i n t e l e q t u a l i2 w i n a s i t y v a o b a warmogidgenT saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnal ‘inteleqtualis~ mecxre nomers. saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali ‘inteleqtuali~ saqarTvelos

saqarTvelos axalgazrda mecnierTasazogadoebrivi akademia

i n t e l e q t u a l i

@#9

Tbilisi2009

2

w i n a s i t y v a o b a

warmogidgenT saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnal ìnteleqtualis~ mecxre nomers.

saerTaSoriso samecniero Jurnali ìnteleqtuali~ saqarTvelos axalgazrda

mecnierTa sazogadoebrivi akademiis beWdviT organos warmoadgens.

Jurnali ìnteleqtuali~ 2005 wels dafuZnda. Jurnals miniWebuli aqvs seriul

gamocemaTa saerTaSoriso nomeri, saerTaSoriso grifi.

Jurnali ìnteleqtuali~ referirebulia rogorc qarTul (teqinformi), aseve

rusul (винити) da saerTaSoriso eleqtronul gamocemebsa da monacemTa bazebSi, rac

xelmisawvdoms xdis mas saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvisac.

Jurnali ìnteleqtuali~ miznad isaxavs qarTveli axalgazrda Tu cnobili

mecnierebis samecniero kvlevebisa da naSromebis gacnobas farTo sazogadoebisaTvis.

Jurnali gamoicema periodulobiT sam TveSi erTxel (weliwadSi oTxi gamocema).

Jurnal ìnteleqtualis~ kidev erTi upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi

aerTianebs rogorc qarTveli axalgazrda, ise cnobili mecnierebis samecniero

naSromebs mecnierebis yvela sferos mimarTulebiT (sabunebismetyvelo, teqnikuri,

humanitaruli, socialuri da a.S.)

jurnal ìnteleqtualis~ redaqcia

q. Tbilisi, m. kostavas q.#77, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis administraciuli

korpusi, III sarTuli, oT.#323. tel.: 36-53-51, 8-99-79-10-12

el_fosta [email protected]

www.inteleqtuali.ge

mailto:[email protected]

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mTavari redaqtori EDITOR-IN-CHIEF ГЛАВНЫЙ РЕДАКТОР

giorgi maduaSvili Giorgi Maduashvili Гиорги Мадуашвили

saredaqcio kolegia

EDITORIAL BOARD

РЕДАКЦИОННАЯ КОЛЛЕГИЯ

Tamaz gamyreliZe Tamaz Gamkrelidze Тамаз Гамкрелидзеralf ilneri Ralph Illner Ральф Ильнер

vaJa papaskiri Vaja Papaskiri Важа ПапаскириTemur jagodniSvili Temur Jagodnishvili Темур Джагоднишвилиmarina xaratiSvili Marina Kharatishvili Марина Харатишвилиzigfrid kraineri Siegfried Kreiner Зигфрид Краинер

vano Wiaureli Vano Chiaureli Вано Чиаурелиharald suma Harald Summa Гаральд Сума

qeTi qoqraSvili Keti Kokrashvili Кети Кокрашвилиkarlo Rurwkaia Karlo Gurtskaia Карло Гурцкаиаnikolas Teodorisi Nikolas Theodoris Николас Теодорисnugzar sixaruliZe Nugzar Sikharulidze Нугзар Сихарулидзе

rezo kldiaSvili Rezo Kldiashvili Резо КлдиашвилиTengiz wivwivaZe Tengiz Tsivtsivadze Тенгиз Цивцивадзе

sergo Tofuria Sergo Topuria Серго Топуриаgogi fanculaia Gogi Pantsulaia Гоги Панцулаиаrudi van meieri Rudi van Meier Руди ван Меиер

arCil mowoneliZe Archil Motsonelidze Арчил Моцонелидзеlevan klimiaSvili Levan klimiashvili Леван Климиашвили

lali RoReliani Lali Gogeliani Лали ГогелианиarCil frangiSvili Archil Prangishvili Арчил Прангишвилиzurab wveraiZe Zurab Tsveraidze Зураб Цвераидзеgela yifiani Gela Kipiani Гела Кипиани

ervin Svingi Erwin Schwing Ервин ШвингdaviT TavxeliZe David Tavkhelidze Давид Тавхелидзе

giorgi saluqvaZe Giorgi Salukvadze Гиорги Салуквадзе

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s a r C e v i

humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebi

1. nunu kapanaZe.`dargobrivi teqsti rogorc dargobrivienisa da azrovnebis urTierTmimarTebisSedegi~..............................................................................................................................................................16

2. lolita TabuaSvili.`nasesxebi sityvebi frangul da qarTulagraruli dargis terminologiaSi~.............................................................................22

3. maia maduaSvili.`saxelTa -a sufiqsis diaqroniuli analiziqarTulSi~....................................................................................................................................................27

4. qeTevan barbaqaZe, Tamar gogolaZe,efemia xaraZe.èrovnuli zepirsityvierebis SemecnebiT-aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvnelobis SeswavlisistoriisaTvis~......................................................................................................................................31

5. mariam gersamia.`Tanamedrove sagazeTo statiis saxeebi:editoriali da op-edi~...............................................................................................................39

6. sofio tabaRua.`GLOSSE rogorc inovaciuri JurnalisturiJanri da misi sinTezuri xedvislogikur-Teoriuli aspeqtebi~...........................................................................................47

7. gvanca Wanturia.àrsebobs Tu ara sazogadoebrivi azri?~.............................................................54

8. giorgi qavTaraZe.`bizantiis dacemis dasawyisi~.............................................................................................61

9. valeri modebaZe.`rusuli da Turquli batonobis gavlenamesxeTis eTno-konfesiur Semadgenlobaze~.........................................................68

10. valeri modebaZe.`1944 wels samxreT saqarTvelodandeportirebuli mosaxleobis integraciisstrategia~..................................................................................................................................................77

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11. valeri modebaZe.ùTanxmoeba samxreT saqarTvelodandeportirebuli mosaxleobis eTnikuriwarmomavlobisa da identobis Sesaxebda misi gavlena repatriaciis procesze~...............................................................85

12. giorgi maduaSvili.àxali Sexedulebebi Zvel konfliqtebze~...........................................................91

13. ilia guCmaniZe.àxali samarTlebrivi strategia~.................................................................................96

14. TaTia doliZe.`danaSaulis provokaciis praqtikul-samarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba~................................................................................................103

15. sergo WiWaRua.`saproceso SeTanxmeba da sasjelisagansruliad gaTavisufleba~..........................................................................................................107

16. giorgi vekua.àborti - kanonzomieri qmedeba, TudanaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg~..........................................................................113

17. TaTia berekaSvili, nino jajaniZe.ùsafuZvlo gamdidrebis xarvezebiqarTul kanonmdeblobaSi~.....................................................................................................121

18. Tea xorguaSvili.`xazinis roli da adgili finansursistemaSi~..................................................................................................................................................128

19. nana Sonia, nunu qiqoZe.ìnternet-bankingis arsi da ganviTarebisperspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi~.............................................................................................134

20. nino orjonikiZe, giorgi yaziSvili.`sasaqonlo niSani _ saqonlis savizitobaraTi~..........................................................................................................................................................141

21. Tamar makasaraSvili, lia nadiraZe.ìnformaciuli da sakomunikacioteqnologiebis roli ekonomistebismomzadebis procesSi~..................................................................................................................148

22. goCa miqiaSvili, mzia milaSvili.àrqiteqturuli ganaTlebis srulyofisaTvissaqarTvelos teqnikur universitetSi~..................................................................154

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teqnikuri da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi

1. salome yifiani.`saproeqtro gadawyvetebis teqnikur-ekonomikuri Sefasebis lokalurikriteriumi~............................................................................................................................................161

2. goCa miqiaSvili, zurab titviniZe.`plastikuri arqiteqturuli grafika,rogorc proeqtirebis meTodi~.....................................................................................165

3. irakli zedginiZe, nino beraia.`funqciuri damokidebulebis dadgenisSesaxeb preciziulobis mniSvnelobasa dagamocdis dones Soris~.............................................................................................................171

4. nodari beriSvili, ciala buCukuri,rusudan giorgobiani.`hukis ganzogadebuli kanonis gamoyenebisarakoreqtuloba RerZulsimetriuldatvirTvebze gaangariSebisas~.......................................................................................178

5. nodari beriSvili, ciala buCukuri,rusudan giorgobiani.`RerZulsimetriul datvirTvebzegaangariSebis axleburi gaazreba~...............................................................................183

6. ciala buCukuri.`Semosavlis funqciis aproqsimacia umcireskvadratTa meTodis gamoyenebiT~................................................................................187

7. gela yifiani, revaz kaxiZe,daviT yifiani.`damreci garsebis mravaltalRiani safari,dayrdnobili sigrZeze cvalebadi sixistiskonturul elementebze~..........................................................................................................194

8. manuCar SiSinaSvili.`Zveli asfaltbetonis civ mdgomareobaSiregenerirebis stacionaluri danadgari~............................................................199

9. daviT nozaZe, paata ejibia,roman xomasuriZe.`kompoziciuri betonis damatebiTiarmireba minaboWkos teqstiliT~................................................................................204

10. Tengiz museliani, ivane SavTvaliSvili,nugzar xarSilaZe, aleqs potapovi,grigol museliani.èrTfaza orgragnila transformatorisgantolebebis Sesaxeb~...............................................................................................................210

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11. devi doborjginiZe, levan kikvaZe.`sxvadasxva firmebis mier damzadebulikvanZebiT Sedgenili sakomunikaciosistemebis fardobiTi saimedoobisSefaseba~.....................................................................................................................................................217

12. devi doborjginiZe, levan kikvaZe.èngurhesze da bazaleTis turistulkompleqsSi danergili sakomunikaciosistemebis saimedoobisa da mis misaRwevadsaWiro danaxarjebis optimizacia~............................................................................224

13. murad garuCava, guram tyemalaZe,amrosi Wkuaseli.`zogi ram ekosferoSi anTropogenuriCarevis Sedegebis Sesaxeb~.....................................................................................................234

14. murad garuCava, guram tyemalaZe,lia WiaberaSvili, dali dgebuaZe.`fenoqsiZmarmJavas warmoebulebis gavlenaJangviT fosforilirebaze~.................................................................................................238

15. mineda Wanturia, antonina msxilaZe.`nanoteqnologiebi medicinasa da farmaciaSi~..........................................245

16. eduard feroiani, lali kokaia.`sportsmenTa fizikuri Sromisunarianobada adaptaciuri Zleblobebi momzadebiswliuri ciklis sxcvadasxva sezonze~......................................................................250

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C O N T E N T S

THE HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

1. NUNU KAPANADZE.«THE SPECIAL TEXT AS A RESULT OF MUTUALRELATIONS OF PROFESSIONAL LANGUAGEAND THOUGHT»..........................................................................................................16

2. LOLITA TABUASHVILI.«BORROWINGS IN FRENCH AND GEORGIANAGRICULTURAL TERMINOLOGY»..........................................................................22

3. MAIA MADUASHVILI.«DIACHRONIC ANALYSIS OF -A SUFFIX OF NOUNSIN THE GEORGIAN LANGUAGE».............................................................................27

4. KETEVAN BARBAKADZE, TAMAR GOGOLADZE,EFEMIA KHARADZE.«FOR STUDING ING THE HISTORY OF FOLK-LORE’SCOGNITIVE-EDUCATIONAL IMPORTANCE».........................................................31

5. MARIAM GERSAMIA.«ON WRITING MODERN ARTICLES:EDITORIALS AND OP-EDS».......................................................................................39

6. SOPHIO TABAGUA.«GLOSSE AS AN INNOVATIVE GENRE OF JOURNALISMAND THE LOGICAL-THEORITICAL ASPECTS OF ITSSYNTHETIC VISION»...................................................................................................47

7. GVANTSA CHANTURIA.«IS THERE A PUBLIC OPINION?»..............................................................................54

8. GIORGI KAVTARADZE.«THE BEGINNING OF THE END THE BYZANTIUMEMPIRE»......................................................................................... ................................61

9. VALERI MODEBADZE.«THE IMPACT OF TURKISH AND RUSSIAN DOMINIONON THE ETHNO-CONFESSIONAL COMPOSITIONOF MESKHETI»......................................................................................................... ....68

10. VALERI MODEBADZE.«INTEGRATION STRATEGY OF THE POPULATIONDEPORTED FROM SOUTHERN GEORGIA IN 1944»...............................................77

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11. VALERI MODEBADZE.«DISAGREEMENT OVER THE ETHNIC ORIGIN ANDIDENTITY OF THE PEOPLE DEPORTED FROMSOUTHERN GEORGIA AND ITS INFLUENCEON THE REPATRIATION PROCESS».......................................................................85

12. GIORGI MADUASHVILI.«NEW POINTS OF VIEW ON OLDDISPUTED MATTERS»...............................................................................................91

13. ILIA GUCHMANIDZE.«NEW LEGAL STRATEGY».......................................................................................96

14. TATIA DOLIDZE.«PRACTICAL-LAW CHARACTER OF CRIMEPROVOCATION»................................................................................................. ......103

15. SERGO CHICHAGUA.«REMEDIAL AGREEMENT AND FULL IMPUNITY»...........................................107

16. GIORGI VEKUA.«ABORTION- LEGAL ACT OR CRIME AGAINSTHUMANITY»...............................................................................................................113

17. TATIA BEREKASHVILI, NINO JAJANIDZE.«THE GAPS OF UNJUST ENRICHMENT INGEORGIAN LEGISLATION».....................................................................................121

18. TEA KHORGUASHVILI.«TREASURY ROLE AND PLACE IN THEFINANCIAL SYSTEM»..............................................................................................128

19. NANA SHONIA, NUNU KIKODZE.«ESSENCE AND DEVELOPING PERSPECTIVESOF INTERNET-BANKING IN GEORGIA»...............................................................134

20. NINO ORJONIKIDZE, GIORGI KAZISHVILI.«TRADE MARK - THE GOODS CARD»..................................................................141

21. TAMAR MAKASARASHVILI, LIA NADIRADZE.«THE ROLE COMMUNICATIVE AND INFORMATIVETECHNOLOGIES IN PREPARING OF ECONOMISTS».........................................148

22. GOCHA MIKIASHVILI, MZIA MILASHVILI.«FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE HIGHERARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION AT THEGEORGIAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY»...............................................................154

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SCIENCES OF TECHNICAL AND NATURAL STUDIES

1. SALOME KIPIANI.«THE LOCAL CRITERION OF TECHNICAL ANDECONOMY STIMATION OF DESIGN DECISION».................................................161

2. GOCHA MIKIASHVILI, ZURAB TITVINIDZE.«PLASTIC ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHIC AS ADESIGN METHOD».....................................................................................................165

3. IRAKLI ZEDGINIDZE, NINO BERAYA.«ABOUT AN ESTABLISHMENT OF FUNCTIONALDEPENDENCE BETWEEN MEANINGS PRECISIONAND LEVEL TESTS»..................................................................................................171

