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Karnataka Text Book Society (R.)100 Ft. Ring Road, BSK 3rd Stage,

Bengaluru - 560 085.

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PREFACE The Textbook Society, Karnataka has been engaged in producing new textbooks according to the new syllabi prepared which in turn are designed based on NCF – 2005 since June 2010. Textbooks are prepared in 11 languages, seven of them serve as the media of instruction. From standard 1 to 4 there is the EVS and 5th to 10th there are three core subjects namely mathematics, science and social science.NCF – 2005 has a number special features and they are:• Connectingknowledgetolifeactivities• Learningtoshiftfromrotemethods• Enrichingthecurriculumbeyondtextbooks• Learningexperiencesfortheconstructionofknowledge• Makingexaminationsflexibleandintegratingthemwithclassroomexperiences• Caringconcernswithinthedemocraticpolicyofthecountry• Makeeducationrelevanttothepresentandfutureneeds.• Softeningthesubjectboundariesintegratedknowledgeandthejoyoflearning.• Thechildistheconstructorofknowledge The new books are produced based on three fundamental approaches namely. Constructive approach, Spiral Approach and Integrated approach The learner is encouraged to think, engage in activities, masters skills and competencies. The materials presented in these books are integrated with values. The new books are not examination oriented in their nature. On the other hand they help the learner in the total development of his/her personality, thus help him/her become a healthy member of a healthy society and a productive citizen of this great country India. Language textbooks are designed to help learnersmaster communicativecompetencies, excellent comprehension,meaningful expression and efficientreference skills. English is studied by most students as the second language. Teachers have to keep in mind the three fundamental approaches based on which the readers have

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been designed and adapt their teaching methods and help learners master language skills and competencies and help them become excellent users of English. Schools in Karnataka offer seven languages as media of instruction and eight asfirstlanguagesandtenlanguagesareofferedasthirdlanguage.Theobjectiveistohelpthelearnerstousetheselanguagesefficientlyatthecommunicativelevel. It is hoped that at least a cross section of learners achieve competencies to use these languages at the creative level. Teachers are expected to adapt their teaching methods not to make these textbooks just feed materials for examinations, but help learners master language competencies such as communication, comprehension, expression in writing and necessary reference skills. There is going to be a source book for teachers in Kannada 1st language, English 2nd language and Hindi 3rd language. Please make use of these source books and make teaching very effective. The Textbook Society expresses its gratitude to the chairpersons, writers scrutinisers, artists, staff of DIETs and CTEs and the members of the Editorial Board in helping the Text Book Society in producing these textbooks.

Prof. G S Mudambadithaya Nagendrakumar Co-ordinator ManagingDirector Karnataka Textbook Society® Karnataka Textbook Society® Bengaluru. Bengaluru.

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lr_Vr. ZmJ_{U gr, Cn{ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.

AÜ`j:

S>m°. Zm_Xod. E_. Jm¡S>m, {d^mJmÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, _hmamOm H°$mboO, _¡gyé {díd{dX²`m{Zb`,

_¡gyé-570005

gXñ` :

lr_Vr. gw_m. Eg. Ho$, {df` n[adr[jH$m (qhXr) ~|Jbyé {d^mJ Am`wŠVmb` ~|Jbyé-560 001

S>m°. am{JZr. Ama, qhXr AÜ`m{nH$m (ñd¡pÀN>H$ AdH$me àmá) 738/4, gmopßnZH$mobm ñQ´>rQ>, H$mern{V AJ«hma, Ho$.Ama. _whëbm, _¡gyé - 24

S>m°. Eg. E. _§OwZmW, ghm`H$ àmo\o$ga Ed§ {d^mJmÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, nm|n¡ H$m°boO, EoH$bm,

_§Jbyé-574141

S>m°. Eg. {d{O, gh-{ejH$ (qhXr), gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, dm|Q>rH$moßnb, _¡gyé-570020

lr. Or. E_. _§OwZmW, gh-{ejH$ (qhXr), gaH$mar nr.`w. H$m°boO, Jm¡Zrnëbr, lr{Zdmgnwam VmëbwH$m, H$mobma {Obm-563161

lr_Vr. dg§VHw$_mar ~mB©, gh-{e{jH$m (qhXr), Eg. Eg. nr. Eg. hmB©ñHy$b, H$moßnm VmëbwH$m, {MŠH$_Jbyé {Obm - 577126

dmgwXod_y{V©. Eg, qhXr AÜ`mnH$, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, CX²~yé, _¡gyé VmbyH$,

_¡gyé {Obm - 570026.

CÞV n[aerbZ g{_{V :

S>m°. H$merZmW A§~bJo, AdH$me àmá àmo\o$ga, Jwb~Jm© {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.

S>m°. Ho$.E. go~mpñQ>`Z, H«$mBñQ> {díd{dÚmb`, hmogya amoS>, ~|Jbyé

S>m°. JUoe {~. ndma, AÜ`j, qhXr {d^mJ, H$Zm©Q>H$ H|$Ðr` {díd{dÚmb`, H$b~wa{J.

H$bmH$ma:

lr S>r. EZ. d|H$Q>oe, gaH$mar hmB©ñHy$b, Ca_ma H$gbJoao, _§S²>`m {Obm.

H$m`©H«$_ g§`moOH$ :

lr_Vr O`bú_r gr.S>r., ghm`H$ {ZXoeH$, H$Zm©Q>H$ nmR²>` nwñVH$ g§K, ~|Jbyé.

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x

AZwH«$_{UH$m

H«$.g§ erf©H$ {dYm n¥.g§

1 daXmZ H${dVm 1

2 H§$Oyg goR> H$hmZr 5

3 aoe_ CX²`moJ {Z~§Y 14

4 VmË`m Q>mono Eo{Vhm{gH$ boI 21

5 nmZr Š`m| ~agVm h¡? H${dVm 30

6 eoa Am¡a ~hmXwa b‹S>H$m H$hmZr 35

7 g§Vmof H$m ahñ` g§dmX 44

8 ~‹T>o Mbmo H${dVm 53

9 amñVo H$m nËWa H$hmZr 58

10 _oar bbH$- CgH$s M_H$ H$hmZr 64

11 H$X§~ H$m no‹S> H${dVm 74

12 loð> H$m¡Z? H$hmZr 82

13 gr. dr. am_Z ì`{º$ n[aM` 91

14 Ab~obr K§Q>r H${dVm 99

15 hmobr H$m Ë`mohma EH$m§H$s 104

16 d¡^dembr h§nr {Z~§Y 113

17 Vwbgr Ho$ Xmoho Xmohm 122

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nmR> - 1

daXmZ

- MÝÐnmb qgh `mXd "_`§H$'

Ame` : àñVwV H${dVm _| H${d M§Ðnmb qgh `mXd "_`§H$' H$hVo h¢ {H$ ~mbH$

n‹T>-{bIH$a AÀNo kmZr Am¡a d¡km{ZH$ ~Z| Am¡a Xoe H$s godm H$a|Ÿ&

ho ^JdmZ, Xmo daXmZn‹T>>-{bIH$a h_ ~Z| _hmZŸ&

_mVm-{nVm H$s Amkm _mZoH$a§o gXm h_ AÀN>o H$m_Ÿ&n‹T>o§-{bIo§ h_ Ü`mZ bJmH$aM_-M_-M_Ho$ OJ _| Zm_Ÿ&BVZo AÀN>o Z§~a bmE±,hmo h_ {dX²`mb` H$s emZ&

H$b h_ g~Ho$ hr hmWm| _| hmoJr ^maV H$s nVdmaŸ&^maV H$s ~{J`m Ho$ _mbrh_ hr Xoe Ho$ nhaoXmaŸ&

h_ ~Zo dra Am¡a ~bdmZV~ Xoe h_mam ~Zo _hmZŸ&

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g~ H$m_m| _| h_H$mo ~‹T>H$a g~go AmJo AmZm h¡Ÿ&~ZH$a h_H$mo ^r d¡km{ZH$A§V[aj _| OmZm h¡Ÿ&h_ ^r àmá g\$bVm H$aHo$~Z OmE± "amHo$e' g_mZŸ&

n‹T>-{bIH$a h_ ~Z| _hmZŸ&

ho ^JdmZ, Xmo daXmZ&

H${d n[aM` :

M§Ðnmb qgh `mXd "_`§H$' AmYw{ZH$ qhXr gm{hË` Ho$ {d»`mV

H${d h¢Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo H$B© ~mbJrVm| H$s aMZm H$s h¡Ÿ& BZHo$ à_wI ~mbJrV

h¢ - "ñHy$b Iwb J`o', "Im bmo Am_', "EH$ aho h¢, EH$ ah|Jo',

"Xrnm| H$s H$Vma', "n‹T>Zm h¡ Or n‹T>Zm h¡Ÿ&' "_`§H$' H${d M§Ðnmb

H$m H$mì`Zm_ h¡&

àñVwV H${dVm H$mo "n‹T>Zm h¡ Or n‹T>Zm h¡' H${dVm g§J«h go {b`m

J`m h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© :

Amkm - AZw_{V, gXm - h_oem, Z§~a - A§H$, nVdma - Zmd

MbmZo H$m gmYZ, OJ - g§gma, ~{J`m - ~JrMm

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3

Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Xr{OE :

1. ~ÀMm| H$mo {H$gH$s Amkm _mZZr Mm{hE?

2. {dX²`mb` H$s emZ H¡$go ~‹T>oJr?

3. ^maV H$s nVdma {H$gHo$ hmWm| _| hmoJr?

4. Xoe H$~ _hmZ ~ZoJm?

5. ~ÀMo d¡km{ZH$ ~ZH$a H$hm± OmZm MmhVo h¢?

II. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma CëQ>o AW©dmbo eãXm| H$mo Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

Z_yZm : AÀN>m nrN>o

1) ~‹T>>Zm Xw~©b

2) dra Ag\$b

3) AmJo ~wam

4) g\$b H$m`a

5) ~bdmZ KQ>Zm

III. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {bIH$a ZE eãX ~ZmBE :

Z_yZm - {dX²>`m + Amb` = {dX²>`mb`

1. _§Ì + Amb` =

2. Xod + Amb` =

3. ZoÌ + Amb` =

4. JǤW + Amb` =

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IV. Bg H${dVm H$s nhbr AmR> n§{º$`m| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$s{OEŸ&

V. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma H${dVm go eãX Ty>±‹T>>H$a {b{IEŸ : Z_yZm : daXmZ - _hmZ

1. H$m_ - 2. nVdma - 3. ~bdmZ - 4. AmZm h¡ - 5. g_mZ -

VI. H${dVm _| _mVm - {nVm H$s Amkm _mZZo H$s ~mV H$hr J`r h¡& ~VmBE, Amn CZH$s {H$Z-{H$Z ~mVm| H$mo _mZZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma h¢?

_mVm H$s Amkm 1.

2.

{nVm H$s Amkm 3.

4.

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• "daXmZ' O¡gr AÝ` H${dVmAm| H$m g§J«h H$a| VWm àmW©Zm-g^m d H$jm _| JmH$a gwZmE±Ÿ&

• H${dVm _| C{ëb{IV A§V[aj H$s C‹SmZ ^aZodmbo d¡km{ZH$ "amHo$e e_m©' Ho$ ~mao _| A{YH$ OmZH$mar àmá H$a|Ÿ&

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nmR> - 2

H§$Oyg goR>- S>m°. {J[aamOeaU AJ«dmb

Ame` : àñVwV H$hmZr X{jU ^maV Ho$ ~ra~b H$ho OmZo dmbo "VoZmbr am_'

H$s gyP-~yP go h_| n[a{MV H$amZo dmbr EH$ amoMH$ hmñ` H$Wm h¡Ÿ&

amOm H¥$îUXodam` Ho$ amÁ` _| EH$ H§$Oyg goR> ahVm WmŸ& CgHo$ nmg YZ H$s H$moB© H$_r Z Wr, na EH$ n¡gm ^r Oo~ go {ZH$mbVo g_` CgH$s ZmZr _a OmVr WrŸ& EH$ ~ma CgHo$ Hw$N> {_Ìm| Zo h±gr-h±gr _| EH$ H$bmH$ma go AnZm {MÌ ~ZdmZo Ho$ {bE Cgo amOr H$a {b`mŸ& CZHo$ gm_Zo dh _mZ Vmo J`m, na O~ {MÌH$ma CgH$m {MÌ ~ZmH$a bm`m Vmo goR> H$s {hå_V Z n‹S>r {H$ {MÌ Ho$ _yë` Ho$ ê$n _| {MÌH$ma H$mo gm¡ ñdU© _wÐmE± Xo X|Ÿ&

`m| Vmo dh goR> ^r EH$ Vah H$m H$bmH$ma hr WmŸ& Cgo AnZo Mohao H$m ñdê$n ~XbZo H$s H$bm Iy~ AmVr WrŸ& {MÌH$ma H$mo Am`m XoIH$a goR> A§Xa J`m Am¡a Hw$N> hr jUm| _| AnZm Moham ~XbH$a ~mha Am J`mŸ&

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CgZo {MÌH$ma go H$hm, "Vwåhmam {MÌ µOam ^r R>rH$ Zht ~Z n‹S>mŸ& Vwåht ~VmAmo, Š`m `h Moham _oao Mohao go µOam ^r {_bVm h¡?' {MÌH$ma Zo XoIm, gM_wM {MÌ goR> Ho$ Mohao go µOam ^r Zht {_bVm WmŸ&

goR> ~mobm, "O~ Vw_ Eogm {MÌ ~ZmH$a bmAmoJo, Omo _oar eŠb go {_boJm, V^r _¢ Cgo IarXy±JmŸ&'

Xygao {XZ {MÌH$ma EH$ Am¡a {MÌ ~ZmH$a bm`m, Omo hÿ~hÿ goR> Ho$ Cg Mohao go {_bVm Wm, Omo goR> Zo nhbo {XZ ~Zm aIm WmŸ& Bg ~ma {\$a goR> Zo AnZm Moham ~Xb {b`m Am¡a {MÌH$ma Ho$ {MÌ _| H$_r {ZH$mbZo bJmŸ& {MÌH$ma ~‹S>m b{ÁOV hþAmŸ& CgH$s g_P _| Zht Am ahm Wm {H$ Bg Vah H$s JbVr CgHo$ {MÌ _| Š`m| hmoVr h¡ ? Eogm nhbo Vmo H$^r Zhr§ hþAmŸ& AJbo {XZ dh {\$a EH$ Z`m {MÌ ~ZmH$a bo Am`m, na CgHo$ gmW {\$a dhr hþAm, Omo nhbo Xmo {XZ hþAm WmŸ&

{MÌH$ma Zo CgHo$ ~mX goR> Ho$ Xmo VrZ {MÌ Am¡a ~ZmE na ha ~ma {Zame bm¡Q>Zm n‹S>mŸ& A~ CgH$s g_P _| goR> H$s Mmb Am MwH$s WrŸ& dh OmZVm Wm {H$ dh _ŠIrMyg goR> Agb _| n¡go Zht XoZm MmhVm, na {MÌH$ma AnZo H$B© {XZm| H$s _ohZV ^r ~oH$ma Zht hmoZo XoZm MmhVm WmŸ&

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~hþV gmoM {dMmaH$a VoZmbram_ Ho$ nmg nhþ±Mm Am¡a AnZr g_ñ`m H$h gwZmB©Ÿ& Hw$N> g_` gmoMZo Ho$ ~mX VoZmbram_ Zo H$hm ""H$b Vw_ CgHo$ nmg EH$ erem boH$a OmAmo Am¡a H$hmo {H$ "AmnH$s {~bHw$b Agbr Vñdra bm`m hÿ±& AÀN>r Vah {_bmH$a XoI br{OEŸ& H$ht H$moB© A§Va AmnH$mo Zht {_boJmŸ&' ~g, {\$a AnZm H$m_ hþAm hr g_PmoŸ&''

AJbo {XZ {MÌH$ma Zo Eogm hr {H$`mŸ& dh erem boH$a goR> Ho$ `hm± nhþ±Mm Am¡a CgHo$ gm_Zo aI {X`mŸ&

"br{OE goR>Or, AmnH$m {~bHw$b gÀMm {MÌŸ& JbVr H$s Bg_| µOam ^r Jw§OmBe Zht h¡Ÿ&' {MÌH$ma Zo AnZr _wñH$amhQ> na H$m~y nmVo hþE H$hmŸ&

"bo{H$Z `h Vmo erem h¡' goR> Zo Pw±PbmVo hþE H$hmŸ&

"AmnH$s Agbr gyaV ereo Ho$ Abmdm ~Zm ^r H$m¡Z gH$Vm h¡ ? OëXr go _oao {MÌm| H$m _yë` EH$ hµOma ñdU© _wÐmE± {ZH$m{bE' {MÌH$ma ~mobmŸ&

goR> g_P J`m {H$ `h g~ VoZmbram_ H$s gyP-~yP H$m n[aUm_ h¡Ÿ& CgZo Vwa§V EH$ hµOma ñdU© _wÐmE± {MÌH$ma H$mo Xo XtŸ&

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VoZmbram_ Zo O~ `h KQ>Zm _hmamO H¥$îUXodam` H$mo gwZmB© Vmo do Iy~ h±goŸ&

boIH$ n[aM` :

{J[aamOeaU AJ«dmb _wamXm~mX (C.à) Ho$ h¢Ÿ& Amn H${d, {Z~§YH$ma, ZmQ>H$H$ma Am¡a ì §½`H$ma h¢Ÿ& AmnZo ~ÀMm| Ho$ {bE {ejmàX H$hmZr, EH$m§H$s Am{X aMo h¢Ÿ& àñVwV aMZm "H§$Oyg goR>' VoZmbram_ H$s gyP-~yP go g§~{YV EH$ hmñ` H$Wm h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© :

ñdU©_ wÐm - gm oZ o H$m {gŠH$m, hÿ~hÿ - EH$ g_mZ, _ŠIrMyg - H§$Oyg, erem - AmB©Zm, Xn©U; Vñdra - {MÌ, Jw§OmBe - g§^mdZm, ZmZr _a OmZm - g§H$Q> _| n‹S>Zm

Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma ~VmBE …

1) H§$Oyg goR> H$hm± ahVm Wm ?

2) {MÌ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE {H$VZm _yë` XoZm Wm ?

3) {MÌH$ma Š`m| b{ÁOV hþAm ?

4) VoZmbr am_ H$s ~mV gwZH$a H$m¡Z h±gZo bJo ?

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IEŸ :

1) {H$gHo$ nmg YZ H$s H$_r Z Wr ?

2) {MÌH$ma Zo AnZr g_ñ`m {H$go gwZmB© ?

3) goR> H$mo {H$VZr ñdU© _wÐmE± XoZr n‹S>r ?

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III. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE :

1) goR> AnZm Moham ~ma-~ma Š`m| ~Xb boVm Wm ?

2) VoZmbram_ Zo {MÌH$ma H$mo H$m¡Z-gm Cnm` gwPm`m ?

3) VoZmbram_ Ho$ Cnm` H$m Š`m n[aUm_ hþAm ?

IV. [aŠV ñWmZm| H$mo H$moð>H$ _| {XE JE ghr eãX go ^[aE :

1) {MÌ goR> Ho$ Cg Mohao go {_bVm WmŸ& (hÿ~hÿ/~Iy~r)

2) {MÌH$ma ~‹S>m hþAmŸ& (b{ÁOV/ Iwe)

3) H$b Vw_ CgHo$ nmg boH$a OmAmoŸ& (ere/erem)

4) `h g~ H$s gyP-~yP H$m n[aUm_ h¡Ÿ& (VoZmbram_/H¥$îUXodam`)

V. ghr dmŠ` Ho$ gm_Zo ""ghr'' VWm JbV dmŠ` Ho$ gm_Zo ""JbV'' {b{IE :

1) amOm H¥$îUXodam` Ho$ amÁ` _| EH$ H§$Oyg goR> ahVm WmŸ&

2) {MÌH$ma H$mo {MÌ Ho$ _yë` Ho$ ê$n _| gm¡ ñdU© _wÐmE± {_bt&

3) {MÌ goR> Ho$ Mohao go {~bHw$b {_bVm WmŸ&

4) VoZmbram_ H$s gyP-~yP Ho$ H$maU {MÌH$ma H$mo EH$ hOma ñdU© _wÐmE± {_btŸ&

5) _hmamO H¥$îUXodam` Iy~ h±goŸ&

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VI. {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| Ho$ ~hþdMZ ê$n {b{IE : 1) Moham 2) n¡gm 3) erem

VII. ghr Omo‹S>o {_bmH$a dmŠ` nyam H$s{OE :

A ~1) CgHo$ nmg YZ H$s

2) goR> ^r EH$ Vah H$m

3) {MÌm| H$m _yë`

4) VoZmbram_ H$s

H$bmH$ma WmŸ&

H$moB© H$_r Z WrŸ&

gyP-~yP H$m n[aUm_ h¡Ÿ&

EH$ hµOma ñdU© _wÐmE± WtŸ&

CÎma : 1.

2.

3.

4.

^mfm - ~moY

{dam_ {Mh²Z:

Omo {Mh²Z ~mobVo `m n‹T>Vo g_` éH$Zo H$m g§Ho$V XoVo h¢, CÝh§o {dam_ {Mh²Z H$hVo h¢& {dam_ H$m AW© h¡ - éH$Zm `m R>haZm&{h§Xr _| à`wº$ {dam_ {Mh²Z {ZåZ{b{IV h¢-

1. Aën {dam_ ................................ (,)

2. AY© {dam_ ................................ (;)

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3. nyU© {dam_ ................................ (&)

4. àíZ {Mh²Z ................................ (?)

5. {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ {Mh²Z .............................. (!)

6. `moOH$ {Mh²Z ................................ (-)

7. CÕaU {Mh²Z ................................ ("" '')

8. H$moð>H$ {Mh²Z ....................... ( ), [ ], { }

9. {ddaU$ {Mh²Z .............................. (:-), (:)

1. Aën {dam_ (,)

BgH$m AW© h¡ - Wmo‹S>r Xoa Ho$ {bE éH$Zm `m R>haZm&

O¡go - gVre, {ddoH$ Am¡a ZaoZ IobZo Ho$ ~mX Ka Mbo J`o&

2. AY© {dam_ (;)

Ohm± Aën {dam_ go A{YH$ Am¡a nyU© {dam_ go H$_ éH$Zm hmo, dhm± AY© {dam_ H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡&

O¡go - Iy~ _Z bJmH$a n‹T>; narjm {ZH$Q> Am JB© h¡&

3. nyU© {dam_ (&)

BgH$m AW© h¡ - nyar Vah éH$Zm `m R>haZm&

O¡go - A) _mohZ EH$ AÀN>m b‹S>H$m h¡&

Am) `h Jm` h¡&

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4. àíZdmMH$ {Mh²Z (?)

{Og {Mh²Z go àíZ nyN>Zo H$m Am^mg hmoVm h¡, Cgo àíZdmMH$ {Mh²Z H$hVo h¢&

O¡go - A) AmnH$m Zm_ Š`m h¡?

Am) Š`m Amn _¡gyé Om aho h¢?

5. {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ {Mh²Z (!)

{Og {Mh²Z H$m à`moJ hf©, Xþ…I, {dñ_`, AmíM`©, H$éUm, ^` Am{X ^md àH$Q> H$aZo Ho$ {bE {H$`m OmVm h¡, Cgo {dñ_`m{X~moYH$ {Mh²Z H$hVo h¢&

O¡go - dmh!, {H$VZm AÀN>m!, hm`!, hm` hm`!, em~me!

