀMo JUV§Ì {Xdg Ho$ g§~§Y _| OmZH$mar àmá H$aVo h¢&

26 OZdar h_mao Xoe H$m JUV§Ì {Xdg h¡& JUV§Ì eãX H$m AW© h¡ OZVm Ho$ {bE OZVm go hr MwZr JB© gaH$ma& h_mam g§{dYmZ 26 OZdar, 1950 H$mo bmJy hþAm& Cg {XZ go ^maV JUV§Ì hþAm&

gZ² 1947, 15 AJñV H$mo ^maV ñdV§Ì hþAm& Cg {XZ go gZ² 1950, 25 OZdar VH$ A§J«oµOm| Ho$ {Z`_ hr h_mao Xoe _| bmJy Wo& 26 OZdar, 1950 go h_mao AnZo g§{dYmZ Ho$ {Z`_-H$mZyZ Xoeâ _| bmJy hmo J o& h_mao àW_ àYmZ _§Ìr Wo n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ Am¡a gd©àW_ amï´>n{V ~Zo S>m°. amO|ÐngmX&

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nyao Xoe Ho$ {bE `h {XZ nmdZ ~Z J`m h¡& h_mao Xoedm{g`m| Ho$ {bE `h {XZ ~hþV _hËd H$m h¡& Bg {XZ H$mo amï´>r` nd© ^r H$hm OmVm h¡& Xoe â _| ~‹S>o AmZ§X Am¡a Jd© go h_ Bg amï´>r` Ë`mohma H$mo _ZmVo h¢&

31 {Xg§~a 1930 H$mo Xoe Ho$ ZoVmAm| Zo amdr ZXr Ho$ VQ> na n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| `h àU {H$`m Wm {H$ h_ A§J«µoOm| H$mo ^maV go ^Jmò§Jo Am¡a nyU© ñdamÁ` H$mo àmßV H$a hr b|Jo& ^maV na A§Jo«µOm| H$m bJ^J 200 dfm] VH$ emgZ Wm& h_ CZ A§Jo«µOm| H$s gÎmm Ho$ H$m~y _| Wo& bJmVma Kmoa g§J«m_ Ho$ ~mX ^maV H$mo nyU© ñdamÁ` àmßV hþAm& ^maV H$s OZVm AnZo g§{dYmZ Ho$ ZrMo M¡Z H$s gm±g boZo bJr&

amOYmZr {Xëbr _| Bg nmdZ {Xdg H$mo ~‹S>r Yy_-Ym_ go _Zm`m OmVm h¡& B§{S>`m JoQ> _| ~Zm o J o _§M na ^maV Ho$ amï´>n{V {dXoem| go Am_§{ÌV A{V{W`m| Ho$ gmW à^mV dobm _| CnpñWV hmo OmVo h¢& h_mao Xoe Ho$

àYmZ _§Ìr g{hV _§Ìr _§S>b Ho$ AZoH$ gXñ` VWm ObgoZm, WbgoZm Am¡a dm wgoZm Ho$ AÜ`j CZH$s AJdmZr H$aVo h¢& {Xëbr H$m amOnW gOm-YOm hmoVm h¡& amOnW Ho$ XmoZm| Amoa Bg g_mamoh H$mo XoIZo Ho$ {bE bmoJ O_H$a ~¡Ro> ahVo h¢& Bg g_mamoh H$m ew^ma§^ h_mao amï´>n{V Ho$ Ûmam {Va§Jo P§S>o H$mo bhamH$a {H$`m OmVm h¡& hµOmam| bmoJ ~‹S>r lX²Ym Am¡a ^pŠV go amï´>JrV "OZ JU _Z' JmVo h¢&

BgHo$ Cnam§V "gbm_r' Zm_H$ g_mamoh Ama§^ hmoVm h¡, {Og_| g¡{ZH$m| H$s Qw>H${‹S>`m±, VrZm| goZmAm| H$m AmH$f©H$ Owbyg, AñÌ-eñÌm| H$s àJ{V, Xoe â H$s Pm±{H$`m±, nmR>embmAm| Ho$

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{dÚm{W©`m| Ho$ a§J{~a§Jo H$m`©H«$_ Am{X hmooVo h¢& BVZm hr Zht, Xoe â go AmE bmoH$JrV Am¡a ZV©H$ Xbm| H$s gm§ñH¥${VH$ Pm±{H$`m| go g_mamoh emo^m`_mZ hmoVm h¡& goZm Ho$ {d_mZm| go AmH$me _| AX²>^wV H$bm~m{O`m± àX{e©V hmoVr h¢& gm±P H$s dobm _| amï´>n{V ^dZ, g§gX ^dZ Am¡a gaH$mar B_maVm| na amoeZr OJ_JmVr h¡&

Xoe â _| Bg nmdZ nd© H$mo _Zm`m OmVm h¡& àËòH$ amÁ` _| Cg amÁ` Ho$ amÁ`nmb {Va§Jm P§S>m \$hamVo h¢& CZH$s AÜ`jVm _| g_mamoh Mbm`m OmVm h¡& nmR>embmAm| Ho$ {dÚmWu ÜdOmamohU Ho$ ~mX {d{^Þ H$m`©H«$_ àñVwV H$aVo h¢ {OZ_| Xoe^{º$ Am¡a Xoe Ho$ à{V {Zð>m àñ\$w{Q>V hmoVr h¡&

Cg {XZ Xoe-â H$s OZVm `h àU H$aVr h¡ {H$ h_oem {Va§Jm P§S>m AmH$me _| bhamVm ahoJm&

*****eãXmW©:

ñdV§Ì-AmµOmX, {H$grHo$ AYrZ Z hmoZm; {Z`_-H$mZyZ, nÕ{V; nmdZ-n{dÌ, nd©-Ë`mohma, VQ>-ZXr Ho$ nmg H$s ^y{_, àU-à{Vkm, M¡Z-em§{V, Amam_; gbm_r-h{W`mam| H$mo CR>mH$a gbm_ H$aZm, Pm±{H$`m±-àXe©Z, àñ\w${Q>V hmoZm-àH$Q> hmoZm, bhamZm-hdm _| C‹S>mZm&

Aä`mgI. àíZm| Ho$ CÎma ~VmAmo:

1. h_mao Xoe _| JUV§Ì {Xdg H$~ _Zm`m OmVm h¡? 2. h_mao Xoe _| g§{dYmZ H$~ go bmJy hþAm? 3. A§J«oµOm| go ~Zo {Z`_ H$~ VH$ bmJy Wo? 4. ñdV§Ì ^maV Ho$ àW_ àYmZ _§Ìr H$m¡Z Wo? 5. "JUV§Ì' H$mo H$m¡Z-gm nd© H$hm OmVm h¡? 6. "JUV§Ì' eãX H$m AW© Š`m h¡?

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7. à^mV dobm _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z CnpñWV hmoVo h¢? 8. g_mamoh ewê$ hmoVo hr H$m¡Z {Va§Jo P§S>o H$mo \$hamVo h¢? 9. goZm Ho$ {d_mZm| go Š`m {XIm`m OmVm h¡? 10. Zohê$ Ho$ gmW ZoVmAm| Zo H$m¡Z-gm àU {H$`m Wm?

II. gmoMmo Am¡a {bImo: 1. ^maV na A§J«oµOm| H$m emgZ H$~ VH$ Wm? ^maV H$s

OZVm H$~ go M¡Z H$s gm±g boZo bJr? 2. JUV§Ì g_amoh _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z CnpñWV hmoVo h¢? Bg

g_mamoh H$m Ama§^ H¡$go {H$`m OmVm h¡? 3. gbm_r Zm_H$ g_mamoh Ho$$ ~mao _|o AnZo eãXm| _| {bImo& 4. àËòH$ amÁ` Ho$ amÁ`nmb 26 OZdar H$mo Š`m \$hamVo

h¢? {dÚm{W©`m|o Ho$ H$m`©H«$_ H¡$go hmoVo h¢?III. AmµOmXr H$s b‹S>mB© Ho$ ZoVm:

^maV nmdZ y{_ h¡& Bg y{_ na A§Jo«µOm| H$m ~oah_r go emgZ Wm& CZ {XZm| Xoe H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE ^maVdm{g`m| Zo AnZr OmZ H$s ~{b M‹T>m Xr& ò ZoVm Eogo Wo {H$ ^maVdm{g`m| H$mo Bg g§J«m_ Ho$ {bE àoaUm XoVo Wo Am¡a _mJ© {XImVo Wo& A~ CZ ZoVmAm| Ho$ Zm_ {bImo& hm±, Vw_ AnZo ~‹S>m| go nyN>-VmN> H$a gH$Vo hmo&

CXm: _hmË_m Jm§YrOr 1. 5. 2. 6. 3. 7. 4. 8.IV. _{hbm ZoVm:

ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ _| _{hbmAm| H$m ^r ~‹S>m `moJXmZ Wm& A~ CZ _{hbm ZoVmAm| Ho$ Zm_ nVm H$amo Am¡a {bImo:

1. 4.2. 5.3. 6.

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V. ZoVmAm| Ho$ OÝ_ {XZ :^maV _| Hw$N> ZoVmAm| H$m OÝ_ {XZ Yy_-Ym_ go _ZmVo h¢& CZHo$ OÝ_ {XZ H$m nVm bJmAmo Am¡a {bImo:1. Jm§YrOr -2. Zohê$ Or -3. A§~oS>H$a Or -

VI. Ë`mohma Am¡a Y_© g§~§Yr {dMma:h_Zo XoIm h¡ {H$ nyao ^maV _| Ë`mohmam| H$m ~‹S>m _hËd h¡& BZ Ë`mohmam| H$m g§~§Y H$moB©-Z-H$moB© gmYw, g§V `m ^JdmZ Ho$ Zm_ go Ow‹S>m hþAm h¡& A~ Ë`mohma VWm O`§Vr Ho$ Zm_m| H$s gyMr V¡`ma H$amo& Vw_ AnZo JwéOZm| go _XX bo gH$Vo hmo&

CXm:

Ë`mohma O`§Vram_Zd_r _hmdra O`§Vr

1.2.3.4.5.6.

VII. Y_m] Ho$ Zm_ na Ë`mohma :

Vwåhmar nmRembm _| AbJ-AbJ Ym{_©H$ ar{V-[admµOm| Ho$ ghnmR>r h¢& Vw_ Vmo Amam_ go AnZo ghnm{R>`m| Ho$ gmW CR>Vo hmo, ~¡R>Vo hmo, Amng _| amoQ>r-^mV ~m±Q>H$a ImVo ^r hmo& AbJ-AbJ Y_© g§~§Yr Ë`mohmam| Ho$ Zm_ {bImo& Amng _| ~mVMrV H$a gH$Vo hmo& Vm{bH$m ~ZmAmo:

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qhXÿ Y_© Ho$ Ë`mohmam| Ho$ Zm_

Bñbm_ Y_© Ho$ Ë`mohmam| Ho$ Zm_

B©gmB© Y_© Ho$ Ë`mohmam| Ho$ Zm_

1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3.

VIII. ehrXm| Ho$ Zm_ :

A§J«oµOm| Ho$ {déÕ ^maV H$m ha AmX_r gMoV Wm& A~ B{Vhmg Ho$ nÞm| _| CZ g~Ho$ Zm_ Zht {_bVo h¢& {\$a ^r VrZ ehrXm| Ho$ Zm_ ~ma-~ma `mX AmVo h¢& ñHy$br {H$Vm~m| _| BZH$s Vñdra| ^r {_bVr h¢& do ~‹S>o Y¡`© go \$m±gr na M‹T> Jò Wo& BZ VrZm| ehrXm| Ho$ Zm_ nVm H$amo Am¡a {bImo:

(gyMZm : BZH$mo 23 _mM© 1931 H$mo A§J«oµOm| Zo \$m±gr H$s gµOm Xr Wr)

1.

2.

3.

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :• nyao {díd _| 192 Xoe h¢& BZ Xoem| H$m AbJ-AbJ P§S>m

hmoVm h¡& Vw_ EH$ H$m_ H$amo& 10 Xoem| Ho$ Zm_ {bImo Am¡a CgHo$ AmJo P§S>o H$s Vñdra {M>nH$mAmo&

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nmR - 4

{M{‹S>`m amZr

- S>m°. í`m_bmH$m§V d_m©

Ka-Am±JZ _|, ~mJ-~JrMo _|, no‹S>m| na AZoH$ àH$ma H$s {M{‹S>`m± XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¢& do H$B© ê$n-a§J H$s hmoVr h¢& N>mÌ BZH$s OmZH$mar àmá H$aVo h¢&

{M{‹S>`m amZr! {M{‹S>`m amZr! AmAmo ~¡R>mo, gwZmo H$hmZr&_oao Am±JZ _| Am OmAmo{~Iao XmZo MwZ-MwZ ImAmo&\w$XH$-\w$XH$ Vw_ ZmMmo-Hy$Xmoß`mg bJo Vmo nr bmo nmZr&N>V na Vmo Vw_ Am OmVr hmogrQ>r _Ywa ~Om OmVr hmo&

_wPo XoIH$a n§I Imob H$a

PQ>nQ> Vw_ C‹S> OmVr hmo& hmo Vw_ Vmo OmZr-nhMmZr ~ZVr hmo {\$a Š`m| AZOmZr& gIr ghobr Vw_ ~Z OmAmo Iobmo-Hy$Xmo JrV gwZmAmo& Xÿa JJZ _| Vw_ C‹S>Vr hmo _wPH$mo ^r C‹S>Zm {gIbmAmo& Vwåh| ~wbmVr Aå_m, ZmZr

H$amo Z Vw_ A~ AmZmH$mZr&*****

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eãXmW©:

{~IaZm - MrµOmo§ H$m BYa-CYa \¡$bZm, XmZm-AZmO H$m H$U,

~rO; nhMmZr-nyd© n[a{MV dñVw H$mo XoIZo go hmoZodmbm ^md,

\$wXH$Zm - CN>bVo hþE MbZm, AZOmZr - Z OmZZodmbr, An[a{MV&

Aä`mg

I. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma ~VmAmo :

1. ~m{bH$m {H$go ~wbm ahr h¡?

2. ~m{bH$m {M{‹S>`m H$mo H$hm± ~¡R>Zo Ho$ {bE ~mobVr h¡?

3. ~m{bH$m {M{‹S>`m H$mo Š`m {IbmZm MmhVr h¡?

4. \w$XH$-\w$XH$H$a Š`m ZmMVr h¡?

5. {M{‹S>`m amZr H¡$gr grQ>r ~OmVr h¡?

6. ~m{bH$m H$mo {M{‹S>`m amZr H¡$go bJ ahr h¡?

7. ~m{bH$m {M{‹S>`m go Š`m H$hVr h¡?

8. {M{‹S>`m amZr H$hm± C‹S>Vr h¡?

II. gmoMmo Am¡a {bImo :

1. {M{‹S>`m amZr go ~m{bH$m Š`m H$hVr h¡? {H$go MwZZo H$mo

H$hVr h¡?

2. N>V na {M{‹S>`m amZr Š`m H$aVr h¡?

3. ~m{bH$m {M{‹S>`m amZr go Š`m grIZm MmhVr h¡?

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III. Omo‹S>H$a {bImo :

A Am

1. {~Iao XmZo Vw_ C‹S>Vr hmo

2. ß`mg bJo ~Om OmVr hmo

3. grQ>r _Ywa OmZr-nhMmZr

4. hmo Vw_ Vmo MwZ-MwZ ImAmo

5. Xÿa JJZ _| Vmo nr bmo nmZrIV. Vah-Vah Ho$ njr :

Vw_Zo AZoH$ n{j`m| H$mo XoIm h¡& ~mJ-~JrMo _|, H$ht no‹S>-

nm¡Ym| na, H$ht IoV _| AbJ-AbJ àH$ma Ho$ njr hmoVo h¢& ~‹S>m| go nyN>-VmN> H$amo, {H$Vm~| XoImo& CZ n{j`m| Ho$ Zm_ Am¡a a§J {bImo :

njr H$m Zm_ njr H$m a§J

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.V. nXmWm] Ho$ Zm_ :

ß`mg bJVr h¡ Vmo Vw_ nmZr nrVo hmo& gmao new-njr ^r nmZr nrVo h¢& na Ka _|, hmoQ>b _|, Á`yg g|Q>a _| nrZo Ho$ AZoH$ Vab nXmW© hmoVo h¢& ZrMo {bIr Vm{bH$m _| Vab nXmWm] Ho$ Zm_ {bImo :

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Ka _| hmoQ>b _| Á`yg g|Q>a _| 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4

VI. "_Z C‹S>Zm' H$m AW© :

gM_wM Vwåhmam _Z C‹S>Vm h¡& "_Z C‹S>Zm' H$m AW© hmoVm h¡, AVrd AmZ§X hmoZm& Vw_ gmoM-g_P H$a {bImo {H$ H$~-H$~ Vwåhmam _Z C‹S>Vm h¡ -CXm : Zò H$n‹S>o nhZZo go&1.2.3.4.5.

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• a§J-{~a§Jo njr hmoVo h¢ & {H$Ýht Xg n{j`m| Ho$ {MÌ BH$Q²>R>m H$amo& CÝh| g\o$X H$mJµO H$s nwñVH$ _| {MnH$mAmo & EH$ n¥ð> _| EH$ hr {MÌ hmo & CgHo$ ZrMo njr H$m Zm_, a§J, dh {H$g Xoe H$m h¡? BË`m{X {OVZr OmZH$mar {_bVr h¡, {bImo &

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nmR - 5

AmH$me Zrbm Š`m| hmoVm h¡?