4. NODAR BERISHVILI, TSIALA BUCHUKURI,RUSUDAN GIORGOBIANI.«INCORRECTNESS OF APPLYING GENERALIZEDHOOK’S LAW IN THE CALCULATION OFAXISYMMETRIC LOADS»........................................................................................178

5. NODAR BERISHVILI, TSIALA BUCHUKURI,RUSUDAN GIORGOBIANI.«A FRESH APPROACH TO CALCULATION OFAXISYMMETRIC LOADS»........................................................................................183

6. TSIALA BUCHUKURI.«APPROXIMATION BY THE METHOD FEWESTSQUARES OF THE INCOME FUNCTION»..............................................................187

7. GELA KIPIANI, REVAZ KAKHIDZE,DAVID KIPIANI.«MULTI-WAVE COVERING OF SLOPING COVERS,LEANED TO THE LENGTH CHANGEABLE SOLIDCONCRETE ELEMENTS»..........................................................................................194

8. MANUCHAR SHISHINASHVILI.«STATIONARY UNIT OF REGENERATION OF OLDASPHALTIC CONCRETE IN COLD STATE»..........................................................199

9. DAVID NOZADZE, PAATA EJIBIA,ROMAN KHOMASURIDZE.«ADDITIONAL REINFOCEMENT OF COMPOSITECONCRETE WITH FIBERGLASS TEXTILE»..........................................................204

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10. TENGIZ MUSELIANI, IVANE SHAVTVALISHVILI, NUGZARKHARSHILADZE, ALEX POTAPOV, GRIGOL MUSELIANI.«ABOUT THE EQUATIONS OF SINGLE PHASEDOUBLE-WINDING TRANSFORMER»...................................................................210

11. DEVI DOBORDJGINIDZE, LEVAN KIKVADZE.«COMMUNICATION SYSTEM’S RATIORELIABILITY WHEN ITS VARIOUS PARTSARE DESIGNED BY DIFFERENT FIRMS»..............................................................217

12. DEVI DOBORDJGINIDZE, LEVAN KIKVADZE.«THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM TRUSTWORTHINESS,WHICH WAS ESTABLISHED ON ENGURI AND BAZALETITOURIST COMPLEX AND NECESSARY PLURAL EXPENSESOPTIMIZATION FOR ITS ACHIEVEMENT»...........................................................224

13. MURAD GARUCHAVA, GURAM TKEMALADZE,AMROSI CHKUASELI.«ABOUT RESULTS IN ECOSPHERE AFTERSOME ANTHROPOGENIC INTERFERENCE»........................................................234

14. MURAD GARUCHAVA, GURAM TKEMALADZE,LIA CHIABERASHVILI, DALI DGEBUADZE.«THE IMPACT OF PHENOXY ACETIC ACIDON THE PROCESSES OF OXIDATIVEPHOSPHORILATION»......................................................................................... .......238

15. MINEDA CHANTURIA, ANTONINA MSKHILADZE.«NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE ANDPHARMACY»...............................................................................................................245

16. EDUARD FEROYAN, LALI KOKAIA.«PHYSICAL WORKING CAPACITY AND ADAPTABLEPOSSIBILITY OF SPORTSMEN DURING VARIOUSSEASONS OF THE YEAR CYCLE OF PREPARATION»........................................250

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С О Д Е Р Ж А Н И Е

ГУМАНИТАРНЫЕ И СОЦИАЛЬНЫЕ НАУКИ

1. НУНУ КАПАНАДЗЕ.«СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЙ ТЕКСТ КАК РЕЗУЛЬТАТВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЙ ПРОФЕСИОНАЛЬНОГОЯЗЫКА И МЫШЛЕНИЯ»...........................................................................................16

2. ЛОЛИТА ТАБУАШВИЛИ.«ЗАИМСТВОВАННЫЕ СЛОВА ВО ФРАНЦУЗСКОЙИ ГРУЗИНСКОЙ АГРАРНОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙЛЕКСИКЕ»....................................................................................................................22

3. МАИА МАДУАШВИЛИ.«ДИАХРОНИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ СУФФИКСА -АИМЁН В ГРУЗИНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ» ............................................................................27

4. КЕТЕВАН БАРБАКАДЗЕ, ТАМАР ГОГОЛАДЗЕ,ЕФЕМИЯ ХАРАДЗЕ.«К ИСТОРИИ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ВОСПИТОТЕЛЬНО-ПОЗНАВАТЕЛЬНОГО ЗНАЧЕНИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГОФОЛЬКЛЁРА»...............................................................................................................31

5. МАРИАМ ГЕРСАМИА.«ВИДЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ГАЗЕТНОЙ СТАТЬИ:ЭДИТОРИАЛЬ И ОП-ЕД»...........................................................................................39

6. СОФИО ТАБАГУА.«GLOSSE КАК ИННОВАЦИОННО-ЖУРНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙЖАНР И СИНТЕЗНЫЙ ВЗГЛЯД НА ЕГОЛОГИКО-ТЕОРИТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ»..............................................................47

7. ГВАНЦА ЧАНТУРИА.«СУЩЕСТВУЕТ ИЛИ НЕТ ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЕ МНЕНИЕ?».................................54

8. ГИОРГИ КАВТАРАДЗЕ.«НАЧАЛО ПАДЕНИЯ ВИЗАНТИИ».........................................................................61

9. ВАЛЕРИ МОДЕБАДЗЕ.«ВЛИЯНИЕ РУССКОГО И ТУРЕЦКОГОГОСПОДСТВО НА ЭТНО-КОНФЕССИОНАЛЬНОМСОСТАВЕ МЕСХЕТИИ».............................................................................................68

10. ВАЛЕРИ МОДЕБАДЗЕ.«СТРАТЕГИЯ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ 1944 ГОДУ ИЗ ЮЖНОЙГРУЗИИ ДЕПОРТИРОВАННОГО НАРОДА»..........................................................77

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11. ВАЛЕРИ МОДЕБАДЗЕ.«РАЗНОГЛАСИЕ О ЭТНИЧЕСКОМ ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИИИЗ ЮЖНОЙ ГРУЗИИ ДЕПОРТИРОВАННОГО НАРОДАИ ЕЁ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ПРОЦЕССЕ РЕПАТРИАЦИИ»...............................................85

12. ГИОРГИ МАДУАШВИЛИ.«НОВЫЕ ВЗГЛЯДЫ НА СТАРЫЕ КОНФЛИКТЫ».................................................91

13. ИЛЬЯ ГУЧМАИИДЗЕ.«НОВАЯ ПРАВОВАЯ СТРАТЕГИЯ».........................................................................96

14. ТАТИА ДОЛИДЗЕ.«ПРАКТИЧЕСКИ-ПРАВОВАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКАПРОВОКАЦИИ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ».........................................................................103

15. СЕРГО ЧИЧАГУА.«ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНОЕ СОГЛАШЕНИЕ И ПОЛНОЕОСВОБОЖДЕНИЕ ОТ НАКАЗАНИЙ»....................................................................107

16. ГИОРГИ ВЕКУА.«АБОРТ – ЗАКОНОМЕРНОЕ ДЕЙСТВИЕ ИЛИПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЕ ПРОТИВ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСТВА»....................................................113

17. ТАТИА БЕРЕКАШВИЛИ, НИНО ДЖАДЖАНИДЗЕ.«ПРОГРЕШНОСТИ БЕЗПОЧВЕННОГО ОБОГАЩЕНИЯВ ГРУЗИНСКОЙ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬНОСТИ».........................................................121

18. ТЕА ХОРГУАШВИЛИ.«РОЛЬ И МЕСТО КАЗНАЧЕЙСТВО В ФИНАНСОВОМСИСТЕМЕ».................................................................................................... .......... ...128

19. НАНА ШОНИА, НУНУ КИКОДЗЕ.«ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ИНТЕРНЕТ-БАНКИНГАВ ГРУЗИИ»...................................................................................................................134

20. НИНО ОРДЖОНИКИДЗЕ, ГИОРГИ КАЗИШВИЛИ.«ТОВАРНЫЙ ЗНАК - ВИЗИТНАЯ КАРТОЧКА ТОВАРА»..................................141

21. ТАМАР МАКАСАРАШВИЛИ, ЛИА НАДИРАДЗЕ.«РОЛЬ ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-КОММУНИКАЦИОННЫХТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ПОДГОТОВКИЭКОНОМИСТОВ»......................................................................................................148

22. ГОЧА МИКИАШВИЛИ, МЗИА МИЛАШВИЛИ.«ДЛЯ УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ ВЫСШЕГОАРХИТЕКТУРНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯВ ГРУЗИНСКОМ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОМ УНИВЕРСИТЕТЕ».......................................154

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ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ И НАУКИ ПРИРОДОВЕДЕНИЯ

1. САЛОМЕ КИПИАНИ.«ЛОКАЛЬНЫЙ КРИТЕРИЙ ТЕХНИКО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙОЦЕНКИ ПРОЕКТНЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ»......................................................................161

2. ГОЧА МИКИАШВИЛИ, ЗУРАБ ТИТВИНИДЗЕ.«ПЛАСТИЧЕСКАЯ АРХИТЕКТУРНАЯ ГРАФИКАКАК МЕТОД ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ».......................................................................165

3. ИРАКЛИЙ ЗЕДГИНИДЗЕ, НИНО БЕРАИА.«ОБ УСТАНОВЛЕНИИ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙЗАВИСИМОСТИ МЕЖДУ ЗНАЧЕНИЯМИПРЕЦИЗИОННОСТИ И УРОВНЕМ ИСПЫТАНИЙ»............................................171

4. НОДАР БЕРИШВИЛИ, ЦИАЛА БУЧУКУРИ,РУСУДАН ГИОРГОБИАНИ.«НЕКОРРЕКТНОСТЬ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ОБОБЩЕННОГОЗАКОНА ГУКА В РАСЧЁТАХ НА ОСЕСИММЕТРИЧНЫЕ НАГРУЗКИ»......................................................................................................... .......178

5. НОДАР БЕРИШВИЛИ, ЦИАЛА БУЧУКУРИ,РУСУДАН ГИОРГОБИАНИ.«НОВЫЙ ПОДХОД К РАСЧЁТАМ НАОСЕСИММЕТРИЧНЫЕ НАГРУЗКИ»......................................................................183

6. ЦИАЛА БУЧУКУРИ.«АППРОКСИМАЦИЯ ПО МЕТОДУНАИМЕНЬШЫХ КВАДРАТОВ ФУНКЦИИ ДОХОДА» ......................................187

7. ГЕЛА КИПИАНИ, РЕВАЗ КАХИДЗЕ, ДАВИД КИПИАНИ.«МНОГОВОЛНОВОЕ ПРИКРЫТИЕ ПОКАТЫХ ОБОЛОЧЕК,ОПИРАЮЩИХСЯ НА КОНТУРНЫЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТЫС ПЕРЕМЕННОЙ ЖЁСТКОСТЬЮ».........................................................................194

8. МАНУЧАР ШИШИНАШВИЛИ.«СТАЦИОНАРНЫЙ АГРЕГАТ ДЛЯ РЕГЕНЕРАЦИИСТАРОГО АСФАЛЬТОБЕТОНА В ХОЛОДНОМ СОСТОЯНИИ» .....................199

9. ДАВИД НОЗАДЗЕ, ПААТА ЕДЖИБИА,РОМАН ХОМАСУРИДЗЕ.«ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ АРМИРОВКА КОМПОЗИЦИОННОГОБЕТОНА СТЕКЛОВОЛОКНИСТЫМ ТЕКСТИЛЕМ»............................................204

10. ТЕНГИЗ МУСЕЛИАНИ, ИВАНЕ ШАВТВАЛИШВИЛИ,НУГЗАР ХАРШИЛАДЗЕ, АЛЕКС ПОТАПОВ,ГРИГОЛ МУСЕЛИАНИ.«ОБ УРАВНЕНИЯХ ОДНОФАЗНОГОДВУХОБМОТОЧНОГО ТРАНСФОРМАТОРА»....................................................210

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11. ДЕВИ ДОБОРДЖГИНИДЗЕ, ЛЕВАН КИКВАДЗЕ.«СРАВНЕНИЕ ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНОЙ НАДЕЖНОСТИСИСТЕМЫ И ПОДСИСТЕМ КОГДА ПОСЛЕДНЫЕИЗГОТОВЛЯЮТСЯ РАЗНЫМИ ФИРМАМИ».......................................................217

12. ДЕВИ ДОБОРДЖГИНИДЗЕ, ЛЕВАН КИКВАДЗЕ.«ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ НАДЁЖНОСТИ И ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯЗАТРАТ В ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЙ И СОЗДАНИЙКОММУНИКАЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМ ПРИ ИНГУРИГЭС И БАЗАЛЕТСКОГО ТУРИСТИЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА».........................224

13. МУРАД ГАРУЧАВА, ГУРАМ ТКЕМАЛАДЗЕ,АМРОСИ ЧКУАСЕЛИ.«НЕКОТОРЫЕ ИТОГИ О АНТРОПОГЕННОГОВМЕШАТЕЛЬСТВА В ЭКОСФЕРУ».......................................................................234

14. МУРАД ГАРУЧАВА, ГУРАМ ТКЕМАЛАДЗЕ,ЛИА ЧИАБЕРАШВИЛИ, ДАЛИ ДГЕБУАДЗЕ.«ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ ФЕНОКСИУКСУСНОЙ КИСЛОТ НАПРОЦЕССЫ ОКИСЛИТЕЛЬНОГО ФОСФОРИЛИРОВАНИЯ»...........................238

15. МИНЕДА ЧАНТУРИЯ, АНТОНИНА МСХИЛАДЗЕ.«НАНОТЕХНОЛОГИИ В МЕДИЦИНЕ И В ФАРМАЦИИ».................................245

16. ЭДУАРД ФЕРОЯН, ЛАЛИ КОКАИА«ФИЗИЧЕСКАЯ РАБОТОСПОСОБНОСТЬ И АДАПТАЦИОННАЯВОЗМОЖНОСТЬ СПОРТСМЕНОВ В РАЗЛИЧНЫЕ СЕЗОНЫ ГОДИЧНОГО ЦИКЛА ПОДГОТОВКИ».................................................................250

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dargobrivi teqsti rogorc dargobrivi enisa daazrovnebis urTierTmimarTebis Sedegi

nunu kapanaZe

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisenebis centris maswavlebeli

Tanamedrove gamoyenebiT lingvistikaSi YZalze aqtualuria dar-gobrivi komunikaciis kvleva, CvenSi ki am problematikas jer kidev areTmoba saTanado yuradReba. swored aRniSnuli mosazrebidan gamomdi-nare ganixileba statiaSi dargobrivi teqstis warmoqmnis sakiTxi.

dargobriv diskurSi nebismieri formiT Cabma adekvaturi sakomu-nikacio erTeulebis warmoqmnas gulisxmobs. es niSnavs, rom dargobri-vi sakomunikacio erTeulis, dargobrivi teqstis Sesaqmnelad aucile-belia specifikuri codna rogorc dargobriv, aseve enobriv da forma-lur-struqturul planSic, miT ufro, Tu teqsti ucxour enaze iqmnebaan piriqiT, ucxouri enidan qarTul enaze gadmoaqvT. amgvari specifi-kuri codnis simwire ganapirobebs araswori sakomunikacio erTeulebisSeqmnas, rac aisaxeba rogorc mis Sinaarsze, aseve enobriv-formalurgaformebazec. samwuxarod, dRevandel dargobriv diskursSi aseTidauxvewavi sakomunikacio erTeulebi mravlad aris, gansakuTrebiT ki,Tu es sakomunikacio erTeulebi ucxour enas ukavSirdebian.

enobriv-sakomunikacio qmedebis Sedegi - dargobrivi teqsti - iq-mneba garkveul produqtiul qmedebasTan erTad. dargobriv sakomunika-cio sferoSi momuSave adamianebi dargobrivi teqstebis meSveobiT amya-reben komunikacias. ramdenadac komunikacia socialurad gansazRvruliqmedebaa, dargobrivi teqstic is erTeulia, romlis daxmarebiTac enob-rivi qmedeba socialur-komunikaciuri qmedebis saxiT xorcieldeba.

adamianebs Soris gagebinebis process garkveul problemebisa dafaqtebis Sesaxeb dargobrivi komunikaciis sferoSi dargobrivi cnobi-erebis Sinaarsebis materializaciisaken mivyavarT. amasTan komunikaciisprocesSi adamianebis mier gamoiyeneba (dargobrivi) enobrivi saSuale-bebi da struqturebi, romlebic konkretul dargs ukavSirdeba da kog-nitur mimarTebebs zustad da sagnobrivad gamoxataven. Aamis SedegadmimarTeba ena-azrovneba dargobriv teqstSi gamoixateba rogorc mimar-Teba dargobriv enasa da dargobrivad azrovnebs Soris.

marTebuli iqneba, mokled gveTqva, Tu ra igulisxmeba kategori-ebSi `dargi”, `dargobrivi ena” da `dargobrivad azrovneba”.

dargobrivi ena aris enis gamoyenebis, upirveles yovlisa, funqci-urad gansazRvruli varianti. igi moiazreba rogorc enobrivi da ara-enobrivi elementebis komunikaciurad da Sinaarsobrivad gansazRvrulisidide. dargobrivi enis kvleva SesaZelbelia maSin, roca warmoebsdargobrivi teqstis kvleva Tavisi struqturuli da funqciuri para-metrebis mixedviT.