6. `moOH$ {Mh²Z (-)

{Og {Mh²Z go Xmo `m Xmo go A{YH$ eãXm| H$mo Omo‹S>m OmVm h¡, Cgo `moOH$ {Mh²Z H$hVo h¢&

O¡go - \$b-\y$b, am_-ahr_&

7. CX²YaU {Mh²Z ("" '')

{Og {Mh²Z Ho$ Ûmam {H$gr Ho$ H$WZ H$mo Á`m| H$m Ë`m| ~Vm`m OmVm h¡, Cgo CX²YaU {Mh²Z H$hVo h¢&

O¡go - am_ Zo í`m_ go H$hm, ""_¢ Vwåhmar _XX H$ê±$Jm&''

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8. H$moð>H$ {Mh²Z ( )

{H$gr eãX `m dmŠ`m§e H$m AW© ñnï> H$aZo `m CgH$s ì`m»`m H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cgo H$moð>H$ Ho$ ^rVa aIm OmVm h¡&

O¡go - am_ Ho$ AZÝ` ^º$ (hZw_mZ) Zo MwZm¡Vr ñdrH$ma H$s&

9. {ddaU$ {Mh²Z (:-), (:)

{H$gr ~mV H$m CÎma, {ddaU `m CXmhaU XoZm hmo, Vmo {ddaU {Mh²Z H$m à`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡&

O¡go - g§km Ho$ ^oX : ì`{º$dmMH$, Om{VdmMH$, ^mddmMH$ Am{X&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• VoZmbram_ go g§~§{YV EH$ N>moQ>r-gr H$hmZr AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IEŸ&

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nmR> - 3

aoe_ CX²>`moJ-g§H${bV

Ame` : {H$gr ^r amï´> `m amÁ` H$s Am{W©H$ CÞ{V dhm± Ho$ CX²`moJ na {Z^©a H$aVr h¡Ÿ& BZ CÚmoJm| _| ~¥hV²>> CÚmoJm| Ho$ gmW-gmW Hw$Q>ra CX²`moJ ^r AnZm AbJ _hËd aIVo h¢Ÿ& àñVwV nmR> _| H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ H$mobma {Obo Ho$ aoe_ CËnmXZ go gå~pÝYV {df`m| VWm aoe_ Ho$ H$s‹S>m| Ho$ OrdZ-MH«$ H$m {ddaU amoMH$ T>§J go {X`m J`m h¡Ÿ&

"H$mobma' H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ à_wI {Obm| _| go EH$ h¡Ÿ& Bgo "b¢S> Amµ\$

{gëH$ EÊS> {_ëH$'' H$m Zm_ {_bm h¡Ÿ& OmZVo h¢ Š`m| ? Š`m|{H$ `hm±

ha {XZ VrZ bmI brQ>a go A{YH$ XyY Am¡a H$amo‹S>m| én`m| Ho$ aoe_

H$m CËnmXZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Bg {Obo Ho$ bJ^J g^r Jm±dm| Ho$ bmoJ aoe_

CX²`moJ go Ow‹S>o h¢Ÿ& do Am{W©H$ ê$n go Bg CX²`moJ na {Z^©a h¢Ÿ&

EH$ ~ma `hm± na H$n‹S>m| H$s àXe©Zr bJr Wr, {Og_| H$B© XþH$mZ|

bJmB© JB© WtŸ& aoe_ H$mo bmoH${à` ~ZmZo Ho$ CX²Xoí` go aoe_ CËnmXZ

g§~§Yr OmZH$mar XoZo Ho$ {bE H|$Ð Imobm J`m WmŸ& aoe_ {d^mJ Ho$

EH$ A{YH$mar bmoJm| H$mo aoe_ CX²`moJ H$s g§nyU© OmZH$mar Xo aho WoŸ&

CÝhm|Zo ~Vm`m {H$ aoe_ H$s‹S>m| go àmá hmoVm h¡Ÿ& aoe_ Ho$ H$s‹S>m|

H$m {dH$mg Mma AdñWmAm| _| hmoVm h¡Ÿ& _mXm nV§J AnZo OrdZ H$mb

_| Ho$db EH$ ~ma A§S>o XoVr h¡, `h bJ^J 100 go 150 A§S>o XoVr

h¡Ÿ& BZ A§S>m| H$mo BH$Æ>m H$aHo$ EH$ {MH$Zo H$mJO (AmBb nona) na

O_mVo h¢Ÿ& `o A§S>o amB© Ho$ XmZm| Ho$ ~am~a hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

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>

gm_mÝ` Vmn_mZ _| VrZ-Mma {XZm| _| BZ A§S>m| go H$s‹S>o ~mha {ZH$bVo h¢Ÿ& A§S>m| go ~mha AmVo hr `o H$s‹S>o ehVyV Ho$ nÎmo ImZm ewê$ H$a XoVo h¢Ÿ& `o ~‹S>o noQy> hmoVo h¢, bJmVma ~rg-nÀMrg {XZm| VH$ ImVo ahVo h¢ Am¡a Mma go N>… g|{Q>_rQ>a VH$ ~‹T>Vo h¢Ÿ& V~ VH$ BZH$m dOZ ^r nm±M gm¡ JwZm ~‹T>> OmVm h¡Ÿ& A~ `o H$s‹S>o ImZm ~§X H$a XoVo h¢Ÿ& BZ H$sS>m| H$m a§J _Q>_¡bm hmoVm h¡Ÿ& `o H§$~b Ho$ H$s‹S>m| H$s Vah {XImB© XoVo h¢Ÿ& H$s‹S>m| H$s Bg AdñWm _| BZHo$ _w±h go EH$ àH$ma H$m ag {ZH$bVm ahVm h¡, {Oggo `o AnZo Mmam| Amoa H$moe ~Zm boVo h¢Ÿ& Bg H$moe H$mo "H$Hy$Z' H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ& ghr AW© _| `hr aoe_ H$m _yb ê$n h¡Ÿ&

BZ H$moem| H$mo C~bVo nmZr _| S>mbH$a BZHo$ _w±h go EH$ Vab nXmW© {ZH$mbm OmVm h¡Ÿ& hdm bJVo hr `h Vab nXmW© YmJo Ho$ ê$n _| n[ad{V©V hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ& ha H$moe go Mma gm¡ go nm±M gm¡¡ _rQ>a VH$ YmJm {ZH$mbm OmVm h¡Ÿ& YmJm {ZH$mbZo H$m `h H$m_ Hw$eb ì`{º$ hr H$a gH$Vo h¢Ÿ& BZ YmJm| H$mo ~wZH$a aoe_ H$m H$n‹S>m V¡`ma {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& AJa H$moem| H$mo C~bVo nmZr _| Z nH$m`m OmE Vmo

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BZgo nV§J| ~mha AmVo h¢Ÿ& BZ nV§Jm| go A§S>o Vmo nm gH$Vo h¢ na aoe_ ZhtŸ& Bg Vah aoe_ Ho$ H$s‹S>m| H$m OrdZ-MH«$ ~‹S>m hr {XbMñn h¡Ÿ&

H$ÀMm aoe_ {gµ\©$ Xmo a§Jm| _| {_bVm h¡ - gµ\o$X Am¡a _Q>_¡bmŸ& BZ YmJm| H$mo {d{^Þ a§Jm| _| a§JH$a aoe_r H$n‹S>o V¡ ma {H$E OmVo h¢Ÿ&

{dœ-^a _| _¡gyé-{gëH$ H$s gm{‹S>`m± à{gÕ h¢Ÿ& A~ Amn OmZ JE h¢ {H$ `h _wbm`_ aoe_ H$s H$Wm h¡ Omo H$s‹S>m| H$s XoZ h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© :

AdñWm-Xem, nXmW©-dñVw, {Z^©a-Adb§{~V, H$moe-AmdaU, Hw$eb-{ZnwU

Aä`mg

I. ZrMo {XE JE àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE :

1) H$mobma {Obo Ho$ bmoJ {H$Z CX²`moJm| go Ow‹S>o h¢ ?

2) aoe_ {H$ggo àmá hmoVm h¡ ?

3) aoe_ Ho$ H$s‹S>o Š`m ImVo h¢ ?

4) H$Hy$Z {H$go H$hVo h¢ ?

5) aoe_ _yb ê$n _| {H$Z a§Jm| _| {_bVm h¡ ?

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II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE :

1) "H$mobma' H$mo "b¢S> Amµ\$ {gëH$ EÊS> {_ëH$' Š`m| H$hm OmVm h¡?

2) aoe_ Ho$ H$s‹S>m| Ho$ OrdZ-MH«$ H$m {ddaU Xr{OEŸ&

3) H$moem| go aoe_r YmJm| H$mo H¡$go {ZH$mbVo h¢Ÿ?

4) H$moem| H$mo Z C~mbZo na Š`m hmoVm h¡ ?

III. {ZåZ{b{IV H$moðH$> _| go ghr CÎma N>m±Q>H$a [aŠV ñWmZm| H$mo ^[aE :

(_wbm`_, ehVyV, C~bVo nmZr, {gëH$$, {_ëH$, gµ\o$X, nrbm)

1) H$mobma {Obo H$mo b¢S> Am\$ ........... EÊS> ........... H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

2) aoe_ Ho$ H$s‹S>o ........... Ho$ nÎmm| H$mo hr ImVo h¢Ÿ&

3) aoe_ Ho$ H$moe H$m a§J ........... Am¡a ........... hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

4) YmJo {ZH$mbZo Ho$ {bE H$moe H$mo ........... ........... _|

S>mbVo h¢Ÿ&

5) aoe_r H$n‹S>o ~hþV ........... hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

IV. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma "Am' H$s _mÌm bJmH$a ZE eãXm| H$s aMZm H$s{OE :

CXm : H$_ - H$m_

1. H$b -.......... 2. Jb -..........

3. YZ -.......... 4. Vn - .......... 5. ha - .........

6. hb - ............. 7. ^a - .............

8. Zb - .............

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V. {ZåZ{b{IV dJ©-nhobr go H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ {Obmo§ Ho$ Zm_ Ty>±‹T>H$a {b{IE :

_¡ gy é n g J {M ~o

{M g² Ì Om J© X Ì b>

H$mo bm a ` nw H$mo Xw Jm

S> bm hm g Z a Jm© {d

Jw ~ a ar ~r X a H$

g „m ~¢ J by é i C

Vw _ Hy$ é hm do ar Sw>

Ym a dm ‹S> J X J {n

1) ~obJm{d

2) ......................

3) ......................

4) ......................

5) ......................

6) ......................

7) ......................

8) ......................

9) 10) 11) 12)

VI. H$jm _| MMm© H$s{OEŸ :

1) aoe_ H$s Vah h_| D$Z ^r EH$ AÝ` àmUr go àmá hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Š`m Amn Cg àmUr H$mo OmZVo h¢? D$Zr dñÌ H¡$go V¡`ma {H$`o OmVo h¢?

2) bmoJ Ja_r Ho$ _m¡g_ _| g~go A{YH$ gyVr dñÌm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢Ÿ& gyV H$hm± go àmá hmoVm h¡ ? `o gyVr dñÌ H¡$go V¡`ma hmoVo h¢ ?

3) Jm§YrOr MaIo na Š`m H$mVVo Wo ?

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VII. {VVbr H$m OrdZ-MH«$ Om{ZE VWm {MÌ _| a§J ^[aEŸ :

nV§J

^mfm - ~moY

g§km :

h_mao Amg-nmg Omo Hw$N> ^r {XImB© XoVm h¡, O¡go - bmoJ, dñVwE±,

new-njr, ñWmZ, Jm±d, eha - CZHo$ Zm_ hmoVo h¢Ÿ&

CXm : - em{bZr Am¡a CgH$s ~hZ Jw{‹S>`m Ho$ gmW Iob ahr h¢Ÿ&

_`§H$ H$mo ~mJ _| Ky_Zm AÀN>m bJVm h¡Ÿ& dhm± AnZo {_Ìm| go {_bH$a

Cgo Iwer {_bVr h¡Ÿ&

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D$na Ho$ dmŠ`m| _| ì`{º$, dñVw, ñWmZ, Om{V Am¡a ^md Ho$ Zm_

Am`o h¢Ÿ&

O¡go-

ì`{ŠV dñVw ñWmZ ^md Om{V

_ §H$, em{bZr, Jw{‹S>`m ~mJ Iwer ~hZ, {_Ì

`o g^r g§km eãX h¢Ÿ& Bg àH$ma {H$gr ì`{ŠV, dñVw, ñWmZ, Om{V

Am¡a ^md Ho$ Zm_ H$m ~moY H$amZodmbo eãXm| H$mo g§km H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• MÞnQ²>Q>Um {Obo _| Jw{‹S>`m| H$m CX²`moJ MbVm h¡& Amn BgH$s

OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE&

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nmR> - 4

VmË`m Q>mono-g§H${bV

Ame` : Bg nmR> _| _hmZ ñdV§ÌVm goZmZr VmË`m Q>mono Ho$ ~mao _| ~Vm`m

J`m h¡Ÿ& CZHo$ {_Ì Ûmam {dœmgKmV {H$E OmZo na CÝh| ~§Xr ~Zm {b`m J`m

Wm Am¡a {\$a _¥Ë`wXÊS> {X`m J`m WmŸ&

ñdV§ÌVm àm{á go nyd© h_mam Xoe A§Jo«µOm| Ho$ AYrZ WmŸ& A§J«oµO ^maVr`m| na ZmZm àH$ma Ho$ AË`mMma H$aVo WoŸ& ^maV go A{YH$ go A{YH$ bm^ CR>mH$a ñd § H$mo g§nÞ H$aZm CZH$m _w»` CÔoí` WmŸ& ^maV Ho$ g§gmYZm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aHo$ do A{YH$ bm^ H$_mZm MmhVo WoŸ& ^maV H$s g§n{Îm H$mo byQ>Zo Ho$ {bE A§Jo«µOm|| Zo ha hWH§$‹S>m AnZm`mŸ& ^maVr` amOmAm| Ho$ amÁ`m| H$mo h‹S>nm, {H$gmZm| go H$ÀMm _mb Ý`yZV_ _yë` na IarXm Am¡a aB©gm| Ho$ IµOmZm| H$mo byQ>mŸ& AnZm ñdmW© {gÕ H$aZo Ho$ {bE do gm_y{hH$

Zag§hma H$aZo go ^r nrN>o Zht hQ>Vo WoŸ& A§Jo«µOm|| Ho$ AË`mMma AghZr` hmo JE WoŸ& CZH$mo Xoe go ~mha IXo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE g_ñV ^maVdmgr ì`mHw$b WoŸ& gZ²> 1857 _| A§Jo«µOm|| Ho$ {déÕ g_ñV ^maVdmgr EH$ gmW CR> I‹S>o hþEŸ& g_ñV Xoe _| A§Jo«µOm| Ho$ AË`mMmar emgZ H$mo O‹S> go CIm‹S> \|$H$Zo H$s bha CR>rŸ& amZr bú_r~mB©, ZmZm gmho~ Am¡a

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noedm H$s goZmAm| H$m A§Jo«Om| go K_mgmZ `wÕ hmoZo bJmŸ& gZ²> 1857 Ho$ "àW_ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_' _| hµOmam| ^maVr`m| Zo AnZo àmUm| H$s Amhþ{V Xo XrŸ& Bgr ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ _| EH$ ^maVr` gnyV Zo A§J«oOr goZm H$mo ZmH$m| MZo M~dm {XEŸ& do dra gnyV Wo - VmË`m Q>monoŸ&

VmË`m Q>mono H$m OÝ_ EH$ gmYmaU ~«m÷>U n[adma _| hþAm WmŸ& do ZmZm gmho~ Ho$ `hm± EH$ {gnmhr Ho$ nX na H$m`© H$aVo WoŸ& O~ ZmZm gmho~ d A§J«oOr goZm Ho$ ~rM _| `wÕ {N>‹S>m Vmo CZH$m EH$ Z`m ê$n C^aH$a gm_Zo Am`mŸ& AnZr draVm Am¡a namH«$_ Ho$ H$maU do EH$ _m_ybr {gnmhr go ZmZm gmho~ H$s goZm Ho$ goZmn{V ~Z JEŸ&

H$mZnwa Ho$ Amg-nmg KZo O§Jb WoŸ& ^maVr` ñdV§ÌVm goZmZr BZ O§Jbm| _| {N>n Om`m H$aVo Wo Am¡a O~-V~ A§J«oOr goZm na AmH«$_U H$aVo ahVo WoŸ& CZHo$ Bg àH$ma AmH«$_U H$aZo go A§J«oOr goZm K~amH$a H$mZnwa eha H$s Amoa ^mJZo bJrŸ& ^maVr` goZm Zo ^mJVr hþB© A§Jo«µOr goZm na Ymdm ~mob {X`mŸ& g¡H$‹S>m| A§Jo«µOr g¡{ZH$ Bg h_bo _| _mao JEŸ&

A§J«oµO OZab Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| A§J«oµOr goZm ^mJVo-^mJVo H$mZnwa nhþ±M JB©Ÿ& dhm± CZH$s Am¡a VmË`m Q>mono H$s goZm Ho$ ~rM ^ §H$a wÕ hþAmŸ& AÝVV… ^maVr` g¡{ZH$m| H$mo {dO` àmá hþB©Ÿ& Xygar Amoa bIZD$ _| A§J«oµO goZmn{V Am¡a ^maVr` `moÕmAm| Ho$ _Ü` `wÕ {N>‹S>m hþAm WmŸ& O~ VmË`m Q>mono H$mo H$mZnwa _| A§J«oµOr goZm H$s namO` H$m g_mMma {_bm Vmo do Vwa§V AnZr goZm g{hV H$mZnwa H$s Amoa Hy$M H$a JE& OëXr hr do H$mZnwa nhþ±M J`oŸ& A§J«oµOm| H$m g¡{ZH$-~b ~‹T> OmZo Ho$ H$maU VmË`m Q>mono H$mo nrN>o hQ>Zm n‹S>m Am¡a do AnZr goZm g{hV H$mbnr bm¡Q> AmEŸ&

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VmË`m Q>mono Zo ^maV Ho$ AÝ` amOmAm| H$mo g§J{R>V H$aZo H$m {ZíM` {H$`m Am¡a CZ g~Ho$ nmg AnZm g§Xoe ^oOH$a ghm`Vm H$aZo H$m AZwamoY {H$`mŸ& AZoH$ ^maVr` amOm CZH$m gmW XoZo H$mo V¡`ma hmo JEŸ& Bg àH$ma VmË`m Q>mono Zo EH$ {demb goZm H$mo g§J{R>V H$a {b`mŸ& ^maVr`m| H$s {demb goZm H$mo XoIH$a A§Jo«µO K~am CR>oŸ& CZ_| _wH$m~bm H$aZo H$m gmhg Zht ahm, na§Vw A§J«oµO goZmn{V {H$gr ^r Vah go VmË`m Q>mono H$mo _maZm AWdm ~§Xr ~ZmZm MmhVm WmŸ& BgHo$ {bE dh ha g§^d à`mg H$a ahm WmŸ&

EH$ ~ma A§J«oµOm| Am¡a VmË`m Q>mono H$s goZm Ho$ _Ü` `wÕ {N>>‹S>m hþAm WmŸ& A§Jo«µOr goZm H$m _wH$m~bm H$aVo-H$aVo VmË`m Q>mono Km`b hmo JEŸ& CÝh| {dlm_ H$s g»V Amdí`H$Vm Wr, do Zada amÁ` nhþ±MoŸ& Zada H$m amOm CZH$m K{Zð> >{_Ì Vmo Wm, na§Vw CÝh| Zht nVm Wm {H$ {Ogo do AnZm K{Zð>> {_Ì g_P aho h¢ dh AmñVrZ H$m gm±n {ZH$boJmŸ& A§J«oµOm| H$s ghmZw^y{V nmZo H$s bmbgm _| Zada H$m amOm {dœmgKmVr {ZH$bmŸ& CgZo {_ÌVm Ho$ Zm_ H$mo H$b§{H$V H$a {X`m&

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Zada go VmË`m Q>mono H$mo {ednwar bm`m J`mŸ& dhm± A§Jo«µOm| Zo CZ na _wH$X_m Mbm`m Am¡a J§^ra Amamon bJmEŸ& A§VV… CÝh| \$m±gr H$s gOm Xr JB©& ^maV Ho$ Bg _hmZ dra Am¡a AVwb namH«$_r gnyV Zo ^maV H$s ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE ~{bXmZ {X`mŸ& ^maV Ho$ ñdV§ÌVm-Am§XmobZ Ho$ B{Vhmg _| Bg Xoem{^_mZr `moX²Ym H$m Zm_ gX¡d A_a ahoJmŸ&

eãXmW© :

IXo‹S>Zm - ^JmZm, AmH«$_U - h_bm, Ymdm ~mobZm - h_bm H$aZm, AZwamoY - àmW©Zm, K{Zð> > - {ZH$Q> H$m, hWH§$‹S>m - Cnm`, ì`mHw$b - ~oM¡Z, {dH$b; ^`§H$a - ^`mZH$, A§VV… - A§V _|, {dlm_ - Amam_, {dœmgKmV - YmoIm XoZm, N>b H$aZm; Hy$M H$aZm - admZm hmoZm

Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1) A§Jo«Om| H$m _w»` CÔoí` Š`m Wm ?

2) ^maV H$s g§n{Îm H$mo byQ>Zo Ho$ {bE A§J«oµOm| Zo Š`m-Š`m {H$`m ?

3) ^maV H$m àW_ ñdV§ÌVm - g§J«m_ H$~ ewê$ hþAm Wm ?

4) VmË`m Q>mono H$m¡Z Wo ? do ZmZm gmho~ Ho$ goZmn{V H¡$go ~Zo ?

5) A§Jo«µOr goZm H$mZnwa H$s Amoa Š`m| ^mJZo bJr ?

6) VmË`m Q>mono Zada Ho$ amOm Ho$ `hm± Š`m| JE ?

7) Zada Ho$ amOm Zo VmË`m Q>mono Ho$ gmW H¡$gm {dœmgKmV {H$`m ?

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II. C{MV eãXm| go {ZåZ{b{IV [aº$ ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE : 1) A§Jo«µOm| Ho$ ................ AghZr` hmo JE WoŸ&2) VmË`m Q>mono H$m OÝ_ EH$ gmYmaU .................. n[adma

_| hþAm WmŸ& 3) A§J«oµO OZab Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| A§J«oOr goZm ............... H$s

Amoa ^mJZo bJrŸ& 4) bIZD$ _| ............... Am¡a ^maVr` `moÕmAm| Ho$ _Ü` wÕ

{N>‹S>m hþAm WmŸ& 5) A§J«oµO goZmn{V {H$gr ^r Vah go ............... H$mo ~§Xr ~ZmZm `m _maZm MmhVm WmŸ&

III. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ` ghr h¡§ `m JbV - {b{IE :

1) VmË`m Q>mono H$m OÝ_ EH$ d¡í` n[adma _| hþAm WmŸ& ...............

2) gZ²> 1857 _| g_ñV ^maVdmgr EH$ gmW A§J«oOm| Ho$ {déÕ

CR> I‹S>o hþEŸ&

3) bIZD$ _| VmË`m Q>mono Am¡a A§J«oO goZmn{V H$s goZmAm| Ho$ _Ü` K_mgmZ `wÕ hþAmŸ& ...............

4) VmË`m Q>mono `wÕ _| Km`b hmo JE, CÝh| {dlm_ H$s g»V

Amdí`H$Vm WrŸ& ...............

5) {Ogo VmË`m Q>mono AnZm K{Zð> > {_Ì g_P aho Wo, CgrZo VmË`m H$s _XX H$sŸ& ...............

6) Zada H$m amOm {dœmgKmVr {ZH$bmŸ& ...............

7) VmË`m Q>mono H$mo AmOrdZ H$mamdmg H$s gOm Xr JB©Ÿ& .............

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~Z J`m dmŠ`IV. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma AnZo dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :

Z_yZm : goZmZr : goZmZr AnZo Xoe Ho$ {bE _a {_Q>Vm h¡Ÿ&1) ^maVr` : ..............................................2) gmYmaU : ..............................................3) AmH«$_U : ..............................................4) AZwamoY : ...............................................5) namO` : ...............................................6) _wH$X_m : ...............................................

V. g_ê$n - {^ÞmW©H$ eãXm| H$m Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma à`moJ H$s{OE {H$ CZH$m AW© ñnï> hmo OmE :

Z_yZm : AMma - AmMma _¢Zo H$b Am_ H$m AMma Im`m WmŸ& CZHo$ AmMma-{dMma AÀN>o h¢Ÿ&(1) AZb - A{Zb ................................................................ ................................................................(2) Amoa - Am¡a ................................................................ ................................................................(3) {XZ - XrZ ................................................................ ................................................................(4) nb - \$b ................................................................ ................................................................

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VI. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {_bmZ H$s{OE :

Z_yZmYZdmZ

{ZY©Z

VII.. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE :

Z_yZm :- nmZr - Ob

1) Jwbm_ ............... 4) A{YH$ .............

2) g_ñV ............... 5) àW_ ..............

3) g§^d ............... 6) Vmam ...............

~oMZm

AghZr`

A{YH$

ñdV§Ì

àma§^

naV§Ì

IarXZm

Aën

ZrMoA§V

ghZr`

D$na

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VIII.. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma ghr eãX H$m {_bmZ H$s{OE :

"A' "~'

Z_yZm : A§J«oO dra gnyV

1) VmË`m Q>mono _wH$m~bm

2) àW_ ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ {dœmgKmVr

3) goZm 1857

4) Zada H$m amOm byQ>Zm

^mfm - ~moY_whmdao :

""AnZo gm_mÝ` AW© H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a {deof AW© XoZodmbo dmŠ`m§e

_whmdao H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ&''

{Og àH$ma A§Yo ì`{ŠV Ho$ {bE CgH$s bmR>r hr ghmam hmoVr h¡,

Cgr àH$ma µOê$aV Ho$ g_` H$moB© ì`{º$ EH$ _mÌ ghmam ~ZVm h¡ -

Bg ^md H$mo g_PmZo Ho$ {bE _whmdam ~Zm - A§Yo H$s bmR>r hmoZm&

_whmdao VWm CZH$m dmŠ` _| à`moJ :

Am±Im| _| Yyb Pm|H$Zm = YmoIm XoZm

Mmoa nw{bg H$s Am±Im| _| Yyb Pm|H$H$a ^mJ J`mŸ&

_w±h {N>nmZm = b{ÁOV hmoZm

Eogm H$moB© H$m_ _V H$amo {Oggo Vwåh| Xygam| go _wh± {N>nmZm n‹S>oŸ&

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A~ AmnH$s ~mar :

1) Ymdm ~mobZm = ................................................

2) O‹S> go CIm‹S> µ\|$H$Zm = ......................................

3) ZmH$m| MZo M~mZm = ..........................................

4) AmñVrZ H$m gm±n = ...........................................

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• VmË`m Q>mono H$m {MÌ ~ZmH$a AnZr H$jm _| bJmBEŸ&

• amZr bú_r~mB© Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OEŸ&

• H$mZnwa, H$mbnr, Zada Am{X OJhm| H$m Zm_ dhr h¡ `m

~Xb {X`m J`m h¡ MMm© H$s{OE&

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nmR> - 5

nmZr Š`m| ~agVm h¡ ?