- g§H${bV

~‹S>m amoMH$ {df` h¡- AmH$me Zrbm Š`m| hmoVm h¡? àH¥${V _| AZoH$ àH$ma Ho$

amoMH$ {dMma {_bVo h¢¡& AmO h_ {OVZo a§Jm| H$m Cn`moJ H$a aho h¢, g~ àH¥${V

H$s XoZ h¡& ~ÀMo Bggo n[a{MV hmoVo h¢&

eoIa Am¡a _Zw H$mo Jm±d XoIZo H$m ~hþV _Z Wm& H$b go CZH$s Ja_r H$s Nw>{Å>`m± ewê$ hmoZodmbr Wt& do AnZo XmXm-XmXr Ho$ nmg OmZm MmhVo Wo& AJbo {XZ gw~h hr AnZo {nVm Ho$ gmW Jm±d Ho$ {bE admZm hmo JE& amñVo _| hao-âo IoV, ~mJ-~JrMo XoIH$a CZH$mo ~hþV AÀN>m bJ ahm Wm& BVZr h[a`mbr CÝhm|Zo eha _| H$ht Zht XoIr Wr&

CZHo$ XmXm-XmXr eoIa Am¡a _Zw H$mo XoIH$a ~hþV Iwe hþE& CZHo$ XmXm Or Jm±d Ho$ {dX²`mb` _| {dkmZ Ho$ AÜ`mnH$ Wo& CZ XmoZm| H$mo XmXm Or {dkmZ go g§~§{YV ~mV| ~VmVo Wo& CZH$m {H$gr ^r ~mV H$mo g_PmZo H$m VarH$m BVZm amoMH$ Am¡a _µOoXma hmoVm Wm {H$ ~ÀMm| H$mo AmgmZr go g_P _| AmVm Am¡a CZH$s é{M

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Cg {df` _| ~‹T> OmVr Wr& Bg ~ma ^r eoIa Am¡a _Zw AnZo ~hþV-go àíZm| Ho$ gmW AmE Wo Vm{H$ XmXm Or CZH$m g_mYmZ H$a gH|$&

amV Ho$ g_` XmXm Or Ho$ gmW Am±JZ _| MmanmB© {~N>mH$a XmoZm| boQ>o hþE Wo & boQ>o-boQ>o eoIa Xÿa VH$ \¡$bo Vmam| go âo Amg_mZ H$mo XoIH$a Hw$N> gmoM ahm Wm& XmXm Or Zo Cggo nyN>m, ""eoIa ~oQ>m, Š`m gmoM aho hmo?''

""XmXm Or, AmH$me Bg g_` H$mbm h¡ bo{H$Z àmV…H$mb `h Zrbo a§J H$m hmoVm h¡ Z?'' eoIa Zo nyN>m& ""Zht eoIa, AmH$me H$m a§J Zrbm Zht h¡, dmñVd _| h_| Zrbo a§J H$m AZw^d hmoVm h¡&''

AÀN>m, eoIa Ho$ {bE `h h¡amZr H$s ~mV Wr, CgZo H$m¡Vyhb go nyN>m- ""`h H¡$go hmoVm h¡ XmXm Or?'' ""gwZmo, h_mam Omo dm`w_§S>b h¡ Cg_| Mmam| Amoa Yyb Am¡a Ob Ho$ N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o H$U {~Iao ahVo h¢& O~ gy`© H$m àH$me Cg dm`w _| go hmoH$a JwµOaVm h¡ Vmo CgH$m Hw$N> ^mJ BZ H$Um| _| \¡$b OmVm h¡& \$bñdê$n Zma§Jr, nrbo, hao, bmb a§J H$s Va§Jm| H$s Va§J-X¡¿`© A{YH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BZ na BgH$m A{YH$ à^md Zht n‹S>Vm, bo{H$Z Zrbo, ~¢JZr Am¡a Amg_mZr a§Jmo§ H$s Va§J-X¡¿`© H$_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Mmam| Amoa gmao AmH$me _| BZ a§Jm| H$s Va§J| CMQ>H$a \¡$b OmVr h¢& BZ g~_| Zrbo a§J H$s Ñí`Vm A{YH$ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU AmH$me h_| Zrbo a§J H$m bJVm h¡&''

""àmV…H$mb Vwåh| EH$ à`moJ Ho$ X²²>dmam Am¡a AÀN>o VarHo$ go g_PmZo H$m à`ËZ H$ê±$Jm& AÀN>m, A~ gmo OmAmo&''

gw~h CR>Vo hr eoIa H$mo à`moJ H$m B§VµOma Wm& XmXm Or CÝh|

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Eogo H$_ao _| bo JE Ohm± Ho$ {I‹S>H$s-XadmµOm| na naXo S>mb XoZo Ho$ H$maU A±Yoam hmo J`m Wm& Wmo‹S>r Xoa _| XmXr Or EH$ hmW _| nmZr go âm H$m±M H$m OJ (Jug) Am¡a H$Q>moar _| Wmo‹S>m-gm XÿY {bE hþE Am JB©& XmXm Or Zo _Zw go H$hm-""OmAmo, _oar _oµO go Q>m°M© CR>m bmAmo&''

A~ XmXm Or Zo nmZr Ho$ OJ _| Wmo‹S>r-gr _mÌm _| XÿY S>mbm {Oggo nmZr Xÿ{Y`m-gm hmo J`m& {\$a CÝhm|Zo OJ go 3 B§M H$s Xÿar go Q>m°M© ObmB© Vmo OJ H$m nmZr Zrbo AmH$me Ho$ g_mZ ZµOa AmZo bJm& bmB©Q> Mbo OmZo na dh {\$a go Yw§Ybm nmZr ~Z J`m&

XmXm Or CÝh| g_PmVo hþE H$hZo bJo, ""`{X Bg OJ Ho$ nmZr H$mo AmH$me _mZ {b`m OmE Vmo XÿY h_mao dm w_§S>b _| \¡$br Yyb Am¡a Ob Ho$ H$U h¢ Am¡a Q>m°M© H$m àH$me gy © H$s amoeZr h¡& O~ Q>m°M© ê$nr gy © H$s amoeZr XÿY na n‹S>r Vmo XÿY H$s ~±yXm| Ûmam Zrbo a§J H$s Va§J| nyao nmZr _| \¡$bH$a CgHo$ Zrbo hmoZo H$m Am^mg hþAm&

~ÀMm| H$mo Bg à`moJ go EH$ ZB© OmZH$mar {_br&

****

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eãXmW© :

_Z-BÀN>m, VarH$m-ar{V, Cnm`; g_PZm-~moY hmoZm, AmgmZr-gwJ_Vm, g_mYmZ-g§Xoh {ZdmaU, MmanmB©-ImQ>, h¡amZr-{dñ_`, {~IaZm-MrµOm| H$m BYa-CYa hmoZm, CMQ>-AbJ, X¡¿ ©©-XrK©Vm, b§~mB©; Yw§Ybm-Añnï>, OmZH$mar-n[aM`, kmZ&

Aä`mg

I. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma ~VmAmo : 1. eoIa Am¡a _Zw H$mo Š`m XoIZo H$m _Z Wm? 2. Jm±d _| H$m¡Z Wo? 3. eoIa-_Zw Ho$ XmXm Or Š`m H$m_ H$aVo Wo? 4. MmanmB© H$hm± {~N>r Wr? 5. amV Ho$ g_` AmH$me H$m a§J H¡$gm {XIVm h¡? 6. gy`© H$m àH$me H$hm± go hmoH$a JwµOaVm h¡? 7. XmXm Or Zo nmZr Ho$ OJ _| Š`m S>mbm? 8. H$_ao Ho$ {I‹S>H$s-XadmµOm| na Š`m S>mbo Jò Wo? 9. OJ Ho$ nmZr H$mo XmXm Or Zo Š`m H$hm? 10. XÿY H$s ~±yXm| Ûmam H$m¡Z-gm a§J nmZr _| \¡$b J`m?

II. gmoMmo Am¡a {bImo : 1. eoIa-_Zw Ho$ XmXm Or Jm±d _| Š`m H$m_ H$aVo Wo? 2. AmH$me Ho$ Zrbo a§J Ho$ ~mao _| XmXm Or Zo Š`m ~Vm`m? 3. H$_ao _| Zrbm a§J {XImZo Ho$ {bE XmXm Or Zo H$m¡Z-gr

ì`dñWm H$s? 4. AmH$me H$m a§J h_oem Zrbm {XIVm h¡-Bgo XmXm Or Zo

{H$g Vah gm{~V {H$`m?

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III. Jm±d Am¡a eha:

Vw_Zo Jm±d H$mo XoIm h¡& Cgr Vah Vwåh| ZJa H$m n[aM` ^r h¡& Jm±d Am¡a ZJa Ho$ A§Va H$mo Vw_Zo _hgyg {H$`m hmoJm& A~ gmoM-g_PH$a {bImo-Jm±d Am¡a ZJa _| Š`m A§Va h¡? N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o dmŠ`m| _| {bImo:

CXmhaU : Jm±d _| IoV hmoVo h¢&

ZJa _| nmH©$ hmoVo h¢&

Jm±d eha 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5.

IV. {H$gmZm| Ho$ CnH$aU Am¡a Cn`moJ :

{H$gmZ IoVm| _| H$B© CnH$aUm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢& {H$g-[H$g MrµO go Š`m-Š`m H$m_ {H$`m OmVm h¡, N>moQ>o dmŠ`m| _| {bImo:

hb - {H$gmZ IoV _| hb MbmVm h¡&

1.

2.

3.

4.

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V. new Am¡a njr:

Vw_ Jm±d Om`m H$aVo hmo& Jm±d H$m n[aga eham| go AbJ hmoVm h¡& dhm± h[a`mbr h_oem bhamVr ahVr h¡& Jm±d _| _moQ>a Jm{‹S>`m| H$s AmdmµO H$_ gwZZo H$mo {_bVr h¡& Jm±d Ho$ new-njr Ho$ Zm_ {bImo:

nmbVy new Ho$ Zm_ njr Ho$ Zm_ CXm: ^¢g H$~yVa 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4.VI. {damoYmW©H$ eãX {bImo:

1. nmg � 2. AÀN>m � 3. eha � 4. ew^ � 5. amV � `mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• g_w§Xa H$m nmZr Z_H$sZ hmoVm h¡& dh H$^r Zrbr, har gm XrI n‹S>Vm h¡& BgHo$ ~mao _| Vw_ AnZo JwéOZm| Am¡a ~‹S>mo§ go nyN>-VmN> H$amo& EH$ {Z~§Y {bImo&

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nmR - 6

Xoeào_r AmµOmX -g§H${bV

M§ÐeoIa AmµOmX H$s OrdZr n‹T>H$a N>mÌm| _| Xoe^{º$ H$s mdZm OmJ¥V hmo gH$Vr h¡&

`h CZ {XZm| H$s KQ>Zm h¡ O~ ^maV _| A§J«oOm| H$m amO Wm& V~ amoQ>r _m±JZodmbm| na S>§S>o ~agmE OmVo Wo& ñdV§ÌVm _m±JZodmbm| H$mo Oob _| S>mb {X`m OmVm Wm& "^maV_mVm H$s O`' ~mobZodmbm| H$mo \$m±gr na bQ>H$m {X`m OmVm Wm&

Mm¡Xh df© H$m EH$ ~mbH$ Wm- M§ÐeoIa& Cgo XmgVm go {M‹T> Wr& dh ~{bXmZ H$aZo H$mo V¡`ma Wm&

CÝhr§ {XZm| Jm§YrOr Zo Zmam bJm`m- ""^maVdm{g`mo! Vw_ EH$ hmo OmAmo& Vwåhmao {~Zm A§J«oµO gaH$ma `hm± Xoa VH$ Zht Mb gH$Vr& Bg{bE `{X Vw_ A§J«µoOm| H$mo `hm± go CIm‹S> \o$§H$Zm MmhVo hmo Vmo CÝh| AnZm gh`moJ XoZm ~§X H$a Xmo&''

Agh`moJ Am§XmobZ Ho$ {bE OJh-OJh Owbyg {ZH$bZo bJo, ^mfU hmoZo bJo, h‹S>Vmb| H$s OmZo bJt& Bg àg§J _| Ohm± ~‹S>o-~‹S>o nH$‹S>o Jò, dhm± EH$ ~mbH$ ^r nH$‹S>m J`m Am¡a A§J«oµOr AXmbV _| bm`m J`m& ^bm `h M§ÐeoIa Ho$ Abmdm H$m¡Z hmo gH$Vm Wm Am¡a OO Zo {gnm{h`m| go nyN>m-""`h N>moQm> ~mbH$ H$m¡Z h¡?''

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{gnmhr - ""_r bmS>©! `h {OVZm N>moQ>m h¡ CVZm hr ImoQ>m h¡&OO - ""BgH$m AnamY Š`m h¡?''{gnmhr - ""_r bmS>©! EH$ Zht, BgHo$ AZoH$ AnamY h¡& `h

Owbyg _| g~go D±$Mo Zmao bJm ahm Wm& `h bmoJm| H$mo A§J«oµOr gaH$ma Ho$ {déÕ ^‹S>H$m ahm Wm& `h IwX ^r gaH$mar H$mZyZ Vmo‹S> ahm Wm Am¡a Xÿgam| H$mo ^r H$mZyZ Vmo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE H$h ahm Wm& {\$a BgH$m g~go ~‹S>m AnamY `h h¡ {H$ `h "A§J«oµOr gaH$ma H$s O`' ~mobZo Ho$ ~Xbo "^maV_mVm H$s O`' ~mob ahm Wm&''

OO Zo M§ÐeoIa H$mo {ga go n¡a VH$ EH$ ~ma Ü`mZ go XoIm, {\$a nyN>m- ""Vwåhmam Š`m Zm_ h¡?''

MÝÐeoIa - ""AmµOmX&''OO - ""Vwåhmao {nVm H$m Š`m Zm_ h¡?''MÝÐeoIa - ""^maV&''OO - ""Vw_ H$m_ Š`m H$aVo hmo?''MÝÐeoIa - ""ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE g§Kf©&''OO - ""Vwåhmam {Zdmg H$hm± h¡?''MÝÐeoIa - ""^maV_mVm Ho$ MaUm| _| `m OobImZo _| &''

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amï´>r`Vm âo ò CÎma gwZH$a Jmoam OO AmJ ~~ybm hmo J`m& na gm_Zo ZmXmZ ~mbH$ H$mo XoIH$a g_PmZo Ho$ {bE ~mobm - ""Vw_ A^r ~ÀMo hmo Am¡a Zmg_P hmo& bJVm h¡, bmoJm| Ho$ ~hH$mdo go Vw_ CbQ>r ~mVm| _| n‹S> JE hmo& _oar gbmh _mZmo Vmo `h Zmao~mOr Am¡a Am§XmobZ H$m hR> N>mo‹S>H$a AnZr H$_mB© Am¡a n‹T>mB© H$s {M§Vm H$amo, Vw_ j_m _m±J bmo Vmo _¢ Vwåh| N>mo‹S> X±ÿJm&''

Jmoao OO H$s A§{V_ ~mV gwZH$a M§ÐeoIa H$m {h§XÿñVmZr IyZ Im¡b CR>m& Am±I| VaoaH$a CgZo OO H$s Amoa JaOH$a H$hm - ""dmh! CbQ>m Mmoa H$moVdmb H$mo S>m±Q>o& j_m _¢ Š`m| _m±J±y ? j_m Vmo Vwåh| h_go _m±JZr Mm{hE Š`m|{H$ Vw_ bmoJ {dXoer hmoH$a ^r ~bnyd©H$ h_mao Xoe na A{YH$ma O_mE ~¡R>o hmo!''

A~ OO H$m H«$moY CgHo$ H$m~y _| Z ahm& Am±I| bmb H$aHo$ CgZo AmXoe {X`m - ""Bg ~H$dmgr H$mo Oob _| S>mb Xmo! Bgo ~|Vm| go nrQ>mo, H$mo‹S>m| go _mamo!''

~‹S>m hmoH$a `hr M§ÐeoIa AmµOmX Ho$ Zm_ go à{gÕ hþAm& `hr AmµOmX H«$m§[VH$m[a`m| H$m ZoVm ~Zm& ^JVqgh, amOJwé Am¡a gwIXod BgrHo$ H«$m§[VH$mar gmWr Wo& BgrHo$ "fS²> §Ìm|' go nw{bg {XZ-amV naoemZ ahVr Wr Am¡a A§J«oµO A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo BgrHo$ ^` Ho$ H$maU amV H$mo ZtX VH$ Z AmVr Wr& Am{Ia `hr M§ÐeoIa AmµOmX ^maV_mVm Ho$ MaUm| na ~{bXmZ hmo J`m&

^maV H$m `h eoa H$m ~ÀMm gXm A_a ahoJm&

****eãXmW© :

Owbyg-\o$ar, AmµOmX-ñdV§Ì, XmgVm-namYrZVm, ~{bXmZ XoZm-ehrX hmoZm, AXmbV-Ý`m`mb`, ImoQ>m-ZH$br, XmofnyU©; fS²>`§Ì-Hw$V§Ì&

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Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {bImo :

1. AmµOmX H$m nyam Zm_ Š`m h¡?

2. Š`m ~mobZo go \$m±gr na bQ>H$m {X`m OmVm Wm?