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`dargSi” igulisxmeba SedarebiT damoukidebeli sfero, romelicikveTeba samecniero moRvaweobis farglebSi. Sedegad dargi xasiaTdebaspecifikuri kvlevis sagniT, meTodebiT da cnebebiT.

`dargobrivad azrovnebis” kategoria, Sesabamisad, moicavs Semec-nebis procesebis Taviseburebas sinamdvilis erT garkveul, dargobri-vad SezRudul sferoSi. dargobrivi azrovneba SeiZleba ganvixiloTrogorc azrovnebis gansakuTrebuli forma, mimarTuli im TeoriulisakiTxebis gadaWraze, romlebic mxolod gaSualebuli saxiT arianpraqtikasTan dakavSirebuli. amasTan, pirvel rigSi, gasaTvaliswinebe-lia obieqturi realobaSi arsebuli dargis movlenebi. amdenad, dar-gobrivad azrovneba moicavs adaminis unars, Semecnebis gziT moipovoscodna, romelic grZnobadi/aRqmadi Wvretis meoxeobiT an uSualod araris xelmisawvdomi. am gziT ixsneba mecnieruli prognozirebis SesaZ-leblobebi.

cxadia, rom dargobrivad azrovneba sagnobriv-praqtikuli moRva-weobis procesSi xdeba. empiriuli da Teoriuli azrovneba, dargobri-vad azrovnebis procesi erTmaneTTan aris mimarTebaSi. dargobrivadazrovneba efuZneba specifikuri azrovnebis meTodebisa da wesebis ga-moyenebas. amdenad, es procesebi gacnobierebulad da mizanmimarTuladmimdinareobs.

dargobrivad azrovnebis Sedegebi bolosdabolos enobriv-komuni-kaciuri qmedebis sferoSi gadadis. ramdenadac dargobrivad azrovnebagarkveul sakomunikacio situaciebSi an amocanebis gadawyvetis drosenobrivi saSualebebiTa da struqturebiT operirebs, SeiZleba vcadoT,dargobrivi teqstis doneze davadasturoT kanonzomierebebi dargob-rivad azrovnebasa da dargobriv enas Soris.

udavod sainteresoa l. hofmanis mosazreba, rom `namdvili dar-gobrivi ena yovelTvis ukavSirdeba specialists. Tu mas araspecialis-ti iyenebs, dargobrivi ena hkargavs Tavis uSualo kavSirs dargob-rivad azrovnebasTan; cnebebi da gamonaTqvamebi aseve hkargaven TavisimniSvnelobisa da sizustis did nawils, upirvels yovlisa ki TavismimarTebas dargobriv sistematikasTan, rasac diletanti verc amCnevs”(Hofmann 1976, 31). amave mosazrebas iziarebs r. bulmanic, mimarTeba ena-sa da azrovnebas Soris dargobrivi komunikaciis sferoSi xorciel-deba rogorc dargobrivad azrovnebisa da dargobrivi sistematikiskavSiri da es mimarTeba gamoixateba dargisaTvis Cveuli azrovnebisada Setyobinebis struqturebis meSevobiT (Buhlmann / Fearns 2000, 12). zogi-erT dargobriv_enobriv aRwerilobaSi mimarTeba dargobrivi ena-dar-gobrivad azrovneba eqceva `dargobrivobis” imgvar mimarTebaSi, romel-Sic igulisxmeba rogorc dargobrivi movlena, aseve, zogadad, adamian-Ta midgomis an qcevisArefleqsi. amasTan dargobrivad azrovneba dametyveleba dargobrivi enebis gamomyenebelTa sinamdvileSi praqtikiTaris gamagrebuli. (dargobrivi teqsti gamoirCeva dargobrivi azrovne-biT da mimarTebiT Sesabamisi dargobrivi sistematikisadmi).

amdenad, dargobrivi komunikaciis aqtualizacia xdeba dargobrivteqstebSi, romlebic kompleqsuri struqturul-funqciuri erTeulebia,maT funqciaSi Sedis dargobrivi komunikaciis uzrunvelyofa sxvadas-

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xva morfologiuri, semantikuri da sintaqsuri konstituentis an teqs-tis organizebis principis meSveobiT.

rogorc sakomunikacio qmedebis Sedegi, dargobrivi teqsti mimar-TebebiT dakavSirebuli, sagnobriv-logikurad danawevrebuli, dasru-lebuli, rTuli enobrivi gamonaTqvamia, romelic gamoxatavs garkve-uli saqmianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikur Sinaarss, situaciu-rad adekvatur enobriv saSualebebs iyenebs da avsebs maT iseTi vizu-aluri saSualebebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa simboloebi, formulebi,gantolebebi, grafikebi da suraTebi (Gläser 1990 , 18).

dargobrivi teqsti warmoadgens enobriv-sakomunikacio qmedebisSedegs, romelic xorcieldeba raime saxis specializebul sazogadoeb-riv-sakominikacio qmedebasTan erTad. igi aris struqturul-funqciurierTianoba da Sedgeba pragmatikulad, semantikurad da sintaqsuradkoherentuli winadadebis (teqstemebis) an winadadebebis tolfasi erTe-ulebisagan, romlebic kompleqsuri enobrivi niSnebis saxiT Seesatyvi-sebian kompleqsur enobriv gamonaTqvamebs adamianis cnobierebaSi dakompleqsur sagnobriv mimarTebebs obieqtur sinamdvileSi (Hoffmann1988, 119).

dargobrivi teqstis, rogorc dargobrivi komunikaciis ZiriTadierTeulis mTavari mizania, Seasrulos sakomunikacio amocana, romelicgareenobrivi pirobebidan da moTxovnilebebidan momdinareobs. amasTanenobrivi saSualebebis funqciuri specifikaUromelime SezRudul sako-munikacio sferoSiMEumetesad ganpirobeblia garkveul dargTan kavSi-riT. aseve funqciurad aris ganpirobebuli.Ddargobrivobis xarisxi,romelic gavlenas axdens dargobrivi teqstis struqturul mxareze.

dargobrivi teqstis funqciurad orientirebuli Seswavla teqs-tis lingvistikis sagans warmoadgens, romlis ganStoebad ganviTardadargobrivi teqstis lingvistika.Eteqstis lingvistikas dargobriviteqsti esmis rogorc enobriv-komunikaciuri qmedebis Sinaarsobrivadda formalurad struqturirebuli Sedegi. es ki niSnavs: nebismieri(dargobrivi) teqsti struqturirebulia obieqtisa da denotatis amsax-veli azrovnebisa da enobrivi procesebis meSveobiT. amdenad, dargob-rivi teqsti kompleqsuri da sakuTar TavSi Caketili movlenaa, romlisSesaswavlad funqciur-komunikacuri meTodia aucilebeli.

am arc Tu dawvrilebiTi aRwerilobis Semdegac ki SeiZlebakidev erTxel iTqvas, rom dargobrivi teqstis, rogorc struqturul-funqciuri warmonaqmnis kvlevisaTvis interdisciplinuri midgoma iqne-ba warmatebuli. amiT aris ganpirobebuli, romDdargobrivi teqstiTsxvadasxva enaTmecnieruli disciplinebi interesdebian _ dargobrivienebis kvleva, leqsikuri semantika, dargobrivi teqstis lingvistika,dargobrivi teqstis stilistika, enis Teoria da sociolingvistika.TiToeuli maTgani dargobrivi teqstis sxvadasxva aspeqts swavlobs.swored es aspeqtebi mianiSneben imas, rom dargobrivi teqsti, rogorckompleqsuri warmonaqmni, kompleqsur midgomasa da kvlevis meTodebssaWiroebs: dargobrivi teqstis kvleva gulisxmobs mis semantikur ana-lizs, romelic moicavs teqsturobisa da koherencis, e. w. “semantikuridominantebis” analizs, stilistikur kvlevas anu stiluri potencia-lis analizs, teqstis lingvistikur kvlevas, rac gulisxmobs dargob-

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rivi teqstis makrostruqturebis (teqstis saxeobebis) da teqstisdiskretaciis signalebis kvlevas, dargobriv teqstis funqciur-komuni-kaciur da sociolingvistur kvlevas da Aa.S.

Sesabamisad, Tu am mosazrebebs praqtikul sferoze, kerZod kidargobrivi enebis Seswavlaze gadavitanT, maSin dargobrivi enisswavleba niSnavs zogadi enisagan gansxvavebuli funqciisa da maxasia-Teblebis mqone enis swavlebas. dargobrivi enis swavleba gulisxmobsara mxolod dargobrivi terminologiis dauflebas, rogorc xSiradwarmoudgeniaT (dargobrivi terminologia mxolod erTi mcire nawi-lia semantikuri ganzomilebisa), aramed es niSnavs dargobrivi enisa daazrovnebis wesebis resp. dargobriobis Seswavlas.

aRniSnuli ki gulisxmobs, rom dargobrivi enis swavlebis pro-cesSi unda iswavlebodes am enisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli leqsikur-seman-tikuri, sintaqsuri, stiluri, funqciur-komunikaciuri, socio-lingvis-turad invariantuli da variantuli elementebi da struqturebi, rom-lebic axasiaTeben dargobriv teqsts rogorc kompleqsur warmonaqmns.mxolod am rTuli fenomenis, dargobrivi teqstis doneze dargobrivadazrovnebasa da dargobriv enas Soris mimarTebis analizis dros xdebanaTeli maTi moqmedebis rTuli meqanizmi. Sesabamisad, mxolod dasaxe-lebuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT Seqmnili sakomunikacio erTeuliiqneba im moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi, romelTac dargobrivi teqstiayenebs da mxolod aseT SemTxvevaSia dargobrivi diskursic warmate-buli da adekvaturi.

l i t e r a t u r aL i t e r a t u r e

Л и т е р а т у р а

1. Buhlmann R/ Fearns A. Handbuch des Fachsprachenunterrichts. Tübingen: Narr.2000

2. Gläser R. Fachtextsorten im Englischen. Tübingen: Narr 1990.3. Hoffmann L. Kommunikationsmittel Fachsprache. Berlin 19764. Hoffmann L. Vom Fachwort zum Fachtext. Beiträge zum angewandten Linguistik.

Tübingen: Narr. 1988

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r e z i u m e

dargobrivi teqsti rogorc dargobrivi enisa da azrovnebisurTierTmimarTebis Sedegi

nunu kapanaZe

statia exeba dargobrivi sakomunikacio erTeulis – dargobriviteqstis _ warmoqmnis pirobebs. dargobrivi komunikaciis procesSigamoiyeneba enobrivi saSualebebi da struqturebi, romlebic konkre-tul dargs ukavSirdeba da kognitur mimarTebebs zustad da sagnobri-vad gamoxataven.Aamis Sedegad mimarTeba ena-azrovneba dargobriv teqs-tSi warmoadgens mimarTebas dargobriv enasa da dargobrivad azrov-nebas Soris. dargobrivi enis swavleba niSnavs, zogadi enisagan gan-sxvavebuli funqciisa da maxasiaTeblebis mqone enis swavlebas. dar-gobrivi enis Seswavla aseve gulisxmobs ara mxolod dargobrivi ter-minologiis dauflebas, rogorc xSirad warmoudgeniaT (dargobriviterminologia mxolod erTi mcire nawilia semantikuri ganzomilebi-sa), aramed es niSnavs dargobrivi enisa da azrovnebis wesebis, anu dar-gobrivobis Seswavlas.

swored amitom dargobrivi enis swavlebis procesSi unda iswavle-bodes leqsikur-semantikuri, sintaqsuri, stiluri, funqciur-komunika-ciuri, socio-lingvisturad invariantuli da variantuli elementebida struqturebi, romlebic axasiaTeben dargobriv enas, da Sesabamisad,dargobriv teqsts rogorc kompleqsur warmonaqmns. dargobriv enasada dargobrivad azrovnebas Soris arsebuli mimarTebis rTuli meqa-nizmis danaxva mxolod dargobrivi teqstis doneze Catarebuli anali-zis SemTxvevaSia realurad SesaZlebeli. amdenad, warmatebuli daadekvaturi dargobrivi diskursisaTvis aucilebelia sakomunikacio er-Teuli, dargobrivi teqsti, romelic zemoT dasaxelebuli faqtorebisgaTvaliswinebis gziT aris Seqmnili.

S U M M A R Y

THE SPECIAL TEXT AS A RESULT OF MUTUAL RELATIONS OFPROFESSIONAL LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT

NUNU KAPANADZE

The paper deals with conditions for formation of the unit of professionalcommunications - the special text. During the professional communications linguistic meansand structures are applied which are connected with specific branch and which precisely andin detail express cognitive mutual relations. As a result a parity language-thought transfersinto a parity professional language-professional thought.