- {e{eaemo^Z Að>mZm

Ame` : n«ñVwV H${dVm _| Ob-MH«$ O¡go d¡km{ZH$ {df` H$mo ~‹S>r hr gabVm go n«ñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ& nmZr H$m ^mn ~ZH$a ~mXb ~ZZo go boH$a nmZr ~agZo VH$ H$m {MÌU Bg H${dVm _| hþAm h¡Ÿ&

EH$ {Xdg O~ C_‹S>-Kw_‹S>H$a Z^ _| H$mbo ~mXb N>mEŸ& Vmo A{V ^mar JO©Z boH$a {~Obr Ho$ g§J nmZr bmEŸ&&

am_y Zo nyN>m MmMm go"~mXb bmVo H¡$go nmZr ?'MmMm Zo dfm© hmoZo H$sH$h Xr g§nyU© H$hmZrŸ&

nmZr H$mo Ja_mZo na h_ mn ê$n _| CgH$mo nmVoŸ& Am¡a Cgo R>§‹S>m H$aZo na Ob H$U V¡a H$hm± go AmVo ?

gyaO H$s Ja_r nm H$agmJa-Ob O~ Vn OmVm h¡,~ZH$a ^mn nhþ±MVm Z^ na~mXb H$mbm H$hbmVm h¡Ÿ&

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o hr ~mXb Ob go ^aH$a Amg_mZ _| N>m OmVo h¢ hdm PH$moam| go C‹S>>-C‹S>>H$a BYa-CYa `o _±S>amVo h¢Ÿ&

_hmgmJam| go CR>H$a Omo^mn hdmE± ~Z AmVr h¡,YaVr go D$na AmJo ~‹T>,nd©V go do Q>H$amVr h¢Ÿ&

hr hdmE± nd©V go éH$ D$na H$mo Omo CR> OmVr h¢Ÿ& nmZr H$s ~±yXo ~ZH$a do {\$a YaVr na ~agmVr h¢Ÿ&

^oX `hr dfm© hmoZo H$mB©œ>a Zo `h àH¥${V ~ZmB©Ÿ&gmdZ ^mXmo H$mbm ~mXbhar-^ar ~{J`m A_amB©Ÿ&&

H${d n[aM` : lr {e{eaemo Z Að>mZm qhXr Ho$ OmZo-_mZo H${d h¢Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo {dkmZ gå~§Yr {Šbï> {df`m| H$mo amoMH$ VWm gab ê$n _| àñVwV H$aZo H$m gamhZr` à`mg {H$`m h¡Ÿ& XwX²Yr ({_Om©nwa) Ho$ amOH$s` B§Q>a H$m°boO _| AmnZo àdŠVm Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© {H$`m h¡ŸŸ&

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eãXmW© :

g§J - g{hV,gmW; gmdZ-^mXmo - qhXy n§Mm§J Ho$ nm±Mdm-N>R>dm _hrZm, A_amB© - Am_m| H$m ~JrMm, PH$moa - Pm|H$m, _±S>amZm - Mmam§o Amoa go Koa boZm, Q>H$amZm - Omoa go {^‹S>Zm, dfm© - ~m[ae, ~agmV

Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1. nmZr H$hm± go ~agVm h¡?

2. ~mXb H¡$go ~ZVo h¢?

3. nmZr H$mo Ja_mZo na h_ Š`m nmVo h¢?

4. ^mn H$hm± nhþ±MVm h¡?

5. {H$gZo `h àH¥${V ~ZmB©?

II. BZ eãXm| H$m à{VboIZ H$s{OE :

1. JO©Z ................. .................

2. g§nyU© ................. .................

3. _þ±S>amZm ................. .................

4. àH¥${V ................. .................

5. C‹S>-C‹S> H$a ................. .................

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III. eãX {_bmBE :

A ~ CÎma

1. C_‹S>-Kw_‹S> H$a Z^ na .................

2. ^mn nhþ±MVm ~mXb N>mE .................

3. am_y Zo nyN>m g§nyU© H$hmZr .................

4. MmMm Zo H$h Xr MmMm go .................

5. ^mn Q>H$amVr h¡ nd©V go .................

6. gmdZ-^mXmo A_amB© .................

7. har-^ar H$mbm ~mXb .................

IV. 1) O~ dfm© hmoVr h¡, V~ Amn Š`m-Š`m H$aVo h¢Ÿ? AnZo

eãXm| _| {b{IEŸ&

2) Bg H${dVm H$s Omo n§{º$`m± AmnH$mo gdm©{YH$ {à` bJVr hm| CÝh| {bIH$a `mX H$s{OEŸ&

V. g_mZmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :

1. Z^ - ................. .................

2. ~mXb - ................. .................

3. gyaO - ................. .................

4. nd©V - ................. .................

5. ^y{_ - ................. .................

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VI. H${dVm H$m Zm_ ~VmVo hþE nX nyam {b{IEŸ :

gyaO H$s ............................

....................................

.................... ^mn ...........

~mXb .............................Ÿ&

VII. {H«$`m-H$bmn :

1. ~agmV Ho$ _m¡g_ _| A_amB© _| Pybm S>mbH$a Pyb|Ÿ&

2. H$mJO H$s Zmd ~ZmH$a ~m[ae Ho$ nmZr _| ~hmH$a AmZÝX

CR>mE±&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• gmdZ, ^mXmo-Bgr Vah {hÝXy n§MmJ (H¡$b|S>a) Ho$ _hrZm| Ho$

Zm_ Om{ZEŸ&

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nmR> - 6

eoa Am¡a ~hmXwa b‹S>H$m- ào_M§X

Ame` : qhXr Ho$ à{gÕ H$hmZrH$ma _w§er ào_M§X X²>dmam a{MV `h H$hmZr amoMH$

VWm {ejmàX h¡Ÿ& àñVwV H$hmZr go ~ÀMm| H$mo `h {ejm {_bVr h¡ {H$ _wgr~V

Ho$ g_` Y¡`© Zht ImoZm Mm{hE Am¡a gyP-~yP go H${R>ZmB© H$m gm_Zm H$aZm

Mm{hEŸ&

~ÀMmo, eoa Vmo em`X Vw_Zo Z XoIm hmo, bo{H$Z CgH$m Zm_ Vmo gwZm hr hmoJmŸ& em`X CgH$s Vgdra XoIr hmo Am¡a CgH$m hmb ^r n‹T>m hmoŸ& eoa AŠga O§Jbm| Am¡a H$N>mamo§ _| ahVm h¡Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r dh CZ O§Jbm| go Amg-nmg Ho$ Jm§dm| _| Am OmVm h¡ Am¡a AmX_r Am¡a OmZdam| H$mo CR>mH$a bo OmVm h¡Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r OmZdam| H$mo _maH$a Im OmVm h¡Ÿ& H$^r-H$^r CZ OmZdam| H$mo CR>m bo OmVm h¡; Omo O§Jbm| _| MaZo Om`m H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

Wmo‹S>o {XZm| nhbo H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ EH$ J‹‹S>[a`o H$m b‹S>H$m Jm`-~¡bm| H$mo boH$a O§Jb _| J`m Am¡a CÝh| O§Jb _| N>mo‹S>H$a EH$ PaZo Ho$ {H$Zmao _N>{b`m| H$m {eH$ma IobZo bJmŸ& O~ em_ hmoZo H$mo Am`r Vmo CgZo OmZdam| H$s {JZVr H$s, _Ja EH$ Jm` H$m nVm Zht WmŸ& ~oMmam ~hþV K~am J`mŸ& _m{bH$ _wPo qOXm Zht N>mo‹S>|JoŸ& Bg dŠV T>y>±‹T>Zo H$m _m¡H$m Zht Wm Š`m|{H$ ~mH$s OmZda {\$a BYa-CYa Mbo OmVo; Bg{bE dh CÝh| boH$a Ka bm¡Q>m Am¡a CÝh| ~m‹S>o _| ~m±YH$a, {~Zm {H$gr go Hw$N> H$ho Jm` H$s Vbme _| {ZH$b n‹S>mŸ& Cg N>moQ>o b‹S>Ho$ H$s `h {hå_V XoImo!

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A±Yoam hmo ahm h¡, Mmam| Vaµ\$ gÝZmQ>m N>m`m hþAm h¡, O§Jb ^m±` ^m±` H$a ahm h¡, JrX‹S> H$m hm¡dmZm gwZmB© Xo ahm h¡, na dh ~oIm¡\$ O§Jb _| ~‹T>m Mbm Om ahm WmŸ&

Hw$N> Xoa VH$ Vmo dh Jm` H$mo Ty>±‹T>Vm ahm, bo{H$Z O~ A±Yoam hmo J`m Vmo Cgo S>a bJZo bJmŸ& O§Jb _| ~‹S>o go ~‹S>o AmX_r S>a OmVo h¢, Cg N>moQ>o-go ~ÀMo H$m H$hZm hr Š`m! _Ja Om`o H$hm± ? O~ Hw$N> Z gyPr Vmo EH$ no‹S> na M‹T> J`m Am¡a Cgr na amV H$mQ>Zo H$s R>mZ brŸ& CgZo nŠH$m BamXm H$a {b`m Wm {H$ ~J¡a Jm` H$mo {b`o Ka Z bm¡Qy>±JmŸ& {XZ ^a H$m WH$m-_m±Xm Vmo Wm hr, Cgo ZtX Am J`rŸ& ZtX MmanmB© Am¡a {~N>mdZ Zht Ty>±‹T>VrŸ&

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AMmZH$ no‹S> BVZr µOmoa go {hbZo bJm {H$ CgH$s ZtX Iwb J`rŸ& {JaVo-{JaVo ~M J`mŸ& gmoMZo bJm; no‹S> H$m¡Z {hbm ahm h¡Ÿ& Am±I| _bH$a ZrMo H$s Vaµ\$ XoIm Vmo CgHo$ amo`| I‹S>o hmo J`oŸ& EH$ eoa no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo I‹S>m CgH$s Va\$ bbMm`r Am±Im| go VmH$ ahm WmŸ& CgH$s OmZ gyI J`rŸ& dh XmoZm| hmWm| go S>mb go {MnQ> J`mŸ& ZtX ^mJ J`rŸ&

H$B© K§Q>o JwµOa J`o, na eoa dhm± go µOam ^r Z {hbmŸ& dh ~ma-~ma Jwam©Vm Am¡a CN>b-CN>bH$a b‹S>Ho$ H$mo nH$‹S>Zo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVmŸ& H$^r-H$^r Vmo dh BVZo ZµOXrH$ Am OmVm {H$ b‹S>H$m µOmoa go {Mëbm CR>VmŸ&

amV Á`m|-Ë`m| H$Q>r, gdoam hþAmŸ& b‹S>Ho$ H$mo Hw$N> ^amogm hþAm {H$ em`X eoa Cgo N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm Om`oŸ& _Ja eoa Zo {hbZo H$m Zm_ VH$ Zht {b`mŸ& gmam {XZ dh Cgr no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo ~¡R>m ahmŸ& {eH$ma H$mo gm_Zo nmH$a dh H$ht ^r

Š`m| OmVmŸ? no‹S> na ~¡R>o-~¡R>o b‹S>Ho$ H$s Xoh AH$‹S> J`r Wr, ^yI Ho$ _mao ~wam hmb Wm, _Ja eoa Wm {H$ dhm± go Om¡ ^a ^r Z hQ>Vm WmŸ& Cg OJh go Wmo‹S>r Xya na EH$ N>moQ>m-gm PaZm WmŸ& eoa H$^r-H$^r Cg Vaµ\$ VmH$Zo bJVm WmŸ& b‹S>Ho$ Zo gmoMm {H$ eoa ß`mgm h¡Ÿ& Cgo Hw$N> Amg ~±Yr {H$ Á`m|hr dh nmZr nrZo Om`oJm, _¢ ^r `hm± go {IgH$ OmD±$JmŸ& Am{Ia eoa CYa MbmŸ& b‹S>H$m no‹S> na go CVaZo H$s gmoM hr ahm Wm {H$ eoa nmZr nrH$a bm¡Q> Am`mŸ& em`X CgZo

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^r b‹S>Ho$ H$m BamXm g_P {b`m WmŸ& dh AmVo hr BVZr µOmoa go {M„m`m-Am¡a Eogm CN>bm {H$ b‹S>Ho$ Ho$ hmW-nm±d T>rbo n‹S>o J`o, O¡go dh ZrMo {Jam Om ahm hmoŸ& _mby_ hmoVm Wm, hmW-nm±d noQ> _| Kwgo Om aho h¢, Á`m|-Ë`m| H$aHo$ dh {XZ ^r ~rV J`mŸ& Á`m|-Á`m| amV hmoVr OmVr Wr, eoa H$s ^yI ^r VoO hmoVr OmVr WrŸ& em`X Cgo `h gmoM-gmoMH$a Jwñgm Am ahm Wm {H$ ImZo H$s MrµO gm_Zo aIr h¡ Am¡a _¢ Xmo {XZ go ^yIm ~¡R>m hÿ±Ÿ& Š`m AmO ^r EH$mXer ahoJr? dh amV ^r Cgo VmH$Vo hr ~rV J`rŸ&

Vrgam {XZ ^r {ZH$b Am`mŸ& _mao ^yI Ho$ b‹S>Ho$ H$s Am±Im| _| {VV{b`m±-gr C‹S>Zo bJrŸ& S>mb na ~¡R>Zm ^r Cgo _wpíH$b _mby_ hmoVm WmŸ& H$^r-H$^r Vmo CgHo$ Or _| AmVm {H$ eoa _wPo nH$‹S> bo Am¡a Im Om`oŸ& CgZo hmW Omo‹S>H$a B©ída go {dZVr H$s - ""^JdmZ, Š`m Vw_ _wP Jar~ na X`m Z H$amoJo?''

eoa H$mo ^r WH$mdQ> _mby_ hmo ahr WrŸ& ~¡R>o-~¡R>o CgH$m Or D$~ J`mŸ& dh MmhVm Wm {H$gr Vah OëXr go {eH$ma {_b Om`oŸ& b‹S>Ho$ Zo BYa-CYa ~hþV {ZJmh Xm¡‹S>mB© {H$ H$moB© ZµOa Am Om`, _Ja H$moB© ZµOa Z Am`mŸ& V~ dh {Mëbm-{MëbmH$a amoZo bJm _Ja dhm± CgH$m amoZm H$m¡Z gwZVm WmŸ?

Am{˜a Cgo EH$ VX~ra gyPrŸ& dh no‹S> H$s \w$ZJr na M‹T> J`m Am¡a AnZr YmoVr ImobH$a hdm _| C‹S>mZo bJm {H$ em`X {H$gr {eH$mar H$s ZµOa n‹S> Om`oŸ& EH$mEH$ dh Iwer go CN>b n‹S>m, CgH$s gmar ^yI, gmar H$_µOmoar Jm`~ hmo J`rŸ& H$B© AmX_r PaZo Ho$ nmg I‹S>o Cg C‹S>Vr hþB© PÊS>r H$mo XoI aho WoŸ&

em`X CÝh| AMå^m hmo ahm Wm {H$ O§Jb Ho$ no‹S> na PÊS>r H$hm± go Am`rŸ& b‹S>Ho$ Zo CZ AmX{_`m| H$mo {JZm EH$, Xmo, VrZ, MmaŸ&

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{Og no‹S> na b‹S>H$m ~¡R>m Wm dhm± H$s µO_rZ Hw$N> ZrMr WrŸ& Cgo ™`mb Am`m {H$ AJa do bmoJ _wPo XoI ^r bo Vmo CZH$mo `h H¡$go _mby_ hmo {H$ BgHo$ ZrMo VrZ {XZ H$m ^yIm eoa ~¡R>m hþAm h¡Ÿ& AJa _¢ CÝh| hmo{e`ma Z H$a Xy± Vmo `h Xwï> {H$gr-Z-{H$gr H$mo µOê$a MQ>H$a Om`oJmŸ& `h gmoMH$a dh nyar VmH$V go {MëbmZo bJmŸ& CgH$s AmdmµO gwZVo hr do bmoJ éH$ J`o Am¡a AnZr - AnZr ~§XyH|$ gåhmbH$a CgH$mo VmH$Zo bJoŸ&

b‹S>Ho$ Zo {MëbmH$a H$hm, ""hmo{e`ma ahmo ! hmo{e`ma ahmo ! Bg no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo EH$ eoa ~¡R>m hþAm h¡ !''

eoa H$m Zm_ gwZVo hr do bmoJ g±^b J`o, MQ>nQ> ~§XyH$m| _| Jmo{b`m± ^ar Am¡a Mm¡H$Þo hmoH$a AmJo ~‹T>Zo bJoŸ&

eoa H$mo Š`m ˜~a {H$ ZrMo Š`m hmo ahm h¡Ÿ& dh Vmo AnZo {eH$ma H$s VmH$ _| KmV bJm`o ~¡R>m WmŸ& EH$mEH$ n¡am| H$s AmhQ> nmVo hr dh Mm¢H$ CR>m Am¡a CZ Mmam| AmX{_`m| H$mo EH$ Q>rbo H$s Am‹S> _| XoImŸ& {\$a Š`m H$hZm Wm Cgo _w±h_m±Jr _wamX {_brŸ& ^yI _| g~« H$hm±Ÿ& dh BVZo µOmoa go JaOm {H$ gmam O§Jb {hb J`m Am¡a CZ AmX{_`m| H$s Vaµ\$ CgZo µOmoa go N>bm§J _marŸ& _Ja do bmoJ nhbo hr go V¡`ma WoŸ& Mmam§o Zo EH$ gmW Jmobr Mbm`rŸ& XZ ! XZ ! XZ ! XZ ! AmdmµO hþB©Ÿ& {M{‹S>`m± no‹S>m| go C‹S>-C‹S>H$a ^mJZo bJtŸ& b‹S>Ho$ Zo ZrMo XoIm, eoa µO_rZ na {Jam n‹S>m WmŸ& dh EH$ ~ma {\$a CN>bm Am¡a {\$a {Ja n‹S>mŸ&

b‹S>Ho$ H$s Iwer H$m Š`m nyN>Zm ! ^yI-ß`mg H$m Zm_ VH$ Z WmŸ& MQ>nQ> no‹S> go CVam Vmo XoIm gm_Zo CgH$m _m{bH$ I‹S>m h¡Ÿ& dh amoVm hþAm CgHo$ n¡am| na {Ja n‹S>mŸ& _m{bH$ Zo Cgo CR>mH$a N>mVr go bJm {b`m Am¡a ~mobm, ""Š`m Vy VrZ {XZ go Bgr no‹S> na Wm ?''

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b‹S>Ho$ Zo H$hm, ""hm± CVaVm H¡$go ? ZrMo eoa ~¡R>m WmŸ&'' _m{bH$, ""Aao nmJb, Jm` Vmo Cgr {XZ AnZo hr Amn Mbr Am`r WrŸ&''

yIm - ß`mgm hmoZo na ^r b‹S>H$m h±g n‹S>mŸ&

boIH$ n[aM` :

_w§er ào_M§X Or qhXr Ho$ loð> H$hmZrH$ma Am¡a CnÝ`mgH$ma h¢Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo AnZr aMZmAm| _| OrdZ Ho$ g^r nhbwAm| na àH$me S>mbm h¡Ÿ&

BZH$m nyam Zm_ YZnVam` lrdmñVd WmŸ& BZH$m OÝ_ OwbmB© 31, gZ² 1880 _| CÎma àXoe Ho$ b_hr Zm_H$ Jm±d _| hþAm WmŸ& BZH$s _¥Ë`w AŠVy~a 8, gZ²> 1936 _| dmamUgr _| hþB©Ÿ& BZH$s bmoH${à` aMZmE± h¢Ÿ- JmoXmZ,

godmgXZ, H$_©^y{_, H$m`mH$ën, {Z_©bm, J~Z Am{XŸ& BÝh| ""CnÝ`mg g_«mQ>''> H$hm OmVm h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© :

H$N>ma - ZXr {H$Zmao H$s µO_rZ, gÝZmQ>m - {Z…eãXVm, AŠga - àm`…, ~o m¡\$ - {Z © , {\$H«$ - {MÝVm, Vgdra - {MÌ, g~« - Y¡ ©, AH$‹S> - K_§S>, ZµOa - Ñ{ï>, VX~ra - Cnm`, \w$ZJr - no‹S>> H$s D$nar S>mbr, AM§^m - AmíM`©, R>mZ - {ZíM`

Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| {b{IE : 1) eoa H$hm± ahVm h¡ ? 2) b‹S>H$m PaZo Ho$ {H$Zmao Š`m H$aZo bJm ?

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3) b‹S>H$m {H$gH$s Vbme _| {ZH$b n‹S>m ?4) no‹S> H$mo H$m¡Z {hbm ahm Wm ? 5) eoa Ho$ _Z _| ^yI Ho$ _mao H$m¡Z-gm àíZ CR>m ?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE : 1) b‹S>H$m no‹S> na amV Š`m| H$mQ>Zo bJm ? 2) O~ b‹S>H$m Jm` Ty>±‹T>Zo J`m V~ O§Jb H¡$gm Wm ? 3) ^yI Ho$ _mao b‹S>Ho$ H$s hmbV H¡$gr ahr ? 4) A§V _| b‹S>Ho$ H$mo H$m¡Z-gr VX~ra gyPr ? Š`m| ?

III. Imbr OJhm| _| ghr eãX ^[aE :

1) A±Yoam hmo ahm h¡, Mmam| Vaµ\$ ............... N>m`m hþAm h¡Ÿ&

2) EH$ ................. no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo I‹S>m WmŸ&

3) b‹S>Ho$ Zo gmoMm {H$ eoa ................. h¡Ÿ&

4) eoa H$mo ^r ................. _mby_ hmo ahr Wr Ÿ&

5) MQ>nQ> no‹S> go CVam Vmo XoIm gm_Zo CgH$m .................

I‹S>m WmŸ&IV. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

Z_yZm : eoa - _§{Xa

1. _mZd - ~m‹S>m

2. Jm` - O§Jb

3. ^JdmZ - Ka

4. gm±n - Km|gbm

6. H$mo`b - ~m±~r

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V. n`m©`dmMr eãX {b{IE : 1) Am±I - .......... .......... .......... 2) B©ída - .......... .......... .......... 3) O§Jb - .......... .......... .......... 4) P§S>m - .......... .......... ..........

VI. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

1) ~wam � .................. 2) Jar~ � .................. 3) AmJo � .................. 4) Xya � ..................

VII. . ZrMo {X`o J`o eãXm| H$m AÝ` qbJ ê$n {b{IE :

1) b‹S>H$m - ............... 2) _m{bH$ - ............... 3) eoa - ............... 4) Jm` - ............... 5) AmX_r - ...............

VIII. ZrMo {XE JE dmŠ`m| _| go ghr dmŠ` Ho$ gm_Zo ghr () Am¡a JbV dmŠ` Ho$ gm_Zo JbV () {Mh²>Z bJmBE :

1) eoa AŠga Kam| _| ahVm h¡Ÿ&

2) b‹S>H$m Jm` - ~¡bm| H$mo boH$a O§Jb _| J`mŸ&

3) b‹S>H$m eoa H$m {eH$ma H$aZo bJm Ÿ&

4) ^yIm - ß`mgm hmoZo na ^r b‹S>H$m h±g n‹S>mŸ&

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`mo½`Vm {dñVma :• Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma àm{U`m| Ho$ gm_Zo CZH$s AmdmµO Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE: {MÌ AmdmµO

Z_yZm:

a§^mZm

1) qMKm‹S>Zm ..........

2) Jwam©Zm ..........

3) hm¡dmZm ..........

4) {hZ{hZmZm ..........

5) {_{_`mZm ..........

6) Kw‹S>H$Zm ..........

7) a|H$Zm .........

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nmR> - 7

g§Vmof H$m ahñ`- g§H${bV

Ame` : àñVwV nmR> H$m CÔoí` `h h¡ {H$ gwI Am¡a AmZ§X H$m AmYma g§n{Îm `m AmYw{ZH$ d¡km{ZH$ gw{dYmE± Zht ~pëH$ gh`moJ Am¡a ghH$ma H$s ^mdZm h¡Ÿ&

amOy Am¡a g§Xrn AmR>dt H$jm _| n‹T>Zodmbo ghnmR>r WoŸ& amOy ZµOXrH$ Ho$ am_ZJa Jm±d go ~|Jbya H$s embm _| n‹T>Zo AmVm WmŸ& dh ~hþV _ohZVr Am¡a h±g_wI b‹S>H$m WmŸ& Bgr{bE g§Xrn H$mo dh ~hþV ng§X WmŸ& amOy AŠga g§Xrn H$mo AnZo Ka ^r bo OmVm WmŸ&

JUoe MVwWr© H$m Ë`mohma Wm, ñHy$b _| Nw>Q²>Q>r WrŸ& amOy Zo Ë`mohma _ZmZo Ho$ {bE g§Xrn H$mo AnZo Ka ~wbm`m WmŸ& O~ g§Xrn amOy Ho$ Ka nhþ±Mm Vmo nyOm IË_ hmo ahr Wr Am¡a g~ {_b-OwbH$a AmaVr Jm aho Wo, {Ogo gwZH$a g§Xrn H$mo ~hþV AÀN>m bJmŸ& AmaVr Ho$ ~mX do g~ b§~r H$Vma ~ZmH$a ImZo Ho$ {bE ~¡RoŸ& Ho$bo Ho$ nÎmo na ñdm{Xð>> ì`§OZ namogo Om aho WoŸ& amOy H$s _m±, H$mH$s Am¡a ^m^r namog ahr WtŸ& BVZo gmao bmoJm| H$mo XoIH$a g§Xrn Zo amOy go nyN>m,

g§Xrn - amOy, Ë`mohma Ho$ {bE n‹S>mo{g`m| H$mo ^r ~wbm`m h¡ Š`m?

amOy - Aao Zht, {g\©$ AnZo Ka Ho$ hr bmoJ h¢Ÿ&

g§Xrn (AmíM`© go) - Š`m ? BVZo bmoJ EH$ hr Ka _| !

amOy - hm± ! Bg_| AmíM`© H$s Š`m ~mV h¡? h_mao Jm±d _| Á`mXmVa Kam| _| BVZo hr bmoJ ahVo h¢Ÿ&

g§Xrn - Am¡a Vwåhmao Ka _| Zm¡H$a {H$VZo h¢?

amOy - Zm¡H$a H$s Š`m Oê$aV h¡? h_ BVZo bmoJ h¢ ZŸ&

g§Xrn - Š`m gM_wM !