3. M§ÐeoIa AmµOmX {H$gHo$ ZoVm Wo?

4. OO Zo Š`m AmXoe {X`m?

5. H«$m§{VH$mar gmWr H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z Wo?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {bImo :

1. Jmoam OO Š`m| AmJ ~~ybm hmo J`m?

2. Agh`moJ Am§XmobZ _| Š`m-Š`m hmoZo bJm?

3. Jmoao OO H$s ~mV gwZH$a M§ÐeoIa Zo JaOH$a Š`m H$hm?

4. M§ÐeoIa H$mo OO Zo Š`m H$hH$a g_Pm`m?

III. eãXm| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a {bImo :

1. ^maV _mVm H$s - H«$m§[VH$mar gmWr

2. M§ÐeoIa - Am§XmobZ

3. Agh`moJ - AmµOmX

4. ^JVqgh - O`

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IV. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma eãX ~ZmAmo :

Ñ‹T> → Ñ‹T>Vm

1. dra →

2. g\$b →

3. ñdV§Ì →

4. H$mo_b →

V. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma amï´>r` Ë`mohmam| Ho$ Zm_ {bImo:

15> AJñV → ñdV§ÌVm {Xdg

1. 02 AŠVy~a →

2. 26 OZdar →

3. 14 Zd§~a →

4. 05 {gV§~a →

VI. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {dbmo_ eãX Omo‹S>mo:

1. ~‹S>m > naV§ÌVm

2. CÎma AZoH$

3. EH$ N>moQ>m

4. ñdV§ÌVm àíZ

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VII. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma eãX Omo‹S>H$a {bImo :

_m±JZm + dmbm = _m±JZodmbm

1. H$_mZm + =

2. g_PZm + =

3. ~VmZm + = OmZmo :

~{bXmZ XoZm : Xoe Ho$ {bE AnZo àmU An©U

H$aZm

IyZ Im¡b CR>Zm : AË`§V H«$mo{YV hmoZm

H$m~y _| Z ahZm : {Z`§ÌU _| Z ahZm

naoemZ hmoZm : XþIr hmoZm

A_a ahZm : h_oem Ho$ {bE ahZm

AmJ ~~ybm hmoZm : ~hþV Jwñgm hmoZm

VIII. gmoMH$a Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {bImo:

^maV H$m amï´>r` {Mh²Z - AemoH$ MH«$

1. amï´>r` àmUr -

2. amï´>r` njr -

3. amï´>JmZ -

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IX. {H$gZo H$hm? {H$ggo H$hm?

1$) ""`h N>moQ>m ~mbH$ H$m¡Z h¡?''

2) ""^maV_mVm Ho$ MaUm| _| `m OobImZo _|&''

3) ""Bg ~H$dmgr H$mo Oob _| S>mb Xmo! Bgo ~|Vm| go nrQ>mo,

H$mo‹S>m| go _mamo&''

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• Hw$N> ñdV§ÌVm goZm{Z`m| Ho$ {MÌm| H$m g§J«h H$amo&

• Xoe H$s CÞ{V Ho$ {bE Amn Š`m-Š`m H$a gH$Vo h¢?

H$jm _| MMm© H$a gyMr ~ZmAmo&

• amï´>r` Ë`mohma _ZmVo g_` h_ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-go Zmao

bJmVo h¢? {bImo&

• amï´>ÜdO H$m {MÌ ~ZmH$a Cg_| a§J âmo&

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nmR - 7

ào_nyU© AmMaU H$amo - g§H${bV

Bg H${dVm X²dmam ~ÀMo Xÿgam| go ào_nyU© ì`dhma H$aZm grIVo h¢&

YaVr _mVm ß`mar h¡&g~ gwI XoZodmbr h¡&&

nm¡Yo-no‹S> g^r AnZo&gM H$a XoVo h¢ gnZo&&

AnZo \$b H$~ ImVo do&h_H$mo gXm {IbmVo do&&

gwa{^V \y$b Iwer XoVo&g~H$m _Z do ha boVo&&

g~H$mo OrdZ XoVo h¢&~Xbo _| Š`m boVo h¢?

new ^r H$aVo h¢ godm&XoVo XÿY gÑe _odm&&

H$s‹S>o ^r Hw$N> {hV H$aVo&µOharbr dm`w haVo&&

AnZr hr Xþ{Z`m gmar&Amng _| g~ {hVH$mar&&

H$^r {H$gr H$mo H$ï> Z Xmo&ào_nyU© AmMaU H$amo&&

****

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eãXmW© :

YaVr-n¥Ïdr, gwa{^V-gwJ§{YV, gwdm{gV; gÑe-g_mZ, O¡gm; µOharbr-{df_`, AmMaU-ì`dhma &

Aä`mg

I. ~mobmo Am¡a {bImo:

1. YaVr go h_ ào_nyU© AmMaU H$aZm H¡$go grI gH$Vo h¢?

2. no‹S>-nm¡Ym| go h_| Š`m bm^ {_bVm h¡?

3. N>moQ>o H$s‹S>o {H$g àH$ma go g~H$m {hV H$aVo h¢?

4. ào_nyU© AmMaU Z H$aZo na h_mam ì`dhma Xÿgam| Ho$

à{V H¡$gm hmoJm?

5. no‹S>-nm¡Ym| Ho$ Abmdm Am¡a H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-go Ordm| go h_|

grI {_b gH$Vr h¡?

6. gnZo H$m¡Z gM H$a XoVo h¢?

7. g~H$mo \$b H$m¡Z {IbmVo h¢?

8. \y$b g~H$mo Š`m XoVo h¢?

9. new {H$g àH$ma godm H$aVo h¢?

10. g~Ho$ gmW H¡$gm ì`dhma H$aZm Mm{hE?

11. Bg H${dVm _| g~go ß`mar H$m¡Z h¡?

12. µOharbr dm`w H$mo H$m¡Z Xÿa H$aVo h¢?

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II. {OZ eãXm| Ho$ ZrMo aoIm ItMr J`r h¡, CZH$m AW© Amng _| MMm© H$aHo$ {bImo:

1$. AnZo \$b H$~ ImVo do&

h_ H$mo gXm {IbmVo do&&

2. new ^r H$aVo h¡§ godm&

XoVo XÿY gÑe _odm&

3. AnZr hr Xþ{Z`m gmar&

Amng _| g~ {hVH$mar&&

III. Am¡a H$moB© erf©H$ {bImo:

H${dVm H$m Zm_ "ào_nyU© AmMaU H$amo' Š`m| h¡?

Vw_ Bgo Š`m erf©H$ XoZm MmhmoJo?

1.

2.

IV. {ZåZ nX²`m§e H$s ny{V© H$amo:

1. gwa{^V \y$b XoVo&

g~H$m do ha boVo&&

2. AnZr hr gmar&

_| g~ {hVH$mar&&

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V. BZ n§{º$`m| H$m ^md ñnï> H$amo:

1. new ^r H$aVo h¡§ godm&

XoVo XÿY gÑe _odm&&

2. nm¡Yo-no‹S> g^r AnZo&

gM H$a XoVo h¢ gnZo&&

3. H$s‹S>o ^r Hw$N> {hV H$aVo&

µOharbr dm`w haVo&&

4. YaVr _mVm ß`mar h¡&

g~ gwI XoZodmbr h¡&&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• no‹S>m| go hmoZodmbo bm^m| H$s gyMr ~ZmAmo& H$jm _| gwZmAmo&

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nmR - 7

{_Ì Ho$ Zm_ nÌ

Bg nmR> go ~ÀMo nÌ {bIZo H$s H$bm grI gH$Vo h¢&

_¡gyé-570011 {X :09-05-17

[à` ah_mZ ^mB©,Z_ñVo&

Vw_ H¡$go hmo? Vwåhmao _mVm-{nVm Am¡a N>moQ>r ~hZ H¡$go h¢? g~H$mo _oam Z_ñH$ma H$hZm&

Vw_ O~ _¡gyé AmAmoJo, V~ h_ _¡gyé H$m {M{‹S>`mKa Adí` XoIZo OmE±Jo& `h Xoe Ho$ àmMrZV_ {M{‹S>`mKam| _| go EH$ h¡& Bgo gZ² 1892 _| _¡gyé Ho$ VËH$mbrZ

amOm Mm_amO|Ð Amo‹S>oà Zo ñWm{nV {H$`m Wm& A^r `h H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma Ho$ AYrZ h¡&

`h 10 EH$‹S> _| \¡$bm hþAm ~‹S>m-gm {M{‹S>`mKa h¡& Bg_| g§gma â Ho$ {d{^Þ new-njr XoIZo H$mo {_b|Jo& A\«$sH$m Ho$ eVw_w©J©, Or~«m, J¢S>m, H$mbm MrVm, g\o$X ~mK, AmñQ´>o{b`m Ho$ H$m§Jé, X{jU A_o[aH$m Ho$ B©_w BZ_| _w»` h¢& BÝh| ~hþV H$_ {M{‹S>`mKam| _| hr Vw_ XoI gH$Vo hmo&

{M{‹S>`mKa _| ~ÀMm| Ho$ _Zmoa§OZ Ho$ {bE ^yb^wb¡`mZw_m nm¡Ym| H$s Š`m[a`m±, {\$gbZ, Pybo Am{X ^r h¢& O~ Vw_ AmAmoJo V~ h_ Iy~ BZH$m _µOm b|Jo& dht EH$ N>moQ>m-gm Aënmhma J¥h ^r h¡& Iy~ IobZo Ho$ ~mX O~ ^yI bJoJr V~ dhm± Im`|Jo&

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{M{‹S>`mKa _| new-n{j`m| H$mo JmoX boZo H$m àmdYmZ h¡& _oao {nVmOr {Og H§$nZr _| Zm¡H$ar H$aVo h¢, CgZo EH$ J¢S>o H$mo JmoX {b`m h¡& AWm©V², CgH$s XoI^mb H$m gmam IM© dh H§$nZr CR>m oJr&

O~ Vw_ AmAmoJo V~ h_ _oao {nVmOr go H$h|Jo {H$ EH$ N>moQ>r-gr {M{‹S>`m H$mo do h_mar Amoa go JmoX b|& BgHo$ {bE h_ EH$ {M{‹S>`m H$m M`Z ^r H$a|Jo&

Š`m Vwåhmao AmZo Ho$ aoëdo {Q>H$Q> H$m AmajU hmo J`m? {V{W Am¡a ~moJr H$s g§»`m {bIZm& _¢ ñQ>oeZ nhþ±M OmD±$Jm&

AÀN>m, _¢ `ht nÌ H$mo g_mßV H$aVm h±ÿ& nÌ H$m CÎma OëXr hr XoZm&

YÝ`dmX& Vwåhmam,

Ho$.Omog\$nVm:

E.AãXþb ah_mZ, nwÌ-O_mb AãXþb Jâ\$a,

8 dm± H«$m°g amoS>, _Bbmnwa, Jm§Yr ZJa, MoÞ¡ - 04.

Aä`mg

I. ZrMo {Xò Jò àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bImo:

1>. _¡gyé Ho$ {M{‹S>`mKa Ho$ g§ñWmnH$ H$m¡Z Wo?

2>. _¡gyé Ho$ {M{‹S>`mKa H$s ñWmnZm H$~ hþB©?

3. {M{‹S>`mKa _| _Zmoa§OZ Ho$ {bE Š`m-Š`m h¡?

4>. {M{‹S>`mKa _| {H$gH$m àmdYmZ h¡?

5. {H$gZo J¢S>o H$mo JmoX {b`m h¡?

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6. Omog\$ AnZo {nVmOr go Š`m H$hZm MmhVm h¡? 7. Omog\$ ah_mZ go Š`m {bIZo Ho$ {bE H$hVm h¡? 8. _¡gyé Ho$ {M{‹S>`mKa Ho$ ~mao _| Mma-nm±M dmŠ` {bImo&

eãXmW© Am¡a eãX aMZm:

II. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma g_mZmWu eãX {_bmAmo:

1. nÌ ñWmZ gwa{jV H$aZm 2. àUm_ Am{lV 3. {à` A{YH$ 4. Iy~ MwZZm 5. AYrZ {MQ²²>R>r 6. M`Z Z_ñH$ma 7. AmajU ß`mao

III. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma eãX ~ZmAmo:

Im → ImAmoJo 1. Om → 2. nm → 3. Am →

IV. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma eãX ~ZmAmo:

àmMrZ → àmMrZV_ 1. ZdrZ → 2. gw§Xa →

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V. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma AÝ` qbJ {deofU eãX ~ZmAmo:

N>moQ>m → N>moQ>r

1. ~‹S>m → 2. _moQ>m → 3. ~wam →VI. ghr eãX MwZH$a dmŠ` nyam H$amo:

(Iy~, àmMrZV_, g_má, OëXr)

1. nÌ H$m CÎma hr XoZm&

2>. `ht nÌ H$mo H$aVm h±ÿ&

3. Vw_ O~ AmAmoJo h_ _µOm b|Jo&

4. `h Xoe Ho$ {M{‹S>`mKam| _| go EH$ h¡&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma:

• AnZo {H$gr {_Ì H$mo OÝ_-{XZ H$s ~YmB© XoVo hþE nÌ {bImo&

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nmR - 9

lr XÎmmÌo` am_M§Ð ~|Ðo

-g§H${bV

N>mÌ ~|Ðo Or H$s OrdZr go n[a{MV hmoVo h¢&

H$ÞS> ^mfm Ho$ kmZnrR> nwañH$ma àmßV {ÛVr` gm{hË`H$ma lr XÎmmÌo` am_M§Ð ~|Ðo Or h¢& CZH$s Kaoby ^mfm _amR>r Wr& ~|Ðo Or H$ÞS> ^mfm Ho$ à{V g_{n©V Wo Am¡a AmOrdZ CgH$s AË`wÎm_ godm H$aVo aho& OrdZ â g§Kfm] Ed§ H${R>ZmB`m| go OyPVo hþE gm{hË`-gmYZm H$aVo aho& CZH$m OrdZ Am¡a CZH$s gm{hË`-gmYZm àe§gZr` Ed§ àoaUmXm`H$ h¡&

~|Ðo Or H$m OÝ_ 31 OZdar gZ² 1893 H$mo YmadmS> Ho$ EH$ gwg§ñH¥$V n[adma _| hþAm& ~|Ðo Or Ho$ {nVmOr H$m Zm_ Wm am_M§Ð ^Q²>Q> Am¡a _mVm H$m Zm_ Wm A§~ìdm `m A§{~H$m& ~MnZ _| hr {nVm H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ H$maU ~|Ðo Am¡a CZHo$ Xmo ^mB`m| H$m nmbZ-nmofU CZH$s ZmZr Ho$ `hm± hþAm& ZmZr Or ^r Jar~ Wt Am¡a ImZmdbr (_og) MbmH$a n[adma MbmVr Wt& ~|Ðo Ho$ _m_m Or nwUo _| AÀN>r Zm¡H$ar H$a aho Wo& CÝhm|Zo ~|Ðo H$mo n‹T>mZo-{bImZo H$s {Oå_oXmar CR>m`r&

~|Ðo Or H$s àma§{^H$ {ejm YmadmS> _| {dŠQ>mo[a`m ñHy$b _| hþB©& _o{Q´>H$ Ho$ ~mX nwUo Ho$ à{gÕ \$½`©ygZ H$m°boO go CÝhm|Zo ~r.E. {H$`m& gmW hr A§J«oµOr, H$ÞS>, _amR>r, g§ñH¥$V Am{X _| n§m{S>Ë` àmßV {H$`m& {\$a YmadmS> bm¡Q>H$a {dŠQ>mo[a`m ñHy$b _| AÜ`mnH$ ~Z Jò& dhm± VrZ gmb VH$ H$m_ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo ZoeZb H$m°boO _| H$m_ {H$`m&

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~|Ðo Or H$m {ddmh gZ² 1919 _| a§Jy~mB© go hþAm {OZH$m Zm_ nm[adm[aH$ na§nam Ho$ AZwgma ~XbH$a bú_r~mB© aIm J`m& `X²`{n do àmW{_H$ {ejm VH$ hr n‹‹T>r-{bIr Wt, ~|Ðo Or H$s H$mì`-gmYZm Ho$ {bE no«aH$ ~Zt& ~|Ðo Or CZgo gmXa ào_ H$aVo Wo& {\$a EH$ Ho$ ~mX EH$ H$aHo$ _mVmOr Am¡a EH$ ^mB© H$s _¥Ë`w H$m emoH$ CÝh| ghZm n‹S>m& AnZo N>… nwÌm| _| go Mma H$s _wË`w ^r CÝh| AnZo OrdZ H$mb _| XoIZm n‹S>m& CZ_| EH$ Vmo âr OdmZr _| JwµOa J`m Am¡a Xmo, EH$ hâVo Ho$ A§Vamb _| Mb ~go& ~‹S>o Y¡`© Ho$ gmW BZ g~H$mo ~|Ðo Or Zo Pob {b`m& ~|Ðo Or H$m OrdZ H${R>ZmB`m| `m XþIm| go X~Zodmbm Zht Wm&

nm[adm[aH$ H${R>ZmB`m| Ho$ ~mdOyX Jm§YrOr go à^m{dV hmoH$a CÝhm|Zo ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ _| ^mJ {b`m Am¡a Oob ^r Jò& CZH$s Zm¡H$ar Ny>Q> J`r& ~oamoµOJmar _| hr {H$gr Vah CÝhm|Zo E_.E.{H$`m& Hw$N> g_` VH$ "OrdZ' _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m Ho$ g§nmXH$ aho& CgHo$ ~mX gZ² 1944 _| gmoëbmnwa Ho$ S>r.E.dr. H$m°boO _| H$ÞS> ^mfm Ho$ àmÜ`mnH$ ~Zo& V~ OmH$a CZH$s Am{W©H$ H${R>ZmB`m± Xÿa hþBª& gZ² 1965 _| AdH$me àmá H$aZo Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo YmadmS> AmH$medmUr H|$Ð _| gm{hË` gbmhH$ma Ho$ ê$n _| H$m_ {H$`m& 26 AŠVy~a 1981 B©. H$mo ~|Ðo Or H$m Xohm§V hþAm&

Joboà Jwånw Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$ÞS> gm{hË` H$mo àmoËgmhZ XoVo hþE ~|Ðo Or ñd`§ ^r H$mì`-gmYZm _| bJo aho& CÝhm|Zo H$B© H$mì`-g§J«h, ZmQ>H$, EH$m§{H$`m± Am¡a AmbmoMZmË_H$ H¥${V`m± {bIt Am¡a H$B© AZwdmX ^r {H$ò& CÝhm|Zo _amR>r Am¡a A§J«oµOr _| ^r gm{hË`-g¥OZ {H$`m h¡& CZH$s aMZmAm| _| "H$mo{Jbo-H$mo{Jbo', "E§Xþ ~§Xo Zr' Am¡a "VwÎmyar' à_wI h¢&