Studying of special languages means not only mastering the professional terminology asoften supposed (professional terminology is only one small part of semantic dimension), butteaching foreign languages through lexico-semantic, syntactic, stylistic, functional-communicative invariants and alternative elements which are characteristic for the special text

21

as a complex product. Analysing the interrelation between professional thinking andprofessional language only at a level of this phenomenon-special text-the complex mechanismof the mentioned parities comes to light.

Thus, the communicative unit formed by taking into account all these factors meets allthe requirements put to the special text and only in that case a professional discourse can besuccessful and adequate.

Р Е З Ю М Е

СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЙ ТЕКСТ КАК РЕЗУЛЬТАТ ВЗАИМООТНОШЕНИЙПРОФЕСИОНАЛЬНОГО ЯЗЫКА И МЫШЛЕНИЯ

НУНУ КАПАНАДЗЕ

В статье рассмотрены условия для создания единицы профессиональнойкоммуникации – специального текста. В процессе профессиональной коммуникацииприменяются языкoвые средства и структуры, которые связаны с конкретной отрасльюи которые точно и предметно выражают когнитивные действия. В результате этогосоотношение язык-мышление преображается в соотношение профессиональный язык-профессиональное мышление.

Изучение специальных языков подразумевает не только овладение професси-ональной терминологией, как это часто предполагается (профессиональная терминоло-гия только одна маленькая часть семантического измерения), в процессе обученияиностранным языкам должны преподаваться лексико-семантические, синтаксические,стилистические, функционально-коммуникативные инвариантные и вариантные эле-менты, которые характерны для специального текста как комплексного продукта.Только на уровне этого многостороннего феномена-специального текста при анализеотношений между профессиональным мышлением и профессиональным языком выяв-ляется сложный механизм упомянутых соотношений.

Соответственно, только с учетом указанных факторов созданная коммуникатив-ная еденица удовлетваряет тем требованиям, которые ставятся специальному тексту итолько в этом случае может быть профессиональный дискурс удачным и адекватным.

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nasesxebi sityvebi frangul da qarTulagraruli dargis terminologiaSi

lolita TabuaSvili

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetisenebis Semswavleli centris franguli enis maswavlebeli

enis ganviTareba mTlianad dakavSirebulia am enis matarebelixalxis istoriul ganviTarebasTan. ramdenadac ufro Sinaarsiani darTuli gza ganvlo ama Tu im xalxma istoriulad imdenad mdidaria damravalferovani misi ena. iqneba es sakuTari enobrivi resursebis gamo-yeneba, arsebuli formebis evolocia, Tu ucxo enobrivi elementebisaTviseba. ena droTa ganmavlobaSi ayalibebs Tavis organizms imuSavebssakuTar enobriv potencias.

agraruli sferos mecnierebaSi didi xania dadga sakiTxi imisSesaxeb, rom aucilebelia sasoflo-sameurneo terminologiuri elemen-tebis codna, gansakuTrebiT nasesxebi da saerTaSoriso sityvebisa. naS-romSi ganvixilavT sxvadasxva dargSi Sesul terminis warmoSobas dadamkvidrebas frangul da qarTul enebSi.

sxva enebidan sityvebis gadaWarbebuli sesxeba uaryofiT gavlenasaxdens enis ganviTarebaze. ar aris maincdamainc saWiro iseTi ucxourisityvebis gadmonergva, romlis ekvivavalenti SeiZleba moiZebnos saTa-nado enis leqsikur fondSi. rogorc qarTvelebi, aseve frangebic didinteress iCendnen TavianTi enis mimarT. TiToeuli qveyana Taviseburadcdilobda Tavidan aecilebina sxva enidan sityvaTa gadaWarbebulsesxeba. Tumca enis ganviTarebis mravalwlianma istoriam gviCvena, romsxva enidan sityvebis sesxeba amdidrebs am enis leqsikur marags.

ena, romlis ganaxlebac ar xdeba Raribdeba, Semdeg ki uCinardebada kargavs pirvelad daniSnulebas.

galeelebi, iseve rogorc qarTvelebi soflis meurneobiT cxov-robdnen. maTi ZiriTadi kultura xorbali iyo, magram maT aseve moh-yavdaT qeri (laTinuridan hordeum), romlisganac luds amzadebdnen,Wvavi (laTinuridan secale), Svria (laTinuridan avena), fetvi (laTinuri-dan millium) da a.SH

nasesxebi sityvebis umTavresi wyaro mainc Zveli enebi laTinurida berZnulia, romlebic farTod gamoiyeneba agraruli dargis mecnie-rebaSi. TviT sityva termini agraruli ase JRers sxvadasxva enebzefrangulad agraire; inglisurad agrarian; rusulad аграрный da a. S. amenebSi es termini Semosulia laTinuri enidan agrarius, romelic miwasniSnavs; agricole (lat. de ager - agreste et colere « cultiver » sasoflo sameurneo,arbre (lat. arbor) -xe, herbe (lat. herba) - balaxi, froment (lat. frumentum) - xorbali,viticole (lat. vitis) - mevenaxeoba, labourer (lat. laborare) damuSaveba, végétation(lat.vegetare) - vegetacia, melioration (lat. melioratio) - melioracia, hybride(lat..hybrida) - hibridi da sxv.

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laTinuri warmoSobisaa saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli iseTi sam-kurnalo mcenareebis saxelwodebebi, rogoricaa: barambo – la mélisse - lat.melisa, gvirila - la marguerite – lat. matricaria, katabalaxa - la valériane - lat. me-diéval de valeria, mocvi - la myrtille lat. mediéval de myrtes, kuneli - l’aubepine – lat.alba spina, mravalZarRva - le plantain – lat. plantago, WinWari - l’ortie –lat. urtica etc.

rogorc frangul enaSi, aseve qarTulSi samecnieri terminologi-is Seqmnis wyaros laTinuri da berZnuli terminebi Seadgens; terminebilaTinuridan ufro mravalricxovania. sesxuleben ara marto mTliansityvas, magram aseve TavsarTs da bolosarTs, romelic emateba fran-gul, qarTul terminebs. yvela is termini romelsac qvemoT moviyvanTmecnieruli warmoSobisaa. berZnuli warmoSobisaa iseTi sityvebi ro-goricaa: agronomia - agronome - grec de agros, niadagTmcodneoba - pédologie -pedo, hidravlika - hydraulique - hydraulis, meRvineoba - œnologique, ekologiaécologie, dendrologia - dendrologie, entomologia - entomologie, filoqsera- phylloxéra, fitopaTologia - phytopathologie, citologia - cytologie etc.

leqsikis gamdidrebis ZiriTad wyaros qmnis arsebuli sityvaTaganaxal sityvaTa warmoqmna. nasesxebi sityva sxva enaSi moipoveba. esbunebrivi procesia. ucxo masala droTa ganmavlobaSi usisxlxorcdebamasesxebeli enis leqsikur - gramatikul sistemas da amdidrebs enas.

unda ganvasxvavoT sityvaTa sesxebis ori SemTxveva:

1. uSualo sesxeba, roca sityvas sesxuloben pirdapir im enebidan,romlis kuTvnilebasac is Seadgens;

2. SualobiTi sesxeba, romlis drosac pirvelwyarosa da msesxe-bel enas Soris moqceulia sxva romelime ena.

sesxebis gzis garkveva sayuradRebo imitom aris, rom xSirad Sua-mavali ena asxvaferebs nasesxeb sityvas.

garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi yvela ena cvlilebas ganicdis,amas mosdevs socialuri gardaqmnebi da istoriuli viTarebebi. adami-anTa cnobierebis winsvla socialuri da politikuri wesi, cxovrebisaxali manera warmoadgens sintaqsuri, leqsikuri, semantikuri da fone-tikuri cvlilebebis mniSvnelovan faqtorebs. amasve emateba urTier-Toba xalxebs Soris.

Tavisi warmoSobidan dRevandlamde frangulma enam mravali aTa-sobiT sityva isesxa 70-ze meti enidan da dialeqtidan. es gacvla met-naklebad mSvidobiani gziT mimdinareobda mgzavrobis, mecnierebis,nawarmoebis TargmniT, savaWro gacvlebis da imigraciis wyalobiT.

vaWrobas, mogzaurobas da imigracias SeuZlia gaamdidros ena. ami-tom iyo rom sxvadasxvagvari produqtis aTasobiT sityva Sevida fran-gul leqsikonSi saqonlis gacvla-gamocvlis wyalobiT. mag. cacao (del’aztèque); maïs (d’Haiti); tapioca (du portugais), paprika (du Hongrois), soja (du mandchou),banane (de la Guinée) etc.

savaWro urTierTobebma, finansuri sistemis gavlenam mravalric-xovani specialuri sityva Seitana frangul enaSi, iseTi rogoricaa;banki - banque (de l’ital. banca “comptoir”), bankiri - banquier,-ère, nom ital. de banca,bankroti -banqueroute (de l’ital. banca rotta « banc’ « rompu »), jami - bilan,

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krediti - crédit , gakotreba - faillite, ajio (fulis niSnebis da sxvadasxvafasiani qaRaldebis kursis daweva) - aggio etc.

italiuri enidan soflis meurneobis uamravi termini SemovidaqarTul da frangul enebSi, aseTebia; sorgo – sorgo - le sorgho, beladona- belladonna-Belladone , pergola - pergola - la pergola, sedra - cedro - le cédrat etc.

dRevandel cxovrebaSi inglisuri enidan nasesxebi sityvebis Se-moWra frangul da aseve qarTul enebSi aixsneba aSS-s ekonomikis siZ-lieriT. Tanamedrove franguli asobiT sityvas iRebs inglisuri speci-alizirebuli leqsikidan, esenia, samrewvelo, ekonomikuri, finansuri,teqnikuri, soflis meurneobis seqtorebi. inglisuri enidan SemovidaiseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa marketingi - marketing, menejmenti - management,biznesi - business, biujeti - budget, dagegmva - planning, auditi - audit, mene-jeri - maneger etc.

sxva enebidan sityvebis gadaWarbebuli sesxeba zogjer uaryofiTgavlenas axdens enis ganviTarebaze. aq ori Tvalsazrisi erTmaneTsupirispirdeba: erTi cdilobs Tavi aaridos sesxebas. yvela saWirosityva sakuTari maragidan awarmoos an SeTxzas. am Tvalsazriss«purizmi» ewodeba (laT. purus wminda).

meore ukiduresobas warmoadgens ganukiTxavad Semotana ucxo sit-yvebisa, maSin roca amis saWiroeba ar aris. Tu saTanado sityva SeiZ-leba davZebnoT sakuTar leqsikur fondSi, anda vawarmooT arsebulsityvaTagan, sesxeba gaumarTlebelia.

xSiria iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac nasesxebi sityvebi pirdapirigziT ar Sedian msesxebel enebSi. zogierTi maTgani gadakveTs zRvebsda kontinentebs Semoivlis uamrav saxelmwifos mravalricxovan Tao-bebSi manam frangul an romelime sxva enaSi damkvidrdeba. aseTia sit-yva éléphant -spilo, romelic Tavdapirvelad egvipturi, SemdegberZnuli, laTinuri warmoSobis iyo, bolos ki frangulSi Sevida amsaxiT. sityva albatros-i finikuri warmoSobisaa, romelic berZnebma,arabebma, portugalielebma, espanelebma isesxes Semdeg ki frangulenaSi damkvidrda. unda avRniSnoT aseve, rom frangul enaSi Semovidnenaseve sityvebi arabulidan espanurisa da italiuris meSveobiT. mervesaukuneSi arabebis mier espaneTis damarcxebis Semdeg maT SeitanesSaqris Warxlis kultura (canne à sucre), bambis kultura (du cotonnier),artiSoki (l’artichaut), ispanaxi (l’épinard) da sxv.

soflis meurneobis terminologiaSi uamravi specialuri terminiSevida frangulidan rusulis meSveobiT sufiqs tion- is damatebiT, ase-Tebia: kultivacia - cultivation, sideracia - sideration (mcenareebis Caxvnagasanayofiereblad), fermentacia - fermentation, fertilizacia - fertilisation,mutacia - mutation, pigmentacia - pigmentation, transplantacia -transplantation etc.

rogorc ukve avRniSneT nasesxebi sityvebi amdidrebs am enis leq-sikas. dResac mimdinareobs brZola inglisuri sityvebis frangul leq-sikonSi SeWris winaaRmdeg. 1991 wels lui tardivelis mier gamoqvey-nebulia «franguli nasesxebi sityvebis cnobari», romelic zustmonacemebs, gvTavazobs, sadac 60 000-mde sityvaa daxasiaTebuli.

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aseTia zogadi niSnebi nasesxeb sityvaTa ganviTarebisa. Cven vxe-davT, rom nasesxeb sityvas Tavisi cxovreba aqvs da es cxovreba mok-lebuli ar aris mTlianobasa da damTavrebulobas.

rogorc vnaxeT ena mudmiv cvlilebas ganicdis igi viTardebasazogadoebasTan erTad, romelsac igi miekuTvneba. upirveles yovlisaki enis lingvisturi siaxleebis mizezi unda sazogadoebis istoriaSiveZioT.



1. La langue française par Ada Giusti, édition Flammarion 19972. Précis d’histoire de la langue française par V. Chigarevskaïa, édition 19843. La terminologie théorie, méthode et application par Marie Teresa Cabre, édition 19984. Les représentations sémantiques en terminologie par Gabriel Otman, Paris 19965. Le sens en terminologie sous la direction Henri Béjoint et Philippe Thoiron, presse

universitaire de Lyon, 20006. Larousse agricole, sous la direction Marcel Mazyer Larousse VUEF/20027. Thésaurus Larousse, Larousse 19928. Dictionnaire de l’environnement; les termes normalisés; AFNOR, 1994

r e z i u m e

nasesxebi sityvebi frangul da qarTul

agraruli dargis terminologiaSi

lolita TabuaSvili

msoflioSi uamravi ena arsebobs, romlebic erTmaneTisgan gan-sxvavdeba. Tumca arsebobs msgavsi enebis didi raodenoba. rodesacvlaparakobT enebis msgavsebasa da gansxvavebaze, pirvel rigSi igulis-xmeba leqsikis, gramatikuli formebisa da sintaqsuri konstruqciebismsgavseba gansxvaveba.

ena rogorc Zalze saintereso fenomeni iyo da dResac rCebamravali mecnieris kvlevis sagnad.

statiaSi ganvixilavT sasoflo-sameurneo terminologiis elemen-tebis codnis aucileblobas, gansakuTrebiT nasesxebi da saerTaSo-riso sityvebisa. aseve ganxilulia sxvadasxva dargSi Sesul terminiswarmoSoba da damkvidreba frangul da qarTul enebSi.

26

S U M M A R Y

BORROWINGS IN FRENCH AND GEORGIAN AGRICULTURAL TERMINOLOGY

LOLITA TABUASHVILI

There are a lot of languages in the world that differ from one another. However, thereare languages that are similar. Under similarities and differences between languages we meansimilarities and differences in their vocabulary, grammar forms and syntactic constructions.

Language as a very interesting phenomenon was and still remains a research object of alarge number of scientists.

The paper deals with the necessity of knowing agricultural terminology, in particularborrowings and international words.

It also analyzes the origin of various terms and their entrance in French and Georgian.