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V^r amOy H$s _m± Zo AmH$a CÝh| Q>moH$m, ""amOy nhbo AnZo XmoñV H$mo ImZm ImZo XmoŸ& ~mX _| ~mV| H$aZm'' {\$a ß`ma go XmoZm| H$mo namogZo bJrŸ& CZH$s ~mV| gwZH$a g§Xrn JX²>JX²> hmo J`m Am¡a AnZo n[adma H$mo `mX H$aZo bJm, Ohm± do {g\©$ Mma bmoJ ahVo WoŸ& CgHo$ {nVm A{^`§Vm Wo Am¡a _m± EH$ _{hbm g_mO H$s AÜ`jmŸ& N>moQ>r ~hZ nm±Mdr§ H$jm _| n‹T>Vr WrŸ& _mVm-{nVm AnZo-AnZo H$m_ _| ì`ñV ahVo WoŸ& Ka _| VrZ Zm¡H$a Wo, Omo agmoB© ~ZmVo Am¡a Ka H$m AÝ` H$m_-H$mO g§^mbVo WoŸ& Ka Ho$ bmoJ {g\©$ a{ddma H$mo gmW {_bH$a Hw$N> g_` {~VmVo WoŸ& Cg {XZ ^r AŠga H$moB© Z H$moB© _oh_mZ Am Om`m H$aVo WoŸ&

ImZo Ho$ ~mX do XmoZm| XmoñV {\$a ~mV| H$aZo bJoŸ&

amOy - Vw_ amV _| {H$gHo$ gmW gmoVo hmo?

g§Xrn - AHo$bm, AnZo H$_ao _|, Am¡a Vw_?

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amOy - _¢ Vmo AnZo XmXm Ho$ gmW gmoVm hÿ±, amV _| do AŠga _wPo H$moB© Z H$moB© H$hmZr gwZmVo h¢Ÿ&

g§Xrn - Vwåhmao `hm± BVZo bmoJm| H$m ImZm H$m¡Z ~ZmVm h¡?

amOy - _m± Am¡a H$mH$s ImZm ~ZmVr h¢, _oar XmoZm| ^m{^`m§° CZH$s ghm`Vm H$aVr h¢ Am¡a Ka H$m AÝ` H$m_ ^r H$aVr h¢, h_ g^r CZH$s ghm`Vm H$aVo h¢Ÿ&

g§Xrn -Am¡a Vwåhmao {nVmOr, H$mH$m Am¡a ^mB© bmoJ Š`m H$aVo h¢?

amOy - {nVmOr Am¡a H$mH$m IoVm| _| H$m_ H$aVo h¢Ÿ& ^mB© bmoJ Jm`-^¢gm| H$s gmZm-nmZr Ho$ gmW \y$bm| Ho$ ~JrMm| H$s XoI^mb ^r H$aVo h¢Ÿ& \y$bm| H$mo ~mµOma _| nhþ±MmVo h¢Ÿ Am¡a CZH$s {~H«$s H$s ì`dñWm ^r XoIVo h¢Ÿ&

g§Xrn - Š`m do bmoJ n‹T>o-{bIo h¢ ?

amOy - Š`m| Zht, _oao ~‹S>o ^mB© Zo Vmo H¥${f {dkmZ Am¡a new-

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nmbZ _| {S>J«r àmá H$s h¡Ÿ& do CJmB©-H$Q>mB© Ho$ {bE AmYw{ZH$ _erZ Am¡a VH$ZrH$s H$m BñVo_mb H$aVo h¢Ÿ& AmAmo, _¢ Vwåh| h_mar S>o>`ar {XImVm hÿ±Ÿ&

g§Xrn H$mo `h XoIH$a ~hþV AmíM`© hþAm {H$ CZHo$ Ka _| Jmo~a J¡g, gmobma D$Om© Am{X H$m ^r C{MV à`moJ {H$`m Om ahm WmŸ& g§Xrn BZ g~go ~hþV à^m{dV hþAmŸ& `hm± AmH$a CgZo Xmo {df` grIo - EH$ Vmo `h {H$ n‹T>mB© Ho$ ~mX eha OmH$a hr Zm¡H$ar Ty>±‹T>Zo H$s µOê$aV ZhtŸ& AnZr {ejm H$m Cn`moJ AnZo Kaoby H$m_m| H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZo _| H$aZm Mm{hEŸ& Xygam `h {H$ {_b-OwbH$a gmW ahZo go EH$ Amoa Ohm± Iwer {_bVr h¡, dht Xygar Amoa A{YH$ CÞ{V ^r g§^d h¡Ÿ&

AnZm Ka bm¡Q>H$a CgZo AnZo _mVm-{nVm H$mo o gmar ~mV| gwZmBª Am¡a CÝhm|Zo ^r {ZíM` {H$`m {H$ AnZo Ka _| ^r g~ {_bH$a H$m_

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H$a|Jo Am¡a ImZm ^r gmW-gmW ImE±JoŸ& BVZm hr Zht, CÝhm|Zo `h ^r V` {H$`m {H$ AmJo MbH$a do ^r ha Ë`mohma H$mo AnZo ~§Yw {_Ìm| Ho$ gmW _ZmE±JoŸ& g§Xrn Ho$ {nVm Zo H$hm-h_ AnZr ahZ-ghZ go gm{~V H$a X|Jo {H$ g§Vmof H$m ahñ` {_b-OwbH$a ahZo _| hr h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© :

namogZm - ImZm XoZm, JX²JX² hmoZm - AmZ§{XV hmoZm, XohmVr - J«m_rU, BñVo_mb - à`moJ, A{^`§Vm - B§{O{Z`a

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1) amOy Am¡a g§Xrn {H$g H$jm _| n‹T>Vo Wo ?

2) g§Xrn Ho$ {nVm Š`m H$m_ H$aVo Wo ?

3) g§Xrn H$mo amOy Š`m| ng§X Am`m ?

4) g§Xrn amOy Ho$ Jm±d Š`m| J`m ?

II. VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1) amOy Ho$ Ka _| JUoe MVwWu H$m Ë`mohma H¡$go _Zm`m J`m?

2) amOy Ho$ ^mB© AnZr n‹T>mB© H$m Cn`moJ Kaoby CX²`moJ _| {H$g àH$ma H$aVo Wo ?

3) amOy Ho$ n[adma Zo Jm±d _| {H$Z-{H$Z AmYw{ZH$ gw{dYmAm| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m Wm ?

4) g§Xrn Ho$ n[adma na amOy Ho$ n[adma H$m Aga {H$g Vah n‹S>>m ?

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III. {H$gZo {H$ggo H$hm ?

1) ""Zm¡H$a H$s Š`m µOê$aV h¡ ? h_ BVZo bmoJ h¢ ZŸ&''

2) ""Š`m ? BVZo bmoJ EH$ hr Ka _| ?''

3) ""Š`m do bmoJ n‹T>o-{bIo h¢ ?''

4) ""AmAmo, _¢ Vwåh| h_mar S>o`ar {XImVm hÿ±''

IV. BZ _whmdam| Ho$ AW© {bIH$a dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :

1) X§J ah OmZm = ...................

2) \y$bo Z g_mZm = ...................

3) JX²>JX²> hmoZm = ...................

V. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma g_mZmW©H$ eãX {b{IE :

CXm : gy`© gyaO a{d

1) ^y{_ .............. ..............

2) JUoe .............. ..............

3) _{hbm .............. ..............

4) dm`w .............. ..............

VI. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m§e Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {b{IE :

CXm : {OgH$m AmH$ma Z hmo - {ZamH$ma Ÿ&

1) {dX²`mb` _| n‹T>Zo dmbm ...................

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2) IoV _| H$m_ H$aZo dmbm ...................

3) _mVm Ho$ {nVm ...................

4) ñdmX ^ar ...................

5) Omo n‹T>Zm {bIZm Zht OmZVm ...............

^mfm - ~moY

g§km Ho$ ^oX

ì`{ŠVdmMH$ Om{VdmMH$ ^mddmMH$

ì`{ŠVdmMH$ g§km : - ~M|Ðrnmb Zo {h_mb` H$s MmoQ>r na nhþ±MH$a {Va§Jm \$ham`mŸ&

`hm± ~M|Ðrnmb, {h_mb`, {Va§Jm {H$gr {deof ì`{ŠV, ñWmZ VWm dñVw Ho$ Zm_ h¢Ÿ&

{H$gr {deof àmUr, dñVw `m ñWmZ Ho$ Zm_ H$m ~moY H$amZodmbo eãXm| H$mo ì`{ŠVdmMH$ g§km H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

Hw$N> Am¡a CXmhaU : `moJre, ~|Jbyé, H$mdoar, eoa, Hw$gu

Om{VdmMH$ g§km : - ~ÀMo ~JrMo _| Iob aho h¢Ÿ&

`hm± ~ÀMo Am¡a ~JrMo eãX {H$gr {deof àmUr H$m ~moY Z H$amH$a g§nyU© Om{V H$m ~moY H$am aho h¢ Š`m|{H$ `o {H$gr ì`{ŠV `m dñVw {deof Ho$ Zm_ Z hmoH$a nyar Om{V Ho$ Zm_ h¢Ÿ&

{Og g§km eãX go {H$gr àmUr, dñVw `m ñWmZ H$s nyar Om{V H$m ~moY hmo, Cgo Om{VdmMH$ g§km H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

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Hw$N> Am¡a CXmhaU - b‹S>H$m, b‹S>H$s, Xoe, Jm±d, nhm‹S>, {XZ,

_hrZm, new, \$b Am{XŸ&

^mddmMH$ g§km : - ~MnZ _| ~ÀMo eamaV H$aVo h¢Ÿ& CZH$s

gab h±gr _Z H$mo _moh boVr h¡Ÿ&

`hm± ~MnZ Am¡a h±gr `o XmoZm| eãX Xem Am¡a ^md H$mo àH$Q>

H$a aho h¢Ÿ&

Omo eãX {H$gr Ho$ JwU, Xmof, Xem, ñd^md H$mo àH$Q> H$aVo h¢,

do ^mddmMH$ g§km H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ&

Hw$N> Am¡a CXmhaU : gÀMmB©, B©_mZXmar, draVm, g\$bVm, OdmZr,

~w‹T>mnm Am{XŸ&

A~ AmnH$s ~mar :

1) {XE JE dmŠ`m| _| go ghr Ho$ AmJo Am¡a JbV Ho$ AmJo

{Mh²Z bJmBEŸ:

H$) g^r Zm_ g§km Zht hmoVo h¢&

I) Om{VdmMH$ g§km nyar Om{V H$m ~moY H$amVr h¡Ÿ&

J) ^mddmMH$ g§km {H$gr ^md H$m ~moY H$amVr h¡Ÿ&

K) {H$gr {deof Zm_ H$mo Om{VdmMH$ g§km H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

2) {XE JE eãXm| _| go Om{VdmMH$, ì`{ŠVdmMH$ VWm

^mddmMH$ g§km eãX N>m±Q>H$a AbJ - AbJ {b{IE :

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~ÀMo,

N>mÌ, _moa, ~MnZ, a_m, \$b,

Iwer, {e{jH$m, gÀMmB©, ê$g, A_arH$m, nd©V

_ohZV, {bImdQ>, `_wZm, Prb, gmo_dma,M‹T>mB©

ì`{ŠVdmMH$ Om{VdmMH$ ^mddmMH$

CXm : a_m ~ÀMo ~MnZ

................. ................. .................

................. ................. .................

................. ................. .................

................. ................. .................

................. ................. .................

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• "g§ wŠV n[adma Ho$ bm^' - Bg {df` na N>… dmŠ` {b{IEŸ&

• Jmo~a J¡g VWm gmobma D$Om© Ho$ ~mao _| A{YH$ OmZH$mar

àmá H$s{OEŸ&

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nmR> - 8

~‹T>o Mbmo - lr X²dm[aH$màgmX _mhoœar

Ame` : àñVwV H${dVm _| H${d Zo nŠHo $ BamX o H o $ gmW AmJo

~‹T>Zo H$s ~mV H$hr h¡Ÿ& gVV à`ËZ go _wpíH$b| ^r AmgmZ hmo OmVr h¢Ÿ&

dra, Vw_ ~‹T>o MbmoŸ&

Yra, Vw_ ~‹T>o MbmoŸ&&

hmW _| ÜdO aho,

~mb-Xb gOm aho,

ÜdO H$^r PwHo$ Zht,

Xb H$^r éHo$ ZhtŸ&

dra, Vw_ ~‹T>o MbmoŸ&

Yra, Vw_ ~‹T>o MbmoŸ&&

gm_Zo nhm‹S> hmo

qgh H$s Xhm‹S> hmo,

Vw_ {ZS>a, hQ>mo Zht,

Vw_ {ZS>a, S>Q>mo dhtŸ&

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dra, Vw_ ~‹T>o MbmoŸ&

Yra, Vw_ ~‹T>o MbmoŸ&&

_oK JaOVo ah|, _oK ~agVo ah|, {~O{b`m± H$‹S>H$ CR>|, {~O{b`m± V‹S>H$ CR>|,

dra, Vw_ ~‹T>o MbmoŸ&

Yra, Vw_ ~‹T>o MbmoŸ&&

àmV… hmo {H$ amV hmo,

g§J hmo Z gmW hmo,

gy`© go ~‹T>o Mbmo,

M§Ð go ~‹T>o MbmoŸ&

dra, Vw_ ~‹T>o MbmoŸ&

Yra, Vw_ ~‹T>o MbmoŸ&&

H${d n[aM`

lr Ûm[aH$màgmX _mhoœar H$m OÝ_ {Xgå~a gZ²> 1916 H$mo hþAm

WmŸ& Amn qhXr Ho$ à{gÕ ~mb JrV aMZmH$ma h¢Ÿ&

Amn Ho$ 6 H${dVm g§J«h, Xmo I§‹S>> H$mì`, 26 ~mb gm{hË` H$s

nwñVH|$, 3 H$Wm g§J«h, 5 nwñVH|$ Zd gmjam| Ho$ {bE, 3 {ejm nwñVH|$

Am¡a J«§Wmdbr (3 ^mJm| _|) A~ VH$ àH$m{eV h¢Ÿ&

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eãXmW© :

dra - ~hmXwa, Yra - Y¡`©embr, ÜdO - P§S>m, {ZS>a - {Z^©`, S>Q>Zm - pñWa ahZm, àmV… - gw~h

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1) _oK Š`m-Š`m H$aVo h¢ ?

2) dram| H$mo {H$g Ho$ g_mZ ~‹T>Zm Mm{hE ?

3) dram| Ho$ hmW _| Š`m aho ?

II. {dñVma go {b{IE :

1) dra hmW _| ÜdO {bE Š`m-Š`m H$aVm h¡ ?

III. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma eãX Am¡a AW© H$m ghr {_bmZ H$s{OE :

"A' "~'

Z_yZm : {Z‹S>a gyaO

1) ÜdO nd©V

2) gy`© Mm±X

3) M§Ð P§‹S>m

4) _oK {Z^©`

5) nhm‹S> ~mXb

IV. gmoMH$a {b{IE :

1) AmnHo$ {dMma _| Xoe H$mo Am¡a _O~yV H¡$go {H$ m Om gH$Vm h¡ ?

2) {Va§Jo P§S>o _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z go a§J h¢ ? o a§J {H$gHo$ àVrH$ h¢ ?

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V. gmo{ME, ghr eãX Mw{ZE, {MÌm| Ho$ AmJo {b{IE :

(amï´>ÜdO, amï´>àmUr, amï´>njr, amï´>bm§N>Z, amï´>nwîn, amï´>d¥j, AemoH$

MH«$)

1) .....................................

2) .....................................

3) .....................................

4) .....................................

5) .....................................

6) .....................................

7) .....................................

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VI. H${dVm H$mo H§$R>ñW H$aHo$ gw§Xa Ajam| _| {b{IE :

~Z J`m dmŠ`VII. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma AnZo dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$s{OE :

Z_yZm : ÜdO : amï´>ÜdO _| VrZ a§J h¢Ÿ&

1) dra : ........................................................

2) Yra : .......................................................

3) {ZS>a : ......................................................

4) àmV… : .......................................................

5) g§J : .......................................................VIII. VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo H${dVm go Ty>±‹T>H$a {b{IE :

CXm : PwHo$ - éHo$

1) nhm‹S> -

2) hQ>mo> -

3) JaOVo> -

4) H$‹S>H$> -

5) amV> -

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• AnZo {dÚmb` _| amï´>r` Ë`mohma Ho$ Adga na àñVwV H${dVm H$mo b`-Vmb Ho$ gmW JmBEŸ&

• Xoeào_ H$s ^mdZmAm| H$mo ào[aV H$aZodmbr H${dVmAm| H$m g§J«h H$s{OEŸ&

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nmR> - 9

amñVo H$m nËWa

- g§H${bV

Ame` : àñVwV nmR go ~ÀMm| H$mo `h grI {_bVr h¡ {H$ AnZm H$m_ ñd § H$aZodmbm ì`{ŠV hr AmJo ~‹T>H$a OrdZ _| g\$b hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

EH$ ZJa _| EH$ amOm ahVm WmŸ& dh AnZr àOm go ~hþV ß`ma H$aVm WmŸ& CgH$m Ü`mZ gXm àOm H$s ^bmB© _| ahVm WmŸ&

EH$ {XZ amOm doe ~XbH$a ^«_U H$aZo {ZH$bmŸ& ghgm Cgo R>moH$a bJrŸ& C>gZo XoIm {H$ amñVo _| EH$ ^mar nËWa n‹S>m h¡Ÿ& H$B© bmoJ Cgr amñVo go Am-Om aho h¢Ÿ&

amOm Zo gmoMm-nVm Zht `h nËWa {H$VZo {XZm| go `hm± n‹S>m h¡Ÿ& XoIVm hÿ±, Bgo `hm± go H$m¡Z hQ>mVm h¡Ÿ&

`h gmoMH$a amOm nmg hr EH$ no‹S> Ho$ nrN>o {N>n J`mŸ& Wmo‹S>r Xoa _| amOm H$mo EH$ {H$gmZ {XImB© {X`mŸ& dh AnZo hb-~¡b boH$a Cgr amñVo na Am ahm WmŸ& {H$gmZ Zo nËWa H$mo XoIm Am¡a _w±h {gH$mo‹S>H$a nËWa Ho$ ~Jb go {ZH$b J`mŸ&

{H$gmZ Ho$ OmZo Ho$ ~mX EH$ ½dmbm {S>ã~o _| XyY boH$a CYa

go {ZH$bmŸ& dh gm°B{H$b na Am ahm WmŸ& Cgo nËWa Zht {XImB©

{X`mŸ& Cgo nËWa H$s R>moH$a bJr Am¡a {S>ã~o g{hV ZrMo {Ja n‹S>mŸ&

CgH$m gmam XyY ~h J`m Am¡a KwQ>Zo _| MmoQ> ^r bJ JB©Ÿ& dh ~‹S>r

H${R>ZmB© go CR>m Am¡a ~‹S>~‹S>mVm hþAm ~mobm - ""amñVo _| BVZm ~‹S>m

nËWa n‹S>m h¡ Am¡a Cgo H$moB© hQ>mVm ZhtŸ& _oam BVZm XyY {Ja J`m,

A~ _¢ J«mhH$m| H$mo Š`m Xy±JmŸ?''

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½dmbm gmB{H$b na ~¡R>H$a AmJo {ZH$b J`mŸ& CgZo ^r nËWa Zht hQ>m`mŸ&

V^r amOm H$mo Kmo‹S>o H$s Q>mn gwZmB© XrŸ& amOm Zo XoIm-Kmo‹S>o na EH$ {gnmhr ~¡R>m h¡Ÿ& dh _ñVr go Jm ahm h¡Ÿ& AMmZH$ Kmo‹S>o H$mo nËWa go R>moH$a bJrŸ& Kmo‹S>m nrN>o hQ>mŸ& {gnmhr {JaVo-{JaVo ~MmŸ& CgZo nËWa H$mo XoIm Am¡a D±$Mo ñda _| {Mëbm`m - ""_¢ H$B© {XZm| go Bg nËWa H$mo `hm± n‹S>m hþAm XoI ahm hÿ±, na H$moB© Bgo hQ>mVm ZhtŸ& `hm± Ho$ bmoJ ~hþV Ambgr h¢Ÿ&''

{gnmhr Zo AnZm Kmo‹S>m AmJo ~‹T>m`m Am¡a Xya {ZH$b J`mŸ&

Hw$N> hr Xoa ~mX EH$ ~y‹T>m AmX_r AnZo {ga na \$bm| H$s Q>moH$ar {bE Am`m Am¡a nËWa go R>moH$a ImH$a {Ja n‹S>mŸ& CgHo$ gmao \$b amñVo _| {~Ia JEŸ& V^r EH$ ~mbH$ Xm¡‹S>Vm hþAm Am`m Am¡a ~y‹T>o H$mo CR>mVo hþE ~mobm - ""~m~m, H$ht MmoQ> Vmo Zht bJr ?''

""Zht ~oQ>m, na _oao \$b .............'' ~y‹T>o Zo H$hmŸ&

""Amn `ht é{H$E, _¢ A^r \$b CR>mH$a Q>moH$ar _| aI XoVm hÿ±'' - ~mbH$ Zo H$hmŸ&

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CgZo \$b CR>mH$a d¥X²>Y H$s Q>moH$ar _| aI {XEŸ& ~mbH$ H$mo Amerdm©X XoVo hþE d¥X²>Y Mbm J`mŸ& ~mbH$ Zo BYa-CYa XoIm Am¡a {\$a amñVo go nËWa hQ>mZo bJmŸ& nËWa Wmo‹S>m gm {hbm Am¡a {\$a AnZr OJh Am J`mŸ& ~mbH$ Zo {\$a à`ËZ {H$`m, na nËWa Zht {hbmŸ& CgZo BYa-CYa XoIm Am¡a {\$a nËWa H$mo hQ>mZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m & AMmZH$ nËWa {hbmŸ&

~mbH$ Zo O~ {ga CR>m`m Vmo XoIm {H$ EH$ ì`{ŠV CgH$s ghm`Vm H$a ahm h¡Ÿ& XmoZm| Zo {_bH$a nyar e{ŠV bJmB© Am¡a nËWa H$mo amñVo go hQ>mH$a EH$ Amoa H$a {X`mŸ&

Cg ì`{ŠV Zo nyN>m - ""~oQ>m, Vw_ H$m¡Z hmo?''

b‹S>Ho$ Zo H$hm - ""_¢ e§H$a hÿ±, Bgr Jm±d _| ahVm hÿ±Ÿ&''

Xygao {XZ e§H$a nmR>embm nhþ±MmŸ& CgHo$ àYmZmMm`© Zo g^r {dX²>`m{W©`m| Ho$ gm_Zo CgH$s àe§gm H$sŸ& CÝhm|Zo ~Vm`m {H$ e§H$a H$mo amOm Zo nwañH$ma {X`m h¡Ÿ&

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eãXmW© :

ghgm - AMmZH$, H${R>ZmB© - _wpíH$b, ñda - AmdmµO, e{ŠV - VmH$V, àe§gm - Vmarµ\$, ^«_U - g¡a, J«mhH$ - IarXZodmbm, Q>mn - Kmo‹S>o Ho$ n¡am| H$s AmdmµO, à`ËZ - H$mo{ee

Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1) amOm no‹S> Ho$ nrN>o Š`m| {N>n J`m ?

2) ½dmbo Zo nËWa XoIH$a Š`m {H$`m ?

3) {gnmhr Zo nËWa XoIH$a Š`m H$hm ?

4) d¥X²>Y H$s ghm`Vm {H$gZo H$s ?

5) nËWa H$mo amñVo go {H$gZo hQ>m`m ?

II. [aŠV ñWmZm| H$s ny{V© H$s{OE :

1) ½dmbm .............. na Am ahm WmŸ&

2) Kmo‹S>o H$mo .............. go R>moH$a bJrŸ&

3) ~mbH$ ~y‹T>o H$mo CR>mVo hþE ~mobm - ""~m~m, ..............

Vmo Zht bJrŸ?

4) àYmZmMm`© Zo .............. H$s àe§gm H$sŸ&

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III. XmoZm| I§‹S>m§o H$mo Omo‹S>H$a dmŠ` ~ZmBE :

IV. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

CXm : ^bmB© � ~wamB©1) D±$Mm � ............. 3)BYa � ..............2) {JaZm � ............. 4)AnZm � .............

V. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma ~hþdMZ ê$n {b{IE :

EH$dMZ

CXm: {S>ã~m -

1) amñVm

2) Kmo‹S>m

3) KwQ>Zm

4) ~y‹T>m

5) ½dmbm

~hþdMZ

{S>ã~o

I§S> - "A' I§S> - "~'

1) CgZo XoIm {H$ amñVo _| ~¡R>H$a AmJo {ZH$b J`mŸ&

2) Wmo‹S>r Xoa _| amOm H$mo nËWa go R>moH$a bJrŸ&

3) ½dmbm gm°B{H$b na XoVo hþE d¥X²>Y Mbm J`mŸ&

4) AMmZH$ Kmo‹S>o H$mo EH$ {H$gmZ {XImB© {X`mŸ&

5) ~mbH$ H$mo Amerdm©X EH$ ^mar nËWa n‹S>m h¡Ÿ&

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VI. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE :Z_yZm : ^bm - ^bmB©

1) MVwa - .................

2) H${R>Z - .................

3) Jham - .................

4) D±$Mm - .................

VII. g§`wŠVmja Om{ZE : Xmo - Xmo eãX {b{IE :

1) V²> + W = ËW - nËWa, ..........., ...........

2) J²> + d = ½d - ½dmbm, ..........., ...........

3) ~²> + ~ = ã~ - {S>ã~m, ..........., ...........

4) g²> + d = ñd - ñda, ..........., ...........

5) H$²> + V = ŠV - ì`{ŠV, ..........., ...........

VIII. eãXm| _| a§J ^aH$a n{‹T>E :

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• Bg H$hmZr H$m ZmQ>H$ ê$nm§Va H$a H$jm _| A{^Z` H$s{OE &

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nmR> - 10

_oar bbH$- CgH$s M_H$

- lr_Vr H$m§Vm amZr _§Oyfm

Ame` : àñVwV nmR> Ûmam ~ÀMm| H$mo g§Xoe {_bVm h¡ {H$ Iobm| H$mo ñnYm©Ë_H$

^mdZm go IobZm Mm{hE Z {H$ B©î`m© H$s ^mdZm go& H$jm _| N>mÌm| H$mo EH$

Xygao Ho$ gmW {_b-OwbH$a ahZm Mm{hEŸ&

gwlwV! gwlwV!! gwlwV!!!

_¢ {H$VZr H$mo{ee H$a ahm Wm {H$ _¢ gwlwV go AnZm Ü`mZ hQ>m by±, na _wPo ~ma-~ma dhr `mX Am ahm WmŸ& _oam Ü`mZ H$b CgHo$ {bE ~OmB© JB© Vm{b`m| H$s Amoa hr Om ahm WmŸ& H$b H$m {XZ _oao {bE {H$VZm ~wam Wm Am¡a gwlwV Ho$ {bE {H$VZm AÀN>m! H$b {dX²`mb` H$m H«$s‹S>m-{Xdg WmŸ& _¢ gm¡ _rQ>a H$s Xm¡‹S> _| gwlwV H$mo hamZm MmhVm WmŸ& {H$VZm Aä`mg {H$`m Wm _¢ZoŸ& nr.B©. ga Ho$ ha AmXoe H$m nmbZ {H$`m Wm, {\$a ^r Eogm Š`m| hþAm? gm¡ _rQ>a H$s Xm¡‹S> Ho$ do nb _oao {bE BVZo _Zhÿg Š`m| ~Z JE? Xm¡‹S> g_má

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hmoZo Ho$ Hw$N> hr jU nhbo gwlwV H$mo hamZo H$s bbH$ go _¢Zo nrN>o nbQ>H$a XoIZm Mmhm {H$ gwlwV {H$VZm nrN>o h¡Ÿ& {ga Kw_m`m Vmo XoIm gwlwV ~g EH$ H$X_ hr nrN>o WmŸ& _oam {ga Kw_mZm Am¡a... gwlwV H$m.... _wPo nma H$aHo$... AmJo {ZH$b OmZm... ~g EH$ nb _| g~ Hw$N> hmo J`m WmŸ&

""ga, _¢ {H$VZm VoµO Xm¡‹S>m Wm, na {\$a ^r hma J`mŸ& Eogm Š`m| hþAm ga?'' _¢Zo AmH«$moe Am¡a {Zamem go ^aH$a nr.B©. ga go nyN>m WmŸ&

""Vwåhmao hmaZo H$m {g\$© EH$ hr H$maU h¡ _Zrf, Vwåhmam bú` Xm¡‹S> OrVZm Zht, gwlwV H$mo hamZm WmŸ&''

nr.B©. ga H$s ~mV _oar g_P _| Zht AmB©Ÿ& hm±, _¢ gwlwV H$mo hamZm hr Vmo MmhVm WmŸ& _¢ Bgr gmb Bg Amdmgr` {dX²`mb` H$s H$jm nm±Mdt _| ^Vu hþAm hÿ±& _¢ n‹T>Zo _| ~hþV AÀN>m Zht hÿ±Ÿ& O¡go-V¡go g^r {df`m| _| nmg hmo OmVm hÿ±Ÿ& ewéAmVr {XZm| _| O~ _¢Zo gwlwV H$mo H$jm H$s bKw narjmAm| _| g~go A{YH$ A§H$ nmVo XoIm Vmo gmoMm H$hr§ go ZH$b _maVm hmoJm, na H$jm Ho$ Xygao b‹S>H$mo§ go bJmVma CgH$s Vmarµ\$ gwZr {H$ gwlwV {g\©$ n‹T>Zo _| hr Zht, ~pëH$ IobZo _|, S´>mB§J _|, JmZo _|, ha ~mV _| ~hþV hmo{e`ma h¡Ÿ& g^r {ejH$ h_oem CgH$s Vmar\$ H$aVo ahVo h¢ Vmo A§Xa hr A§Xa _¢ gwlwV H$mo Zmng§X H$aZo bJmŸ&

_wPo h_oem bJVm {H$ _¢ gwlwV H$mo {H$gr OJh H$_ `m IwX H$mo H$ht Cggo AÀN>m gm{~V H$ê± &

H$b H$s Xm¡‹S>-ñnYm© _oao {bE H$m\$s _hËdnyU© ~Z JB© WrŸ& Xm¡‹S>Zo _| AÀN>m hmoZo Ho$ H$maU _¢ `hm± gwlwV H$mo ham gH$Vm WmŸ& _wPo AnZo

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Aä`mg na ^r ~‹S>m {dídmg Wm, na Cg g_` gwlwV H$mo nbQ>H$a XoIZm _oar gmar Cå_rXm| na nmZr \o$a J`mŸ& A~ _¢ hma J`m hÿ±, {g\©$ Xm¡‹S> _| hr Zht ~{ëH$ AnZo H$mo gwlwV go ~ohVa {XImZo H$s ha H$mo{ee _| hma J`m hÿ±Ÿ&

EH$ {XZ J{UV H$s H$jm Mb ahr WrŸ& _¢ h_oem H$s Vah {H$Vm~ _| Am‹S>r-[VaN>r aoImE± ItMVm hþAm n‹T>Zo H$m ZmQ>H$ H$a ahm WmŸ&

""_Zrf'' ~rZm _¡S>_ H$s AmdmµO Zo _wPo Mm¢H$m {X`mŸ&

""`g _¡S>_'' _¢ I‹S>m hmo J`mŸ&

""Mbmo, BYa AmH$a `h gdmb H$amoŸ&'' CÝhmo§Zo ~moS>© na {bIm hþAm gdmb {XImVo hþE _wPgo H$hmŸ&

_¢ ~war Vah go \±$g J`m WmŸ& Yrao-Yrao MbVo hþE _¢ ~moS>© Ho$

nmg J`mŸ& g~ _oar Amoa XoI aho Wo, gwlwV ^rŸ& H$^r grIm hmoVm

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Vmo H$aVm! _wPo Vmo {~bHw$b Zht Am ahm WmŸ& _¢ ~moS>© Ho$ nmg

MwnMmn {ga PwH$mH$a I‹S>m ahmŸ& gwlwV EH$ Q>H$ _oar Amoa XoI ahm

WmŸ& _¡S>_ Zo Jwñgo go _wPo S>m±Q>m Am¡a H$hm - ""BVZm AmgmZ gdmb

Zht H$a gH$Vo? H$b _¢ {\$a nyNy>±JrŸ& Zht {H$`m Vmo grYo qà{gnb

Ho$ nmg bo OmD±$Jr, g_Po?''

BVZo _| K§Q>r ~OrŸ& ~rZm _¡S>_ Jwñgo _| Mbr JBªŸ& _¢ AnZr grQ> na AmH$a ~¡R> J`mŸ& H$jm Ho$ g~ b‹S>Ho$ h±g aho WoŸ& gwlwV A~ ^r _oar Amoa XoI ahm WmŸ&em_ H$mo O~ g~ bmoJ n‹T> aho Wo V~ gwlwV Zo _wP go nyN>m, ""BVZm AmgmZ gdmb Š`m| Zht {H$`m?''

""AmgmZ ? Vwåhmao {bE hmoJmŸ& _oao {bE Vmo H${R>Z hr Wm''Ÿ& _¢ Zo ~oéIr go Odm~ {X`mŸ&

""Zht _Zrf, dh gdmb AmgmZ hr WmŸ& XoImo Eogo H$aVo h¢Ÿ&''

_¢ grIZm Zht MmhVm Wm, na _¡S>_ H$s MoVmdZr `mX AmB© Vmo _µO~yar _| grIZo bJmŸ& gwlwV _wPo g_PmVo hþE gdmb H$aVm Om ahm WmŸ& {\$a CgZo _wPgo H$hm {H$ _¢ d¡go hr Cgo g_PmVo hþE H$걟& _¢ H$ht JbV H$aVm Vmo dh _wPo R>rH$ H$aVmŸ& dh _oam Jwé ^r ~Zm Am¡a {eî` ^rŸ& ~rZm _¡S>_ V¡`ma Wt,gdmbm| Ho$ gmW& na AmO _¢ ^r V¡`ma Wm, AnZo hbm| Ho$ gmWŸ& _wPo gdmb hb H$aVo XoI ~rZm _¡S>_ H$s Am±Im| _| àe§gm WrŸ& H$jm Ho$ Xygao b‹S>H$m| H$s Am±Im| _| AmíM`© ^ar {Zamem Am¡a gwlwV H$s Am±Im| _| EH$ AZmoIr M_H$ !

dm{f©H$ narjm nmg Am`r WrŸ& Bg ~ma gwlwV Zo _wPo Zht N>mo‹S>mŸ& dh AnZo gmW _wPo ^r n‹T>Zo {~R>m boVmŸ& _oam H$moB© ^r ~hmZm Zht MbVmŸ& n‹T>Vo g_` AmB© _oar ha H${R>ZmB© H$mo Xya H$aZo Ho$ {bE dh h_oem V¡`ma ahVmŸ& ~ma-~ma _¢ Cgo ~mYm nhþ±MmD±$, `h _wPo ^r AÀN>m Zht bJVm WmŸ&

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O~ n[aUm_ ~VmE JE Vmo _¢ H$jm _| nm±Md| ñWmZ na WmŸ&

nyar H$jm Zo _oao {bE Vm{b`m± ~OmBªŸ& gwlwV H$s Am±Im| _| _wPo ~hþV

ß`mar bJZo dmbr dhr M_H$ WrŸ& CÝht Vm{b`m| H$s AmdmO _| _¢Zo

gwZm, gwlwV {\$a go AnZo àW_ ñWmZ na h¡Ÿ& Bg ~ma H$jm _|

gwlwV Ho$ {bE Vm{b`m± ~OmZo Ho$ {bE _oao hmW ^r CR> JEŸ&

AnZo XmoñV Ho$ A{^dmXZ _|Ÿ&

AnZo XmoñV Ho$ à{V H¥$VkVm _|Ÿ&

AnZo XmoñV H$mo ~YmB© XoVo hþE !

bo{IH$m n[aM` :

lr_Vr H$m§Vm amZr _§Oyfm qhXr _| {ejmàX H$hmZr aMZo _| à{gÕ

h¢Ÿ& àñVwV H$hmZr {MëS´>Ýg ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>, ZB© {X„r X²dmam àH$m{eV "JS>

~‹S> Pmbm Am¡a AÝ` H$hm{Z`m±' Zm_H$ nwañH¥$V ~mb-gm{hË` go br

J`r h¡Ÿ&

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eãXmW© :

H$mo{ee - à`ËZ, _Zhÿg - Aew^, bbH$ - BÀN>m, Vmarµ\$ - àe§gm, Amdmgr` - R>haZo H$s OJhdmbm, {Zdmgr`; hmo{e`ma - MmbmH$, MoVmdZr XoZm - gmdYmZ H$aZm, AZmoIr - AZwn_, Am{Iar - A§pV_

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1) {dÚmb` H$m H«$s‹S>m {Xdg {H$gHo$ {bE ~wam Wm ?

2) {H$g Iob _| gwlwV H$s OrV hþB© ?

3) H$jm Ho$ AÝ` b‹S>Ho$ {H$gH$s Vmarµ\$ H$aVo Wo ?

4) ~rZm _¡S>_ H$m¡Z-gm {df` n‹T>mVr Wr ?

5) J{UV H$s H$jm _| _Zrf Š`m H$a ahm Wm ?

6) _Zrf H$mo narjm _| H$m¡Z-gm ñWmZ {_bm ?

II. BZ àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Xmo `m VrZ dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE :

1) _Zrf gwlwV go Š`m| ObVm Wm ?

2) nr. B©. ga Ho$ {dMma _| _Zrf H$s hma H$m H$maU Š`m Wm ?

3) n‹T>Zo Ho$ Abmdm gwlwV Am¡a {H$Z-{H$Z {df`m| _| hmo{e`ma Wm ?

4) gwlwV Zo _Zrf H$mo J{UV Ho$ gdmbm| H$mo hb H$aZo H$m Aä`mg {H$g àH$ma H$am`m ?

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III. BZ eãXm| Ho$ {bE {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

1) {XZ � .............. 5) Zmng§X � ..............

2) hma � .............. 6) gdmb � ..............

3) nrN>o � .............. 7) Cn`moJ � ..............

4) ewéAmV � .............. 8) VoO � ..............

IV. BZ eãXm| Ho$ {bE AÝ` dMZ {b{IE :

1) Am±I - .............. 1) aoIm - ..............

2) K§Q>r - .............. 6) mX - ..............

3) {H$Vm~ - .............. 7) H$X_ - ..............

4) H$jm - .............. 8) {XZ - ..............

V. Xm¡‹S>-ñnYm© EH$ _¡XmZr Iob h¡& A~ Amn AÝ` Hw$N> _¡XmZr Iobm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE &

VI. Iobm| H$mo N>m±Q>H$a {b{IE :

dm°{b~mb, V¡aZm, Xm¡>‹S>>Zm, {H«$Ho$Q>, {~{b`B²©g, \w$Q>~m°b, H$~S²>S>r, E`amo{~Šg, N>bm§J _maZm, hm°H$s.

ì`{º$JV Iob gm_y{hH$ Iob

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VII. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE : ({dídà{gX²Y - ^maVr`)

CXm : eVa§O - {dídZmWZ AmZ§X

1. Xm¡‹S>mH$ -

2. V¡amH$ -

3. h°mH$s -

4. {~{b`S²>©g -

5. eyqQ>J -

6. ~m°pŠg¨J -

^mfm-~moY

gd©Zm_ :

{d^m nm±Mdt H$jm _| n‹T>Vr h¡Ÿ& CgHo$ {nVm S>m°ŠQ>a Am¡a _mVm AÜ`m{nH$m h¢Ÿ& do Cgo ~hþV ß`ma H$aVo h¢Ÿ& dh EH$ _oYmdr N>mÌm h¡Ÿ& n‹T>mB© Ho$ gmW-gmW Iob _| ^r CgH$s é{M h¡Ÿ&

`hm± Cgo, dh, CgH$s Am{X eãX {d^m Ho$ {bE AmE h¢ VWm do eãX {d^m Ho$ {nVm Am¡a _mVm Ho$ {bEŸ à`wŠV h¢& `o g^r gd©Zm_ eãX h¢ Am¡a g§km H$s OJh na AmE h¢Ÿ&

g§km Ho$ ñWmZ na AmZodmbo eãX gd©Zm_ H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ&

gd©Zm_ eãX órqbJ Am¡a nw{ëb§J XmoZm| _| g_mZ ahVo h¢Ÿ& {H«$`m go CZHo$ ór `m nwéf hmoZo H$m nVm MbVm h¡Ÿ& O¡go -

_¢ Iob ahm hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ Iob ahr hÿ±Ÿ&

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gd©Zm_ eãXm| Ho$ ^r EH$dMZ VWm ~hþdMZ ê$n hmoVo h¢Ÿ& O¡go -

EH$dMZ _¢ dh Vy `h Cgo Bgo

~hþdMZ h_ do Vw_ `o CÝh| BÝh|

gd©Zm_ Ho$ ^oX

nwéfdmMH$ A{ZíM`dmMH$ {ZíM`dmMH$ àíZdmMH$$ g§~§YdmMH$ {ZOdmMH$

gd©Zm_ N>… àH$ma Ho$ hmoVo h¢Ÿ& `o h¢ - ^oX CXmhaU

1) nwéfdmMH$ →_¢, h_, Vw_, Amn, `h, dh, `o, do&

2) {ZíM`dmMH$ →`h, dh Am{XŸ&

3) A{ZíM`dmMH$ →Hw$N>, H$moB©, {H$Ýht, {H$gr Am{XŸ&

4) àíZdmMH$ →H$hm±, H$m¡Z, Š`m Am{X&

5) g§~§YdmMH$ → {OgH$s-CgH$s, O¡gm-d¡gm, Omo-gmo Am{XŸ&

6) {ZOdmMH$ →AnZm, IwX, ñd`§, AnZo-Amn Am{XŸ&

A~ AmnH$s ~mar :I. H$moð>H$ _| go ghr gd©Zm_ eãX MwZH$a dmŠ` nyam H$s{OE :

H$) .......... H$m¡Z-gr nwñVH$ n‹T> ahr hmo ? (_¢, Vw_) I) dh ~mbH$ ............ nwÌ h¡? ({H$gH$m, {H$gH$s) J) ............ nQ>Zm _| ahVr hÿ±Ÿ& (dh, _¢) K) ............ g~ ^maVr` h¢Ÿ& (Vw_, h_) L>) ............ Iob aho h¢Ÿ& (do, dh)

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II. gd©Zm_ eãX N>m±Q>H$a CgHo$ ^oX {b{IE :

CXm : H$) _¢ bIZD$ OmD±$JmŸ& _¢ nwéfdmMH$ gd©Zm_

I) XyY _| Hw$N> n‹S> J`m h¡Ÿ& .......... ..............

J) Vw_ Š`m H$a ahr hmo ? .......... ..............

K) dh _mbm H$m Ka h¡Ÿ& .......... ..............

L>) {dZ` H$_ao H$s gµ\$mB© IwX H$aoJm & ......... ..............

III. {XE JE gd©Zm_ eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aVo hþE dmŠ` ~ZmBE : H$) _¢ - ........................................... I) Vw_ - ........................................... J) do - ...........................................K) AnZo - Amn - ...........................................

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• amÁ` VWm amï´> ñVa na {Ibm{‹S>`mo§ H$mo {X`o OmZodmbo nwañH$mam| H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$s{OE&

• "ñdñW eara _| ñdñW _pñVîH$ hmoVm h¡'-BgH$s MMm© H$jm

_| H$s{OE&

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nmR> - 11

H$X§~ H$m no‹S>

- lr_Vr gw^ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ

Ame` : àñVwV H${dVm _| ~mbH$ Ho$ à{V _m± H$s __Vm H$m gw§Xa Ed§ gOrd {MÌU {H$`m J`m h¡Ÿ Am¡a ~ÀMm| Ho$ eamaVr ñd^md na ^r àH$me S>mbm J`m h¡Ÿ&

`h H$X§~ H$m no‹S> AJa _m±, hmoVm `_wZm-Vrao,

_¢ ^r Cg na ~¡R> H$Ýh¡`m ~ZVm Yrao-YraoŸ&

bo XoVr `{X _wPo ~m±gwar Vw_ Xmo n¡go dmbr,

{H$gr Vah ZrMo hmo OmVr `h H$X§~ H$s ‹S>mbrŸ&

Vwåh| Zht Hw$N> H$hVm na _¢ MwnHo$-MwnHo$ AmVm,

Cg ZrMr S>mbr go Aå_m, D±$Mo na M‹T> OmVmŸ&

dht ~¡R> {\$a ~‹S>o _Oo go _¢ ~m±gwar ~OmVm,

Aå_m-Aå_m H$h ~§gr Ho$ ñda _| Vwåh| ~wbmVmŸ&

gwZ _oar ~§gr H$mo _m± Vw_ BVZr Iwe hmo OmVr,

_wPo XoIZo H$m_ N>mo‹S>H$a, ~mha VH$ Vw_ AmVrŸ&

Vw_H$mo AmVm XoI ~m±gwar aI _¢ Mwn hmo OmVm,

nÎmm| _| {N>nH$a Yrao-go {\$a ~m±gwar ~OmVmŸ&

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Jwñgm hmoH$a _wPo S>m±Q>Vr, H$hVr - ZrMo Am Om,

na O~ _¢ Z CVaVm h±gH$a H$hVr - _wÞm amOm!

ZrMo CVamo _oao ^¡`m! Vwåh| {_R>mB© Xy±Jr,

ZE {Ibm¡Zo, _mIZ-{_gar, XyY-_bmB© Xy±JrŸ&

_¢ h±gH$a g~go D$na H$s Q>hZr na M‹T> OmVm,

EH$ ~ma H$h (_m±) nÎmm| _| dht Nw>n OmVmŸ&

~hþV ~wbmZo na ^r _m±, O~ _¢ Z CVaH$a AmVm,

V~ _m±, _m± H$m öX` Vwåhmam ~hþV {dH$b hmo OmVmŸ&

Vw_ Am±Mb ngmaH$a Aå_m, dht no‹S> Ho$ ZrMo,

B©œa go Hw$N> {dZVr H$aVr, ~¡R>r Am±I| _rMoŸ&

Vwåh| Ü`mZ _| bJm XoI _¢ Yrao - Yrao AmVm,

Am¡a Vwåhmao \¡$bo Am±Mb Ho$ ZrMo {N>n OmVmŸ&

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Vw_ K~amH$a Am±I ImobVr {\$a ^r Iwe hmo OmVr,

O~ AnZo _wÞm amOm H$mo JmoXr _| hr nmVrŸ&

Bgr Vah Hw$N> Iobm H$aVo h_-Vw_ Yrao-Yrao,

_m±, H$X§~ H$m no‹S> AJa `h hmoVm `_wZm-VraoŸ&

H$d{`Ìr H$m n[aM` :

AmYw{ZH$ qhXr H$mì` _| amï´>r` MoVZm H$s

OmZr-_mZr H$d{`Ìr lr_Vr gw ÐmHw$_mar Mm¡hmZ

H$m OÝ_ gZ²> 1904 B©. _| Bbmhm~mX {Obo

Ho$ {Zhmbnwa Jm±d _| hþAmŸ& Bbmhm~mX _| gZ²>

1921 Ho$ Agh`moJ Am§XmobZ Ho$ à^md _|

AmH$a BÝhm|Zo AÜ``Z H$mo ~rM _| hr N>mo‹S>

{X`m Am¡a g{H«$` amOZr{V _| ^mJ boZm ewê$

H$a {X`mŸ& BÝh| H$B© ~ma Oob OmZm n‹S>mŸ&

{ddmh Ho$ ~mX do O~bnwa JBªŸ& gZ²> 1948 _| EH$ _moQ>a XwK©Q>Zm _|

BZH$m ñdJ©dmg hþAmŸ& gw^ÐmHw$_mar Or amï´>r` MoVZm H$s H$d{`Ìr Wr

Am¡a BZH$s ^mfm grYr, gab VWm ñnï> Ed§ Am‹S>§~ahrZ I‹S>r~mobr

h¡Ÿ& BZH$s à_wI aMZmE± : H$mì` g§J«h-"_wHw$b' Am¡a "{ÌYmam'Ÿ H$hmZr

g§H$bZ - "grYo-gmXo {MÌ', "{~Iao _moVr', "CÝ_m{XZr'ŸAm[X h¢Ÿ&

eãXmW© :

H$Ýh¡`m - H¥$îU, Vra - VQ>, {H$Zmam; {dH$b - ì`mHw$b,

~oM¡Z, Xw…Ir; {dZVr - àmW©Zm, Am±I| _rMo - Am±I| ~§X H$aHo$,

_mIZ - _ŠIZ

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Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1) ~ÀMo H$mo no‹S> go ZrMo CVmaZo Ho$ {bE _m± Cgo Š`m bmbM {XImVr h¡?

2) ~ÀMo Ho$ {XImB© Z XoZo na _m± Cgo S>m±Q>Vr h¡ `m "_wÞm amOm' H$hH$a nwH$maVr h¡?

3) _m± H$mo Ü`mZ _| bJm XoIH$a ~ÀMm Š`m H$aVm h¡?

4) Bg H${dVm H$s H$d{`Ìr H$m¡Z h¢?