~|Ðo Or ~hþV hr bmoH${à` H${d Wo& CÝh| AZoH$ gå_mZ ^r àmá hþE& gZ² 1943 _| g§nÞ 27d| H$ÞS> gm{hË` gå_obZ _| CÝh| AÜ`j nX go Ab§H¥$V {H$`m J`m& gZ² 1968 _| CZHo$ "Aaiw-_aiw'

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H${dVm-g§J«h Ho$ {bE H|$Ðr` gm{hË` AH$mX_r nwañH$ma {_bm& gZ² 1968 _| ^maV gaH$ma Ûmam "nX²_lr', gZ² 1969 _| H|$Ðr` gm{hË` AH$mX_r H$s \o$bmo{en, gZ² 1973 _| CZHo$ "ZmHw$V§Vr' H${dVm-g§H$bZ Ho$ {bE CÝh| kmZnrR> nwañH$ma go gå_m{ZV {H$`m J`m&

****eãXmW©:

Kaoby-Ka H$m/H$s, g_n©U-A{n©V H$aZm, gm¢nZm; AmOrdZ-OrdZ â, àe§gZr`-àe§gm H$aZo `mo½`, àoaUmXm`H$-àoaUm XoZodmbm, ào[aV H$aZodmbm; gwg§ñH¥$V-{eîQ>, CÎm_ g§ñH$ma wŠV; nm§{S>Ë`-{dÛÎmm, g_¥Õ kmZ; JwµOa OmZm-_¥Ë w H$mo àmßV, ~oamoµOJmar-~oH$mar, AdH$me àmßV, godm {Zd¥Îm; gbmhH$ma-gbmh/am` XoZodmbm, AmbmoMZm - JwU-Xmof {ZH$mbZm, g¥OZ - aMZm, g¥pîQ>; PobZm - ghZm, ~Xm©íV H$aZm &

Aä`mg

I. ZrMo {Xò Jò àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bImo: 1. ~|Ðo Or Ho$ e¡{jH$ OrdZ H$m n[aM` Xmo& 2. ~|Ðo Or H$mo AnZo OrdZ _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gr H${R>ZmB`m| H$mo PobZm n‹S>m? 3. ~|Ðo Or Zo {H$Z-{H$Z nXm| na H$m_ {H$`m? 4. ~|Ðo Or H$mo H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go nwañH$ma {_bo h¢? 5. ~|Ðo Or Ho$ n[adma Ho$ ~mao _| nm±M dmŠ` {bImo&

eãXmW© Am¡a eãX aMZm :

II. nw{ëb§J eãXm| Ho$ ñÌrqbJ ê$n {bImo:

1. {nVm 2. ^mB©

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48

3. ZmZm

4. nwÌ

5. H${d

6. AÜ`mnH$

III. ZrMo {bIo ñÌrqbJ eãXm| Ho$ ~hþdMZ ê$n {bImo:

_mbm → _mbmE±

1. _mVm →

2. ^mfm →

3. aMZm →

4. H${dVm →

IV. {dbmo_mW©H$ eãXm| H$mo {_bmAmo:

1. `hm± N>moQ>m

2. ~‹S>m gwI

3. ào_ gab

4. XþI X²>dof

5. H${R>Z dhm±

V. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma eãX ~ZmAmo:

n[adma → nm[adm[aH$ {ejm → e¡{jH$

1. gm{hË` → 1. {ddmh → 3. _mg → 2. {dkmZ → 5. AW© →

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49

g + n[adma - gn[adma

1. g + \$b - 2. g + ào_ - 3. g + Ord - 4. g + {hV - 5. g + Ob - VI. dmŠ`m§e go ghr eãX {_bmAmo:

1. gm{hË` g¥OZ H$aZodmbm gbmhH$ma 2. {dÚmb` _| n‹T>mZodmbm g§nmXH$ 3. n{ÌH$m H$m g§nmXZ H$aZodmbm H${d 4. gbmh XoZodmbm AÜ`mnH$ 5. H${dVm {bIZodmbm gm{hË`H$maVII. ZrMo {bIo eãXm| H$m AnZo dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$amo:

1. OyPZm - 2. {Oå_oXmar CR>mZm - 3. Mb ~gZm - 4. ^mJ boZm -

VIII. ghr eãX MwZH$a dmŠ` nyam H$amo: (ñdV§ÌVm, A§J«oµOr Am¡a _amR>r, kmZnrR>, à{gÕ, Kaoby) 1. ~|Ðo Or H$s ^mfm _amR>r Wr& 2. ~|Ðo Or Zo \$½ ©ygZ H$m°boO _| ~r.E. {H$`m& 3. Jm§YrOr go à^m{dV hmoH$a ~|Ðo Or Zo g§J«m_ _| ^mJ {b`m&

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4. ~|Ðo Or H$mo "ZmHw$V§V§r' H${dVm-g§H$bZ Ho${bE

nwañH$ma {_bm&

5. ~|Ðo Or Zo _| ^r gm{hË`-g¥OZ {H$`m h¡&

IX. KQ>Zm H«$_mZwgma {bImo:

1. gZ² 1969 _| H|$Ðr` gm{hË` AH$mX_r H$s \o$bmo{en {_br&

2. 26 Aºy$~a 1981 B©. H$mo ~|Ðo Or H$m Xohm§V hþAm&

3. ~|Ðo Or H$mo gZ² 1968 _| ^maV gaH$ma X²>dmam nX²>_lr nwañH$ma {_bm&

4. ~|Ðo Or Zo gZ² 1965 _| AdH$me àmá {H$`m&

5. ~|Ðo Or gZ² 1943 _| g§nÞ 27d| H$ÞS> gm{hË` gå_obZ Ho$ AÜ`j ~Zo&

6. gZ² 1973 _| ~|Ðo Or H$mo CZHo$ "ZmHw$V§Vr' H${dVm-g§H$bZ Ho$ {bE kmZnrR> nwañH$ma {_bm&

7. ~|Ðo Or H$m OÝ_ 31 OZdar gZ² 1893 H$mo YmadmS> Ho$ EH$ gwg§ñH¥$V n[adma _| hþAm&

8. ~|Ðo Or gZ² 1944 _| gmoëbmnwa Ho$ S>r.E.dr H$m°boO _| H$ÞS> ^mfm Ho$ àmÜ`mnH$ ~Zo&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma:

• H$ÞS> ^mfm _| kmZnrR> nwañH$ma go gå_m{ZV AÝ` H${d`m| H$m g§{já n[aM` àmá H$aHo$ H$jm _| MMm© H$amo&

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nmR - 10

Va~yOm| H$m _m¡g_ - ny{U©_m d_©Z

~ÀMo {d{^Þ \$b VWm ImX²>` nXmWm] go n[a{MV hmoVo h¢&

Ja_r Ho$ {XZ Y_m Mm¡H$‹S>r_ñVr hëbm Vw_-h_Am`m {\$a Bg gmb bm¡Q>H$aVa~yOm| H$m _m¡g_&

{XZ â Iob-Iob H$a WH$VoamV Jò gwñVmVob§~o-b§~o {XZ hmoVo Am¡a N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r amV|n‹T>Zo go {\$a b§~r \w$agVIa~yOm| H$m _m¡g_Am`m {\$a Bg gmb bm¡Q>H$aVa~yOm| H$m _m¡g_&

N>moQ>mo, H$mQ>mo {_bH$a ~m±Q>moR>§S>o-R>§S>o Iraoa§J-{~a§Jo ea~V _rR>onrVo Yrao-YraoMZm M~oZm bB`m gÎmy^‹S>^yOm| H$m _m¡g_Am`m {\$a Bg gmb bm¡Q>H$aVa~yOm| H$m _m¡g_ &

****

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H$d{`Ìr n[aM` :ny{U©_m d_©Z H$m OÝ_ 27 OyZ 1955 H$mo

nrbr^rV, CÎmaàXoe _| hþAm& CÝhm|Zo g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` _| ñZmVH$moÎma Cnm{Y àmßV H$s h¡& ñdmV§Í`moÎma g§ñH¥$V gm{hË` na emoY H$m © {H$`m h¡& nÌH$m[aVm Am¡a do~ {S>µOm`qZJ _| {S>ßbmo_m ^r àmá H$s h¡&

{nN>bo nÀMrg gmbm| _| boIZ, g§nmXZ, \«$s bm§ga, AÜ`mnZ, H$bmH$ma, J«m{µ\$H$ {S>µOm`qZJ Am¡a Omb àH$meZ Ho$ AZoH$ amñVm| go JwµOaVo hþE {\$bhmb emaOmh ZJa _| gm{hpË`H$ Omb n{ÌH$mAm| - "A{^ì`pŠV' Am¡a "AZw y{V' Ho$ g§nmXZ Am¡a H$bm-H$_© _| ì`ñV h¢& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV do qhXr {d{H$nr{S>`m H$s à~§YH$ ^r h¢&

{Xëbr _| ^maVr` gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§~§Y n[afX, gm{hË` AH$mX_r VWm Aja_ Ho$ g§ wŠV Ab§H$aU, àdmgr _r{S>`m gå_mZ, OÒ`d§Vr Ûmam OÒ`d§Vr gå_mZ VWm am`nwa _| g¥OZ JmWm Ho$ qhXr Jm¡ad gå_mZ go {d^y{fV h¢&

CZH$m H${dVm-g§J«h "dŠV Ho$ gmW' à{gÕ h¡&

eãXmW©:hëbm-emoa, _m¡g_-H$mb, \w$agV-A{V[aº$ g_`, ea~V-_rR>m

no`, M~oZm-M~mH$a ImZo `mo½` gyIm ^wZm hþAm MZm, gÎmy - ^wZo hþE Vah-Vah Ho Xmbm| H$m AmQ>m, ^‹S>^yOm - ^Q²>Q>r bJmH$a MZm Am{X ^yZH$a ~oMZodmbm `m CZH$s Om{V&

Aä`mg

I. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bImo : 1. Bg gmb {\$a go Š`m bm¡Q>H$a Am`m h¡? 2. {XZ Am¡a amV H¡$go hmoVo h¢? 3. {H$g àH$ma Ho$ ea~V H$mo Yrao-Yrao nrVo h¢?

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II. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma aoIm ItMH$a eãXm| H$mo {_bmAmo :

1. _ñVr H$mb 2. hëbm _rR>m no` 3. ea~V Zem 4. _m¡g_ emoa

III. BZ eãXm| Ho$ AW© {bImo :

1. gmb - 2. {\$a - 3. bm¡Q>Zm - 4. _m¡g_ - 5. WH$Zm - 6. \w$agV -

IV. BZ eãXm| H$m AnZo dmŠ`m| _o§ à`moJ H$amo :

1. b§~o-b§~o - 2. N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r - 3. R>§S>o-R>§S>o - 4. Yrao-Yrao -

V. BZ n§{ŠV`m| H$mo nyam H$amo :

1. Ja_r Ho$ {XZ Y_m Mm¡H$‹S>r Am`m {\$a _m¡g_&

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2. {XZ â amV Jò gwñVmVo hmoVo Am¡a n‹T>Zo go {\$a b§~r \w$agV Va~yOm| H$m _m¡g_ &

VI. BZ n§{ŠV`m| H$m AW© {bImo : _ñVr hëbm Vw_-h_& amV Jò gwñVmVo& a§J-{~a§Jo ea~V _rR>o& Va~yOm| H$m _m¡g_&

VII. Z`m erf©H$ :AJa Vwåh| Bg H${dVm H$m Zm_ ~XbZo H$mo H$hm OmE, Vmo Vw_

Bgo Š`m Zm_ XmoJo? {bImo &

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :• `hm± {bIo Jò \$bm| _| go Vwåh| H$m¡Z go \$b ng§X h¢? Vw_ {H$Z-

{H$Z \$bm| go ea~V ~ZmVo hmo? gyMr ~ZmAmo& 1. Va~yO 5. g§Vam 2. Ia~yO 6. Om_wZ 3. go~ 7. A§Jya 4. Ho$bm 8. AZma

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nmR - 11

K§{Q>`m± - g§H${bV

~ÀMo g_` H$m _hËd g_PH$a CgH$m gXþn`moJ H$aZm grIVo h¢&

""{Q>a©Z....{Q>a©Z....{Q>a©Z....{Q>a©Z....''

àH$me IrPH$a CR>m Am¡a Q>mB_ nrg H$mo V{H$E Ho$ ZrMo X~mH$a boQ> J`m; H$mZm| Ho$ BX©-{JX© aµOmB© AÀN>r Vah bnoQ> br, {Oggo K§Q>r H$s AmdmµO {~ëHw$b Z gwZmB© Xo& na ZtX CMQ> MwH$s Wr& _Z hr _Z AnZr XrXr H$mo H$mogZo bJm, Omo amoµO amV H$mo Cgo gw~h CR>H$a n‹T>Zo H$s {ejm XoVr h¡& Z OmZo {H$g dŠV dh MwnHo$ go K‹S>r _| Abm_© bJmH$a aI OmVr h¡ Am¡a àH$me H$mo _O~ya hmoH$a CR>Zm hr n‹S>Vm h¡&

A^r em`X nm¡ \$Q>r hmoJr {H$ H$_ao Ho$ ~mha Xrdma na bJr H$m°b ~ob ~O CR>r& àH$me {Mh±wH$ CR>m& CgZo gmoMm {H$ Bg H$m°b ~ob H$mo ^r dh AmO CIm‹S>H$a \|$H$ XoJm& Bg am_y Ho$ ~ÀMo H$moo {H$VZr ~ma g_Pm`m {H$ XÿYdmbo Ho$ AmZo go nhbo hr CR>H$a XadmµOo na I‹S>m hmo Om`m H$a, na `h ^r H$m°b ~ob ~OZo na hr CR>Vm h¡& àH$me H$mo bJm O¡go g~ bmoJ hmW YmoH$a CgHo$ nrN>o n‹S> JE h¢&

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{H$gr Vah BYa-CYa H$adQ> ~Xbr {H$ V~ VH$ {nVmOr Zo AnZm Omn ewê$ H$a {X`m, ""hao H¥$îU JmoqdX hao _wamao''& CÝh| ^r Z OmZo Š`m AmXV h¡ Omo _w±h A§Yoao hr CR>H$a ZXr-ñZmZ H$mo Mbo OmVo h¢ Am¡a AmH$a ÔZ-nyOZ _| bJ OmVo h¢& àH$me H$mo CZHo$ ÔZ-nyOZ go {M‹T> Zht h¡, {M‹T> h¡ Cg {Jbmg Ho$ gmBµO H$s K§Q>r go, {Ogo dh µOmoa-µOmoa go {hbmH$a ÔZ JmVo h¢ & g_P _| Zht AmVm {H$ Š`m ^JdmZ ^r {~Zm K§Q>r ~OmE Zht OmJVo!

AmO gw~h go hr àH$me Pw§Pbm`m hþAm Wm& XrXr Zo nyN>m, ""gw~h CR>o Wo?''

dh ~ag n‹S>m,""XrXr, _¢ A~ BVZm N>moQ>m Zht h±ÿ {H$ _wPo Vw_ amoµO-amoµO EH$ hr ~mV H$hmo&''

Bg CÎma go XrXr H$m ZmamµO hmo OmZm ñdm^m{dH$ hr Wm& dh {~Zm CZH$s Amoa XoIo ~mWê$_ _| Mbm J`m&

ImZm ImH$a O¡go hr dh {H$Vm~| BH$Q²>R>r H$aZo bJm {H$ ~¡R>H$ _| bJr Xrdmb K‹S>r Cgo hr gwZmZo Ho$ {bE Xg H$m K§Q>m ~Om ~¡R>r& CgH$m _yS> {\$a {~J‹S> J`m& AmO {\$a nhbo nr[a`S> _| boQ> nhþ±MZo na emñÌr Or AnZr Jmob-Jmob Am±Im| go Cgo Kya|Jo, Z OmZo Š`m| dh g_PZo H$s H$mo{ee Zht H$aVo {H$ Xoa-g~oa Vmo g^r Ho$

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57

gmW hmoVr h¡&dh gmB{H$b na gdma hmoH$a Mbm Om ahm Wm {H$ PQ> Jm±d

H$m EH$ AmX_r CgHo$ gm_Zo Am J`m& ~‹S>r _wpíH$b go dh H$VamH$a gmB{H$b {ZH$mb bo J`m, na CgH$s Hw$hZr Jm±ddmbo go Q>H$am JB©&

""{XImB© Zht XoVm Š`m?'' Jm±ddmbm ~‹S>~‹S>m`m&""Vwåh| Zhr§ {XImB© XoVm Am¡a _wPo H$hVo hmo .........''""Š`m _oao nrN>o Am±I| h¢? gmB{H$b _| K§Q>r Š`m| Zht bJdm

boVo? Cgo ~Om Xmo, Vmo gm_Zodmbm hQ> OmE&''Am¡a àH$me VoOr go n¡{S>b Kw_mVm AmJo {ZH$b J`m& Jm±d dmbo

Ho$ _w±h go ^r K§Q>r H$m Zm_ gwZH$a CgH$m Or Mmhm Wm {H$ CgH$m _w±h ZmoM bo&

amñVo _| Hw$N> XmoñV {_b JE&

CZHo$ gmW ^r Xg-n§Ðh {_ZQ> bJ JE& ñHy$b nhþ±Mm, Vmo

_ZH$sam_ Mnamgr Xÿgao nr[a`S> H$m K§Q>m ~Om ahm Wm& Cgo bJm

{H$ `h Mnamgr ^r CgH$m eÌw h¡& µOê$a CgZo Cgo XoIH$a hr

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K§Q>m ~Om`m h¡ Am¡a {\$a H$å~»V ~OmVm ^r {H$VZr Omoa go h¡ O¡go g^r ~hao hmo§&