Р Е З Ю М Е

ЗАИМСТВОВАННЫЕ СЛОВА ВО ФРАНЦУЗСКОЙ И ГРУЗИНСКОЙАГРАРНОЙ ТЕРМИНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЛЕКСИКЕ

ЛОЛИТА ТАБУАШВИЛИ

Сушествующие в мире языки отличаются друг отдруга, хотя есть и сходные.Когда мы говорим о сходстве или о различии языков в первую очередь подразумеваемсходство и различие лексики грамматических форм и синтаксических конструкций.

Язык всегда являлся интересным феноменом, предметом исследовния многихученых.

В статье рассмотрены вопросы изучения с/х терминологической лексики,особенно заимствованных и международных слов вошедших и упрочненных вофранцузском и грузинском языках.

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saxelTa -a sufiqsis diaqroniuli analizi qarTulSi

maia maduaSvili

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisqarTveluri enaTmecnierebis programis doqtoranti

statiis mizania saxelTa -a sufiqsis funqciebsa da distribucias-Tan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis mokle diaqroniuli analizi ZveliqarTuli enidan dRemde.

Zvel qarTulSi saxelTa determinacia mWidrodaa dakavSirebulibrunebis sistemasTan. aRniSnul sakiTxze vrceli msjeloba aqvsn. mars wignSi `Грамматика древнелитературного грузинского языка~ (Марр,1925). n. maris varauds saxelTa determinaciasTan dakavSirebiT zoga-dad emTxveva h. fogtis mosazrebac, kerZod _ irib brunvebSi emfati-kuri -a xmovani warmomavlobiT CvenebiTi elementia, romelic dastur-deba CvenebiT nacvalsaxelebsa da zmnizedebSi pirebTan siaxlovismisaTiTeblad (fogti, 1968).

irib brunvaTa -a sufiqsis determinaciuli xasiaTi, misaRebiaRmoCnda qarTveli lingvistebisaTvisac: 1) -a sufiqsi micemiT, naTe-saobiTsa da moqmedebiT brunvebSi nacvalsaxeluri warmomavlobisaa:ha>a (k. dondua, T. uTurgaiZe) 2) igi miRebulia nawevris iribi brun-vebis formaTa cveTis Sedegad: amas>a, amis>a…(a. SaniZe, iv. imnaiSvili).

arn. Ciqobavas TvalsazrisiTac, è.w. emfatikuri -a naTesaobiTsa damicemiTSi, saxelobiTis -i da moTxrobiTis -man erTi da imave funqciisodenobaa: samive gansazRvrebaa, determinacia, samive nacvalsaxelovanelements iyenebs~ (Ciqobava, 1956).

mas Semdeg, rac Zvel qarTulSi -i da -man iqcnen brunvis niSnebad,saxelis gansazRvra daiwyo nawevriT, rasac Sedegad mohyva is, romZveli wesiT dapirispireba ganusazRvreli da gansazRvruli formebisa

moixsna, e. i. adre dapirispirebuli kac∼kaci, kacs∼kacsa, kacis∼kaci-sa... veRar moqmedeben; marTlac, ver vityviT, rom kac ganusazRvrelia,xolo kac-i, kac-man _ gansazRvruli. Zveli determinaciuli elemente-bis reinterpretacia brunvis niSnebad Zvel qarTulSi damTavrebulia,isini ukve sakuTar saxelebTanac ixmarebian.

faqtia, rom Zveli qarTulis doneze jer kidev arsebobs gan-sazRvrulobis kategoria. rac ufro Zvelia teqsti, miT ukeTaa daculigansxvaveba sakuTar da sazogado saxelTa Soris.

Tumca, aseve enobrivi faqtia Zveli qarTulis sinqroniul doneze-ve gansazRvrulobis kategoriis moSlis tendencia: TavdapirveladsakuTari saxeli, aqtantis funqciiT, dairTavs micemiTi brunvis niSans(misca isaak-s, iesu-s...), Semdeg ki saxelobiTisa da moTxrobiTisniSnebsac (abraam-man Sva isaak-i…). swored am periodidan unda xdebodes

gansazRvruloba ∼ ganusazRvrelobis (h. fogtis terminiT gvareobrivi

∼ saxeobrivi) Zveli opoziciis moSla. Camoyalibebas iwyebs analogiurprincipze (CvenebiTi elementebis gamoyenebaze damyarebuli) agebuliaxali dapirispireba (Sdr.: kac-i da kac-i igi).

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rogorc vxedavT, mas Semdeg, rac -i saxelobiTSi da -man moTxro-biTSi brunvis niSnebad iqcnen, determinaciuli warmomavlobis -a su-fiqsmac dakarga Tavisi Zveli, oden semantikuri funqcia da SeuerTdamicemiTi, naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunebis niSnebs, gaxda maTikonstituenti da miiRo gramatikuli funqcia. anu, Zvel qarTulSi kacsforma gramatikul-leqsikuri TvalsazrisiT ar upirispirdeba kacsaformas, aseve, kacis ar upirispirdeba kacisa formas da kaciT _ kaci-Ta formas. aq warmodgenil wyvilTa orive calebi ganusazRvrelia dagramatikuli funqciiT identuri. swored amitom iRebs emfatikur -a-sam brunvebSi sakuTari saxelic Zvel qarTulSi, mag.: aRuTqua abrahamsa(sin. mravalT. 13, 38), madli Cuenda movida qalwulisagan mariamisa(iqve, 22, 32); romelsa Sina Sobasa da midgomilebasa mariamissa miexaragabrieliTa (Satb. kreb. 9Оr, 1_3a) (sarjvelaZe, 1975).

sagulisxmoa, rom Zvel qarTulSi, irib brunvaTa formebze dar-Tuli -a sufiqsi iZens morfonologiur funqcias. igi qmnis brunvisniSanTaArealizaciis pirobebs sityvisa da winadadebis farglebSi,magaliTad,AZveli qarTulisaTvis bunebrivi formebia da Sesabamisad,teqstebSic gvxvdeba: romelsaca, Sjulsaca, misTaca, an romelsave,Sjulsave, adgilsave. CamoTvlili formebi arabunebrivia emfatikuri -a-s gareSe (uTurgaiZe, 1986).

axal qarTulSi -a sufiqss SenarCunebuli aqvs morfonologiurifunqcia, mag. brunvis formebze nawilakebisa da Tandebulebis dar-Tvisas enisaTvisEarabunebrivi Tanxmovnebis Tavmoyris Sedegad -a su-fiqsis saSualebiT xdeba aRniSnuli arabunebrivi TanxmovanTkompleq-sebis superacia, mag. biWsac, qalisac, xeliTac, kacsave, kldesaviT,dedisaTvis, amxanagadac... naTesaobiT brunvasTan -viT Tandebuligvxvdeba dialeqtebSic: xaverdisaviT, SaqrisaviT (imeruli, leCxumuri).

aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom morfonologiur funqciasTan erTad -asufiqsi axal qarTulSi iZens axal funqciasac, kerZod, teqstSidieremis (delimitatoris) daniSnulebas. amitom garkveul sintaqsurgaremoSi dRes -a, rogorc dierema, fonematurad ar aris Sepirobebu-li. mag. TanxmovanfuZiani Tandebulebis momdevnod _ ZmasTana, gogosa-viTa da sxv. msgavsi magaliTebi dasturdeba dialeqtebSic: imiTvina,mTiskena, soflidana, Ziramdina (kaxuri, qarTluri...) (sarjvelaZe, 1998)

-a elements sademarkacio funqcia aqvs substantiur msazRvrel-sazRvrulTa postpoziciur wyobaSic, mag., winadadebaSi _ wignimegobrisa mezobels vaTxove, -a ketavs konstruqcias, SemosazRvravsmsazRvrel-sazRvruls da Sedegad, msazRvreli mxolod mis marcxnivmdgom sazRvruls ganekuTvneba – wigni megobrisa.

saliteraturo qarTulSi saintereso kanonzomierebebi SeiniSnebamicemiTi, moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvis niSnebis gavrcobili dagauvrcobeli formebis monacvleobasTan, maT distribuciasTan dakavSi-rebiT, kerZod:

1) gavrcobili da gauvrcobeli formebi (saxelebi) Tavisufladenacvlebian erTmaneTs:

a) pauzis win: hkiTxa kacs/hkiTxa kacsa, mivida cxeniT/mividacxeniTa, iqca kacad/iqca kacada...

29

b) arapauzis win, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Semasmeneli ar iwyeba zmnis-winiT da a, i, u, e (kauzaciis, gvarisa da qcevis) formantebiT:kacsa hkiTxa/kacs hkiTxa, xeliT Wama/xeliTa Wama, leqsadTqva/leqsada Tqva...

2) gavrcobilsa da gauvrcobel formebs Soris Tavisufalimonacvleoba ver iqneba zmniswiniTa da a, i, u, e (kauzaciis,gvarisa da qcevis) xmovnebiT dawyebuli fuZis mqone zmnis winmdgomi saxelis formebSi. alomorfebs Soris myardeba damate-biTi distribuciis damokidebuleba, mag.: daRupul Svilsmistiris (ar SeiZleba _ daRupul Svilsa Mmistiris), Zmas awe-rinebs (ar SeiZleba _ Zmasa awerinebs), cxeniT mivida (ar SeiZ-leba _ cxeniTa mivida), katad iqca (ar SeiZleba _ katadaiqca).

dasaxelebuli magaliTebidan naTlad Cans -a sufiqsis funqciebipoziciebis mixedviT _ igi dieremaa da amave dros morfonologiurifunqciis matarebelic.

rogorc vxedavT, -a sufiqsis funqciebsa da distribuciasTandakavSirebul cvlilebaTa Sedegebi xelSesaxebia Tanamedrove qarTu-lisaTvis. -a sufiqsma saxelTaA formebSi gansazRvrebiTi funqciidanorsafexuriani cvlilebis Sedegad axal qarTulSi miiRo delimitato-ris funqcia; ufro metic, aRniSnuli funqcia a-m miiRo sxva metyve-lebis nawilebTan _ nawilakebTan da zmnisarTebTanac, mag.: ara wers(ar SeiZleba _ ara dawers), aqa wers (ar SeiZleba _ aqa dawers).



1. iv. imnaiSvili, saxelTa bruneba da brunvaTa funqciebi ZvelqarTulSi, Tb., 1957;

2. z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis sakiTxebi,Tb., 1975;

3. T. uTurgaiZe, qarTuli enis saxelis morfonologiuri analizi,Tb., 1986;

4. h. fogti, brunvaTa sistema Zvel qarTulSi, `mimomxilveli~(samecniero bibliografiuli krebuli), 4-5; Tb., 1968;

5. a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976;6. arn. Ciqobava, istoriulad gansxvavebuli ori morfologiuri

tipisaTvis qarTul brunvaTa Soris, krebulSi: saxelTa brunebisistoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956

7. b. jorbenaZe, qarTuli dialeqtologia, t. II, Tb., 19988. Марр Н.Я., Грамматика древнелитературного грузинского языка, Л. 1925.

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r e z i u m e

saxelTa -a sufiqsis diaqroniuli analizi qarTulSi

maia maduaSvili

saxelTa -a sufiqsis diaqroniuli analizis Sedegad ikveTeba isfunqciebi, romlebsac igi amJRavnebs Zveli qarTuli enidan dRemde.

Zvel qarTulSi igi determinantia da Sesabamisad, mxolod semanti-kuri funqciis matarebeli, Tumca -a sufiqsi Zveli qarTulis sinqro-niul donezeve kargavs aRniSnul datvirTvas, daerTvis irib brunvaTaformebs da iZens axal (morfonologiur) funqcias. igi qmnis brunvisniSanTa realizaciis pirobebs sityvisa da winadadebis farglebSi.

axal qarTulSi morfonologiuri funqciis SenarCunebasTan erTadsaxelTa -a sufiqsi iZens axal Tvisebasac, teqstSi asrulebs dieremis(delimitatoris) funqcias.

S U M M A R Y

DIACHRONIC ANALYSIS OF -A SUFFIX OF NOUNS IN THEGEORGIAN LANGUAGE

MAIA MADUASHVILI

As a result of dichronic analisis of -a suffix of nouns, those functions have been disco-vered, which have been characteristic for -a suffix starting from the Old Georgian Languageup to date.

It is determinant in Old Georgian and accordingly it carries the semantic function,although -a suffix looses mentioned feature at the syncronic level of Old Georgian. It is addedto the forms of Indirect Cases and gains new (Morphonological) function. It creates theconditions of realisation of case markers within the word and sentence.

In modern Georgian, along with retaining the Morphological function, -a suffix gainsnew feature and has the function of dierem (delimitator) in the text.

Р Е З Ю М Е

ДИАХРОНИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ СУФФИКСА -А ИМЁНВ ГРУЗИНСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

МАИА МАДУАШВИЛИ

В результате диахронического анализа суффикса -а имён, вычерчиваются тефункции, которые он проявляет со времён древнегрузинского по сегодняшний день.

В древнегрузинском он детерминант и, соответственно, носитель только семанти-ческой функции, хотя -а суффикс уже на синхроническом уровне древнегрузинскогоязыка теряет данную нагрузку, добавляется к формам косвенных падежах и приобрета-ет новую (морфонологическую) функцию. Он создаёт условия реализации показателейпадежей в рамках слова и предложения.

В современном грузинском языке суффикс -а имён вместе с сохранением морфо-нологической функции приобретает и новое качество, в тексте выполняет функциюдиеремы (делимитатора).