II. {ZåZ{b{IV n§{º$`m± nyU© H$s{OE :

gwZ _oar ~§gr H$mo _m± Vw_ ................... OmVr,

_wPo XoIZo H$m_ N>mo‹S>H$a, ~mha VH$ Vw_ ...................Ÿ&

............... ~m±gwar aI ......................,

nÎmm| _| .................... $ {µ\$a ~m±gwar ~OmVmŸ&

III. VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo {b{IE :

1) Vrao ................. 4) AmVm ................

2) ZrMo ................ 5) ~OmVm ..............

3) OmVr ................

IV. AW© {bIH$a, dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s{OE : Vrao - ......... .................................................. ...................................................................... Aå_m- ......... ..................................................

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...................................................................... _mIZ- ......... .................................................. ...................................................................... ñda - ......... .................................................. ......................................................................

V. H$B© ~ma AW© H$mo ñnï> H$aZo Ho$ {bE EH$ dñVw H$s VwbZm AÝ` dñVw go H$s OmVr h¡Ÿ&

CXm : amOHw$_mar H$m _wI M§Ð_m Ho$ g_mZ gw§Xa h¡Ÿ& Bgr Vah {XE hþE eãXm| _| go R>rH$ eãX MwZH$a dmŠ` nyam H$s{OEŸ& (A_¥V, \y$b, aoe_, MrVm, Vdm, Vm‹S>, nËWa, h[aü§Ð, _moVr, ~aµ\$)

1) CgHo$ ~mb ................ O¡go _wbm`_ h¢Ÿ&

2) J§JmOb ................ Ho$ g_mZ _rR>m h¡Ÿ&

3) dh ................ Ho$ g_mZ b§~m h¡Ÿ&

4) dh ................ O¡gm gË`dmXr h¡Ÿ&

5) gwhmg ................ O¡gm \w$aVrbm h¡Ÿ&

6) dh ~mbH$ ................ gm H$mo_b h¡Ÿ&

7>) CgH$m öX` ................ Ho$ g_mZ H$R>moa h¡Ÿ&

8) CgHo$ Xm±V ................ H$s Vah M_H$Vo h¢Ÿ&

9) Aao ! BgHo$ hmW Vmo ................ O¡go R>§S>o h¢Ÿ&

10) Ja{_`m| _| µO_rZ .............Ho$ g_mZ Ja_ hmo CR>Vr h¡Ÿ&

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VI. H${dVm Ho$ g~go _w»` ^md na bJmBEŸ:

1) ~mbH$ H$s eamaV 2) Iob Ho$ à{V ß`ma 3) _m± H$m ~oQ>o go ß`ma

(VrZm| CÎma ghr h¢ na AmnH$mo H$m¡Z-gm g~go ghr bJVm h¡,

Cgr H$mo H$moð>>H$ _| {b{IEŸ&)

^mfm - ~moY

H$maH$ :

eãXm| H$mo EH$ gmW {bIZo VWm ~mobZo go dmŠ` Zht ~ZVo&

CXm : no‹S> \$b bJo h¢ `m no‹S> \$b {JamŸ& Bg eãX g_yh go nVm Zht MbVm {H$ Š`m H$hm Om ahm h¡Ÿ& BÝh| h_ Eogo H$h|Jo -

no‹S> na \$b bJo h¢Ÿ& no‹S> go \$b {JamŸ&

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`hm± no‹S> Ho$ gmW "na' Am¡a "go' bJo hþE h¢Ÿ {OZgo dmŠ`m| Ho$

AW© ñnï> hmo J`o h¢Ÿ& "na' Am¡a "go' eãX H$maH$ {Mh²Z> h¢ Š`m|{H$

`o g§km H$mo {H«$`m go Omo‹S>Vo h¢Ÿ&

dmŠ`m| _| g§km VWm gd©Zm_ eãXm| H$m {H«$`m Ho$ gmW g§~§Y

~VmZodmbo eãX ê$n H$maH$ H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ& H$maH$ Ho$ {Mh²Z H$mo {d^{ŠV

`m "nagJ©' H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

H$maH$ Ho$ ^oX :

H$maH$ AmR> hmoVo h¢Ÿ& BZHo$ {Mh²>Z Bg àH$ma h¢ :

H$maH$ {Mh²>Z

1. H$Vm© Zo

2. H$_© H$mo

3. H$aU go, Ûmam

4. g§àXmZ H$mo, Ho$ {bE

5. AnmXmZ go

6. g§~§Y H$m, Ho$, H$s

7. A{YH$aU _|, na

8. g§~moYZ ho, Aao

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A~ AmnH$s ~mar :

1) BZ n§{º$`m| _| H$maH$ {Mh²Zm|> H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$s{OEŸ& {\$a CÝh| AbJ go {b{IE :

`h H$X§~ H$m no‹S> AJa _m±, hmoVm `_wZm Vrao

_¢ ^r Cg na ~¡R> H$Ýh¡`m ~ZVm Yrao-YraoŸ&bo XoVt `{X _wPo ~m±gwar Vw_ Xmo n¡go dmbr,{H$gr Vah ZrMo hmo OmVr `h H$X§~ H$s S>mbrŸ&

2) Bg nyar H${dVm _| H$ënZm H$s JB© h¡ {H$ "Eogm hmo OmVm Vmo d¡gm hmoVm!'

Amn ^r Eogo nm±M dmŠ` ~ZmBE {OZH$m Eogm hr AW© {ZH$boŸ& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE - AJa _¢ n[al_ H$aVr, Vmo H$jm _| àW_ Am OmVrŸ&

AZw_mZ VWm H$ënZm :

H${dVm _| ~mbH$ Ho$ à{V _m± H$s __Vm {M{ÌV h¡Ÿ& AmnZo Jm¡a {H$`m hmoJm {H$ _Zwî`, new, njr BZ g^r Om{V`m| _| _m± AnZo ~ÀMm| H$m nyam-nyam Ü`mZ aIVr h¡Ÿ& àH¥${V H$s Bg AX²>^wV XoZ H$m AdbmoH$Z H$a AnZo eãXm| _| {b{IEŸ&`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

· EH$ gw§Xa-gm H$X§~ Ho$ no‹S> H$m {MÌ ~ZmE±, {Og_| \$b ^r bJo hmo|Ÿ& {\$a Cg_| _m± Am¡a ~ÀMo H$m {MÌ ~ZmH$a Bg H${dVm H$m Omo nX AmnH$mo AÀN>m bJVm hmo, Cgo {b{IEŸ&

· lr H¥$îU Ho$ ~MnZ H$s KQ>ZmAm| H$mo AnZo ~‹S>m| go OmZH$a {b{IEŸ&

· H${dVm _| d{U©V KQ>Zm H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a gmo{ME {H$ AmOH$b ~mbH$ AnZr _m± Ho$ gmW H¡$go IobVo h¢ ?

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nmR> - 12

loð> H$m¡Z ?

- lr_Vr nyOm qgKdr

Ame` : Cn{ZfX na AmYm[aV àñVwV H$Wm Ûmam ~mbH$m| H$mo `h {ejm {_bVr h¡ {H$ g§gma _| H$moB© ^r n[anyU© Zht hmoVmŸ& g^r H$m AnZm-AnZm _hËd hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Ah§H$ma H$s ^mdZm R>rH$ ZhtŸ& {_b-OwbH$a ahZo _| hr g~H$m {hV hmoVm h¡Ÿ&

eara {ZpîH«$` n‹S>m WmŸ& BpÝÐ`m| H$mo ^r Hw$N> H$m_-H$mO Zht WmŸ& àmU Am¡a _Z ^r ~¡R>o Amam_ H$a aho WoŸ& Eogo _| g_` {~VmZo Ho$ {bE dmUr, Mjw Am¡a ldU _| Jßn-Jmoð>r hmoZo bJrŸ& àmU Am¡a _Z ^r Xya ~¡R>o-~¡R>o ~mV| gwZZo bJoŸ&

~mV hr ~mV _| ~mV ~‹T> JB©Ÿ& dmUr Zo Mjw go H$hm, "_¢ VwPgo loð> hÿ±Ÿ&'Mjw Zo H$hm, "Om, Om ! ~‹S>r loð> ~ZZo

dmbr AmB©Ÿ& loð> Vmo _¢ hÿ± !' ldU Zo H$hm, "Aao! Amn XmoZm| ì`W© PJ‹S> aho h¢Ÿ& _¢ Z hmoD±$ Vmo AmnH$mo EH$ Xygao H$s ~mV ^r Z gwZmB© n‹S>oŸ& Bgr{bE Amn XmoZm| go loð> Vmo _¢ hÿ±Ÿ&' Xya ~¡R>o _Z Zo H$hm, "Vw_ bmoJ ì`W© hr PJ‹S>Vo hmo! Vw_ g~ Vmo gmYZ _mÌ hmoŸ& dmñVd _| g~go loð> Vmo _¢ hÿ±Ÿ&'

àmU Zo _Z H$mo Q>moH$Vo hþE H$hm, "_Z ! `{X `o g~ gmYZ h¢, Vmo Vy Š`m h¡? Vy gmÜ` H$~ go hmo J`m?'

_Z Zo àmU go H$hm, "Vm o Š`m Vy h_ g~go loð> h¡?'àmU Zo H$hm, "_¢Zo Eogm Vmo H$hm Zht !'

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XoIVo-hr-XoIVo PJ‹S>m ~hþV ~‹T> J`mŸ& H$moB© ^r AnZo H$mo H$_ _mZZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma Zht WmŸ&

AÝVV… do g~ {_bH$a {ZU©` H$admZo Ho$ {bE ^JdmZ Ho$ nmg nhþ±Mo Am¡a ~mobo, "ho àOmn{V ! Amn `h {ZU©` H$a Xr{OE {H$ h_ nm±Mm| _| go loð> H$m¡Z h¡Ÿ&'

^JdmZ> `h gwZH$a _wñHw$amEŸ& ~mobo, "BVZr gr ~mV Ho$ {bE BVZr Xya AmZo H$s Š`m Amdí`H$Vm Wr? BgH$m {ZU©` Vmo Vw_ bmoJ Amng _| hr H$a gH$Vo WoŸ&'

"bo{H$Z h_| {ZU©` H$aZm Zht AmVmŸ& Bgr{bE Vmo AmnHo$ nmg AmE h¢Ÿ&'

"{ZU©` H$aZo H$s {d{Y _¢ Vwåh| ~Vm XoVm hÿ±Ÿ& gwZmo, loð> dh hmoVm h¡, {OgHo$ {~Zm H$m_ hr Z MboŸ& A~ Vw_ bmoJ OmAmo Am¡a ñd`§ narjm H$aHo$ {ZU©` H$a bmoŸ&' ^JdmZ> Zo H$hmŸ&

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nm±Mm| H$mo OJV²> {nVm ^JdmZ> H$s ~mV AÀN>r bJrŸ& do gÝVwï>> hmoH$a bm¡Q> AmEŸ& eara Vmo A^r ^r {ZR>„m gmo`m n‹S>m WmŸ& g~ eara _| AnZo-AnZo ñWmZ na MwnMmn Om ~¡R>oŸ&

narjm H$m {XZ {ZpíMV {H$`m J`mŸ& {ZpíMV g_` na narjm ewê$ hþB©Ÿ& PJ‹S>m dmUr Zo hr ewê$ {H$`m Wm, Bg{bE Cgr go narjm ^r ewê$ hþB©Ÿ&

dmUr H$hZo bJr, "OJV²> {nVm Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ loð> dh hmoVm h¡ {OgHo$ {~Zm H$m_ Z MboŸ& A^r _¢ Vwåho N>mo‹S>H$a Mbr OmD±$ Vmo Vw_ g~H$m H$m_ Rn hmo OmEJmŸ& Bg{bE grYr Vah go _wPo loð> _mZ bmo, Zht Vmo _¢ `hm± go MbrŸ&'

dmUr g_PVr Wr g~ Cggo éH$ OmZo H$s àmW©Zm H$a|JoŸ&

bo{H$Z {H$gr Zo CgH$s Va\$ Am±I CR>mH$a ^r Zht XoImŸ& dmUr CÝh| N>mo‹S>H$a Mbr J`rŸ& CgZo gmoMm EH$-Xmo {XZ _| g~Ho$ {X_mJ {R>H$mZo Am OmE±Jo Am¡a Xm¡‹S>o-Xm¡‹S>o Cgo _ZmZo Ho$ {bE Am`|JoŸ& bo{H$Z EH$ _hrZm ~rV J`m, H$moB© ^r _ZmZo Zht Am`mŸ& dmUr Zo gmoMm, MbH$a XoIZm Mm{hE {H$ CZ bmoJm| Ho$ Š`m hmb h¢ ? ~oMmam| H$s XwJ©{V hmo ahr hmoJrŸ&

bo{H$Z `h Š`m ! dmUr Zo XoIm, Mmam| AmZ§X_½Z h¢Ÿ& Mmam| Eogo ~¡R>o Wo O¡go _m¡Z {bE _w{Z ~¡R>o hmoŸ& Omo H$m_ dh {H$`m H$aVr Wr do g§Ho$V go hmo aho WoŸ& CgZo AmVo hr CZgo nyN>m, "H¡$go hmo? H¡$gr H$Q>r _oao {~Zm?'

"~hþV AÀN>r Vah ahoŸ& Iy~ AÀN>r H$Q>rŸ& `h g_P _| Am J`m {H$ g~ PJ‹S>m| H$s O‹S> Vy hr h¡Ÿ&'

dmUr `h gwZH$a Mwn hmo JB© Am¡a MwnMmn AnZr OJh Om ~¡R>rŸ&

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BgHo$ ~mX Mjw Zo I‹S>o hmoH$a H$hZm ewê$ {H$`m, "Amn H$mo Omo Hw$N> {XImB© XoVm h¡ g~ _oar dOh goŸ& `h OJV²> AÀN>m bJVm h¡ Vmo _oar dOh goŸ& dmUr Ho$ {~Zm Vmo H$m_ Mb gH$Vm h¡ na _oao {~Zm ZhtŸ& _oao _hËd H$mo g_PH$a hr {dYmVm Zo Or^ Vmo EH$ Xr, na Mjw Xmo {XE h¢Ÿ& BVZm OmZH$a ^r `{X Amn _oar loð>Vm ñdrH$ma Zht H$a|Jo Vmo _¢ AmnH$mo N>mo‹S>H$a A^r Mbm OmD±$JmŸ&'

dmUr Vmo {M‹T>r hþB© ~¡R>r WrŸ& Cggo Zht ahm J`mŸ& CgZo H$hm, "OmZm h¡ Vmo Om, VwPo amoH$Vm H$m¡Z h¡ ?'

{M‹T>H$a Mjw AnZm _hËd OVmZo Ho$ {bE Mb {X`mŸ& CgZo gmoMm, Hw$N> {XZ A±Yoao _| R>moH$a| Im`|Jo {\$a PI _maH$a _wPo _ZmZo Am OmE|JoŸ&

bo{H$Z `h Š`m ? Xmo _hrZo ~rV JE Am¡a H$moB© ^r Mjw H$mo ~wbmZo Zht Am`mŸ& hmaH$a Mjw H$mo hr bm¡Q>Zm n‹S>mŸ& CgZo XoIm {H$ do bmoJ Iy~ _µOo go ah aho h¢ Am¡a Am±I H$m g~ H$m_ H$mZ go bo aho h¢Ÿ&

Mjw H$mo g_P _| Am J`m {H$ CgHo$ {~Zm CZH$m H$m_ Mb J`mŸ& {\$a ^r AnZm _hËd OVmZo Ho$ {bE CgZo H$hm, "Am JB© Z BVZo {XZm| _| AH$b {R>H$mZo?'

"h_mar AH$b Vmo {R>H$mZo hr WrŸ& Vwåhmar Zht Wr gmo Adí` {R>H$mZo na Am JB© h¡Ÿ& ~‹S>r em§{V {_br, ~‹S>m Amam_ {_bm h_| VmoŸ& d¡gm hr O¡gm OrdYm[a`m| H$mo amV _| {_bVm h¡Ÿ&'

`h gwZH$a Mjw ^r MwnMmn `WmñWmZ Om ~¡R>mŸ&

A~ ldU H$s ~mar WrŸ& CgZo I‹S>o hmoH$a H$hm, "^JdmZ Zo Mjw Xmo {XE, Vmo H$mZ ^r Xmo {XEŸ& O~ Mjw Mbo JE V~ AmnZo _oar

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_XX go H$m_ Mbm`mŸ& `h dmñV{dH$Vm h¡Ÿ& Bg{bE _oar loð>Vm ñdrH$ma H$a br{OEŸ& Bgr _| AmnH$m ^bm h¡Ÿ& Zht Vmo _¢ A~ MbmŸ&'

"OmBE, Amn ^r em¡H$ go OmBE!' dmUr Am¡a Mjw Zo H$hmŸ&

Mma-N>… _hrZo VH$ O~ {H$gr Zo ldU H$s gwY Zht br Vmo dh ^r WH$-hmaH$a ñd`§ bm¡Q> Am`mŸ& CgZo XoIm {H$ CgH$s H$_r {H$gr H$mo Zht IQ>H$sŸ& Cgo Am`m hþAm XoIH$a {H$gr Zo Cgo "AmBE!' ^r Zht H$hmŸ& dh ^r MwnMmn `WmñWmZ Om ~¡R>mŸ&

A~ _Z H$s ~mar WrŸ& _Z Zo H$hm, "^mB©`mo Am¡a ~hZmo, AnZo _w±h go AnZr ~‹S>mB© emo^m Zht XoVrŸ& {~Zm Hw$N> H$ho, _¢ Amn bmoJm| H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Mbm OmVm hÿ±Ÿ& _¢ OmZVm hÿ± {H$ Amn bmoJ _oao {~Zm Zht ah gH$VoŸ& AnZr yb g_P _| AmVo hr Amn _wPo ~wbm br{OEŸ& ì`W© H$ï> _V CR>mBEŸ&'

Omo narjm Xo MwHo$ Wo do EH$ gmW ~mob CR>o, "YÝ`dmX! Amn h_mar {M§Vm {H$`o {~Zm Ohm± OmZm hmo, {ZpíM§V hmoH$a Mbo OmBEŸ&'

_w±h \w$bmE _Z Mbm J`mŸ& {XZ, gámh, nj Am¡a _hrZo ~rVZo bJoŸ& H$moB© ^r Cgo ~wbmZo Zht Am`mŸ& Am{Ia dh ñd`§ hr BR>bmVm hþAm bm¡Q> Am`mŸ& XoIVm Š`m h¡ {H$ do Mmam| Cgr AmZ§X go {hb{_b H$a Iob aho h¢, {Og AmZ§X go ZÝho-_wÞo Iobm H$aVo h¢Ÿ& Z H$moB© {M§Vm, Z ^`, Z emoH$ ! _Z g_PXma WmŸ& {~Zm Hw$N> nyN>o AnZo ñWmZ na Om ~¡R>m &

A~ àmU H$s ~mar WrŸ& dh àma§^ go Yra, J§^ra Am¡a _m¡Z WmŸ& CgH$m ~Vm©d d¡gm hr Wm O¡gm N>moQ>o ~hZ-^mB`m| Ho$ gmW ~‹S>o ^mB© H$m hmoVm h¡Ÿ& dh Z Vmo ñnYm© Ho$ {bE V¡`ma hþAm Am¡a Z Hw$N> ~mobmŸ&

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`h XoIH$a Mmam| Zo Cgo CH$gmZm ewê$ {H$`mŸ&

àmU Zo H$hm, "^mB©, A~ OmZo ^r XmoŸ& PJ‹S>o go Š`m bm^? _¢

AnZo AmnH$mo loð> H$hbmZm ^r Zht MmhVmŸ&'

g~ Zo H$hm, "Zht, Eogo Zht MboJmŸ& AmnH$mo ^r loð>Vm H$m

à_mU XoZm hmoJmŸ&'

"AÀN>m ! Vmo bmo à_mUŸ&' `h H$hVo hþE àmU OmZo Ho$ {bE

V¡`ma hþAmŸ& A^r dh I‹S>m hr hþAm Wm {H$ dmUr bwá hmoZo bJr,

Am±Im| _| A±Yoam N>m J`m, H$mZ ~hao hmo JE Am¡a _Z Vmo S>mdm±S>mob

hmo J`mŸ&

g~ EH$ gmW Mr˜ CR>o, "~g, ~g ! h_ _mZ JEŸ& Amn h_

g~_| loð> h¢Ÿ& H¥$n`m Amn h_| N>mo‹S>H$a _V OmBEŸ&'

bo{IH$m n[aM` :

lr_Vr nyOm qgKdr {h§Xr H$s à{gÕ bo{IH$m h¢Ÿ& AmnZo ~ÀMm| Ho$

{bE "Cn{ZfX H$s g{MÌ H$hm{Z`m±' erf©H$ nwñVH$ _| Cn{ZfX Ho$

OrdZ _yë`m| H$mo gab, ghO VWm gag ^mfm _| àñVwV {H$`m h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© :

B§{Ð`m± - eara Ho$ A§J, R>n - ~§X, Mjw - Am±I, dmUr -

~mob, dMZ; bwá - Jm`~, S>mdm±S>mob - AYra, ldU - H$mZ, ì`W©

- ~oH$ma, {ZR>ëbm - {ZH$å_m.

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Aä`mg

I. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma EH$ dmŠ` _| Xr{OE :

1) Jßn-Jmoð>r {H$gHo$ ~rM _| hmoZo bJr ?

2) "loð> H$m¡Z' Ho$ {ZU©` Ho$ {bE g^r {H$gHo$ nmg J`o ?

3) Mjw Zo AnZm _hËd OVmZo Ho$ {bE Š`m gmoMm ?

4) àmU H$m ~Vm©d H¡$gm Wm ?

5) A§V _| {H$go loð> _mZm J`m ?

II. {ZåZ{b{IV àíZm| Ho$ CÎma Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE :

1) "loð> H$m¡Z' H$s ñnYm© {H$ZHo$ ~rM hþB© ?

2) dmUr Zo AnZo {dMmam| H$mo H¡$go ì`ŠV {H$`m ?

3) Mjw H$m dmXm Š`m Wm ?

4) àmU {ZH$bZo Ho$ ~mX eara Ho$ A§Jm| H$s Š`m pñW{V hþB©Ÿ?

III. ghr eãX MwZH$a Imbr OJh ^[aE :

(AŠb, {ZpîH«$`, h_ _mZ JE, dmUr, ^mB`mo - ~hZmo)

1) eara ................. n‹S>m WmŸ&

2) _Z Zo H$hm, ................. Am¡a ................, AnZo _w±h go AnZr ~‹S>mB© emo^m Zht XoVrŸ&

3) h_mar ................. Vmo {R>H$mZo hr WrŸ&

4) PJ‹S>m ................. Zo ewê$ {H$`m WmŸ&

5) ~g, ~g ! .................Ÿ& Amn h_ g~_| loð> h¢Ÿ&

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IV. CXmhaU Ho$ AZwgma AÝ` A§Jm| Ho$ H$m`© {b{IE :

CXmhaU : Mjw go XoIVo h¢Ÿ&

1) H$U© go ....................Ÿ&

2) _wI go ....................Ÿ&

3) Zm{gH$m go ................Ÿ&

4) hñV go ....................&

V. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

1) ~hþV �

2) bm �

3) Ama§^ �

4) loð> �

5) ` �

VI. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :

1) Am±I - ................. 4) _mÝ`Vm - ..................

2) MrµO - ................. 5) narjm - .................

3) ~mV - ............... 6) Amdí`H$Vm - .................

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VII. ghr dmŠ` Ho$ gm_Zo Am¡a JbV Ho$ gm_Zo {M• bJmBE :

1) ^JdmZ Zo _mZd H$mo VrZ Mjw Am¡a EH$ H$mZ {X`m h¡&

2) dmUr g~go loð> h¡Ÿ&

3) eara {ZpîH«$` hmoZo bJmŸ&

4) A§V _| dmUr H$mo loð> _mZm J`mŸ&

VIII. . Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {b{IE :

Z_yZm: {XZ + BH$ X¡{ZH$

1) gámh + BH$

2) nj + BH$

3) _mg + BH$

4) df© + BH$

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• _wIm¡Q>o nhZH$a Bg H$hmZr Ho$ ^md H$mo AnZr H$jm _| àXe©Z H$s{OE&

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nmR> - 13

gr. dr. am_Z- g§H${bV

Ame` : AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr` d¡km{ZH$m| _o§ ^maV aËZ ga lr M§ÐeoIa d|H$Q>am_Z

H$m Zm_ ~‹S>r lX²Ym A¡a gå_mZ Ho$ gmW {b`m OmVm h¡& Bg nmR> _| CZH$s

g§{já OrdZr Xr JB© h¡&

lr am_Z H$m OÝ_ 7 Zd§~a, 1888 _| V{_bZmSw> Ho$ {Vé{ÀMamnëbr

{Obo _| hþAm Wm& CZHo$ {nVm lr M§ÐeoIa Aæ`a EH$ H$m°boO _|

^m¡{VH$s d J{UV Ho$ AÜ`mnH$ Wo& CZH$s

_mVmOr g§ñH¥$V H$s {dXþfr Wt& Bg àH$ma

{dX²dmZ _mVm-{nVm Ho$ g§ajU _| am_Z H$m

~m¡X²{YH$ {dH$mg hþAm& AnZr àIa ~wX²{Y A¡a

à{V^m Ho$ H$maU hr CÝhm|Zo ~mah df© H$s

Am`w go nhbo hr _¡{Q´>H$ H$s narjm nmg H$a

br Wr& CgHo$ níMmV² am_Z Zo MoÞB© Ho$

à{gX²Y ào{gS>|gr H$m°boO _| àdoe {bE Amm¡a dhr§ go ~r. E. H$s

narjm CÎmrU© H$s& ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ _| gdm©{YH$ A§H$ àmá H$aZo Ho$

H$maU CÝho§ ñdU© nXH$ go Ab§H¥$V {H$`m J`m& BgrH$m n[aUm_ Wm

{H$ CÝhm|Zo E_. E. _| ^r ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ H$mo AnZo AÜ``Z H$m

_w»` {df` ~Zm`m&

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am_Z H$s àma§^ go hr Üd{Z {deZ _| {deof é{M Wr& E_.E.