Šbmg _| nhþ±Mm, Vmo ^Q>ZmJa gmh~ Zht AmE Wo& CÝh| em`X à`moJembm _| hmoH$a AmZm Wm& dh AmE, Vmo hmW _| nrVb H$r EH$ K§Q>r boH$a AmE& AmO "Üd{Z' Ho$ g§~§Y _| nmR> Wm& nyao nr[a`S> _| dh YmVw VWm Cg na {H$E OmZodmbo AmKmV Ho$ H$maU hmoZodmbr Üd{Z VWm CgHo$ H§$nZm| H$s ^m¡{VH$-emñÌr` OmZH$mar XoVo aho Am¡a àH$me AnZm _mWm nH$‹S>o ~¡R>m ahm& ~rM-~rM _| O~ dh CXmhaU XoZo Ho$ {bE Q>Z² go K§Q>r ~OmVo, Vmo dh Mm¢H$ CR>Vm, O¡go {H$gr Zo CgH$s H$ZnQ>r na Mm±Q>m _mam hmo Am¡a dh {Vb{_bm H$a ah OmVm&

nyam {XZ CgZo H¡$go {~Vm`m, CgH$s IwX g_P _| Zhr§ Am`m& gmVd| nr[a`S> H$s àVrjm hr CgH$m EH$_mÌ ghmam Wr& na gmVdm± nr[a`S> O¡go a~‹S> ~Z J`m Wm& dh ~ma-~ma H$bmB©-K‹S>r H$s gwB`m| H$mo XoIVm& H$^r gmoMVm em`X h¡S> _mñQ>a Ho$ H$_ao H$s K‹S>r R>rH$ Zht h¡& em`X _ZH$sam_ D±$K ahm hmoJm& {H$gr Vah µOmoa-µOmoa go Q>Z²Z²....Q>Z²Z²....Q>Z²Z².... Nw>Q²>Q>r H$s K§Q>r ~Or, Vmo Cgo M¡Z {_bm {H$ Mbmo A~ `hm± H$s K§Q>r go _w{ŠV {_br&

Ka dmng OmVo g_` Cgo bJm {H$ ~‹S>r µOmoa-µOmoa go K§{Q>`m± ~OmVr hþB© Hw$N> _moQ>a Jm{‹S>`m± nrN>o go Am ahr h¢& dh EH$X_ g‹S>H$ N>mo‹S>H$a {H$Zmao hmo J`m& XoIm {H$ EH$ Ho$ nrN>o EH$, VrZ \$mà-{~«JoS> H$s Jm{‹S>`m± Mbr Am ahr h¢& CZH$s K§{Q>`m± µOmoam| go ~O ahr h¢& bmoJ CYa hr ^mJ aho h¢ {OYa do Om ahr h¢, {H$ÝVw O~ \$mà-{~«JoS> H$s Jm{‹S>`m± CgHo$ H$ar~ go JwµOat, Vmo BVZr VoOr go K§{Q>`m| H$m ñda CgHo$ H$mZm| _| Kwgm {H$ CgH$m _pñVîH$ gwÞ n‹S> J`m& Cgo nb â Ho$ {bE bJm {H$ dh ~ham hmo J`m h¡& ^mar _Z go dh Yrao-Yrao Ka H$s Amoa Mbm& MmhVm Vmo Wm {H$ CYa MbH$a XoIo {H$ AmJ H$hm± bJr h¡, na {ga \$Q>m Om ahm Wm& K§{Q>`m| H$s AmdmµOm| Zo O¡go CgHo$ {X_mJ _| n§ŠMa H$a {X`m Wm&

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Ka nhþ±Mm, Vmo CgH$s Am±I| ~war Vah Ob ahr Wt& XrXr Zo _mWo na hmW aIm, Vmo ~wIma go dh Vn ahm Wm& \$m¡aZ àH$me H$s ~r_mar H$m g_mMma Ka _| \¡$b J`m& _m± Zo AmH$a Cgo {~ñVa na {bQ>m {X`m Am¡a CgH$m {ga ghbmZo bJr& {nVmOr Zo W_m©_rQ>a bJmH$a XoIm Vmo ~wIma Mma H$mo nma H$a nm±M {S>J«r H$mo Ny>Zm MmhVm Wm& XrXr Zo Vwa§V n‹S>mog _| OmH$a S>m°ŠQ>a H$mo AmZo Ho$ {bE \$moZ H$a {X`m&

àH$me AnZr gmar gwY~wY Imo ~¡R>m Wm& VoO ~wIma _| dh hmW-n¡a nQ>H$ ahm Wm& ~rM-~rM _| ~‹S>~‹S>m CR>Vm, ""K§Q>r.... K§Q>r.... K§Q>r.... ~Or.... ~§X H$amo, Cgo.... ~§X H$amo..... XrXr..... Abm_©..... _ZH$sam_ .... ^Q>ZmJa gmh~.... K§Q>r.... K§Q>r...&''

S>m°ŠQ>a Zo XoIm& Xdm Xr& {\$a ~mobo, ""bJVm h¡, `h {H$gr ~mV go naoemZ h¡& `h "K§Q>r-K§Q>r' Š`m| {Mëbm ahm h¡?''

""S>m°ŠQ>a, _¢ Bgo gw~h CR>mZo Ho$ {bE Abm_© bJmVr h±ÿ& `h CRZm Zht MmhVm& Bgo K§{Q>`m| go hr Z OmZo Š`m| {M‹T> hmo JB© h¡& gw~h XÿYdmbm K§Q>r ~OmVm h¡, V~ ^r am_y na {~J‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ XÿYdmbo go nhbo hr OmH$a XÿY Š`m| Zht bo {b`m& ~VmBE S>m°ŠQ>a, ^bm K§Q>r ^r H$moB© Eogr MrµO h¡ {Oggo {M‹T>m OmE?'' XrXr Zo H$hm&

S>m°ŠQ>a J§ ra hmoH$a Hw$N> gmoMVo aho& Bg ~rM àH$me Cgr Vah ~‹S>~‹S>mVm ahm& S>m°ŠQ>a CR>o Am¡a {nVmOr H$mo ~mha bo JE& nVm Zht Š`m ~mV| H$s¨&

àH$me H$m ~wIma CVam, Vmo {nVmOr Zo H$hm, ""~oQ>o, AmO ñHy$b _V OmZm, h_ bmoJ em_ H$mo H$ht ~mha Mb|Jo&''

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Am¡a em_ H$s Jm‹S>r go g^r bmoJ {e_bm Mbo JE& CÝhm|Zo EH$ Eogm ~§Jbm {b`m, Omo {~ëHw$b eha Ho$ {H$Zmao na Wm& {~ëHw$b gwZgmZ, H$ht H$moB© AmdmµO Zht, {XZ-â, amV-â g~ Cgr_| aho&

àH$me `hm± EH$ hâVo _| hr D$~ J`m& g^r ~mVm| H$m H«$_ {~J‹S> J`m Wm& H$^r em_ H$mo hr ImZm hmo OmVm, H$^r Xoa amV VH$ ~mV| hmoVr ahVt& {nVmOr OmZ-~yPH$a H$bmB©-K‹S>r Ka na N>mo‹S> AmE Wo& Hw$N> g_P _| hr Zht AmVm Wm {H$ H$~ {H$VZm ~Om h¡& àH$me H$mo bJZo bJm {H$ dh O¡go T>rbm hmo J`m h¡ Am¡a g~ Hw$N> ~odŠV H$aVm h¡&

Am{Ia V§J AmH$a EH$ {XZ dh ~mobm, ""`hm± go M[bE, {nVmOr, _Z Zht bJVm& H$~ Š`m H$ê±$, Hw$N> g_P _| Zht AmVm!''

{nVmOr _wñH$amE& ~mobo,""V~r`V Vmo R>rH$ h¡?''""hm±,'' àH$me Zo H$hm, ""na bJVm h¡ AJa Eogo hr ahm, Vmo

{\$a ~r_ma hmo OmD±$Jm& `hm± Vmo Hw$N> H$m_ hr Zht h¡&''""Bgr{bE AmX_r Ho$ {bE `h ~hþV µOê$ar h¡ {H$ dŠV H$s

H$s_V H$mo nhMmZo& H$~ Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE, {H$VZr Xoa _| H$aZm Mm{hE, `h OmZZm ~hþV µOê$ar h¡& AJa AmX_r `h OmZZm ~§X H$a Xo, Vmo CgH$s qµOXJr H$m H$moB© {R>H$mZm Zht {H$ dh H$~ Š`m H$aoJm& N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r {M{‹S>`m| H$mo XoImo, do ^r g_` go CR>Vr Am¡a gmoVr h¢& AmX_r Zo AnZo g_` H$m {hgm~ aIZo Ho$ {bE K{‹S>`m± ~ZmB© h¢ Am¡a g_` go gOJ ahZo Ho$ {bE K§Q>r ~OVr h¡& Omo Vwåh| MoVmdZr Xo, gOJ ~ZmE, Cggo {M‹T>Zm H¡$gm? AJa Vw_ Zht MmhVo, Vmo Vw_ Cgo {_Q>m gH$Vo hmo, na `h Vmo gmoM bmo {H$ Š`m CgHo$ {~Zm Vw_ ah gH$Vo hmo?'' {nVmOr Zo g_Pm`m&

àH$me Zo CÎma _| _wñH$am {X`m& ~mobm, ""{nVmOr, A~ _¢ Iwe h±ÿ& _oar V~r`V ^r AÀN>r h¡& M{bE Ka Mb|, daZm n‹T>mB© H$m ~hþV ZwH$gmZ hmoJm&''

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Am¡a àH$me bm¡Q> Am`m& K§{Q>`m± nhbo O¡gr hr ~OVr aht, na àH$me A~ CZgo {M‹T>Vm Zht, Iwe hmoVm h¡ - `h gmoMH$a {H$ do Cgo n‹T>Zo Ho$ {bE H$hVr h¢, do Cgo boQ> hmoZo go ~MmVr h¢&

****

eãXmW©:

BX©-{JX© - Amg-nmg, Mmam| Amoa; CMQ> OmZm-AbJ hmoZm, {Mhþ±H$Zm-Mm¢H$Zm, CIm‹S>Zm-{N>Þ-{^Þ H$aZm, {ZH$mb \|$H$Zm; Pw§PbmZm - {M‹T>-{M‹T>mZm, Xrdmb-Xrdma, AmKmV-YŠH$m,MmoQ>; {Vb{_bmZm-MH$mMm¢Y hmoZm, _pñVîH$-ôOm, {X_mJ; naoemZ-qM{VV hmoZm, ~‹S>~‹S>mZm-ì`W© H$s ~mV H$aZm, gwZgmZ-{ZO©Z, gÝZmQ>m, CO‹S>m; ~odº$-Ag_`, MoVmdZr-gmdYmZ H$aZm, V~r`V-ñdmñÏ`, ZwH$gmZ-hm{Z, {M‹T>Zm-~wam _mZZm, H«$mo{YV hmoZm&

Aä`mg

I. àíZm| Ho$ CÎma ~VmAmo … 1$. àH$me H$mo _O~ya hmoH$a gw~h Š`m| CR>Zm n‹S>Vm Wm? 2. {nVmOr Zo àmV…H$mb H$m¡Z-gm Omn ewê$ H$a {X`m? 3. Ka dmng OmVo g_` àH$me Zo Š`m XoIm? 4. àH$me H$mo {H$g dñVw go {M‹‹T> hmo JB© Wr ? 5. {nVmOr Zo àH$me H$mo Š`m g_Pm`m?

II. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bImo: 1. {H$gH$s ZtX CMQ> MwH$s Wr? 2. H$_ao Ho$ ~mha Xrdma na Š`m bJr Wr? 3. àH$me {H$g MrµO go {M‹T> ahm Wm? 4>. _w±h A§Yoao CR>H$a ZXr-ñZmZ Ho$ {bE H$m¡Z Mbo OmVo h¢?

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5>. ImZm ImH$a àH$me Š`m BH$Q²>R>m H$aZo bJm? 6. O~ àH$me gmB{H$b na gdma hmoH$a MbZo bJm Vmo H$m¡Z gm_Zo Am`m? 7>. ^Q>ZmJa Or Ho$ hmW _| {H$g àH$ma H$s K§Q>r Wr? 8. ^Q>ZmJa Or {H$gH$s OmZH$mar XoVo aho? 9. Ka dmng OmVo g_` àH$me Zo Š`m _hgyg {H$`m? 10. {H$gZo àH$me H$mo {~ñVa na {bQ>m {X`m? 11. VoO ~wIma _| àH$me Š`m H$a ahm Wm? 12. S>m°ŠQ>a Zo Xdm XoH$a Š`m H$hm?

III. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {bImo: 1. àH$me _Z hr _Z AnZr XrXr H$mo H¡$go H$mogZo bJm? 2. {nVmOr àmV…H$mb Š`m-Š`m H$aVo h¢? 3$. O~ H$m°b ~ob ~O CR>r Vmo àH$me Zo Š`m-Š`m gmoMm? 4. H$jm _| àH$me AnZm _mWm nH$‹S>o ~¡R>m Wm& Š`m|? 5. Jm±ddmbo Zo àH$me go K§Q>r Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$hm?

IV. dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$amo: 1. hmW YmoH$a nrN>o n‹S>Zm - 2. gwY~wY Imo ~¡R>Zm - 3. _w±h ZmoMZm -

V. AZoH$mW© eãXm| H$m à`moJ: Ka nhþ±Mm, Vmo CgH$s Am±I| ~war Vah Ob ahr Wt&

hm± Ob H$m AW© h¡ ObZm&

Bgr Vah Ob H$m AW© nmZr ^r hmoVm h¡&

O¡go-dh Ob â H$a bm`m &

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ZrMo Hw$N> eãX {Xò Jò h¢& BZ eãXm| go EH$-EH$ dmŠ` ~ZmAmo, bo{H$Z XmoZm| ~ma Cg eãX H$m AW© AbJ hmoZm Mm{hE&

1. hma -

2. \$b -

3. _Ja -

4. CÎma -

VI. {ÛépŠV eãXm| H$m à`moJ:dh Yrao-Yrao Ka H$s Amoa Mbm&

`hm± "Yrao' eãX H$m Xmo ~ma à`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡& Eogo hr Am¡a Hw$N> eãX ZrMo {Xò Jò h¢& CZgo dmŠ` ~ZmAmo:

1. MbVo-MbVo - 2. nrN>o-nrN>o - 3. AmJo-AmJo -

VII. H$moB© Am¡a erf©H$ :

Bg H$hmZr H$m Zm_ K§{Q>`m± Š`m| h¡?

Vw_ Bgo Š`m erf©H$ XoZm MmhmoJo? {bImo&

1.

2.

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :• "g_` H$s nhMmZ' - Bg {df` Ho$ ~mao _| AnZo XmoñVm|

Ho$ gmW MMm© H$amo Am¡a CgHo$ _hËd H$mo OmZmo&

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nmR - 12

OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ - g§H${bV

~ÀMo OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ Ho$ {d{^Þ gmYZm| Am¡a CZH$s Cn`mo{JVm go n[a{MV hmoVo h¢&

d¡km{ZH$m| Zo AX² wV gmYZm| H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m h¡& BZ gmYZm| go h_| AZoH$ bm^ hmoVo h¢& h_ Hw$N> hr {_ZQ>m| _| AZoH$ K§Q>m| Ho$ H$m_-H$mO H$a boVo h¢&

ao{S>`mo24 {Xg§~a 1906 H$s em_

H$mo g~go nhbo ao{S>`mo H$m àgmaU Ama§^ hþAm& ao{JZmëS> \o$g|S>Z Zo Bg àgmaU Ho$ {bE dm`{bZ ~Om`m& Bgo AQ>bm§{Q>H$ _hmgmJa Ho$ OhmOm| Ho$ bmoJm| Zo gwZm& Bggo nhbo OJXreM§Ð ~mog Am¡a BQ>br Ho$ _mH$m}Zr Zo B©. 1900 _| B§½b¢S> go A_arH$m VH$ ~oVma §Ì go AnZo g§Xoem| H$mo ôOm Wm& BgHo$ Cnam§V Xmo d¡km{ZH$m| Zo Am¡a ^r H$m_ {H$`m& BZH$m Zm_ h¡ "brX \$moaoñQ>' Am¡a "Mmb©²g hoamëS>'&

B©. 1918 _| brX \$moaoñQ> Zo Ý`y`mH©$ Ho$ hmB©{~«O Zm_H$ OJh na ao{S>`mo ñQ>oeZ H$s ñWmnZm H$s& Hw$N> hr gmbm| _| ao{S>`mo ñQ>oeZ Xþ{Z`m â _| Iwb Jò& Zd§~a 1941 H$mo gw^mfM§Ð ~mog Zo ao{S>`mo go ^maV H$mo g§~mo{YV {H$`m& B©. 1936 _| ^maV B§nr[a`b ao{S>`mo Am°\$ B§{S>`m Zm_H$ ñQ>oeZ ewê$ hþAm& AmJo MbH$a `hr ñQ>oeZ Am°b B§{S>`m ao{S>`mo ~Z J`m& AmOH$b ao{S>`mo ñQ>oeZ H$mo AmH$medmUr H$hVo h¢&

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_wÐUAmOH$b N>nmB© H$m ì`mnH$ Cn`moJ hmo ahm h¡& H$hm OmVm

h¡ {H$ Bg VH$ZrH$s H$m OÝ_ nydu E{e`m _| hþAm& H$mJµO Am¡a H$n‹S>o na N>nmB© H$aZo H$s H$mo{ee| hþBª& MrZ Xoe Ho$ "hmZ' Zm`H$ amOd§eOm| Zo H$mJµO na N>nmB© H$m Ama§^ {H$`m& gmVdt eVr VH$ _wÐU H$m CXmhaU MrZ H$m hr {_bVm h¡& Zm¡dt Am¡a Xgdt eVr VH$ Bg VH$ZrH$s H$s d¥{Õ hþB©&