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erovnuli zepirsityvierebis SemecnebiT-aRmzrdelobiTimniSvnelobis Seswavlis istoriisaTvis

qeTevan barbaqaZe

pedagogikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, ssip goris universiteti

Tamar gogolaZe

Ffilologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,ssip goris universitetis sruli profesori

efemia xaraZe

pedagogikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

asistent-profesori

mxatvrul-esTetikuri Semoqmedebis saxeebs Soris zepirsityvierebaTavisi specifikiTa da genezisiT yvelaze masobrivi sulierebaa. igi me-tad saintereso da STambeWdavi SemoqmedebiTi procesia, romelSic gam-Wvirvaled moCans sxvadasxva asakisa da Taobebis miznobrivi Tanam-Sromloba saerTo miznebis misaRwevad. aseTi STamagonebeli Sroma kivlindeba koleqtiurobasa da masobriobaSi, saTqmelis zepiri formaganumeorebeli mxatvrulobiTa da emociurobiT dResac did mowonebasimsaxurebs.

erovnuli qarTuli folklori Zalze mdidari wyaroa adamianTa,kerZod, moswavleTa SemecnebiTi da aRmzrdelobiTi interesebis gasavi-Tareblad da, maSasadame, maTi mxatvrul-esTetikuri aRzrdisaTvis. aserom, folklori xalxis specifikuri, miznobrivi Semoqmedebaa. masSi,xalxis saukuneobrivi sinamdvile ,,plastebad da periodebad ki araris dalagebuli, _ aRniSnavs prof. m. Ciqovani, _ vTqvaT literatu-risa da xelovnebis msgavsad, aramed imavdroulad, erTimeoris gver-diT ganagrZobs zepir brunvaSi arsebobas. Janrebi da maTi nimuSebi aramarto warmoqmnis droiT scildebian erTmaneTs, aramed SinaarsiT,msoflgagebiT’’ [1: 6-7].

problemis safuZvlianad ganxilvamde winaswar aRvniSnavT, romramdenadac erovnuli zepirsityviereba warmoadgens xalxis suliere-bis nawils, da, imavdroulad, igi win uswrebda damwerlobamdelmxatvruli literaturis warmoSobas, romlis wiaRSi TavdapirveladaRniSnulia sakiTxavi masalebis didaqtikuri ideebi, SeiZleba iTqvas,rom skolaSi zepirsityvierebis swavlebas, ise rogorc mxatvruliliteraturis swavlebas, erTidaigive funqciebi aqvs: kerZod, 1)SemecnebiTi, 2) esTetikuri da 3) aRmzrdelobiTi.

metic: Cveni sulierebis am ZvelisZvel nakadebs Soris SeiniSnebadidaqtikuri TvalsazrisiT ori sayuradRebo paralelic: saxeldobr,rogorc Zveli qarTuli literaturuli masalebis saswavlo Tvalsaz-risiT gamoyenebisas specialur skolebsa, eklesia-monastrebSi da SeZ-lebul ojaxebSi, (sanam mecnieruli didaqtikur-meTodikuri moZRvreba

32

calke dargad Camoyalibdeboda), erTvoda mkiTxvelTa Tu msmenel-TaTvis garkveuli codnis misaRebad gaTvaliswinebuli garkveulimeTodikuri rekomendaciebi, aseve saswavlod gankuTvnil zepirsityviermasalebSic SeimCneva sawyisis saxiT msmenelTaTvis gankuTvnili zRap-ruli Tu realuri gmiruli ambebis advilad gasagebad damxmare di-daqtikur-meTodikuri rekomendaciebic.

da es ar aris moulodneli, ramdenadac ,,folkloris SemecnebiTmniSvnelobaSi igulisxmeba is, rom igi asaxavs cxovrebis realur mov-lenebs da gvaZlevs vrcel informacias sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTaistoriis Sesaxeb.

folkloris ideur-aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvneloba mdgomareobsimaSi, rom saukeTeso nawarmoebebi STagonebulia progresuli ideebiT,samSoblos siyvaruliTa da mSvidobisaken miswrafebiT. folklorigvacnobs gmirebs, rogorc samSoblos damcvelebs da maT mimarTsiamayis grZnobas iwvevs’’[2: 19].*

aqve aRvniSnavT, rom zepirsityvierebis swavlebas moswavleTaSemecnebiTi interesebis dakmayofilebasTan erTad mxatvrul-esTetiku-ri Rirebulebac aqvs. amitomac, vfiqrobT, rom zepirsityvierebis swav-lebisas moswavleTa SemecnebiTi impulsebis gaazreba TavisTavad arissafuZveli maTSi esTetikuri grZnobis warmoSoba-ganviTarebisaTvisac.

zepirsityvierebis SemecnebiT-aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvneloba kargadhqondaT Segnebuli XIX saukunis meore naxevris Cvens ganmanaTleblebs.swored am garemoebiT aixsneba ilia WavWavaZisa da misi gundis dainte-reseba erovnuli xalxuri Semoqmedebis Sekreba-Seswavlisa da misipraqtikulad saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo TvalsazrisiT gamoyenebisSesaxeb.

aRniSnuli sakiTxiT met-naklebad SeiniSneba qarTuli folklo-ristikis mkvlevarTa (m. Ciqovani, qs. sixaruliZe, T. jagodniSvili, T.qurdovaniZe da sxv.) naazrevSi, magram sakuTriv, misi pedagogiur-aRmzrdelobiTi TvalTaxedviT genezisis warmodgena, vcadeT nawilob-riv winamdebare naSromSi. es ki metad mniSvnelovania rogorc isto-riul-mimoxilviTi TvalsazrisiT, ise Semdgomad erovnuli zepirsit-yvierebis swavlebis srulyofisaTvis.

samocianelTa meTauri ilia WavWavaZe, iTvaliswinebda ra mowinaveevropul azrovnebis ZiriTad proncipebs erovnuli kulturis Serwymisgzaze zepirsityvierebis SemkreblobiTi saqmianobis aucileblobisSesaxeb, cdilobs jer mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi, Semdgom ki publicis-tur werilebSi warmoadginos es da dausabuTos mkiTxvels warsu-lidan, tradiciasTan mWidro kavSiris TvalsazrisiT.

magaliTad: moTxrobaSi ,,glaxis naambobi’’ gabrieli saubrobssofelSi mosmenili zRaprebze da gamokveTs zepirsityvierebis zemoqme-debas ,,...yuri vugde da is, rasac kiTxulobda, TiTqo mecno, TiTqosadRac gamegona. ar vici rad, guli ki sixaruliT gadamitrialda.,,dalaxvra RmerTma, _ wamoviZaxe uceb, _ Cveni glexuri zRapari aq sadmosula? “[3: 150].

zRapris, rogorc zepirsityvierebis erT-erTi Janris daxasiaTebisa

* Targmani avtorebisaa

33

da Rirebulebis saCveneblad, ilias mouSvelebia literaturulimasala.

sulxan-saba orbelianis wignis ,,sibrZne-sicruis’’-aSi zRaparis,arakisa da igavis raobis ganxilvisas ilia wers: ,,zRapari, araki, igavisibrZnec aris da sicruec. sicrue TiTon ambavia, sibrZne – SigCasaxuli azria’’[4: 280].

ilia WavWavaZem mogvca qarTuli zRapris tradiciuli formulisanalizic: ,,Cveni zRapari, _ wers igi, _ tyuilad ki ar iwyeba ,,iyo daara iyo ra-Ti’’. ,,iyo’’ Sig Casaxuli azria da azri xom yovelTvisyofila, aris da iqneba. ,,ara _ ki iyo ra’’ ekuTvnis TviT ambavsa,romelic arc yofila da arc aris. amitomac araki, romelSiccocxlad, cxovlad aris Casaxuli azri, izidavs adamianis gulis-yursimdenad, rom TviT arakis sicruec- ki marTali ggonia da sulgaviwydebaT, rom yurs ugdebT mogonil ambavsa. am saswauls sCadisxelovneba’’[4: 280].

xalxuri Semoqmedebis aRmzrdelobiT mniSvnelobasa da mis didSTamagonebel Zalas ilia sxva werilebSic gamoyofs. rogorc prof. qs.sixaruliZe SeniSnavs, ,,uaRresad patriotul werilSi ,,qvaTa RaRadi’’,romelSic saqarTvelos istoriis, qarTuli mwerlobisa da enissakiTxebi maRal, mecnierul da principul simaRlezea ayvanili’’[5: 27].

eris didi medroSe maRal Sefasebas aZlevda xalxuri nawarmoebisistoriul Rirebulebas. misi SexedulebiT xalxis yofis yovelmxriviSeswavlis safuZvelze unda aigos istoria. aqve, ilia imasac SeniSnavs,rom Cveni ,,qarTlis _ cxovreba’’ xalxis istoria ki arGaris, mefeTaistoriaa, da xalxi ki rogorc momqmedi piri istoriisa, CrdilSiamiyenebuli’’[4: 280-281].

amrigad, ilias SemoqmedebaSi erovnuli zepirsityvierebis Seswav-lis tradiciuli miznebicaa gamokveTili, kerZod, misi esTetikur-aRmzrdelobiTi funqciebi.

xalxuri sityvierebis sibrZnis didi damfasebeli, Semkrebi daqomagi akaki wereTeli cdilobs axsnas erovnuli zepirsityvierebisSemecnebiTi mniSvneloba.

mgosans, rogorc Cans, afiqrebda is garemoeba, rom axalgazrdobaar iyo dainteresebuli xalxuri Semoqmedebis SekrebiT, rasac SesaZ-loa momavalSi misi ukvalod dakargva mohyoloda. ,,axal-dgmas aRarexaliseba es Zveleburi sazepiroebi da moxucebul mamebs saflavSiCaaqvT aseTi Zvirfasi ganZi!...’’[6: 1]. (xazgasma avtorebisaa)

zepirsityvierebis didi motrfiale sicocxlis ukanasknel xans,1913 wels, Tedo Jordanias swerda: ,,Zmao Tedo...mec cotaodnad kidevZvelqarTvelad gazrdils, erovnuli igav-arakebiTa da zRaprebiT maqvsguli savseo’’- o,[7] xalxuri Semoqmedebis es Zvirfasi nimuSebi ,,arZveldeba da axlac kidev axalia’’[7] ,,gamzrdelis’’ avtoris didi survi-li iyo xalxi, kerZod ki axalgazrdoba dawafeboda jansaR zepirsit-yvierebas, radgan SeumCnevia mas, rom zogierTi maT sakiTxavad mdarexarisxis wignebs sTavazobda, amis gamo 1876w. gazeT ,,droebaSi’’ (22Tebervali) werda: ,,xalxma gamoiRviZa, igi sulier sazrdos moiTxovs,maTSi aRiZra kiTxvis survili; es SeniSnes zogierTebma da iwyessxvadasxva wignebis beWdva, magram maT Sinaarss da daniSnulebas ar

34

uwevdnen saTanado angariSs...’’[8: 181] es garemoeba poets sagangaSodmiaCnda da 1897 wels werilSi ,,zepirsityvierebis gamo’’ aRniSnavs:,,sityviereba mravalgvaria, maT Soris yvelas ara aqvs saero mniSvne-loba, zogjer Siga-da-Sig obrodobac gamoereva xolme’’ [9].

xalxuri sityvierebis Sekrebis mowodebiT akaki araerTxelgamosula presaSi. 1876 wels (,,droeba’’, #99) da Semdeg wlebSic _ 1893,1895, 1896 da a.S. sainteresoa, ratom adgens akaki SemkrebTaTvis prog-ramas, roca is ukve didi xania (1882w) arsebobs. am sakiTxze yurad-Rebas amaxvilebs prof. T. jagodniSvilic [10: 570-571]. rogorc Cans,poeti ukmayofilo iyo adrindeli SemkreblobiTi muSaobiT. SesaZloa,garkveuli SeniSvnebic hqonda Zvel programaze. am ukanasknelisagangansxvavebiT akakis programaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo eTnografiulixasiaTis cnobebis Sekrebis aucileblobac. rameTu, mgosans miaCnda,rom mxolod amis Semdeg unda Sefasebuliyo qveyana: ,,eseebi yvela romSeikribeba, maSin SevityobT Cveni qveynis fass da Cven TavsacgavicnobT; maSin namdvilad gveqneba gaTvaliswinebuli saqarTveloyoveli mxriT: geografiulad, eTnografiulad, istoriulad, arxeolo-giurad da sxvani’’ [9].

samwuxarod, akakis zepirsityvierebis didad sasargeblo zogad-pedagogikuri da, rasakvirvelia, literaturaTmcodneobiTi ideebi im-droindel zogierT pedagogs marTebulad ar gaugia, metic, SekamaTebiakidevac ,,gamzrdelis’’ avtors ,,krebulSi’’ zepirsityvierebis ganyofi-lebis gamo: ,,me, rogorc gamocdil pedagogs, _ wers viTomda ,,gamocdi-li’’ pedagogi, _ damejereba, rom Tqveni ,,zepir-sityvaobis’’ ganyofile-ba uadgiloa JurnalSi. Cven Tqvengan gamosaRviZebels rames velodiTda ara dasaZinebels. zRaprebs gana sxvagan ki ver gavigonebdiT?soflebSi magis meti raRa ician? aba, ra dasabeWdi iyo misTana uSina-arso da uTav-bolo ram, rogorc ,,broweulis wyaroa!’’ _ mag gvari ramCven cota gagvigonia?!’’ [11].

akaki, rogorc es did ganmanaTlebels Sehferis, iZulebuligamxdara viTomda ,,gamocdili’’ pedagogi amgvarad daemoZRvra: ,,batonopedagogo! didad moxaruli varT, rom instituti gagiTavebiaT dadiplomic xelSi giWiravT!...mogvilocavs!...magram es qaRaldze dawerilidiplomi samsaxurSi Sesvlis dros dagWirdebaT!...da Cven ki misTanadiploms ufro vujerebT, romelic tvinzea dawerili da nurafersukacravad, Tu Tqveni SeniSvnebi ver miviRoT...

darwmunebuli varT, rom zRaprebi adrevac geqnebodaT gagonili,magram magari is aris, rom gagoneba da Segneba sul sxvadasxva zmnaa.zRapari ,,broweulis wyaro’’ uTavod ar mogeCvenebodaT, rom sarkis winar mdgariyaviT!...da rac Seexeba daZinebas, modi moviyvanoT ymawvilebi,eg ,,broweulis wyaro’’ wavukiTxoT da Tqveni pedagogiuri nawerebic daromelmac ufro daaZinos, is darCes gamtyunebuli!’’ [11]. vfiqrobT,didi mgosnis es mosazreba araviTar komentars ar saWiroebs.

akaki wereTeli zogierT umecar mweralsac urCevs ,,xalxis sityva-pasuxisaTvis’’ yuris dagdebas. ,,am naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSiTavxedma da umecarma mwerlobam ise garyvna ena, rom dRes qarTuliqarTuls aRar hgavs. mis nacvlaT, rom Zveli wignebi gadaikiTxon,xalxis sityva-pasuxs yuri daugdon, enis xasiaTs daukvirden, misi

35

gramatikuli kanonebi Seiswavlon da ise sweron, isini Tavis sakuTarigamonagoni sityvebiT da frazebiT navardoben. sityvebis mniSvnelobaar esmiT da azrs aukuRmarTeben’’ [12: 342].

werilis ,,krebulis’’ fostidan, rasac akaki ,,ubralo saubars’’uwodebda, Cans, Tu ramdenad usafuZvlo iyo mis mimarT gamoTqmulikritika (romelsac, etyoba, imdroindeli sazogadoebis garkveulinawili eTanxmeboda): ,,,,krebuli’’ uvargisi, gamousadegari ram aris: iqarc samecniero da arc safilosofio ara moipoeba ra, garda yoveldRiuri da Cveulebrivi aWia-baWiisao. inteligentisaTvis magis xelSiaReba da wakiTxva dros dakargvaao’’. [13]. am vai inteligentisaTvismgosans SesaniSnavi pasuxi gaucia: ,,marTlac rom Cem ,,krebulSi’’ arcsamecniero da arc safilosofio ara aris ra. me sazogadoT mweralsise vuyureb, rogorc pedagogs, sxvebis gamzrdelsa da gamwvrTnels,mxoloT im gansxvavebiT, rom mwerlis sarbieli ufro didia.maswavlebeli ramdensame mowafesa wvrTnis da mwerali _ ki mTelxalxs da ara Tu marto awmyoSi, _ momavalSiac. moZRvari undacdilobdes, rom mowafes misTana sazrdo aZlios, romelic keTiladSeergeba mis sulsa da xorcs da kargad unda hqondes Seswavlili misibuneba da ZalRone (xazgasma avtorebisaa), uamisoT, iman rom, aqa damecnier-filosofosi varo, aRma frena daiwyos Tav-momwoneT, ver rasargebs. me myavs mxedvelobaSi Cemi mkiTxvelebi, Cemi wre, da imaTTvisavwer da ara im inteligentebisaTvis, romelTac evropis sibrZne _mecniereba SeuswavliaT da mainc ver gadian fons’’ [13]. Cveni azriT, amSemTxvevaSi akakim SesaniSnavad daasabuTa ,,krebulis’’, rogorc ,,mozar-duli Taobis’’ aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia.