H$aVo hþE CÝhm|Zo "Üd{Z' VWm "àH$me' Ho$ \¡$bmd na à`moJ H$aZm

àma§^ {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo AnZo à`moJ go {gX²Y {H$`m {H$ O~ àH$me

{d{dY àH$ma H$s nmaXeu A¡a AnamXeu dñVwAm| go JwµOaVm h¡ Vmo

CgH$s Va§Jm| na {^Þ-{^Þ àH$ma H$m à^md n‹S>Vm h¡&

am_Z H$mobH$Îmm _| EH$ CÀM gaH$mar nX na H$m`© H$a aho Wo,

{\$a ^r CZH$m _Z d¡km{ZH$ AZwg§YmZ Ho$ {b`o ~oM¡Z Wm& do ^maVr`

{dkmZ {dH$mg Eogmo{g`oeZ _| AnZo Imbr g_` _| {dkmZ g§~§Yr

AZwg§YmZ A¡a emoYH$m`© H$aZo bJo& dhm± CZHo$ X²dmam {bIo CZoH$

emoYnÌ àH$m{eV hmoZo bJo&

gZ² 1919 _| H$mobH$Îmm {díd{dX²`mb` H$s Amoa go ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ

{d^mJ _| gr.dr. am_Z H$mo àmo\o$ga Ho$ nX na {Z`wº$ {H$`m J`m&

`X²`{n CÝho§ Bg nX na gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar go H$_ hr doVZ {_bVm Wm

na§Vw `h H$m`© CZH$s é{M H$m Wm& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo àmo\o$ga H$m nX

ghf© ñdrH$ma H$a {b`m&

Bgr {díd{dX²`mb` _|

ahH$a àH$me Amm¡a Üd{Z

{dkmZ _| _m¡{bH$ AZwg§YmZ

H$m`© {H$E& CZH$s g~go ~‹S>r

ImoO Wr "am_Z-à^md" Omo

CÝht Ho$ Zm_ go OmZr OmVr

h¡& Bgr ImoO Ho$ H$maU 1930 _| CÝh| "Zmo~ob nwañH$ma' go Ab§H¥$V

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{H$`m J`m& am_Z ^maV Ho$ nhbo d¡km{ZH$ Wo {OÝhm|Zo ^maV _| hr

n‹T>mB H$aZo Ho$ ~mX emoYH$m`© {H$`m A¡a Zmo~b nwañH$ma àmá {H$`m&

am_Z {díd{d»`mV d¡km{ZH$ Wo& 1929 _| do ^maVr` {dkmZ H$m§J«og

Ho$ AÜ`j MwZo JE& BQ>br Ho$ {dkmZ n[afX² Zo ^r CÝho§ gå_m{ZV

{H$`m& B§½b¢S> H$s am°`b gmogmBQ>r Zo ^r nXH$ àXmZ {H$`m A¡a AnZm

"\¡$bmo' ~Zm`m& {~«{Q>e gaH$ma Zo "ga' H$s Cnm{Y go gå_{ZV {H$`m&

^maV gaH$ma Zo 1954 _| CÝh| ^maV Ho$ gdm}ƒ nwañH$ma "^maV

aËZ' go gå_m{ZV {H$`m& ^maV _| ha df© 28 \$adar H$mo amï´>r`

{dkmZ {Xdg _Zm`m OmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ Bgr {XZ "am_Z à^md' H$s ImoO

{díd Ho$ gå_wI àñVwV H$s$ JB© Wr& ^m¡{VH$ {dkmZ H$s godm H$aVo-

H$aVo gZ² 1970 _| ga am_Z H$m Xohm§V hþAm& na§Vw CZH$s H¥${V`m±

A¡a AZwg§YmZ AmO h_mam _mJ©Xe©Z H$a ahr h¡§ Am¡a H$aVr ah|Jr&

eãXmW© :

_¡{Q´>H$ - Xgdt H$jm, níMmV² - ~mX, é{M - BÀN>m, Amg{º$;

emoYnÌ - {H$gr {df` na n`m©á AZwg§YmZ Ho$ ~mX {bIm J`m boI

`m nÌ, AZwg§YmZ - ImoO, AÝdofU; _m¡{bH$ - Omo {H$gr H$s ZH$b

`m AmYma na Z hmo, Agbr&

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Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE :

1) ga gr.dr. am_Z H$m OÝ_ H$hm± hþAm?

2) CZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_ Š`m Wm?

3) E_.E. _| CZHo$ AÜ``Z H$m _w»` {df` Š`m Wm?

4) am_Z AnZo Imbr g_` _| Š`m H$aVo Wo?

5) {~«{Q>e gaH$ma go CZH$mo H$m¡Z-gr Cnm{Y {_br?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`mo§ _| CÎma {b{IE :

1) am_Z Ho$ _mVm-{nVm H$m n[aM` {b{IE?

2) am_Z H$s ~r.E. VWm E_.E. H$s n‹T>mB© Ho$ ~mao _| {b{IE&

3) am_Z Zo AnZo à`moJ X²dmam Š`m {gX²Y {H$`m?

4) am_Z H$mo "Zmo~ob nwañH$ma' go Š`m| Ab§H¥$V {H$`m J`m?

5) ^maV _| ha df© "amï´>r` {dkmZ {Xdg' H$~ _Zm`m OmVm

h¡? Š`m|?

III. [aŠV ñWmZ ^[aE :

1) _mVm-{nVm Ho$ g§ajU _| am_Z H$m {dH$mg hþAm&

2) AnZr àIa ~wpÜX Am¡a Ho$ H$maU CÝhmo|Zo _¡{Q´>H$

H$s narjm nmg H$a br Wr&

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3) am_Z H$s àma§^ go hr _| {deo` é{M Wr&

4) am_Z _| EH$ Cƒ gaH$mar nX na H$m`© H$a aho Wo&

IV. Omo‹S>r {_bmBE :

1) gZ² 1888 Zmo~ob nwañH$ma

2) gZ² 1919 ^maVr` {dkmZ H$m§J«og Ho$ AÜ`j

3) gZ² 1930 am_Z H$m Xohm§V

4) gZ² 1929 am_Z H$m OÝ_

5) gZ² 1954 àmo\o$ga H$m nX

6) gZ² 1970 "^maV aËZ' H$m gå_mZ

V. dmŠ` _| à`moJ H$s[OE :

1) AÜ`mnH$ 2) níMmV² 3) gdm©{YH$ 4) {díd{d»`mV 5) _mJ©Xe©Z

VI. AÝ` dMZ ê$n {b{IE :

1) à{V^m -

2) narjm -

3) dñVw -

4) {dX²`m -

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VII. nm±M nmaXeu VWm nm±M AnmaXeu dñVwAm| H$s gyMr ~ZmBE:

nmaXeu AnmaXeu

O¡go - H$m±M nËWa

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

VIII. {^Þ-{^Þ joÌm| _| {d{eï> gmYZm Ho$ {bE AZoH$ _hmZ²

ì`{º$`m| H$mo Zmo~ob nwañH$ma go Ab§H¥$V {H$`m J`m h¡& Amn

Eogo nm±M ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ Zm_ CZHo$ gmYZm joÌ Ho$ gmW {b{IE :

ì`pŠV H$m Zm_ gmYZm-joÌ

O¡go : gr.dr. am_Z ^m¡{VH$-{dkmZ H$m joÌ

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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^mfm-~moY"CngJ©' Ed§ "àË``' :

dUm] Ho$ gmW©H$ _ob go eãX ~ZVo h¢ Am¡a eãXm| go AÝ` eãX ^r ~ZmE OmVo h¢Ÿ& _yb eãXm| _| nhbo `m ~mX _| Hw$N> eãXm§e Omo‹S>H$a h_ ZE eãX ~ZmVo h¢Ÿ& Bggo eãXm| Ho$ AW© _| n[adV©Z hmo

OmVm h¡Ÿ&

O¡go - gw + nwÌ = gwnwÌ

dZ CndZ

D$na Ho$ {MÌm| Ûmam _mby_ hmoVm h¡ {H$ dZ eãX Ho$ nhbo "Cn' bJmZo na CgH$m AW© ~Xb J`m h¡Ÿ&

{H$gr eãX Ho$ nhbo bJH$a AW© ~XbZodmbo eãXm§e "CngJ©' H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ&

O¡go - CngJ© eãX ZdrZ eãXA + em§{V Aem§{VCn + _§Ìr Cn_§ÌrXþ…> + ~b Xw~©bgw + H$Ý`m gwH$Ý`mH$_ + µOmoa H$_µOmoaZm + g_P Zmg_P

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Bgr àH$ma AÝ` eãX h¢ - EH$ + Vm = EH$Vm, boI + H$ = boIH$

`hm± eãX Ho$ A§V _| "Vm' Am¡a "H$' bJmZo go AW© ~Xb J`m h¡Ÿ&

eãX Ho$ A§V _| bJH$a AW© ~XbZodmbo eãXm§e "àË``' H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ&

O¡go -

eãX àË`` ZdrZ eãX~wam + B© ~wamB©H$Wm + H$ma H$WmH$ma^maV + B©` ^maVr`~ÀMm + nZ ~MnZg\$b + Vm g\$bVm~y‹T>m + nm ~w‹T>mnm

A~ h_ OmZ JE :

* eãX Ho$ nhbo bJH$a AW© ~XbZodmbo eãXm§e "CngJ©' H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ&

* eãX Ho$ A§V _| bJH$a AW© ~XbZodmbo eãXm§e "àË``' H$hbmVo h¢Ÿ&

* CngJ© Am¡a àË`` Omo‹S>H$a ZE eãX ~Zm`o Om gH$Vo h¢Ÿ&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• ^maV Xoe Ho$ AÝ` _hmZ² d¡km{ZH$m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá

H$s{OE&

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nmR> - 14

Ab~obr K§Q>r- lr_Vr aoIm amOd§er

Ame` : K§Q>r AZmoIr hmoVr h¡Ÿ& dh Ka _| ~OVr h¡ Vmo {H$gr Ho$ AmZo H$s gyMZm XoVr h¡Ÿ& {dÚmb` _| ~OVr h¡ Vmo {XZM`m© ~VmVr h¡Ÿ& "\$moZ' _| ~OVr h¡ Am¡a g§Xoem nhþ±MmVr h¡Ÿ& gmB{H$b _| ~OH$a bmoJm| H$mo gmdYmZ H$aVr h¡Ÿ& _§{Xa _| ~OVr h¡ Vmo ^{ŠV ^md OJmVr h¡Ÿ& A\$ga Ho$ H$_ao _| ~OVr Vmo AnZm R>mQ>-~mQ> {XImVr h¡Ÿ&

_¢ hÿ± BH$ Ab~obr K§Q>r,

g~H$s ~Zr ghobr K§Q>rŸ&

O~ XoImo V~ ~OVr ahVr,

ZB© ~mV Hw$N> H$hVr ahVrŸ&

O~ ^r _¢ Ka _| ~OVr hÿ±,

H$moB© Am`m `o H$hVr hÿ±Ÿ&

bmoJm| _| CËgmh OJmVr,

Mohao na _wñH$mZ {IbmVrŸ&

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{dÚmb` _| O~ ~O OmVr,

{XZM`m© H$mo ewê$ H$amVrŸ&

AZwemgZ H$m nmR> n‹T>mVr,

g§Ü`m H$mo Nw>Å>r H$admVrŸ&

O~ ^r ~OVr \$moZ H$s K§Q>r,

Xm¡‹S> Ho$ AmVo JwS²>Sy>, ~§Q>rŸ&

Z`m g§Xoem bmVr hÿ± _¢,

g~H$m _Z hfm©Vr hÿ± _¢Ÿ&

gmB{H$b H$s K§Q>r ~OVr h¡, hQ>mo {H$Zmao, `h H$hVr h¡Ÿ&~rM g‹S>H$ Z MbZm ^mB©,K§Q>r Zo `h ~mV ~VmB©ŸŸ& _§{Xa H$s O~ K§Q>r ~mobo, gwZH$a ^º$m| Ho$ _Z S>moboŸ&

H$a| AmaVr H$m O~ JmZ,

K§Q>r H$s ~‹T> OmVr emZŸ&

_oO no A\$ga H$s ~¡R>r h¡Ÿ&

Bgr{bE Vmo `o E|R>r h¡Ÿ&

g~ na AnZm am¡~ MbmVr,

~OH$a A§Xa bmoJ ~wbmVrŸ&

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K‹S>r H$s K§Q>r ~OVr OmVr,

_wÞr _å_r na PëbmVrŸ&

CR>mo-CR>mo `h h_| ~VmVr,

Ambg N>mo‹S>mo `h {gIbmVrŸ&

H$m_ ~hþV - go AmVr K§Q>r,

Bgr{bE BVamVr K§Q>rŸ&

bJVr H$^r nhobr K§Q>r,

g~H$s ~Zr ghobr K§Q>rŸ&

H$d{`Ìr n[aM` :

lr_Vr aoIm amOd§er EH$ AÜ`m{nH$m h¢Ÿ& BÝhm|Zo _Zmo{dkmZ VWm

{ejm-{dkmZ _| ñZmVH$moÎma {ejm àmá H$s h¡Ÿ& Am°ñQ´>o{b`Z ~mb^maVr

{dÚmb`, WmZ©bo _| BÝhm|Zo AmR> gmb VH$ H$m_ {H$`mŸ& aoImOr Eg.~r.

Eg. ao{S>`mo _| AZm¡nMm[aH$ àMm[aH$m h¢Ÿ& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV BÝhm|Zo

AZwdmXH$ H$m H$m_ ^r {H$`m h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© :

Ab~obr - {Zambr, AZmoIr, N>~rbr; {XZM`m© - X¡{ZH$ H$m`©,

E|R> - K_§S>, am¡~ - Xn©, P„mZm - Jwñgm H$aZm, BVamZm - Jd©

{XImZm

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Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma Xr{OE :

1) Ka H$s "H$m°qbJ~ob' h_| Š`m gyMZm XoVr h¡ ?

2) "\$moZ' H$s K§Q>r ~OVo hr H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z Xm¡‹S>H$a AmVo h¢?

3) _§{Xa H$s K§Q>r H$s emZ H$~ ~‹T> OmVr h¡ ?

4) H$m¡Z-gr K§Q>r AnZm am¡~ MbmVr h¡ ?

5) _å_r na H$m¡Z P„mVr h¡ ?

II. VrZ Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE : 1) Amn {H$VZo àH$ma H$s K§{Q>`m| Ho$ ~mao _| OmZVo h¢ ? 2) K§Q>r go h_| Š`m bm^ h¡ ?

III. Omo‹S>H$a {b{IE :

A ~1>) Z`m g§Xoe bmVr hÿ± _¢ Bgr{bE BVamVr K§Q>rŸ&2>) gmB{H$b H$s K§Q>r ~OVr h¡ g~H$m _Z hfm©Vr hÿ± _¢Ÿ&3>) H$a| AmaVr H$m O~ JmZ g~H$s ~Zr ghobr K§Q>rŸ&4>) H$m_ ~hþV go AmVr K§Q>r hQ>mo {H$Zmao, `h H$hVr h¡Ÿ&5) bJVr H$^r nhobr K§Q>r K§Q>r H$s ~‹T> OmVr emZŸ&

IV. . H${dVm H§$R>ñW H$s{OE &

V. H${dVm go VwH$m§V eãXm| H$mo nhMmZH$a {b{IE : O¡go: ~OVr - H$hVr

1) OJmVr -

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2) - H$amVr3) K§Q>r -4) - hfm©Vr5) ~OVr -6) - ~VmB©7) - S>mobo8) JmZ -10) - ~wbmVr11) OmVr -12) - {gIbmVr13) AmVr -14) - ghobr

VI. K‹S>r H$s K§Q>r gwZH$a H$^r Amn Iwe hmoVo h¢, H$^r Jwñgm H$aVo h¢& BgHo$ Xmo-Xmo H$maU ~VmBE :

Iwe hmoVo h§¡ Jwñgm H$aVo h¢&

1. 1.

2. 2.

VII. {dX²`mb` _| AnZr {XZM`m© Ho$ ~mao _| Mma-nm±M dmŠ` {b{IE&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• {d{^Þ àH$ma H$s K§{Q>`m| Ho$ {MÌ It{ME A¡a CZHo$ ~mao _|

EH$-EH$ dmŠ` {b{IE&

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nmR> -15

hmobr H$m Ë`mohma-g§H${bV

Ame` : ^maV Ë`mohmam| H$m Xoe h¡Ÿ& `hm± _ZmE OmZo dmbo àË`oH$ Ë`mohma

H$s AnZr AbJ-AbJ {deofVmE± h¢Ÿ& àñVwV nmR> _| ""hmobr'' Ho$ nm¡am{UH$,

Eo{Vhm{gH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam na àH$me S>mbm J`m h¡Ÿ&

aMZm : XmXmOr, XmXmOr, AmnHo$ H$n‹S>o Vmo a§J-{~a§Jo hmo aho h¢Ÿ Am¡a _w±h na ^r Jwbmb bJm h¡Ÿ& AmO Vmo hmobr Zht h¡Ÿ&

amHo$e : hmobr {g\©$ EH$ {XZ H$m Ë`mohma Wmo‹S>o hr h¡Ÿ& H$B© {XZ nhbo go a§J S>mbZo bJVo h¢Ÿ&

XmXmOr : ^mB©, AmO AnZo {_Ì bmbm Xe©Zbmb Ho$ `hm± "hmobr {_bZ g_mamoh' WmŸ& Iy~ JmOo-~mOo, T>mob-T>_mHo$, Pm±P-_§Orao Am¡a ZmM-a§J O_mŸ& nrZo H$mo ~mXm_ H$s R>§S>mB© Am¡a ImZo H$mo ~{‹T>`m {_R>mB©Ÿ! _wPo Vmo `hr A\$gmog ahm {H$ Vw_ XmoZm| H$mo gmW Zht bo J`mŸ&

aMZm : H$moB© ~mV Zht XmXmOr, h_ ^r AnZo `hm± EH$ {XZ hmobr H$m H$m`©H«$_ Š`m| Z aI|Ÿ!

XmXmOr : hm±-hm±, Adí` aI boVo h¢Ÿ Am¡a Cg {XZ g^r n‹S>mo{g`m| Am¡a {_Ìm| H$mo ~wbm b|JoŸ&

amHo$e : XmXmOr, _oar {H$Vm~ _| MrZ Xoe Ho$ `mÌr \$m°{h`mZ Ho$ ~mao _| MMm© h¡Ÿ& \$m°{h`mZ `hm± Am`m Vmo CZ {XZm| `hm± ~g§V H$m _m¡g_ WmŸ& CgZo {bIm h¡-"^maV ~‹S>m AZmoIm Xoe h¡Ÿ&

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`hm± Vmo bmoJ AmE {XZ ZmMVo-JmVo Am¡a T>>mob ~OmVo h¢Ÿ& EH$-Xygao na \y$bm| H$m a§J S>mbVo h¢ Am¡a BÌ {N>‹S>H$Vo h¢Ÿ& _w±h na amobr-A~ra _bVo h¢Ÿ& ór-nwéfm| H$s BZ _ñV Q>mo{b`m| H$mo XoIH$a _Z H$aVm h¡, _¢ ^r BZ_| em{_b hmo OmD$±Ÿ&'

aMZm : \$m°{h`mZ Zo Oê$a hmobr Iobr hmoJr ?

XmXmOr : hmobr Z IobVm, Vmo Agbr AmZ§X ^r H¡$go AmVm! Ë`mohma H$s Iwer _| Vmo g^r H$mo em{_b hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& Vwåh| _mby_ h¡ _hmamO aUOrV qgh n§Om~ Ho$ ~‹S>o Zm_r amOm WoŸ& CZHo$ Xa~ma _| hmobr H$m Omo hþ‹S>X§J hþAm, Cgo AmO VH$ `mX {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& Cg_| A§J«oO ^r em{_b hþE WoŸ& H$m~wb go AmE H$B© gaXma ^r Iy~ a§Jo JE WoŸ&

amHo$e : Am¡a ^ŠV à‡mX H$s H$Wm ^r Vmo hmobr go Ow‹S>r h¡Ÿ&

XmXmOr : hm±-hm±, hmobr Ho$ {H$VZo hr {H$ñgo-H$hm{Z`m± h¢ !

aMZm : à‡mX H$s H$Wm Vmo _wPo ^r _mby_ h¡Ÿ&

XmXmOr : Vmo Vw_ h_| ^r gwZm XmoŸ&

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aMZm : {haÊ`H$í`n Zm_ H$m EH$ amOm WmŸ& dh B©ída H$mo Zht _mZVm WmŸ& dh AnZr àOm go H$hVm Wm {H$ ""_oar nyOm H$amoŸ& _oam hr Zm_ OnmoŸ& ^JdmZ H$m Zm_ Z bmoŸ&'' bo{H$Z Cgr H$m ~oQ>m à‡mX B©ída H$m ^ŠV WmŸ&

amHo$e : AÀN>m, Vmo CgZo à‡mX H$mo Zht amoH$m ?

aMZm : {haÊ`H$í`n Zo à‡mX H$mo B©ída H$s nyOm Z H$aZo H$mo H$hmŸ& à‡mX Zo ~mV Zht _mZrŸ& V~ {haÊ`H$í`n Zo Cgo H¡$X ImZo _| S>mb {X`mŸ& J_© I§^o go ~±Ydm {X`mŸ& nhm‹S> go {Jam {X`mŸ& bo{H$Z g~ Hw$N> hmoZo na ^r à‡mX H$m Hw$N> Z {~J‹S>mŸ& V~ amOm H$s ~hZ hmo{bH$m à‡mX H$mo JmoX _| boH$a AmJ _| ~¡R>rŸ& hmo{bH$m H$mo daXmZ Wm {H$ dh AmJ _| Ob Zht gH$VrŸ& bo{H$Z `h Š`m ! XoIVo-hr-XoIVo dh ObH$a amI hmo JB© Am¡a à‡mX H$m Hw$N> ^r Z {~J‹S>mŸ&

XmXmOr : Am¡a {\$a hþAm `h {H$ ^JdmZ àH$Q> hþEŸ& CÝhm|Zo {haÊ`H$í`n H$mo _ma S>mbmŸ& V^r go hmobr ObmZo H$m [admµO ewê$ hþAmŸ&

amHo$e : XmXmOr, hmobr na Johÿ± H$s ~mb yZVo h¢, gmo Š`m| ?

aMZm : {H$gmZ Am¡a Jm±ddmbo XoIVo h¢ {H$ \$gb nH$ JB© `m ZhtŸ&

XmXmOr : hm±, ~mb| yZZo H$m [admµO Bgr{bE Mbm {H$ XoI| - AZmO nH$ J`m `m ZhtŸ& Bggo nVm MbVm h¡ {H$ \$gb H¡$gr hþB©& hmobr ObmVo h¢, bmoJ Jbo {_bVo h¢Ÿ& Jbo {_bZo go Amng _| ào_ ~‹T>Vm h¡Ÿ& Xwí_Zr Am¡a d¡a ^md {_Q>Vm h¡Ÿ& Xygao {XZ a§J IobVo h¢Ÿ&

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amHo$e : bo{H$Z XmXmOr, a§J S>mbZo H$m \$m`Xm Š`m h¡ ?

aMZm : H$hVo h¢ {H$ a§J S>mbZo go H$B© Vah H$s ~r_m[a`m± Zht

hmoVt, O¡go XmX-IwObrŸ&

XmXmOr : ^B©, a§J Q>ogy Ho$ \y$bm| H$m hmoZm Mm{hEŸ& H$mbo-Zrbo ^Ôo

a§J `m H$sM‹S> {H$gr na S>mbZm R>rH$ ZhtŸ& O~ Mmam| Amoa

àH¥${V _| a§J-{~a§Jo \y$b {Ibo hm|, V~ a§J _| a§JZm H¡$gm

gwhmZm _mby_ hmoVm h¡Ÿ!