B©. 1300 _| `yamon _| H$n‹S>mo§ na N>nmB© hmo ahr Wr& Bgo Ym{_©H$ H$maUm| Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm Wm& B©. 1400 VH$ H$mJµO H$m g§emoYZ hþAm Wm& Cg na _wÐU AmgmZr go hmoZo bJm& B©. 1425 VH$ BgH$m ~hþ_wIr {dH$mg hþAm& g_mMma nÌ, n{ÌH$mE± Bg _mÜ`_ Ho$ à_wI A§J h¢&

Q>obr{dµOZOmZ bmoJr ~o`S>© Zo B©. 1924

_| Q>obr{dµOZ H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m& `h ñH$mQ>bmB§S> Xoe H$m {Zdmgr Wm& BgZo B©. 1925 _| _Zwî` H$s _wImH¥${V`m| H$m àgmaU {H$`m& Q>obr{dµOZ AË`§V amoMH$ gmYZ h¡& `h Xþ{Z`m â Ho$ {H$gr ^r dñVw, ì`pŠV `m OJh H$mo hÿ-~-hÿ {XImVm h¡& g~go nhbo H$mbo- gµ\o$X a§Jm| _| g^r H$m`©H«$_ àgm[aV hmoVo Wo& AmOH$b {d{^Þ a§Jm| _| àgm[aV hmo aho h¢& `h {MÌm| g{hV Üd{Z`m| H$mo ^r àgm[aV H$aVm h¡&

^maV _| Q>obr{dµOZ H$m àgmaU B©. 1929 {gV§~a 15 H$mo hþAm& BZ {XZm| `h ì`mnma H$m geŠV gmYZ ~Z J`m h¡& _Zmoa§OZ Q>obr{dµOZ H$m àYmZ H$m`© h¡& "Q>obr' H$m AW© h¡ "Xÿa'&

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"{dµOZ' H$m AW© h¡ "Ñ{ï>'& BgHo$ Ûmam hµOmam| _rb Xÿar na pñWV Ñí`m| H$mo XoIVo-XoIVo {ddaU H$mo ^r gwZ gH$Vo h¢&

H§$ß`yQ>aH§$ß`yQ>a EH$ AX²>^wV _erZ h¡&

`h BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _erZ h¡& Bg_| ~hþV hr erK« J{UVr` H$m_ H$a gH$Vo h¢& {H$gr ^r {dMma H$mo VH©$ g§JV nm gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a Om±M-n‹S>Vmb ^r H$a gH$Vo h¢& `h H§$ß`yQ>a {dMmam| H$mo AnZo ñ_¥{V-^§S>ma (Memory) _| aI boVm h¡& h_ AnZr Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ AZwgma BgH$m Cn`moJ H$a gH$Vo h¢&

BgH$m {X_mJ h¡ gr.nr.`y.& Bgo H§$Q´>mob àmogoqgJ `y{ZQ> H$hVo h¢& Mmb©²g ~m~O Zo BgH$m {Z_m©U {H$`m& g~go nhbo `h H§$ß`yQ>a ~‹S>o H$_ao H$s Vah Wm& AmOH$b `h _mo~Bb O¡go AË`§V N>moQ>o ê$n _| ^r àmßV hmoVm h¡&

B§Q>aZoQ>B§Q>aZoQ> H$mo ZoQ> ^r H$hVo h¢& Xþ{Z`m Ho$ g^r H§$ß`yQ>am| go `h

B§Q>aZoQ> Amng _| g§nH©$ H$am gH$Vm h¡& Xþ{Z`m â Ho$ Xoem| _| h_ BgHo$ Ûmam {dMmam| H$mo {Ôdm gH$Vo h¢& `y.Eg.E. _| "ES>dmÝg argM© àmOoŠQ> EOoÝgr' h¡& Bg g§ñWm Zo B©. 1969 _| B§Q>aZoQ> H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$`m&

AmOH$b H$amo‹S>m| bmoJ B§Q>aZoQ> H$m Cn`moJ H$a aho h¢& Bggo {H$gr ^r ì`pŠV, dñVw, OJh, ZXr, nd©V, g_w§Xa Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmßV H$a gH$Vo h¢& {Z{íMV nVm H§$ß`yQ>a H$s ñH«$rZ na {XIVm h¡, {Og na pŠbH$ H$aZo go dh noO Iwb OmVm h¡& Bgo "do~ ~«m¡qgJ' H$hVo h¢& "~«m¡g' H$m AW© h¡ "Ty>±‹T>Zm'&

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"B©-_ob' BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _ob h¡& _ob H$m AW© h¡ "S>mH$'& {H$gr ^r Xoe _| ~¡R>H$a B©-_ob ôO gH$Vo h¢& `h B§Q>aZoQ> H$m à_wI ^mJ h¡&

_mo~mBb \$moZ_mo~mBb \$moZ H$mo gob\$moZ, goë`wba \$moZ AWdm h¢S>\$moZ H$hVo

h¢& Bgo goë`wba ZoQ>dH©$ go Mbm`m OmVm h¡& Bg \$moZ H$m Am{dîH$ma "_m[Q>©Z Hy$na' Zo {H$`m&

gd©àW_ _mo~mBb \$moZ go B©. 1946 OyZ 17 H$mo H$m°b {H$`m J`m& `h H$m°b "g|Q> by{`g' Am¡a "{_ñgyar' Ho$ ~rM hþAm& `h OJh y.Eg.E. _| h¡& Ka _| ~¡R>-~¡R>o bmoJm| Zo Amng

_| ~mV| H$s& Bg \$moZ Ho$ AZoH$ Cn`moJ h¢& Bg_| \$moQ>mo ItMo OmVo h¢, dr{S>`mo ~mV| hmoVr h¢, grYo B©-_ob ôO gH$Vo h¢ Am¡a àmá ^r H$a gH$Vo h¢; ao{S>`mo ^r gwZ gH$Vo h¢& Bg \$moZ _| AmOH$b Am¡a ^r AZoH$ gw{dYmE± h¢&

****eãXmW©:

~oVma-{Og_| Vma Z hmo, N>nmB©-_wÐU, eVr-EH$ gm¡ df© H$m g_`, Am{dîH$ma-ImooO, AmgmZr-{~Zm H$ï> Ho$, Amng _|-EH$ Xÿgao go, nañna&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {bImo:1. ao{S>`mo àgmaU H$m Ama§^ H$~ hþAm?2. {H$Ýhm|Zo ~oVma §Ì go B§½b¢S >go A_arH$m VH$ g§Xoe oOm Wm?

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3. _wÐU VH$ZrH$s H$m OÝ_ H$hm± hþAm Wm?

4. B©. 1300 _| {H$g na N>nmB© hmo ahr Wr?

5. Q>obr{dµOZ H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$gZo {H$`m?

6. g~go nhbo Q>obr{dµOZ na {H$Z a§Jm| _| àgmaU hmo ahm Wm?

7. ^maV _| Q>obr{dµOZ H$m àgmaU H$~ hþAm?

8. H§$ß`yQ>a Ho$ {X_mJ H$mo Š`m H$hVo h¢?

9. B§Q>aZoQ> H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$gZo {H$`m?

10. B§Q>aZoQ> Š`m H$m_ H$aVm h¡?

11. "~«m¡g' H$m AW© Š`m h¡?

12. gd©àW_ _mo~mBb \$moZ go H$~ H$m°b {H$`m J`m?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {bImo:

1. ^maV _| ao{S>`mo ñQ>oeZ H$~ ewê$ hþAm? AmOH$b Bgo Š`m

H$hVo h¡§?

2. MrZ Xoe Ho$ {H$g amOd§eOm| Zo N>nmB© H$m àma§^ {H$`m Am¡a H$~ VH$ _wÐU H$m CXmhaU {_bVm h¡?

3. `yamon _| {H$Z H$maUm| go N>nmB© hmo ahr Wr Am¡a BgH$m H$hm± VH$ {dH$mg hþAm?

4>. OmZ bmoJr ~o S>© {H$g Xoe H$m {Zdmgr Wm? BgZo Q>obr{dµOZ go {H$gH$m àgmaU {H$`m?

5. Q>obr Am¡a {dµOZ H$m Š`m AW© h¡? Q>obr{dµOZ H$m Š`m Cn`moJ h¡?

6. H§$ß`yQ>a go Š`m-Š`m H$m_ H$a gH$Vo h¢?

7>. B§Q>aZoQ> Ho$ Cn`moJ Ho$ ~mao _| {bImo&

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8>. _mo~mBb \$moZ H$m Am{dîH$ma {H$gZo {H$`m? Bgo H¡$go Mbm`m OmVm h¡?

9>. _mo~mBb \$moZ go Š`m-Š`m bm^ hmoVo h¢?

III. nÌ-n{ÌH$mE± :

Vw_ à{V{XZ X¡{ZH$ n{ÌH$mAm| H$mo n‹T>Vo hmo& BÝh| g_mMma nÌ

^r H$hVo h¢& n{ÌH$mAm| H$mo n‹T>Zo go gm_mÝ` OmZH$mar ~‹T>Vr

h¡& g_mO, ì`pŠV, nwñVH|$, no‹S>, nhm‹S>, nd©V, new-n{j`m| Ho$

g§~§Y _| boI N>no hmoVo h¢& ~mb-gm{hË` g§~§Yr H$moB© N>moQ>r

-gr H$hmZr n‹T>mo Am¡a {bImo&

IV. eãX-`w½_

XoIVo-XoIVo, MbVo-MbVo, BZ eãX-`w½_m| H$mo n‹T>mo& BZH$m

dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$amo:

CXmhaU :

gwZVo-gwZVo

am_ JmZm gwZVo-gwZVo gmo J`m&

1. ~mobVo-~mobVo - 2. n‹T>Vo-n‹T>Vo - 3. {bIVo-{bIVo - 4. JmVo-JmVo - 5. IobVo-IobVo -

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V. {dbmo_ eãXm| Ho$ Omo‹S>o {_bmAmo :

1. bm^ × _¥Ë`w 2. ~oVma × nmg 3. IwbZm × Vma 4. OÝ_ × hm{Z 5. Xÿa × ~§X hmoZm VI. g_mMma nÌ OZg§Mma _mÜ`_ H$m EH$ à_wI A§J h¡& Vw_ H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-go g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ Zm_ OmZVo hmo? CZH$s EH$ gyMr ~ZmAmo : H$ÞS> qhXr A§Jµ«oµOr1. {dO`dmUr amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m S>oŠH$Z hoamëS> 2. 3. 4. 5.

VII. XÿaXe©Z _| Vw_ ~hþV gmao H$m`©H«$_ XoIVo hmo& CgHo$ ~mao _| VrZ-Mma dmŠ` {bImo&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma:

• H$B© Eogr N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r nwñVH|$ àmßV hmoVr h¢, {OZ_| BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ MrµOm| H$m n[aM` {_bVm h¡& Vw_ AnZo JwéOZm| go nyN>mo, nwñVH|$ bo bmo Am¡a _Z bJmH$a n‹T>mo& AnZr OmZH$mar ~‹T>mAmo& H$jm _| BZH$s MMm© H$amo&

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nmR - 13

EH$ ZÝhm Qw>H$‹S>m ~mXb H$m -g§H${bV

~mXb ZmXmZ ~ÀMo O¡go bJVo h¢& ~m[ae H$aHo$ bmoH$ H$mo gwI_` ~ZmVo h¢& ~mXb H$s ZµOa _| g§gma Ho$ g^r bmoJ g_mZ h¢& ~ÀMo Bg g_mZVm H$m ^md grI gH$Vo h¢&

dh XoImo Zrbo Z^ na,Rw>_H$-Rw>_H$H$a MbVm h¡,EH$ ^mobo go ~mbH$-gm,ê$R>-ê$R> g±^bVm h¡, EH$ ZÝhm Qw>H$‹S>m ~mXb H$m&h§g-JOm|-gr Mmb Mbo,Vmo H$^r {WaH$mE nm±d,nb â _| gyaO H$mo T>H$,H$a XoVm erVb N>m±d, EH$ ZÝhm Qw>H$‹S>m ~mXb H$m&

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dh Mmho {Og Amoa _w‹S>o,amh| Vmo nhMmZr h¢,CÎma-X{jU, nya~-npíM_,g^r {Xem H$m kmZr h¡, EH$ ZÝhm Qw>H$‹S>m ~mXb H$m&AZ{JZ H$mo‹S>o ghVm h¡,MbVr VoO hdmAm| Ho$,{\$a ^r H$aVm _Z_mZr,~Xbo T>§J {\$µOmAm| Ho$, EH$ ZÝhm Qw>H$‹S>m ~mXb H$m&H$moZo-H$moZo Pybm Pybo,dh Z^ na n|J ~‹T>mE,O~ Mmh| gyIm H$a Xo,O~ Mmh| Ob ~agmE,

EH$ ZÝhm Qw>H$‹S>m ~mXb H$m&****

eãXmW© :

ZÝhm-N>moQ>m, ZmXmZ; Rw>_H$-éH$ éH$H$a,Yr_r Mmb; ^mobm-{Og_| N>b-H$nQ> Z hmo, _w½Y; g±^bZm-gmdYmZ hmoZm, T>H$Zm-{N>nmZm, N>m±§d- N>m`m, H$mo‹S>o-Mm~wH$, {\$µOm-dg§V H$mb, n|J-PybZo Ho$ g_` Pybo H$m EH$ Amoa go Xÿgar Amoa OmZm&

Aä`mg

I. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma ~VmAmo : 1. Zrbo Z^ na Š`m MbVm h¡? 2. ~mXb Zrbo Z^ na {H$g Vah MbVm h¡?

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3. ~mXb H¡$go {XIVm h¡? 4. ~mXb H$s Mmb H¡$gr h¡? 5. erVb N>m±d H$~ hmoVr h¡? 6$. gyaO H$mo H$m¡Z T>H$ boVm h¡? 7. {H$g na hdm Ho$ H$mo‹S>o n‹S>Vo h¢? 8. H$mo‹S>o ImH$a ^r ~mXb Š`m H$aVm h¡?

II. gmoMmo Am¡a {bImo : 1. ~mXb Zrbo Z^ na Š`m-Š`m H$aVo h¢? 2. h§g-JOm|-gm H$m¡Z MbVm h¡ Am¡a dh Š`m-Š`m H$aVm h¡? 3. hdm go H$mo‹S>o ImH$a ~mXb Š`m H$aVm h¡?

III. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma Omo‹S>o ~ZmAmo Am¡a g_Pmo :

A Am dh XoImo n|J ~‹T>mE nb â _| gyIm H$a Xo CÎma-X{jU ghVm h¡ AZ{JZ H$mo‹S>o nya~-n{íM_ O~ Mmh| gyaO H$mo T>H$ dh Z^ na Zrbo Z^ naIV. H${dVm go VwH$dmbo eãXm| H$mo Ty>±‹T>H$a {bImo :

O¡go : MbVm - g±^bVm 1. nm±d - 2. nhMmZr - 3. hdmAm| Ho$ - 4. ~‹T>mE -

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V. {XemAm| H$mo gy{MV H$amo :

CÎma nyd©/nydm}Îma

CÎma {Xem

VI. AbJ-AbJ AmH$ma Ho$ ~mXbm| Ho$ {MÌ ~ZmAmo :

`mo½`Vm {dñVma : • Vw_Zo gwZm hmoJm, "gyaO' go g§~{YV H${dVm hmoVr h¡, no‹S>-

nm¡Ym| H$s H${dVm hmoVr h¡& Vw_ AnZo JwéOZ, _mVm-{nVm, XmXm-XmXr go gyaO, no‹S>-nm¡Yo, ZXr, gmJa, new-njr Ho$ ~mao _| H$hmZr gwZmo& n‹T>Zo H$mo nwñVH|$ ^r {_bVr h¢, n‹T> bmo& EH$ H$hmZr H$jm _| gwZmAmo&

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nmR - 14

n{hE H$s AmË_H$Wm - g§H${bV

~ÀMo n{hE H$s H$hmZr Am¡a CgHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ ~mao _| g_P gH$Vo h¢&

Amn g^r _wPgo AÀN>r Vah n[a{MV h¢& _oam Cn`moJ bJ^J g^r N>moQ>r-~‹S>r _erZm| _| {H$`m OmVm h¡& Ky_Zm hr _oam H$m_ h¡& Š`m Vw_ _oam Zm_ ~Vm gH$Vo hmo? Zht& Mbmo, _¢ hr ~Vm XoVm h±ÿ& _¢ h±ÿ "n{h`m'& Š`m Vw_ _oao

OÝ_ H$s H$hmZr OmZVo hmo? AmO _¢ Vwåh| AnZo OÝ_ H$s H$hmZr gwZmVm h±ÿ& µOam Ü`mZ go gwZZm&

_oam OÝ_ AmO go g¡H$‹S>m|-hµOmam| df© nyd© hþAm Wm& Cg g_` _Zwî` O§Jb _o§ ahVm Wm VWm Am{X_mZd H$hbmVm Wm& Am{X_mZd EH$ ñWmZ go Xÿgao ñWmZ H$s `mÌm n¡Xb hr V` H$aVm Wm& Cgo ^mar gm_mZ bmZo-bo OmZo _| ~hþV H${R>ZmB`m| H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>Vm Wm&

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Yrao-Yrao Am{X_mZd Zo AnZo AZw^d go grIm {H$ Jmob dñVwE± AmgmZr go bw‹T>H$Vr h¢& CgZo bH$‹S>r Ho$ bQ²>R>m| H$mo ^r YaVr na gabVm go bw‹T>H$Vo hþE XoIm& CgZo AnZr ~w{Õ H$m à`moJ {H$`m Am¡a bH$‹S>r Ho$ bQ²>R>m| H$mo H$mQ>H$a _wPo OÝ_ {X`m& `hr h¡ _oao OÝ_ H$s g§{já H$hmZr&

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Yrao-Yrao _Zwî` Zo _oao ê$n d AmH$ma _| AnZr Amdí`H$VmZwgma

n[adV©Z {H$E& _oar ghm`Vm go `mVm`mV Ho$ {d{^Þ gmYZm| H$mo

Mbm`m OmZo bJm& ~¡bJm‹S>r, Kmo‹S>mJm‹S>r, gmB{H$b, [aŠem, _moQ>a

gmB{H$b, H$ma, ~g, aobJm‹S>r, `hm± VH$ {H$ hdmB©OhmO VWm

Ob`mZm| _| ^r _oam Cn`moJ {d{^Þ VarH$m| go {H$`m OmVm h¡&

Š`m _oao {~Zm ò g~ Mb gH$Vo h¢?

A{YH$m§e ~‹S>r-~‹S>r VWm N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r _erZm| _| ^r _oam Cn`moJ

{H$`m OmVm h¡& O¡go-O¡go _oao ñdê$n _| n[adV©Z hmoVm J`m, d¡go-

d¡go _Zwî` ^r {dH${gV hmoVm J`m& O§Jb _| ahZodmbm _Zwî` gä`

hmoVm J`m&

A~ Amn gmoM aho hm|Jo {H$ _¢Zo AmnH$mo `h Zht ~Vm`m {H$

_oam OÝ_ H$hm± Am¡a {H$g Xoe _| hþAm? `h EH$ ahñ` h¡& BgH$m

Vmo R>rH$-R>rH$ kmZ _wPH$mo ^r Zht& _¢Zo O~go OÝ_ {b`m h¡, V~go

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bJmVma MbVm hr Om ahm h±ÿ, Ky_Vm hr Om ahm h±ÿ Am¡a _Zwî`

^r bJmVma Ky_ ahm h¡, AmJo ~‹T> ahm h¡, àJ{V H$a ahm h¡&

µOam {dMma H$s{OE `{X _¢ Z hmoVm Vmo Š`m hmoVm?

****eãXmW© :

AmgmZ-gwJ_, {~Zm H${R>ZmB© Ho$ ; n[adV©Z-~Xbmd, ahñ`-Jwá, amµO; _erZ-`§Ì, `mVm`mV-n[adhZ&

Aä`mg

I. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma ~VmAmo : 1$. n{hE H$m Cn`moJ H$hm± {H$`m OmVm h¡? 2. O~ _Zwî` O§Jb _| ahVm Wm V~ dh Š`m H$hbmVm Wm? 3. H$m¡Z-gr dñVwE± AmgmZr go bw‹T>H$Vr h¢?

II. gmoMmo Am¡a {bImo: 1. n{hE H$m OÝ_ {H$g Vah hþAm?

2>. n{hE Ho$ Cn`moJ Ho$ ~mao _| {bImo&

3. `{X n{h`m Zht hmoVm Vmo Š`m hmoVm? AnZo eãXm| _| {bImo&

4. Am{X_mZd H$hm± ahVm Wm?

5. N>moQ>r-~‹S>r _erZm| _| {H$gH$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢?

6. n{hE {H$ggo ~ZVo h¢?

7. n{hE H$m Cn`moJ H$aZodmbo `mVm`mV Ho$ {d{^Þ gmYZm| Ho$ Zm_ {bImo&

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III. dJ© nhobr _| go Ty>±‹T>H$a nm±M `mVm`mV Ho$ {d{^Þ gmYZm| Ho$ Zm_ {bImo:

~¡ g [a H$

~ b Jm ‹S>r

Šem H$m ‹S>m a

ao Kmo O h

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

IV. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {dbmo_ eãX Omo‹S>mo:

1. AÀN>m AkmZ 2. N>moQ>m H${R>ZVm 3. AmgmZ ~wam 4. gabVm ~‹S>m 5. kmZ _wpíH$bV. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma ~hþdMZ ê$n {bImo :

bH$‹S>r bH${‹S>`m± 1. H$hmZr 2. b‹S>H$s 3. Q>monr VI. ghr eãX MwZH$a Imbr OJh âmo :

(O§Jb, AmgmZr, bH$‹S>r, _erZm|) 1. Jmob dñVwE± go bw‹T>H$Vr h¢& 2. _Zwî` _| ahVm Wm&

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3. Ho$ bQ²>R>m| H$mo H$mQ>H$a n{hE H$mo OÝ_ {X`m& 4. n{hE H$m Cn`moJ N>moQ>r-~‹S>r _| {H$`m OmVm h¡&

VII. Bg JX²>`m§e H$mo n‹T>H$a ZrMo {bIo àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {bImo: MH«$ H$m h_mao Xoe _| ~‹S>m _hËd h¡& gy`© ^JdmZ Ho$ aW

H$m EH$ hr MH«$ h¡& ^JdmZ {dîUw Ho$ hmW _| MH«$ h¡, Cgo gwXe©Z MH«$ H$hVo h¢& CgH$s nyOm hmoVr h¡& ^JdmZ ~wÕ Zo Y_m}nXoe XoZm ewê$ {H$`m& Cgo h_ Y_©MH«$ àdV©Z H$hVo h¢& AZoH$ amOmAm| na {OgH$m emgZ MH«$ MbVm h¡, Cgo h_ MH«$dVu H$hVo h¢& _hm^maV _| H$sM‹S> go aW H$m MH«$ {ZH$mbVo g_` H$U© _mam J`m& ÐmoU Zo MH«$ì`yh aMm Wm, {Ogo {g\©$ AOw©Z Vmo‹S> gH$Vm Wm& h_mao amï´>{nVm Ho$ {à` MaIo _| ^r MH«$ h¡& h_mao amï´>ÜdO _| AemoH$ MH«$ h¡& Bg Vah ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg _| MH«$ H$m ~‹S>m _hËd h¡&

àíZ : 1. ^JdmZ {dîUw Ho$ hmW _| Omo MH«$ h¡, CgH$m Zm_ Š`m

h¡? 2. h_mao amï´>{nVm H$s {à` MrµO H$m¡Z-gr h¡? 3. h_mao amï´>ÜdO _| H$m¡Z-gm MH«$ h¡? 4. _hm^maV _| H$U© H$mo H$~ _mam J`m? 5. ÐmoU Zo Š`m aMm Wm? H$m¡Z Bgo Vmo‹S> gH$Vm Wm?

`mo½`Vm {dñVma: • "amo~moQ>' EH$ _erZ h¡& Š`m Vw_ BgHo$ ~mao _| OmZVo

hmo? EH$ "amo~moQ>' H$m {MÌ ~ZmAmo& • {d{dY àH$ma Ho$ dmhZm| Ho$ {MÌ BH$Q²>R>m H$amo&• n{hE H$m {MÌ ~ZmH$a Cg_| a§J âmo&

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nmR - 15

AmJ H$s bnQ>m| _| -g§H${bV

~ÀMm| _| gmhg H$s H$hm{Z`m| Ûmam X²>dof H$mo {_Q>mH$a nmañn[aH$ ghm`Vm VWm EH$Vm H$s ^mdZm ~‹T>mZm Bg nmR> H$m Ame` h¡&

ñHy$b Ho$ dm{f©H$ CËgd Ho$ {gb{gbo _| hþE Iobm| _| aVZ H$m àW_ AmZm g^r H$mo AÀN>m bJm, bo{H$Z gImam_ Zo Vmo O¡go aVZ go Xþí_Zr hr R>mZ br& Cgo aVZ H$m àW_ AmZm Bg{bE ~wam bJm {H$ dh _w{I`m H$m b‹S>H$m hmoH$a Iob _| ~mOr hma J`m Am¡a EH$ _m_ybr ~w{‹T>`m H$m b‹S>H$m Zm_ H$_m ahm h¡&

Cg {XZ ~‹S>r Yy_-Ym_ go ñHy$b _| dm{f©H$ CËgd _Zm`m J`m& aVZ H$mo H$B© nwañH$ma {_bo& bo{H$Z gImam_ CgH$mo Kya-KyaH$a XoIVm ahm& aVZ Ho$ XmoñV M§Xÿ Zo H$hm, ""`ma, AmO `h gImam_ Vw_go {M‹T>m hþAm h¡&''

""Zht, dh Vmo _oam AÀN>m {_Ì h¡&''"" Omo ^r hmo, bo{H$Z _wPo Vmo Xmb _| Hw$N> H$mbm ZµOa AmVm

h¡'' - M§Xÿ Zo H$hm&aVZ Zo M§Xÿ H$s ~mV na Ü`mZ Zht {X`m& O~ g_mamoh

g_mßV hmo J`m, Vmo aVZ hmWm| _| nwañH$ma boH$a Iwer-Iwer Ka H$s Amoa Mbm&

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aVZ AHo$bm Mbm Om ahm Wm& A^r dh Am_ Ho$ no‹S> Ho$ nmg nh±wMm hr Wm {H$ gImam_ Am¡a CgHo$ VrZ gmWr Cg na go Hy$XH$a aVZ Ho$ gm_Zo AmH$a I‹S>o hmo JE& aVZ Zo H$hm, ""Š`mo§ gImam_, Vw_ _wPgo ZmamµO....'' Am¡a CgHo$ Jmb na V‹S>mH$ go gImam_ H$m Mm§Q>m n‹S>m& {\$a Vmo bmV-Ky§gm| H$s Iy~ dfm© hþB©& BgHo$ ~mX nwañH$ma _| {_br gmar MrµO| boH$a do bmoJ ^mJ JE& OmVo-OmVo gImam_ Zo H$hm, ""H§$Jmb H$m ~oQ>m, gmhÿH$ma ~ZZo Mbm h¡.... Wy...&'' aVZ AnZr \$Q>r H$_rµO H$mo R>rH$ H$aHo$ Yyb Pm‹S>Vo hþE CR>m Am¡a MwnMmn Ka Mbm Am`m& _m± Zo CgH$m `h hmb XoIm, Vmo bJr nyN>VmN> H$aZo& aVZ Zo Agbr ~mV {N>nmVo hþE H$hm, ""AmO ñHy$b _| X§Jb hþAm Wm Z, ~g Cgr _| H$_rµO \$Q> JB©&''

bo{H$Z aVZ gmar amV gmo Z gH$m& CgH$m ~XZ XX© go ~war Vah XþI ahm Wm& AMmZH$ Cgo Hw$N> emoa gwZmB© {X`m& dh Mm¡H$Þm hþAm& Ü`mZ go gwZm Vmo bJm {H$ Hw$N> J‹S>~‹S> µOê$a h¡& AmYr amV H$mo ^bm Eogm Š`m hmo gH$Vm h¡? dh Vwa§V CR>m Am¡a ~mha Am`m& CgZo XoIm {H$ Jm±d Ho$ _w{I`m Mm¡Yar haÔZ qgh H$m _H$mZ Yy-Yy Ob ahm h¡& bmoJ AnZo-AnZo Kam| go nmZr H$s ~mb{Q>`m± boH$a Om aho h¢ & aVZ Zo EH$ nb H$s ^r Xoa Z H$s Am¡a AnZr ~mbQ>r CR>mH$a dh ^r ^mJm&

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gmam Jm±d BH$Q²>R>m hmo J`m Wm& ~mb{Q>`m| go nmZr S>mbm Om ahm Wm Am¡a AmJ H$m~y _| Zht Am ahr Wr& AmJ agmoB©Ka H$s Amoa go bJr Wr Am¡a nyao Ka _| \¡$bVr Om ahr Wr& CgZo XoIm {H$ Mm¡Yar haÔZ qgh N>mVr nrQ>-nrQ>H$a amo aho h¢ bo{H$Z H$moB© Mm¡Yar H$s ~mV Zht gwZ ahm h¡& emoa Am¡a K~amhQ> go bmoJ EH$-Xÿgao H$s ~mV gwZ hr Z aho Wo& Mm¡Yar H$h aho Wo- ""_oar N>moQ>r {~{Q>`m A§Xa ah JB© h¡, H$moB© Cgo {ZH$mb bmo&'' ^bm AmJ H$s bnQ>m| _| Hy$XH$a AnZr OmZ Omo{I_ _| H$m¡Z S>mbVm? na aVZ `h H¡$go XoI gH$Vm Wm& dh ObVo hþE Ka H$s Amoa ~‹T>m & bmoJm| Zo {Mëbm`m, ""_V OmAmo aVZ, AmJ ~hþV VoOr go ~‹T> ahr h¡&'' bo{H$Z aVZ Vmo CZ bnQ>m| H$s amoeZr _| {~Obr H$s Vah M_H$m Am¡a bnQ>m| _| Imo J`m& bmoJ CgH$s _yI©Vm na Cgo ^bm-~wam H$hZo bJo&

A~ g^r H$mo EH$ Z`r qMVm hþB© {H$ aVZ dmng AmVm h¡ `m Zht! {H$grZo H$hm, ""~oMmar ~y‹T>r amo-amoH$a _a OmEJr&''

""hm± Or, dh Vmo CgHo$ {bE ghmao H$s bmR>r Wm& A~ ^bm BZ bnQ>m| go ~MH$a Š`m dmng AmEJm&''

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Am¡a V^r H$moB© {Mëbm`m, ""dh ahm aVZ, dh ahm...&'' aVZ Zo Mm¡Yar H$s EH$ gmb H$s ~oQ>r H$mo H$n‹S>o _| bnoQ>H$a grZo go {MnH$m {b`m Wm Am¡a Xÿgao hmW go AnZm ~Mmd H$aVm hþAm ~mha {ZH$b Am`m& dh H$B© OJh _m_ybr Vm¡a na Ob ^r J`m Wm& ngrZo go CgH$m ~wam hmb hmo ahm Wm& bo{H$Z {\$a ^r CgHo$ Mohao na _wñH$mZ Wr, Š`m|{H$ Mm¡Yar H$s ~oQ>r H$mo dh ghr gbm_V bo Am`m Wm&

Mm¡Yar Zo aVZ H$mo grZo go bJm {b`m& aVZ Ho$ gmhg na bmoJ Cgo Am±I| \$m‹S>-\$m‹S>H$a XoI aho Wo& [H§$Vw gImam_ Am±I| PwH$mE {ga ZrMm {H$E I‹S>m Wm Am¡a aVZ Cgo g_Pm ahm Wm&

**** eãXmW© :

{gb{gbm-KQ>Zm H«$_, Yy_-Ym_-AmS>§~a, CëbmgnyU© Mhb-nhb; nwañH$ma-BZm_, K~amhQ>-^`, Mm¡H$Þm-gVH©$, R>mZ boZm - {ZíM` H$aZm&

Aä`mg


1. dm{f©H$ CËgd Ho$ Iobm| _| H$m¡Z àW_ Am`m ?

2. gImam_ aVZ H$mo Kya-KyaH$a Š`m| XoIVm ahm?

3. {H$gH$m _H$mZ Ob ahm Wm?

4. Mm¡Yar haÔZ qgh Š`m| amo aho Wo?

5. Š`m gImam_ aVZ H$m AÀN>m XmoñV Wm?

6. {H$grHo$ Ka _| AmJ bJr Vmo h_o§ Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE?

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II. gmoMmo Am¡a {bImo:

1. gImam_ Zo aVZ Ho$ gmW Š`m {H$`m?

2. aVZ Zo _m± go Š`m H$hm ?

3. AmJ {H$g Va\ \¡$b J`r?

4. Mm¡Yar Zo aVZ H$mo grZo go bJm {b`m& Š`m|?

5. A§V _| gImam_ H$m hmb H¡$gm Wm?

6. aVZ H$m àW_ AmZm gImam_ H$mo ~wam Š`m| bJm?

7. AmJ H$hm± go bJr Wr?

8. bmoJm| Zo aVZ go Š`m H$hm?

9. aVZ Zo haÔZ qgh H$s ~oQ>r H$s ajm H¡$go H$s?