(hmobr JmZo Am¡a T>mob-S>\$br ~OZo Ho$ ñda)

aMZm : XmXmOr, XmXmOr, H$hVo h¢ {H$ ~«O H$s hmobr Vmo ~‹S>r

AZmoIr hmoVr h¡Ÿ&

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XmXmOr : Z§X Jm±d _| lrH¥$îU ahVo WoŸ& amYm H$m Jm±d h¡ ~agmZmŸ&

~agmZo Am¡a Z§X Jm±d Ho$ dmgr A^r VH$ Amng _| [aíVm

_mZVo h¢Ÿ& hmobr na Z§X Jm±d Ho$ Jmon Q>mo{b`m± ~ZmH$a ~agmZo

OmVo h¢Ÿ& hmobr Ho$ BZ _ñVmZm| H$m ñdmJV H$aZo Ho$ {bE

~agmZo H$s Zm[a`m± nhbo hr V¡`ma ahVr h¢ - hmWm| _|

g§{Q>`m± boH$a Jmo{nH$mE± Jmonm| na a§J Vmo Iy~ S>mbVr hr h¡,

CZH$s {nQ>mB© ^r H$aVr h§¡Ÿ& \$mJ Am¡a hmobr g~ {_bH$a

JmVo h¢ Am¡a ZmMVo h¢Ÿ&

amHo$e : hm± XmXmOr, _¢Zo n‹T>m h¡Ÿ&

EH$ ~ma lrH¥$îU Jmo{nH$mAm| Ho$ ~rM Om \±$goŸ& EH$ Zo CZH$s

~m±gwar N>rZr, Xygar Zo CZHo$ _w±h na bmb-bmb Jwbmb _b

S>mbm, Vrgar Zo a§J H$m K‹S>m hr CbQ> {X`mŸ& {\$a Mm¡Wr

Jmonr Zo Am±I| ZMmVo hþE, {Iëbr C‹S>mVo hþE H$hm -

""bëbm, {\$a AmB`mo IobZ hmoar&''

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(XmXmOr Am¡a XmoZm| ~ÀMo R>hmH$m bJmVo h¢Ÿ& hmobr Ho$ hþ‹S>X§J Ho$ ñda)

AmBE OmZ| :

àmH¥${VH$ a§J

AJa hëXr Am¡a Wmo‹S>o go MyZo H$mo nmZr _| S>mbH$a Kmobm OmE Vmo bmb a§J V¡`ma hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Q>ogy Ho$ \y$bm| H$mo nmZr _| S>mbH$a nrbm gwJpÝYV a§J V¡`ma {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ& nwamZo O_mZo _| Bgr Vah Ho$ àmH¥${VH$ a§Jm| go hmobr Iobr OmVr WrŸ&

\$mJ

hmobr H$m Ë`mohma \$mJwZ Ho$ _hrZo _| AmVm h¡Ÿ& hmobr Ho$ Adga na JmE OmZo dmbo JrVm| H$mo "\$mJ' H$hVo h¢Ÿ&

R>§‹S>mB©

~mXm_, IgIg, gm|\$, H$mbr {_M© Am{X nrgH$a {_bm`o J`o R>§S>o XyY H$mo R>§‹S>mB© H$hVo h¢Ÿ& Bg no` nXmW© H$mo hmobr na {deof ê$n go V¡`ma {H$`m OmVm h¡Ÿ&

~«O : H¥$îU Ho$ OÝ_ñWmZ H$mo ~«O ^y{_ H$hVo h¢Ÿ& dhm± ~mobr OmZo dmbr ^mfm ~«O^mfm H$hbmVr h¡Ÿ&

eãXmW© :

Jwbmb - bmb a§J H$m MyU©, AZmoIm - {Zambm, hþ‹S>X§J - emoa, [admµO - nX²Y{V, g§{Q> m± - nVbr bH${‹S> m±, A~ra - nrbo$ a§J H$m MyU©, hmoar - hmobr, {Iëbr C‹S>mZm - _µOmH$ H$aZm

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Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE : 1) \$m°{h`mZ H$m¡Z Wm ? 2) _hmamOm aUOrV qgh H$hm± H$m amOm Wm ?

3) hmo{bH$m H$m¡Z Wr ?

4) hmo{bH$m H$mo Š`m da {_bm Wm ?

5) a§J S>mbZo H$m \$m`Xm Š`m h¡ ?

II. VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b{IE :

1) \$m°{h`mZ H$m¡Z Wm ? CgZo AnZr {H$Vm~ _| ^maV Ho$ ~mao

_| Š`m {bIm h¡ ?

2) amOm aUOrV qgh Ho$ Xa~ma _| _ZmB© JB© hmobr _| H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z

em{_b hþE Wo ?

3) hmo{bH$m H$s _¥Ë`w H¡$go hþB© ?

4) "~agmZo' Jm±d _| Jmon Am¡a Jmo{nH$mE± H¡$go hmobr IobVo h¢?

III. ghr eãXm| H$mo H$moð>H$ go MwZH$a {b{IE :

(AZmoIm, hmo{bH$m, \$m°{h`mZ, hmobr ObmZo, à‡mX)

1) .................. MrZ Xoe H$m `mÌr WmŸ&

2) ^maV ~‹S>m .................. Xoe h¡Ÿ&

3) {haÊ`H$í`n H$m ~oQ>m .................. B©ída H$m ^ŠV WmŸ&

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4) {haÊ`H$í`n H$s _¥Ë`w go .................. H$m Ë`mohma

ewê$ hþAmŸ&

5) à‡mX H$mo JmoX _| boH$a .................. AmJ _| ~¡R>rŸ&

IV. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

1) \$m`Xm X

2) {dXoer X

3) Xwí_Zr X

4) bm^ X

V. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma Omo‹S>o eãXm| H$mo nmR> go Ty>±‹T>H$a {b{IE :

CXm : JmOo - ~mOo

1) .......... - ..........

2) .......... - ..........

3) .......... - ..........

VI. {ZåZ{b{IV dmŠ`m| H$mo {H$gZo {H$ggo H$hm ?

1) ""^maV ~‹S>m AZmoIm Xoe h¡Ÿ& `hm± Vmo bmoJ AmE-{XZ ZmMVo

JmVo T>mob ~OmVo h¢Ÿ&''

2) ""a§J S>mbZo H$m Š`m \$m`Xm h¡ ?''

3) ""bëbm, {\$a AmB`mo IobZ hmoar&''

VII. nmR> _| "hmo{bH$m XhZ" H$s EH$ KQ>Zm h¡& Cgo ghr T>§J go n{‹T>E Am¡a AnZo eãXm| _| EH$ N>moQ>r-gr H$hmZr Ho$ ê$n _| {b{IE& Cg H$hmZr H$mo EH$ Z`m erf©H$ ^r Xr{OE&

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VIII. {MÌ XoIH$a CgH$m dU©Z AnZo eãXm| _| H$s{OE :

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`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• ~hZ-^mB© Ho$ AQy>Q> n«o_ H$m n[aM` XoZodmbm EH$ Ë`mohma h¡ "amIr'& Bg Ë`mohma H$s OmZH$mar àmá H$s[OE Am¡a {b{IE&

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nmR> - 16

d¡^dembr h§nr

- g§H${bV

Ame`: àñVwV nmR> _| bmoH${à` n`©Q>Z ñWb h§nr H$m dU©Z h¡& {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` Ho$ d¡^d Am¡a H$bm-ào_ H$m ^r geŠV {MÌU h ¡& h §nr H o $ _hËdn yU © ñWb Am ¡ a CZH$s dmñV wH$bm, {eënH$bm H$m n[aM` H$am`m J`m h¡&

h§nr H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` _| pñWV à{gÕ Xe©Zr` ñWb h¡& `h ~|Jbyé

go bJ^J 350 {H$._r. Xÿar na h¡& `h H$Zm©Q>H$ Ho$ bmoH${à` à_wI

n`©Q>Z ñWbm| _| go EH$ h¡& {eënH$bm Am¡a dmñVwH$bm Ed§ _y{V©H$bm

H$s Ñ{ï> go `h {d{eï> n`©Q>Z ñWb h¡&

h§nr Vw§J^Ðm ZXr Ho$ VQ> na h¡& `hm± H$s à_wI ^mfmE± H$ÞS>

Am¡a VobwJw h¢& Hw$N> g{X`m| nhbo h§nr {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` H$s amOYmZr

Wm& Cg g_` `h EH$ à_wI dm{UÁ` H|$Ð Wm& Vwbwdm amOd§e Ho$

amOm H¥$îUXodam` Ho$ H$mb _| h§nr {dO`ZJa gm_«mÁ` H$m à{gÕ ZJa

Wm& amOm H¥$îUXodam` H$bm Am¡a Y_© Ho$ _hmZ g§ajH$ Wo&

h§nr _| XoIZo bm`H$ AZoH$ ñWb h¡§& CZ_| à_wI h¢-{dQ²>R>b _§{Xa,

{dê$nmj _§{Xa, ho_Hy$Q> nd©V, H$S>boH$mbw JUoe H$s _y{V©, gmgdoH$mbw

JUoe H$s _y{V©, H¥$îU _§{Xa, CJ« Zaqgh, H$_b _hb, hOmam am__§{Xa,

AñV~b Am{X&

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{dQ²>R>b _§{Xa

{dQ²>R>b _§{Xa : Bg _§{Xa _| ^JdmZ {dîUw {dQ²>R>b Ho$ ê$n _|

{damO_mZ h¢& Bg _§{Xa _|

H$B© {d{eï ñV§^ h¢& BZ_|

AX²^wV H$bmH$mar Ðï>ì` h¡&

_§{Xa Ho$ gm_Zo "g§JrV ñV§ '

^r h¢& BZ ñV§^mo§ Ho$ ñne©

H$aZo go g§JrV Ho$ gmV ñda

gwZm`r XoVo h¡§&

{dê$nmj _§{Xa : `h EH$ {demb _§{Xa h¡& B©. 1510 _| amOm lr H¥$îUXodam` Ho$ g_` _| Bg _§{Xa H$m {Z_m©U nyam hþAm Wm& Bg _§{Xa Ho$ gm_Zo Vw§J^Ðm ZXr ~hVr h¡& Bg _§{Xa Ho$ Xmo ^ì` {eIa h¢& Bgo "am`b Jmonwa' H$hVo h¢& BgHo$ gm_Zo ÜdOñV§^ h¡& {dê$nmj H$mo n§nmn{V ^r H$hVo h¢& Bg _§{Xa Ho$ àm§JU _| nmVmboída, _w[ŠV Zaqgh, gy`©Zmam`U, bú_rZaqgh, _{hfmgwa_{X©Zr, lr d|H$Q>oída _§{Xa Am{X ^r h¢&

{dê$nmj _§{Xa

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ho_Hy$Q> _§{Xa

ho_Hy$Q> _§{Xa : `h ho_Hy$Q> nh‹mS>r H$s MmoQ>r na pñWV h¡& `hm± ^r ~hþV gmao N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o _§{Xa h¢&

H$S>boH$mbw JUoe : qhXÿ nm¡am{UH$ H$WmAm| Ho$ AZwgma JUoe ^JdmZ AdamoYm| H$mo hQ>mZo Ho$ XodVm h¢& BZH$s _y{V© `hm± H$S>boH$mbw (_y±J\$br) Ho$ AmH$ma _| h¢&

gmgdoH$mbw JUoe : ^JdmZ gagm| Ho$ ~rO Ho$ AmH$ma _| h¡& Bg{bE BgH$m Zm_ gmgdoH$mbw JUoe n‹S>m h¡& H$ÞS> ^mfm _| gagm| Ho$ ~rO H$mo gmgdoH$mbw H$hVo h¢& `h {dO`ZJa H$s H$bmË_H$Vm H$m EH$ AÀN>m CXmhaU h¡&

H$S>boH$mbw JUoe

gmgdoH$mbw JUoe

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H¥$îU _§{Xa : `h _§{Xa H¥$îU ^JdmZ Ho$ {b`o g_{n©V h¡& BgH$s H$bmH$mar XoIZo `mo½` h¡&

H¥$îU _§{Xa

CJ« Zaqgh : `h h§nr H$m EH$ _w»` _§{Xa h¡& Bg_| ^JdmZ {dîUw Z¥qgh Ho$ ê$n _| emo^m`_mZ h¢&

CJ« Zaqgh

H$_b _hb : `h EH$ gwg{‚mV a§J _hb h¡& àmMrZ H$mb _o§ hfmo©ëbmg Ho$ {bE Bg _hb H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm Wm&

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H$_b _hb

hOmam am__§{Xa : `h _§{Xa AnZr AgmYmaU ZŠH$merXma Xrdmam| Ho$ {bE à{gÕ h¡&

hOmam am__§{Xa

AñV~b : `h hm{W`m| H$mo ~m§YZo H$m ñWmZ Wm& Bg_| hm{W`m| Ho$ {b`o H$B© H$j ~Zo h¢& àË`oH$ H$j H$m\$s ~‹S>m h¡&

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g_«mQ> lr H¥$îUXodam` H$m emgZH$mb {dO`ZJa H$m ñdU©`wJ H$hbmVm h¡& CZHo$ H$mb _| gmoZm, Mm±Xr, _moVr, OdmhamV `hm± Ho$ ~mµOma _| ~‹S>r _mV«m _| {_bVo Wo& Cg d¡^d H$s `mX _| H$Zm©Q>H$ gaH$ma Zd§~a Ho$ àW_ gámh _| "h§nr CËgd' _ZmVr h¡& `hm± Z¥Ë` Am¡a g§JrV Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`©H«$_ Am`mo{OV hmoVo h¢&

OrdZ _| H$_ go H$_ EH$ ~ma h§nr OmH$a AVrV Ho$ Cg d¡^d Ho$ Xe©Z H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡&

eãXmW© :

Xe©Zr` - XoIZo bm`H$, CnpñWV - _m¡OyX, hm{Oa; gwg{‚mV - AÀN>r Vah gOm`m hþAm, Am`moOZ - ì`dñWm

{Q>ßnUr : qhXr _| "i' dU© Zhr§ h¡& `h H$ÞS> ^mfm H$m dU© h¡& Bg{bE "H$miw' H$s OJh "H$mbw' H$m à`moJ hþAm h¡&

Aä`mg

I. EH$ dmŠ` _| CÎma {b{IE:

1) h§nr H$hm± h¡?

2) h§nr {H$g ZXr Ho$ VQ> na pñWV h¡ ?

3) h§nr {H$gH$s amOYmZr Wm?

4) Vwbwdm amOd§e Ho$ amOm H$m¡Z Wo?

5) "g§JrV ñV§^' H$hm± CnpñWV h¢ ?

6) {dê$nmj H$m Xÿgam Zm_ Š`m h¡?

7) "gmgdoH$mbw JUoe' {H$go H$hVo h¢?

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8) AñV~b Š`m h¡ ?

9) hOmam am__§{Xa {H$gHo$ {bE à{gÕ h¡?

10) "h§nr CËgd' H$~ _ZmVo h¢?

II. Xmo-VrZ dmŠ`m| _| CÎma {b[IE :

1) h§nr {H$gHo$ {bE à{gÕ h¡?

2) h§nr _| XoIZo bm`H$ ñWbm| Ho$ Zm_ {bIH$a CZH$m _hËd

g_PmBE &

3) H¥$îUXodam` Ho$ emgZH$mb H$mo "{dO`ZJa H$m ñdU©`wJ' Š`m|

H$hVo h¢?

4) gmgdoH$mbw JUoe Am¡a H$S>boH$mbw JUoe Ho$ ~mao _| Xmo-Xmo

dmŠ` {b{IE&

III. ghr eãX MwZH$a dmŠ` nyam H$r{OE :

(n§nmn{V, Vwbwdm, H$_b _hb, gagm| H$m ~rO, ñdU©`wJ)

1) amOm H¥$îUXodam` d§e Ho$ Wo&

2) {dê$nmj H$mo ^r H$hVo h¢&

3) gmgdoH$mbw H$m AW© h¡&

4) hfm}ëbmg H$m _hb h¡&

5) g_«mQ> lr H¥$îUXodam` Ho$ emgZH$mb H$mo H$hVo h¢&

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IV. eãX Am¡a àË`` AbJ H$aHo$ {b[IE :

CXmhaU :

Xe©Zr` - Xe©Z + B©` n[al_r - n[al_ + B©

1. amï´>r` - 1. B©_mZXmar -

2. AZwH$aUr` - 2. gmhgr -

3. _mZdr` - 3. OmnmZr -

4. ^maVr` - 4. H$bmH$mar -

V. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {dbmo_ eãX Omo{‹S>E :

1) Y_© {Zén`moJ

2) AÀN>m AgmYmaU

3) `mo½` AY_©

4) gmYmaU ~wam

5) Cn`moJ A`mo½`

VI. BZ dmŠ`m§em| Ho$ {bE EH$ eãX {b[IE : CXmhaU : O¡go nhbo Z hþAm hmo - Anyd©

1. Omo Xe©Z H$aZo `mo½` hmo -

2. Omo àe§gm Ho$ `mo½` hmo -

3. Omo nwamZo g_` H$m hmo -

4. Omo _m_ybr Z hmo -

5. Omo ajm H$aVm hmo -

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VII. eãX g_yhm| _| CXmhaU H$s Vah ~o_ob eãXmo§ na Jmob {Mh²Z bJmBE :CXmhaU : _§{Xa ~JrMm _y{V© K§Q>m

1. {dÆ>b {dê$nmj {dîUw emaXm

2. H$ÞS> V{_b VobwJw J|X

3. ~obyé hbo~rSw> _hmamï´> h§nr

4. nËWa gmoZm Mm±Xr _moVr

VIII. eãXmo§ H$m dmŠ`m| _| à`moJ H$r{OE :

1. à_wI -

2. CnpñWV -

3. à{gÕ -

4. Aml` -

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :• _¡gyé, ~obyé, hbo~rSw> `m AÝ` {H$gr EH$ Xe©Zr` ñWb Ho$

~mao _| Xg dmŠ` {b{IE&• ldU~obJmob Ho$ ~mao _| OmZH$mar àmá H$r{OE&

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nmR> - 17

Vwbgr Ho$ Xmoho

AÜ`m`: BZ Xmohm| Ho$ Ûmam na{hV, ñZoh, Y¡`©, _Ywa dMZ, X`m H$m _hËd

Am{X Ho$ n[aUm_m| H$s OmZH$mar Xr Om ahr h¡&

1. Vwbgr g§V gwAå~ Vé, \y${b \$bqh nahoV& BVVo Eoo nmhZ hZV, CVVo do \$b XoV&&

2. AmdV hr haf¡ Zqh, Z¡ZZ Zqh gZoh& Vwbgr Vhm± Z OmB`o, H§$MZ ~ago _oh&&

3. gya g_a H$aZr Vwbgr H$aqh, H$qh Z OZmdqh Amn& {dX²`_mZ [anw nmB aZ, H$m`a H$aqh, àbmn&&

4. Vwbgr _rR>o dMZ Vo, gwI CnOV Mhþ± Amoa& ~grH$aZ `h _§V« h¡, n[ahé dMZ H$R>moa&&

5. X`m Y_© H$m _yb h¡, nmn _yb A{^_mZ& Vwbgr X`m Z N>m±{‹S>E, O~ bm¡ KQ> _| àmU&&

H${d n[aM` :

Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg : (gZ² 1532 - gZ² 1623)

Jmoñdm_r VwbgrXmg H$m OÝ_ CÎma àXoe Ho$

amOmnwa Zm_H$ Jm±d _| hþAm& BZHo$ {nVm H$m Zm_

AmË_mam_ Xþ~o VWm _mVm H$m hþbgr Wm& do AnZo

g_` Ho$ nhþ±Mo hþE {dX²dmZ VWm _hmZ g§V Wo. do

lram_ Ho$ AZÝ` ^ŠV$ Wo& Cgr ^{ŠV go ào[aV

hmoH$a CÝhm|Zo "am_M[aV_mZg' H$s aMZm H$s& Bg

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J«§W Zo Jmoñdm_r Or H$mo A_a ~Zm {X`m& {dZ` n{V«H$m, H${dVmdbr, Xmohmdbr, JrVmdbr, nmd©Vr _§Jb Am{X CZHo$ AÝ` à{gÕ J«§W h¢&

eãXmW© :

gwAå~ Vé - loð> Am_ no‹S>, nahoV - Xÿgam| Ho$ {bE, nmhZ hZV - nËWa _maVo h¢, AmdV hr - AmVo hr, Z¡ZZ - Am±I|, _oh - _oK, H§$MZ - gmoZm, g_a - `wÕ, [anw - Xþí_Z, OZmdqh - ~VmVo h¢, {dX²`_mZ - _m¡OyX, CnOV - n¡Xm hmoVm h¡, ~grH$aZ - Xÿgam| H$mo de _| H$aZm, n[ahé - N>mo‹S> Xo, Ë`mJ Xo; N>m±{‹S>E-N>mo{‹S>E, bm¡ - VH$, KQ> - eara

^mdmW©1. Vybgr Or H$hVo h¢ {H$, g§V h_oem Am_ Ho$ d¥j H$s Vah hmoVo

h¢& Am_ Ho$ d¥j _| Omo \$b Am¡a \y$b CJVo h¢, do Xÿgam| Ho$ {bE hmoVo h¢& Bg d¥j na {OVZm nËWa _maVo h¡§ dh CVZm \$b XoVm h¡& `m{Z {H$ ñd`§ H$îQ> ghVm h¡ Am¡a ~Xbo _| \$b (gwI) XoVm h¡& Bgr Vah g§V ^r namonH$mar hmoVo h¢&

2. VwbgrXmg Or H$hVo h¢ {H$ Oh±m OmVo hr bmoJ h_| XoIH$a Iwe Zht hmoVo A¡a CZH$s Am±Im| _| ào_ Am¡a {dídmg Zht PbH$Vm, Eogo ñWmZ na Zht OmZm Mm{hE, Mmho dhm± gmoZo H$s dfm© hr Š`m| Z hmoVr hmo&

3. VwbgrXmg Or dra Am¡a H$m`am| Ho$ JwUm| H$mo Xem©Vo hþE H$hVo h¢ {H$ dra AnZo _w±h go AnZm ~ImZ Zht H$aVo h¢& `wÕ _| S>Q>H$a eÌwAm| H$m gm_Zm H$aVo h¢& CëQ>o H$m`a `wÕ-joÌ _| eÌwAm| H$mo XoIVo hr amo n‹S>Vo h¢&

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4. Vwbgr Or H$hVo h¢ {H$ _rR>o dMZ Ho$ à`moJ go Mmam| Amoa

H$m dmVmdaU gwI_` ~ZVm h¡& _rR>m dMZ derH$aU _§Ì h¡&

AV… H$R>moa dMZ H$mo Ë`mJ XoZm Mm{hE&

5. VwbgrXmg Or H$hVo h¢ {H$ Y_© H$m _yb X`m h¡ Am¡a nmn

H$m _yb Ah§H$ma & CZH$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ O~ VH$ eara _|

àmU h¢ V~ VH$ h_mao _Z _| X`m H$s ^mdZm hmoZr Mm{hE&

Aä`mg

I. àíZm| Ho$ CÎma {b{IE :

1) g§V H$m ñd^md H¡$go hmoVm h¡ ?

2) gƒo eya-dra Ho$ Š`m bjU hmoVo h¢ ?

3) Xþí_Z H$s \$m¡O XoIH$a dra Š`m H$aZo bJVo h¢?

4) _rR>o dMZ ~mobZo go Š`m bm^ h¡?

5) h_| H¡$go dMZ Ë`mJZm Mm{hE?

6) VwbgrXmg Or "X`m' Ho$ ~mao _| Š`m H$h aho h¢?

II. {ZåZ{b{IV ^md H$mo nmR> _| {H$Z n§{ŠV`m| Ûmam

A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m J`m h¡ :

1) Am_ H$m no‹S> Xÿgam| Ho$ {bE hr \y$bVm A¡a \$bVm h¡&

2) gƒm eya - dra H$^r AnZo _w±h go AnZr ~‹S>mB© Zhr§ H$aVm&

3) Xþí_Z H$s \$m¡O H$mo XoIH$a H$m`a amoZo-nrQ>Zo bJVm h¡&

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4) _rR>o dMZ ~mobZo go Mmam| Amoa Iwer H$m dmVmdaU CËnÞ hmo

OmVm h¡&

5) A{^_mZ nmn H$m _yb h¡ Am¡a X`m Y_© H$m&

III. {ZåZ{b{IV H$m ^md ñnï> H$s[OE :

1) AmdV hr haf¡ Zqh, Z¡ZZ Zqh gZoh&

2) gya g_a H$aZr Vwbgr H$aqh, H$qh Z OZmdqh Amn&

3) ~grH$aZ `h _§V« h¡, n[ahé dMZ H$R>moa&

IV. Z_yZo Ho$ AZwgma {ZåZ{b{IV eãXm| H$m àM{bV

I‹S>r~mobr ê$n {b{IE :

BVVo - `hm± go Vo - go

1. CVVo - 5. H$aqh -

2. Mhþ± - 6. N>m±{‹S>E -

3. Vhm± - 7. bm¡ -

2. H$qh -

V. {dbmo_ eãX {b{IE :

1. BVVo X 4. _rR>m X 7. Y_© X

2. AmdV X 5. gwI X 8. A{^_mZ X

3. H$m`a X 6. H$R>moa X 9. X`m X

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VI. Xmohm Omo AmnH$mo ~hþV AÀN>m bJm hmo, Cgo ^mdmW©

g{hV H$jm _| gwZmBE&

VII. Xmohm| _| {Z{hV {H$Z ~mVm| H$mo Amn AnZo OrdZ _|

bmJy H$aZm MmhVo h¢, CÝh| VrZ-Mma dmŠ`m| _| {b{IE&

VIII. Xmohm| H$mo H§$R>ñW H$sOrE&

`mo½`Vm {dñVma :

• _rR>o dMZ ~mobZo go Mmam| Amoa gwI \¡$bVm h¡& H¡$go? Hw$N>

CXmhaU XoVo hþE H$jm _| BgH$s MMm© H$sOrE&

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