10>. Bg nmR> go Š`m grI {_bVr h¡?

eãXmW© Am¡a eãX aMZm:

III. g_mZ AW©dmbo eãXm| H$m {_bmZ H$amo:

1. {à` BZm_

2. nwañH$ma ß`mam

3. Xþí_Z ZmamµO hmoZm

4. {M‹T>Zm AmYma

5. ghmam eÌw

IV. ghr eãX MwZH$a Imbr OJh âmo:

(nwañH$ma, Yy_-Ym_, AmJ, aVZ, _H$mZ)

1. ñHy$b _| dm{f©H$ CËgd go _Zm`m J`m&

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2. aVZ hmWm| _| boH$a Iwer go Ka H$s Amoa Mbm&

3>. Mm¡Yar haÔZ qgh H$m Yy-Yy Ob ahm h¡&

4>>. H$m~y _| Zht Am ahr Wr&

5>. Mm¡Yar Zo H$mo grZo go bJm {b`m&

V. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {dbmo_ eãX Omo‹S>mo:

1. ~‹S>m OrV

2. Xþí_Z ~wam

3. AÀN>m XmoñV

4. hma N>moQ>m

5. amoZm AÝXa

6. ~mha h±gZmVI. nhMmZmo :

{ÛépŠV eãXm| H$mo ‹T>±y‹T>H$a {bImo:

CXmhaU : Iwer -Iwer

1. nrQ> -

2. \$m‹S> -

3. amo -

4. Yy -

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VII. g_Pmo Am¡a `mX aImo:

1. namonH$ma OrdZ H$m _yb _§Ì h¡&

2. Xÿgam| H$s _XX H$aZo go ~‹T>H$a H$moB© nwÊ` Zht h¡&

3. gÀM[aÌ ì`pŠV hr "gmXm OrdZ CÀM {dMma' _| {dídmg aIVm h¡&

4. g_mO _| g_mZVm hmoZr Mm{hE&

5. g§Vmof g^r YZm| go loð> YZ h¡&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• _mZ bmo AnZo Ka Ho$ nmg EH$ Pm|nS>r _| AmJ bJ J`r h¡, Cgo ~wPmZo Ho$ {bE Vwåh| {H$Z-{H$Z MrµOm| H$s µOê$aV hmoJr? gyMr ~ZmAmo&

• H$moB© AmJ go Ob J`m h¡, Vmo h_| Š`m H$aZm Mm{hE? {bImo&

• Š`m Vw_ A{½Zem_H$ Xb H$mo OmZVo hmo? H$~ BgH$m BñVo_mb H$aVo h¢? BgH$m \$moZ Z§~a OmZH$a {bImo&

• AmnH$mo "AmJ H$s bnQ>m| _|' nmR> _| {H$gH$m JwU g~go AÀN>m bJm? Vwåhmao ñHy$b _| aVZ O¡gm XmoñV hmo Vmo CgHo$ ~mao _| nm±M dmŠ` {bImo&

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nmR - 16

H$~ra Ho$ Xmoho

~ÀMo BZ Xmohm| Ho$ Ûmam Jwé, kmZ Am¡a g§Vmof Ho$ _hËd H$mo g_P gH$Vo$ h¢&

gVJwé H$s _{h_m AZ§V, AZ§V {H$`m CnJma&bmoMZ AZ§V CKm{‹S>`m, AZ§V {XImdUhma && 1&&

Om{V Z nyN>mo gmYw H$s, nyN> br{OE kmZ&_mob H$amo Vbdma H$s, n‹S>m ahZ Xmo å`mZ &&2&&

JmoYZ JOYZ ~m{OYZ Am¡a aVZYZ ImZ&O~ Amdo gÝVmofYZ, g~ YZ Yy[a g_mZ &&3&&

`h VZ {df H$s ~obar, Jwé A_¥V H$s ImZ&grg {Xò Omo Jwé {_b¡, Vmo ^r gñVm OmZ &&4&&

****H${d n[aM` :

qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ ^{ŠVH$mb H$s {ZJw©U H$mì`Ymam H$s kmZ_mJu emIm Ho$ àdV©H$ g§V H${d H$~raXmg H$m OÝ_ gZ² 1398 B©. Ho$ bJ^J hþAm Wm& CZH$m OÝ_ñWmZ H$mer ~Vm`m OmVm h¡& H$~ra ê${‹T>`m| Ho$ {damoYr Wo& do A§Y{dídmgm|, Am‹S>>§~am| Am¡a nmI§‹S>m| H$mo qH${MV² _mÌ ^r ghZ Zht H$a nmVo Wo& OrdZ Am¡a OJV H$s `WmW©Vm H$mo CÝhm|Zo H$ar~ go XoIm Wm Am¡a CgH$m ~o~mH$ {MÌU

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{H$`m& CZHo$ OrdZ H$m A{YH$m§e g_` H$mer _| hr ~rVm& gZ² 1495 B©. Ho$ bJ^J Cg AX²^wV g§V Zo Bg bmoH$ go _hmà`mU {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo qhXÿ Am¡a _wgb_mZ XmoZm| H$mo A§Y{dídmg Am¡a ~wamB`m| go Xÿa ahZo, Amng _| {_b-OwbH$a ào_ go ahZo H$s grI Xr h¡&

H$~ra H$s aMZmE± "~rOH$' Zm_ go g§H${bV h¢& CgHo$ VrZ ^mJ

h¢-gmIr, g~X Am¡a a_¡Zr&

eãXmW© :

bmoMZ-Z`Z, CK‹S>Zm-àH$Q> hmoZm, IwbZm; AZ§V-{OgH$m A§V Z hmo, JO - hmWr, Yy[a-Yyb, OmZ-àmU, ~m{O-Kmo‹S>m, å`mZ-Vbdma aIZo H$m H$mof&

Aä`mg

I. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma ~VmAmo : 1. {H$gH$s _{h_m AZ§V h¡? 2. Jwé H$s _{h_m H$m dU©Z {H$g Xmoho _| h¡? 3. gmYw go Š`m Zht nyN>Zm Mm{hE? 4. gmYw go Š`m nyN>Zm Mm{hE? 5. {H$g YZ Ho$ gm_Zo g~ YZ Yy[a g_mZ h¡?

II. gmoMmo Am¡a {bImo: 1. gVJwé Ho$ ~mao _| H${d Š`m H$hVo h¢? 2. Vbdma H$hm± aIr OmVr h¡? 3. H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z-gm YZ Yy[a g_mZ h¡? 4. H$~raXmg Or Ho$ ~mao _| nm±M dmŠ` {bImo&

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III. Xmoho H$s n§{º$`m± nyam H$amo :

1$. Om{V Z nyN>mo & Xmo å`mZ&& 2. JmoYZ JOYZ & Yy[a g_mZ &&

IV. BZ eãXmo§ H$mo Omo‹S>H$a {bImo :

1. gVJwé H$s gmYw H$s 2. Om{V Z nyN>mo _{h_m AZ§V 3. Jwé {df H$s ~obar 4. `h VZ A_¥V H$s ImZ

V. Xmoho H$m gma AnZo eãXm| _| {bImo :1. Om{V Z nyN>mo gmYw H$s, nyN> br{OE kmZ& _mob H$amo Vbdma H$s, n‹S>m ahZ Xmo å`mZ&&2. JmoYZ JOYZ ~m{OYZ Am¡a aVZYZ ImZ& O~ Amdo gÝVmofYZ, g~ YZ Yy[a g_mZ&&

VI. dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$amo :

1. bmoMZ 2. Vbdma 3. g§Vmof 4. gñVm

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• H$~raXmg Or Ho$ Hw$N> AÝ` Zr{VnaH$ Xmoho `mX H$amo Am¡a H$jm _o§ gwZmAmo&

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nmR - 17

H¥$îU - gwXm_m

-g§H${bV

Bg EH$m§H$s _| ~Vm`m J`m h¡ {H$ _¡Ìr ~‹S>r MrµO hmoVr h¡& Ohm± {Xb H$s gÀMr _¡Ìr ~‹T>Vr h¡, dhm± A_rar-Jar~r H$m A§Va {_Q> OmVm h¡& lrH¥$îU Am¡a gwXm_m H$o ~rM Eogr hr Jhar _¡Ìr Wr, {Ogo AmO ^r bmoJ `mX H$aVo h¢& Bg EH$m§H$s Ho$ Ûmam ~ÀMo Amng _| _¡Ìr-^mdZm ~‹T>m gH$Vo h¢&

(1)(gwXm_m H$m Ka& gwXm_m H$s nËZr CZgo Hw$N> H$h ahr h¡&)

nËZr : A~ _wPgo Am¡a Zht ghm OmVm& _¢ ~ÀMm| H$mo yI go V‹S>nVm Zht XoI gH$Vr& AmnH$mo Ûm[aH$m OmZm hr n‹S>oJm& AmnHo$ {_Ì lrH¥$îU h_mar ghm`Vm Adí` H$a|Jo&

gwXm_m : Š`m _¢ lrH¥$îU Ho$ XadmµOo na OmH$a hmW \¡$bmD±$?

nËZr : _¢ hmW \¡$bmZo Ho$ {bE Zht H$hVr& AmnHo$ {~Zm Hw$N> H$ho hr do h_mar ghm`Vm H$a|Jo& Am{Ia do Ûm[aH$m Ho$ amOm h¢&

gwXm_m : h±ÿ! amOm h¢! amOm ^bm _oao O¡go X[aÐ H$mo nhMmZoJm?nËZr : Adí`, do AmnHo$ ghnmR>r Am¡a ~mb-gIm Omo R>hao&gwXm_m : _wPo H$moB© CZHo$ nmg VH$ OmZo XoJm?nËZr : Adí`, Amn nhaoXma H$mo Ho$db AnZm Zm_ â ~Vm

XoZm&gwXm_m : Zm_ ~VmZo na ^r Zht nhMmZm Vmo?nËZr : Vmo _¢ g_P±yJr {H$ h_mao ^m½` hr \y$Q>o h¢&gwXm_m : Bgr{bE H$hVm h±ÿ, O¡go Mb ahm h¡, MbZo Xmo&nËZr : A^r VH$ Vmo d¡gm hr Mb ahm Wm& bo{H$Z A~

Bggo ^r ~wam MboJm& (`h H$hH$a dh amo n‹S>Vr h¡&)

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gwXm_m : AÀN>m, amoAmo _V, Vw_ O¡gm H$hVr hmo, _¢ dhr H$ê±$Jm& na.....

nËZr : (Am±gy nm|N>H$a) na Š`m? OmAmoJo H¡$go, `hr, Z?gwXm_m : hm±, nhbr ~ma {_Ì Ho$ Ka Om ahm h±ÿ& Imbr hmW

OmZm Š`m AÀN>m bJoJm?nËZr : hm±, AÀN>m Vmo Zht bJoJm, na ....... (Hw$N> gmoMH$a)

qMVm Z H$a|, CgH$m ^r à~§Y hmo OmEJm&gwXm_m : AÀN>m, Vw_ gm¡JmV H$m à~§Y H$amo, _¢ OmZo H$s

V¡`mar H$aVm h±ÿ& (nËZr CÝh| Mmdb H$s nmoQ>br bmH$a XoVr h¡)

(2)(Ûm[aH$m ZJar _| gwXm_m EH$ AmbremZ _hb Ho$ gm_Zo nhþ±MVo h¢& _hb

Ho$ gm_Zo EH$ nhaoXma h¡&)

gwXm_m : (nhaoXma go) ¡ m! Š m `hr _hmamO lrH¥$îU H$m _hb h¡?nhaoXma : hm±, `hr h¡& Š`m ~mV h¡?gwXm_m : _wPo CZgo {_bZm h¡&nhaoXma : AmnH$m Š`m Zm_ ~VmD±$?

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gwXm_m : CZgo H$hZm {H$ AmnH$m ghnmR>r gwXm_m Am`m h¡&

(nhaoXma OmH$a lrH¥$îU H$mo gy{MV H$aVm h¡& gwXm_m H$m Zm_ gwZVo hr dh Z§Jo nm±d Xm¡‹S>H$a XadmµOo na AmVo h¢& gwXm_m go {bnQ>H$a dh CÝh| _hb _| bo OmVo h¢&)

H¥$îU : (qghmgZ {XImH$a) {_Ì gwXm_m! `hm± ~¡R>mo&(gwXm_m Ho$ g§H$moM H$aZo na ^r H¥$îU CÝh| AmXanyd©H$ qghmgZ na

~¡R>m XoVo h¢& V^r éŠ_Ur EH$ namV _| nmZr boH$a AmVr h¡& H¥$îU gwXm_m Ho$ n¡a YmoZo ~¡R> OmVo h¢& g~ bmoJ AmíM`© go XoIVo h¢&)

H¥$îU : (n¡a YmoVo-YmoVo) {_Ì! Vw_Zo AnZr `h Š`m Xem ~Zm br h¡? n¡am| _| BVZo H$m±Q>o Am¡a {~dmB`m± (Am±Im§o _| Am±gy Am OmVo h¢) {_Ì ! Vw_ nhbo hr `hm± Š`m| Zht Am JE?

gwXm_m : H$B© ~ma gmoMm Vmo Wm, na Š`m ~VmD±$ {_Ì.....H¥$îU : Vw_ _oao nmg Zht AmE, BgHo$ {bE _¢ Vwåho§ j_m

Zht H$ê±$Jm& (n¡a nm|N>Vo-nm|N>Vo) AÀN>m, `h Vmo ~VmAmo, ~ÀMo Am¡a ^m^r Hw$eb h¢?

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gwXm_m : g~ à^w H$s H¥$nm h¡& Vwåhmar ^m^r Vwåh| ~hþV `mX H$aVr h¡&

H¥$îU : _wPo `mX H$aVr h¢ ^m^r& V~ Vmo CÝhm|oZo _oao {bE Hw$N> ôOm hmoJm?

(H¥$îU H$s Ñ{ï> gwXm_m H$s ~Jb _| X~r nmoQ>br na n‹S>Vr h¡&)gwXm_m : (g§H$moM go) ôOm Vmo h¡ na .......... (H¥$îU CZH$s ~Jb

go nmoQ>br PnQ> boVo h¢&)

H¥$îU : (nmoQ>br ImobH$a) Ahm ! ^m^r Zo _oao {bE Mmdb ôOo h¢&

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(EH$ _wQ²>R>r Mmdb boH$a _w±h _| S>mbH$a) {H$VZo ñdm{Xï> Mmdb h¢, {_Ì! BVZr ~{‹T>`m gm¡JmV bmE hmo Am¡a Cgo {N>nm aho hmo? nhbo ^r EH$ ~ma Vw_Zo Jwé-nËZr Ho$ MZo _wPo Zht {XE Wo& (V^r

éŠ_Ur Am OmVr h¡&)éŠ_Ur : (gwXm_m go) AmBE ^¡`m, ^moOZ V¡`ma h¡& (g~ OmVo

h¢&)dmMH$ : gwXm_m X²>dm[aH$m _| H$B© {XZ éHo$ aho& O~-O~

MbZo H$mo H$hVo, lrH¥$îU CÝh| amoH$ boVo& Am{Ia EH$ {XZ CZgo {dXm boH$a do AnZo Jm±d H$mo Mb {XE& _mJ© _| do gmoMVo aho {H$ lrH¥$îU Zo Amd-^JV Am¡a AmXa-gËH$ma Vmo ~hþV {H$`m, na {X`m Hw$N> ^r Zht& {\$a gmoMVo, O~ _¢Zo _m±Jm hr Zht, Vmo CZH$m Š`m Xmof! qH$Vw O~ do AnZo Ka nhþ±Mo, V~ CÝh| kmV hþAm {H$ lrH¥$îU Zo CÝh| {~Zm _m±Jo hr g~ Hw$N> Xo {X`m h¡& Pm|n‹S>r Ho$ ñWmZ na gw§Xa _hb Am¡a Xmg-Xm{g`m± g^r Hw$N>&

Bg àH$ma lrH¥$îU Zo {_Ì H$mo _m±JZo Ho$ Zm_ na An_m{ZV hmoZo go ^r ~Mm {b`m Am¡a g~ Hw$N> Xo ^r {X`m&

****eãXmW© :

ghnmR>r-H$jm _| gmW n‹T>Zodmbm, ~mb-gIm - ~më` H$mb H$m {_Ì, \y$Q>m-{~J‹S>m, Qy>Q>m, \$Q>m; à~§Y-Cnm`, ì`dñWm; gm¡JmV- |Q>, Cnhma; nmoQ>br-N>moQ>r JR>ar, AmbremZ-^ì`, {demb; {~dmB©-Vbdo H$m M_‹S>m \$Q>Zm, {bnQ>Zm-AmqbJZ H$aZm, namV-~‹S>m Wmb, Amd-^JV- ñdmJV-gËH$ma&

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Aä`mg


1. H$m¡Z ^yI go V‹S>n aho Wo?

2. gwXm_m H$m ghnmR>r H$m¡Z Wm?

3. H$m¡Z amo n‹S>Vr h¡?

4. Imbr hmW H¥$îU go {_bZo H$m¡Z Zht OmZm MmhVm Wm?

5. ""h_mam ^m½` \y$Q>m h¡'' - {H$gZo, {H$ggo H$hm?

6>. gwXm_m H$s nËZr Zo H¥$îU H$mo XoZo Ho$ {bE Š`m {X`m?

7. AmbremZ _hb {H$g ZJar _| Wm?

8. gwXm_m go {_bZo H¥$îU H¡$go Xm¡‹S> H$a Amò?

9>. H¥$îU gwXm_m H$s ~Jb go Š`m PnQ> boVo h¢?

10>. gwXm_m H$s Pm|n‹S>r H$s OJh A~ Š`m Wm?

II. gmoMmo Am¡a {bImo :

1>. gwXm_m H$s nËZr Š`m| amoVr h¡? dh gwXm_m H$mo Š`m gbmh XoVr h¡?

2>. n¡a YmoVo-YmoVo H¥$îU Zo gwXm_m go Š`m H$hm?

3. H¥$îU Zo EH$ _wQ²>R>r Mmdb ImH$a ~‹S>o AmZ§X _| gwXm_m go Š`m H$hm?

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III. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {dbmo_ eãX {bImo:

CXmhaU : D±$Mm × ZrMm

1. A_rar × 2. kmV × 3. gm_Zo × 4. ~wam × 5. nmg × 6. ~¡R>mo × IV. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma ~hþdMZ eãX ~ZmAmo:

CXmhaU : H$m±Q>m - H$m±Q>o 1. b‹S>H$m - 2. Am±I - 3. ~ÀMm - 4. `mX -V. nw{ëb§J Am¡a ñÌrqbJ :

CXmhaU n‹T>mo Am¡a {bImo :

CXm : b‹S>H$m - b‹S>H$s

1. ^mB© - 2. ~ÀMm - 3. _mVm - 4. ~mbH$ -

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VI. {H$gZo H$hm? {H$ggo H$hm? 1. _wPo H$moB© CZHo$ nmg VH$ OmZo XoJm? 2. AmnH$m Š`m Zm_ ~VmD±$? 3. _wPo `mX H$aVr h¢ ^m^r?

VII. dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$amo :

1. ghm`Vm 3. à~§Y H$aZm 2. ghnmR>r 4. _wQ²>R>r

VIII. Vwåhmao Kam| _o § ^r H$B© ~ma A{V{W AmVo h¢& A~ Vw_ ~VmAmo {H$ Vw_ Am¡a n[adma Ho$ bmoJ CZH$m AmXa-gËH$ma H¡$go H$aVo hmo?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :• Vw_ AnZo {_Ì H$s Š`m-Š`m ghm`Vm H$aVo hmo? BgHo$

~mao _| Xg dmŠ` {bImo&• new-njr Ho$ gmW _mZd H$s Jhar _¡Ìr hmoVr h¡& ~‹S>m| go

nyN>-VmN> H$amo& Bggo g§~§{YV N>moQ>r-N>moQ>r nwñVH|$ {_bVr h¢& n‹T>mo Am¡a {bImo {H$ Vwåh| Š`m bJVm h¡&

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H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma ©KTBS qhXr gw Z republishedktbs.kar.nic.in/new/website textbooks/class4/4th-language-hindi.pdf · seven of them serve as the media of instruction. From standard