zepirsityvierebis SemecnebiTi da aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvnelobis,misi didaqtikuri swavlebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli problemebisgageba-damuSavebaSi gansakuTrebulia iakob gogebaSvilis Rvawli. manara mxolod gaiazra samocianelTa literaturaTmcodneobiTi dazogaddidaqtikuri ideebi, aramed Tavis publicistur naSromebSi da,gansakuTrebiT, saswavlo saxelmZRvaneloebSi (,,deda ena’’; ,,bunebiskari’’; ,,Родное слово~ da sxva) ganaviTara da srulyo igi. metic: i.gogebaSvilma erovnuli saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo tradiciebisa daTavisi drois msoflio progresuli pedagogiuri azrovnebis monaceme-bis gaTvaliswinebiT SeimuSava axali pedagogiuri moZRvreba, romel-Sic Cveni axalgazrdobis swavla-ganaTlebisa da aRzrdasTan dakav-SirebiT, rig problematikur sakiTxebTan erTad didad sayuradRebomosazrebania gamoTqmuli zepirsityvierebis swavlebis Sesaxebac.

gasaziarebelia prof. T. jagodniSvilis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb,rom: ,,i. gogebaSvilis zepirsityvierebasTan siaxlovis didi Sinaarsixalxuri sityvierebisaTvis pedagogikisaken gzis gaxsnaSi ikiTxeba. i.gogebaSvilma praqtikulad naTelyo, Tu rogor SeeZlo zepirsityviermasalas didi pedagogiuri misiis Sesruleba, adamianSi sakuTar erTansuliT-xorceuli ganuyoflobis gacnobierebisaTvis xelSewyoba, erov-nuli cnobierebis gamoRviZeba da azrovnebis wyobis gaTaviseba’’ [10:377-378].

i. gogebaSvilma, rogorc cnobilia, Tavidanve sworad Seafasaxalxuri poeziis SemecnebiT-aRmzrdelobiTi mniSvneloba da aqedan

36

gamomdinare Tavis pirvelive saxelmZRvaneloSi (,,qarTuli anbani’’, 1865)farTod Seitana saTanado masalebi, romelic didaqtikuri Tvalsazri-siT SearCia da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, zogierT nawarmoebSigarkveuli Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebebic Seitana. xalxuri masalebis iakob gogebaSviliseuli koreqtireba upirate-sad axalgazrdobisaTvis Sinaarsobrivad miuRebel leqsikas exeboda,sxva mxriv ki igi SeniSnavs: ,,agebuleba leqsisa, misi kalapoti, cezurada rifma xeluxlebeli davtoveT’’- o [14: 558].

amrigad, i. gogebaSviliseuli varianti, rom ara, es xalxurileqsebi dakargavda SemecnebiT da aRmzrdelobiT mniSvnelobas, racmas dRemde aqvs SenarCunebuli. meore mxriv, iakob gogebaSvilis peda-gogiur moRvaweobaSi mniSvnelovan didaqtikur faqtad migvaCnia isic,rom bavSvTa gulisa da sulis gakeTilSobilebaSi zepirsityvierebaswignier gacnobasTan erTad didi yuradReba daeTmo musikalurihangebiT aRqma-gaazreba-daamebasac. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs,,deda enis’’ (1912w) saxelmZRvaneloze darTuli ,,qarTuli xalxuri sim-Rerebi _ b. b. kargareTelis, CxikvaZisa da arayiSvilis mier’’, notebzegadaRebuli.

XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi ,,iveriis’’ furclebze gamoqveynda oriavtoris a. n. – l-isa da gorgaZis sami werili, romelic TavisTavadwarmoadgens TergdaleulTa poziciebis gamyarebis mcdelobas da sain-tereso ideebs gvTavazobs axalgazrdobis SemkreblobiT saqmianobaSiCarTvis TvalsazrisiT. sainteresoa a. na-lis (aleqsandre naneiSvilis)mosazreba erovnuli zepirsityvierebis meSveobiT axalgazrdobiswarsulTan kavSiris dasamyareblad: ,,Cven Tu warsulis SeswavlasvurCevT axal Taobas, mxolod imitom, rom mermisis siyvaruli ufroRrmad CaiWdios gulSi da ufro safuZvlianad moemzados da gawvrTnasmermisisaTvis’’. xolo giorgaZis werilis mixedviT misi SemecnebiTimniSvnelobaa ukavSirdeba Seswavlis aucileblobas da aseve kvlevasistoriisac.

rogorc Cans XIX saukunis meore naxevridan, TviT saukunisbolomde qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri ukve erTgvarovan saxes iRebserovnuli zepirsityvierebis Sekrebis-Seswavlisa da kerZod misi esTe-tikur-aRmzrdelobiTi SemecnebiTi mniSvnelobis aRiarebisa da gaSli-li frontiT, sityviT Tu saqmiT aRniSnuli procesis warmatebiT war-marTvisaTvis.

37



1. m. Ciqovani, ,,xalxuri Semoqmedebis istoriisa da TeoriissakiTxebi’’, Tb., 1986.

2. Кравцов, Лазутин, ,,Русское устное народное творчество, 1983.3. i. WavWavaZe, rC. Txz. t. II, ,,glaxis naambobi”, Tb., 1974.4. i. WavWavaZe, rC. Txz. t. II, Tb., 1941.5. qs. sixaruliZe, ,,qarTveli mwerlebi da xalxuri Semoqmedeba’’,

Tb.,1956.6. zepirsityvaobis gamo, ,,akakis krebuli’’, 1897 #1.7. ,,Temi’’, 1913, #130.8. u. obolaZe, ,,akaki da axalgazrdoba’’.9. ,,akakis krebuli’’, 1897 #1.10. T. jagodniSvili, ,,qarTuli folkloristikis istoria’’, Tb., 200411. ,,akakis krebuli’’, 1897, #2.12. a. wereTeli, Txz. sr. kr. t. XIII, ub. saubari, Tb., 1961.13. ubralo saubari, krebulis fosta [3], 1898, #8.14. i. gogebaSvili, rC. Txz. T. IV, 1990.

r e z i u m e

erovnuli zepirsityvierebis SemecnebiT-aRmzrdelobiTimniSvnelobis Seswavlis istoriisaTvis

qeTevan barbaqaZe, efemia xaraZe, Tamar gogolaZe

XIX saukunis meore naxevridan qarTvel samocianelTa TaosnobiTaqtiurdeba erovnuli zepirsityvierebisadmi aramarto interesi, aramedmisi esTetikur-aRmzrdelobiT-SemecnebiTi mniSvnelobis gamoyofasityviT Tu saqmiT xelisSewyoba. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis istoriis erTikuTxiT gaSuqebas isaxavs miznaT winamdebare naSromi, romelSicZiriTadad mimoxilulia samocianelTa mier momwifebeli sazogadoeb-rivi azris Seswavla, rac saWiro da aucilebelia aramcTu erovnulizepirsityvierebis pedagogiur-SemecnebiTi mniSvnelobis naTelsayofad,amavdroulad im saprogramo miznebis analizisaTvis, rac Semdeg moyvaskolaSi aRniSnuli sagnis swavlebis damkvidrebas.

38

S U M M A R Y

FOR STUDING ING THE HISTORY OF FOLK-LORE’S COGNITIVE-EDUCATIONAL IMPORTANCE

KETEVAN BARBAKADZE, TAMAR GOGOLADZE, EFEMIA KHARADZE

Since the second half of the XIXth century Georgian public figures, living in the 60snot only made an interest towards national folk-lore higher, but they also highlighted itsestethic-educational-cognitive importance. The following work targets to review the history ofthe abovementioned issues from a definite point of view and mainly considers the study ofthe standpoint of the public formed with the effort of public figures, living in the 60s. This isimportant not only for making the significance of educational-cognitive importance of folk-lore clear, but also for analysis of the results, which followed teaching of that subject atschools.

Р Е З Ю М Е

К ИСТОРИИ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ВОСПИТОТЕЛЬНО-ПОЗНАВАТЕЛЬНОГОЗНАЧЕНИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ФОЛЬКЛЁРА

КЕТЕВАН БАРБАКАДЗЕ, ТАМАР ГОГОЛАДЗЕ, ЕФЕМИЯ ХАРАДЗЕ

Во второй половине XIX века под руководством шестидесятников активизируетсяне только интерес к национальному фольклору, но и подчеркивается его эстетическо-воспитательное и познавательное значение, что развернулось полным фронтом исловам и делом. Научное изучение этого вопроса в историческом аспекте и являетсяцелью нашей статыи. В предуставленный статье материал даёт возможностьпроследить общественную мысль и его итоги: внедрение обучения национальногофольклёра в грузинской школе.

39

Tanamedrove sagazeTo statiis saxeebi:editoriali da op-edi

mariam gersamia

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetissocialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis

asocirebuli profesori

nebismieri kargi redaqtori da Jurnalisti unda cdilobdes, romSeqmnas iseTi Jurnalisturi produqti (iqneba es calkeuli publikaciaTu mTlianad gamocema), romelic iqneba mkiTxvelze orientirebuli.gazeTis struqtuirebisas Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba saredaqciopolitikis Cvenebas da informaciis dabalansebas sapirispiro mosazre-bebiT. amocanebic erTi SexedviT diversificirebuli, Tumca maincTanmimdevruia. erTia, daukavSirde mkiTxvels, romlsac aqvs gansxvave-buli mosazebebi da meore amocanaa daarwmuno mkiTxveli sakuTariargumentebis sisworeSi.

editorialis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebas, romelic Cveulebriv edi-torialis sapirispiro gverdzea ganTavsebuli ewodeba op-edi (Semok-lebiT _ opozaiT-ediTorialisgan). amerikelebi redaqtoris gverdis,rogorc ,,monetis meore mxaris” versiasOOP-Ed-s (op-ed-s) uwodeben,romelic warmoadgens swored ,,opozait editorialis” abreviaturas. essaxelwodeba im tradiciis gamo damkvidrda, rom redaqciis pozici-isgan gansxvavebuli masalebi Jurnal-gazeTebSi tradiciulad, saredaq-cio gverdis sapirispirod ibeWdeboda. op-edi: qarTulad Targmnisas estransklipciuri identifikaciaa misaRebia.

ra gansxvavebaa saredaqcio gverdsa da op-edis gverds Sorisgarda imisa, rom isini erTmaneTis sapirispirodaa dakabadonebuli?ganvixilavT editorials da op-eds, rogorc saredaqcio politikisgamoxatvisa da gazeTSi informaciis dabalansebis saSulebebs.

editorialis gansazRvreba: editoriali aris lideri/wamyvanistatia gazeTsa Tu JurnalSi, romelic redaqtoris/saredaqcio sabWosan gamomcemlis mosazrebas gamoxatavs (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-Ed)

editorialebisTvis Cveulebrisamebr gamoyofilia specialurigverdi. editoriali aseve, SeiZleba damarkerebuli iyos svetSi. nebis-mier SemTxvevaSi, statiaze minaweris saxiT yovelTvis miTiTebulia,rom es editorialia.

Jurnalebi, gazeTebis msgavsad, beWdaven editorialebs, romlebsacZiriTadad weren redaqtorebi an gamomcemlebi. umetesobas am editori-lebisa, rogorc wesi mosdevs seqcia ,,werilebi redaqtors” (Letters to theEditor”). editorilebi emsgavseba esses an Teziss, sadac SexedulebiswarmosaCenad argumentebis wyebaa gamoyenebuli. (www.answers.com/topic/edi-torial)

editorialis werisas saredaqcio politikas da amocanebs, statiismimarTulebas da tons gansazRvravs saredaqcio bordi an/da redaqto-rebis jgufi. umetesoba inglisurenovan presaSi editorialebs arweren Cveulebrivi reportiorebi, aramed is individebi, romlebic

40

aqveyneben xelmouwerelad. editolialebSi gamoxatulia gazeTisoficialuri pozicia.

gazeTis editorialis gverdi ar aris gankuTvnili niusebisTvis.umetesad, gazeTebs aqvT politika, rom ,,saredaqcio” da ,,axali ambe-bis” TanamSromlebic erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad muSaobdnen. edito-riali xSirad aigeba konkretul movlenaze an iseT Temaze, romelzecmimdinareobs sazogadoebrivi diskusia. roca sakamaTo/sadiskusiosakiTxebis gaSuqeba xdeba, rogoricaa saarCevno debatebi, iqmneba sivr-ce balansisa da meti diskusiisTvis. aseT dros, zogierTi gverdisredaqtori ,,ejibreba” editorialebs da gamokveTavs Temis sapirispiromxares. umetesoba gazeTebisa aseve iwvevs kalamnistebs, romlebic op-edis gverdis Sinaars Tavisi mosazrebebiT amyareben.

rogorc tom i. rilniski, s. dou teiti da Seri teilori aRniSna-ven, beWdviT mediaSi sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad yvelazeZlieri iaraRi swored editorialis da mosazrebis gverdebia. faqtebisda sapirispiro Sexedulebebis warmoCena axal ambebSic xdeba, Tumcaredaqtors SeuZlia metad daarwmunos mkiTxveli sakuTari poziciissisworeSi swored editorialis da/an mosazrebis svetebis daxmarebiT.sworad agebul argumentSi zustad SerCeul sityvebs SeuZlia bevriramis Secvla.

editoriali gazeTis `xmaa” – aRniSnaven avtorebi - da imis damiuxedavad, rom is SeiZleba erTi Jurnalistis dawerili iyos, yovel-Tvis xelmouwerelia. editorialis avtorebi iyeneben pirveli pirismravlobiT ricxvs, sadac figurirebs: `Cven”. es mas ganasxvavebs mosaz-rebis svetisgan, romelic erTi pirovnebis mosazrebas aCvenebs.mosazrebis sveti iwereba pirveli piris mxolobiT ricxvSi, sadacfigurirebs: ,,me”. swored es piris nacvalsaxelebi aris signalimkiTxvelisTvis, rom werili aris ara marto faqtebis konstatacia dafaqtebze agebuli reportaJi (fact-based reporting), aramed Seicavs analiti-kuri weris elementebs [1. 134-135].

editorialis dawerisas Zalian mniSvnelovania Temis sworadSerCeva. imisTvis, rom miizidos mkiTxveli editorialis avtori (redaq-tori) kargad unda icnobdes im masalebs, romelic gazeTis sxva gver-debzea (gansakuTrebiT, pirvel gverdze) ganTavsebuli. amgvarad is SeZ-lebs sworad gansazRvros/aarCios prioritetuli da mimzidveli TemaeditorialisTvis.

gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi editorialis Tema ar ukavSirdeba gaze-Tis sxva gverdebs, Tumca umetesad editoriali mainc aris gazeTSiganTavsebuli Temebis SemakavSirebeli rgoli, sadac faqtebis inter-pretacia xdeba analizze dayrdnobiT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi Tema iseunda iyos SerCeuli, rom is exmianebodes samizne auditoriis intere-sebs. redaqtorma Tema axlobeli unda gaxados mkiTxvelisTvis daunda auxsnas auditorias, ratom aris es Tema maTTvis mniSvnelovanida ra SeuZlia calkeul mkiTxvels gaakeTos dasmul problemasTandakavSirebiT [1, 133].

sxvadasxva wamyvan gazeTebs aqvT gansxvavebuli editorialis gver-di. mag: ,,uol striT jornalis” saredaqcio gverdi ufro konservati-ulia (editorialis gverdi mravaljer dajildovda puliceris

41

premiiT. am gazeTis saredaqcio sabWos aqvs sakuTari satelevizioprograma ,,editorial reporti”, romelic amJamad Fox News Channel-zegadis). ,,vaSington postis” editorialis gverdebi ufro liberalurida saSualo masebze gaTvlilia, vidre ,,niu-iork Taimsisa”.(www.answers.com/topic/editorial). saredaqcio politikaze saubrisas, SegviZ-lia gavixsenoT, rom niu-iork taimsma mxari dauWira prezidentomazej.keris, maT es gaakeTes editorialis saSulebiT.

editorialSi damajereblobisTvis gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva elemen-tebi: statistika, eqspertebis rekomendaciebi, emociuri paTosi, bend-vegoni (im argumentebis gamoyeneba, romlebic ,,yvelas sjera”), mkiTxve-lis moqmedebisken mowodeba, prognozi (ra Sedegebi iqneba konkretulimoqmedebebis Sesrulebis an Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi) da sxv.(www.sd129.org/teachers).

tom i. rilniski, s. dou teiti da Seri teilori editorialisSeqmnis Semdeg gvTavazoben SevamowmoT, Tu ramdenad pasuxobs edito-riali mTavar parametrebs [1. 248]. magaliTad, e.w. Ceqlistis meSveobiTunda SevamowmoT: ubiZgebs Tu ara editoriali mkiTxvels fiqrisken,aris Tu ara gamoyenebuli sityvebi, romlebic iwvevs diskusias/pole-mikas, editorialSi arCeuli poziciis mxardaWera aris Tu ara mkiTxve-lisTvis saukeTeso gza da sxv.

editorialis saxeebi: sxvadasxva wyaroebSi vxvdebiT editorialissxvadasxva saxeebs, amaTgan SerCevisas saerTo kriteriumi arc erTganCans. magaliTad: gamoyofen editorialis 4 saxeobas. esenia: xelmou-wereli editorialebi, xelmowerili mosazrebebi, romlesac werenfrilanserebi, werili redaqtors, karikaturuli/satirul-iumoristu-li editoriali (editorial cartoon); TavisTavad, mosazrebebi, romlebicxelmowerilia, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos editorialis saxeobad. aseve,ar CaiTvleba editorialis saxeobad ,,werili redaqtors”. amas-TanPpirvel or saxeobaSi SerCevis kriteriumi aris avtorizaciisarseboba, rasac ver vityviT karikaturul editorialze.

,,werili redaqtors” esaa mokle Ria werili (daaxl. 200 sityviani),romelic redaqtoris saxelze iwereba da aris mkiTxvelis gamoxma-ureba romelime publikaciaze. Sesabamisad, es editorialis saxeoba araris. zogierTi beWdvuri aseve gamocema aqveynebs editorials da/an,,werils redaqtorisgan” (Letter from the Editor), romelsac mosdevs seqcia,,werilebi redaqtors”, sadac mkiTxveli wers Tavis komentarebseditorilebsa da sxvadasxva publikaciebze. ,,werilebi redaqtors”igzavneba mTeli msofliodan.

redaqtoris gverdi ar ewodeba mainc da mainc pirvels. magaliTad,gazeT ”taimsSi” me-19-e gverdze vxvdebiT mowinave statias (igi warmod-genilia, rogorc leading article ), am gverds, rubrikiT komentari (comment)aqvs Tavisi logo, romelic pirveli gverdis logos msgavsia. TiTqosesaa miniSneba, rom pirveli gverdis Tavidan aTvla daiwyo. logo#2swored mowinave statiis/editorialis (leading article-is) saTaurisgaswvrivaa, Tumca seqciiT 3 masalas aerTianebs. aseTi gzavnili 96gverdian ”taimsSi” mxolod me-19-e gverds aqvs. Tematurad igi pirveligverdis wamyvani masalis gamoZaxilia. ase, entoni brounis statia`brZola konstituciis gadasarCenad, mas mere rac germaniam xma misca

http://www.answers.com/topic/editorial

42

àras”, iwyeba pirvel gverdze da me-6 da me-7 gverdebs ikavebs. me-19-egverdis masala ki xelmouwerelia. saTauria ,,Dutch courage”, qvesaTauri:,,niderlandebma evropis konstituciis diskreditaciaSi safrangeTsajoba”. amave Temis gamoZaxilia me-18 gverdi rubrikiT: werilebiredaqtors. werilebis umetesoba variaciebia evrokonstituciis Temaze.redaqcia amiT mianiSnebs, rom lideri masalebis arCeva ara SemTxve-viTobis, aramed auditoriis nakarnaxevia. ,,niu-iork taimsis” editoria-lebi, rogorc wesi ibeWdeba 22-24 gverdebze.

tom i. rilniski, s. dou teiti da Seri teilori gamoyofen edito-rialis 6 saxeobas: editoriali mxardasaWerad (e.w. saadvokatoeditoriali), editoriali problemis gadasaWrelad, editorialisarekomendaciod, mokle saredaqcio komentari, editoriali mokled(e.w. editorial-Sorti, karikaturuli editoriali [1, 135]. sakamaToa,saerTo dayofis kriteriumis arseboba, radgan saxeobebSi dayofiskriteriumad gamoyenebulia erTis mxriv editorialebis daweris moti-vacia (bunebrivia, editoriali SeiZleba sxvadasxva mizezis gamodaiweros), meores mxriv, publikaciis moculoba.

tom i. rilniski, s. dou teiti da Seri teilori aRniSnaven, romTu redaqtorebis azri gaiyofa, gadamwyveti xdeba umravlesobis pozi-cia. amis Semdeg, Tu gadawydeba gazeTSi editorialisgan gansxvavebulipoziciis dafiqsireba, redaqcia iwvevs Jurnalists, romelic ar arisgazeTis TanamSoromeli, romelic wers e.w. gest-editorials (guest edito-rial). aseve, SeiZleba aseve daiweros mosazrebis sveti redaqciis rome-lime wevris mier [1, 134]. TavisTavad, sakamaToa es mosazreba, radgane.w. gest-editoriali calke saxeobad ver CaiTvleba, radgan mas mowve-uli avtori wers, es SeiZleba iyos mosazrebis sveti, an sulac op-edi.

Secdomaa isic, rom mosazrebis svets da editorials xSirad erTsibrtyeze ganixilaven. miuxedavad imisa, rom ar aris marTebuli arcmosazrebis svetis da op-edis gaigiveba, aris maT Soris saerTo da gan-masxvavebeli maxasiaTeblebi. radgan orive mosazrebis gverdze ibeW-deba, am orive saxeobas SevapirispirebT saredaqcio (editorialis)gverdTan.

arsebiTi gansxvavebebi

mosazrebis sveti, op-edi editorialixelmowerilia erTi avtorismier, romlis mosazrebacaawarmodgenili

xelmouwerelia da warmoadgensTanamSromelTa Sexedulebebs,maSinac ki, roca erTi adamiani wers.

mosazreba warmodgenilia pirvelpirSi, mxolobiT ricxvSi

umetesad iwereba I pirSi, mravlobiTricxvSi

moculobiT editorialze mcirea moculobiT mosazrebis svetzedidia

avtors meti Tavisufleba aqvsideebis warmosaCenad

ikveTeba saredaqcio politika datendenciebi

ikveTeba erTi pirovnebis xma,romlis azrsac SeiZleba ariziarebdnen redaqciis sxvaTanamSromlebi

mTeli redaqciis azriadafiqsirebuli, avtori an avtorebiredaqciis saxeliT weren

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saerTo maxasiaTeblebimosazrebis sveti, op-edi editoriali

Seicaven subieqtur analizsa da mosazrebebs;axasiaTebT kompoziciuri agebis identuroba (qronologiuri meTodi,

gadmobrunebuli piramidis meTodi da sxv.)avtori imowmebs sarwmuno wyaroebs, citatebs, statistikas da sxv.

mosazreba warmodgenilia pirvel pirSi.

ra aris op-edi? es aris Tanamedrove sagazeTo statia, romelicgamoxatavs im mwerlis mosazrebebs, romelic Cveulebrisamebr ar arissaredaqcio bordis wevri. op-edi gansxvavdeba editorialisgan, rome-lic Cveulebriv xelmouwerelia da dawerilia saredaqcio bordisromelime wevris mier (www.allwords.com/word). op-ed-Si warmodgeniliamovlenis Sesaxeb mosazrebebi, problemis gadaWris gzebi da arismowodeba sazogadoebrivi mxardaWerisa (www.luminafoundation.org)

op-edi calkeuli individebis mosazrebas gamoaxtavs, da ara gaze-Tis pozicias; umetesoba gazeTebisa mizanSewonilad miiCnevs, rom op-edi iyos araumetes 750 sityvisa.

op-edis istoria da gansazRvreba: standartuli saredaqcio gverdimravali saukunea arsebobs gazeTebSi, pirveli Tanamedrove op-ediSeiqmna 1921 wels herbert beiard svoufis (Herbert Bayard Swope) mier ,,TheNew York Evevning World”-isTvis. rogorc ki svoufi redaqtori gaxda1920 wels, man aRmoaCina, rom saredaqcio gverdis sapirispiro gverdiiyo adgili, sadac ibeWdeboda wignis recenziebi, nekrologebi,aisaxeboda sazogadoebrivi stereotipebi. herbert beiard svofiambobda: ,,aRmovaCine, rom araferia ufro saintereso, vidre sainteresomosazreba. me gamovigone meTodi. axla gavasufTaveb editorialissapirispiro gverds imisTvis, rom is gaxdes amerikisTvis yvelazemniSvnelovani... gadavwyvite davbeWdo mosazrebebi, faqtebis ignorire-biT...” (www.thefreedictionary.com)

amis Sedeg, TiTqmis saukune gavida da axla ukve sxvadasxvaonlain-leqsikonebSi vxvdebiT op-edis identur gansazRvrebebs. TiToe-ul maTganSi xazgasmulia, rom op-edis gverdebi fokusirebuliagansxvavebul mosazrebebis warmoCenaze da aris personificirebuli(Sesabamisad, xelmowerili). ai, ramdenime maTgani:

op-edis gverdze warmodgenilia analitikuri svetebi, Stat-gareSe Jurnalistebis (frilanserebis) statiebi, werilebi dasxv., romlebic gamoxataven sxvadasxva mosazrebebsa dadakvirvebebs (http://www.yourdictionary.com);

op-edis gverdi saredacio gverdis sapirispirod warmoaCensxelmoweril statiebs, romlebic pirad mosazrebebsgamoxatavs. (http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary);

sagazeTo gverdi, romelzec qveyndeba mosazrebebi sxvadasxvaTemebze an erT-erT sagazeTo statiaze(www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary);

editorialebis da op-edis gverdebi metwilad fokusirebuliapolitikur movlenebze (www.wordwebonline.com)

http://www.luminafoundation.org/

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dResdReisobiT, op-edi SegviZlia CavTvaloT demokratiuli presiserT-erT monapovrad.

mkiTxvelma kargad icis, rom editoriali aris garkveul pirovne-baTa, an Tundac erTi adamianis dawerili publikacia. op-ediT kiredaqcia, mkiTxvelis TvalSi Tavs izRvevs, izidavs mkiTxvels da sapi-rispiro azris formirebaSi monawileobs. mokled, demokratiuli presaerTis mxriv, warmoaCens gansxvavebul azrs, meores mxriv mkiTxvelismagivrad ,,tvins iWylets”, xsnis bariers. TavisTavad, mkiTxveli,romelic op-eds waikiTxavs SeiZleba azri Seicvalos da editorialismosazreba misTvis ufro misaRebi aRmoCndes. redaqciisTvis priori-tetuli informacia/mTavari mesiji SesaZloa orive masalaSi gaJRerdesda sxvadasxva kategoriis da ganwyobis auditoriaze iyos gaTvlili.editorialsa da op-eds Soris distanciac daaxloebiT igivea, racantireklamisa da reklamis efeqts Soris.

saqarTveloSi jerjerobiT op-edis weris praqtika ar arseboba,amitom Jurnal-gazeTebSi statiis am saxeobas ver vxvdebiT.

etimologia: xSirad op-edis abreviaturas arasworad Sifraven:rogorc opinion-editorial-sgan (mosazrebis editorialisgan). op-ediaris ”opposite of editorial”-is abreviatura. ucxo enaTa bgerebis qarTuladgadmocemis ZiriTad wesebs Tu gadavxedavT vnaxavT, rom T inglisuri-dan warmoiTqmis, rogorc t. magaliTad, Hamlet-hamleti, Toledo-toledo.asoTSeTanxmeba th warmoiTqmis, rogorc T. magaliTad theater. aso-bgerap_p. mag: port-porti. asoTSeTanxmeba ph-iT ki vRebulobT f-s. mag: philo-sophia–filosofia [2]. amgvarad sworia editoriali da ara ediToriali,op-editoriali da ara of-ediToriali, op-edi da ara of-edi.

zogierTi Jurnalisturi viwrospecialuri termini saerTod araaSemosuli qarTul sametyvelo praqtikaSi, maTi gacnoba mainc aucile-belia. esenia: editorialisti, kalamnisti, op-edi, editoriali, kalam-nisti da sxv.

utyuaria, rom es sityvebi ukve moxvda terminologiur velSi dacalsaxad ver CaiTvleba barbarizmebad. es terminebi, rogorc specia-lobis leqsikidan Semosuli nasesxebi sityvebi SegviZloa miviCioTprofesionalizmebad da saerTasoriso leqsikis magaliTebad, romelicmkvidrdeba Jurnalistikis viwrospecialur terminebad. am etapze, mniS-vnelovania am terminebis adgilis moniSvna, pirvel yovlisa, profe-siul leqsikonsa da praqtikaSi. terminebis implementaciis Sedegebs kidro ukeT gamoavlens, romelic axal mignebaTa sasargeblod moZraobs.

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1. Tom E. Rolnicki, C.Dow Tate, Sherri Tailor, Scholastic Journalism, tenth edition,USA, 2001. p.133-150 (writing editorials and opinion columns)

2. inglisur qarTuli leqsikoni, Tamar da isidore gvarjalaZeebi,Tb., 1975, gv. 232-237.

3. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op-Ed;4. www.answers.com/topic/editorial;5. www.sd129.org/teachers;6. www.allwords.com/word;7. www.luminafoundation.org;8. www.thefreedictionary.com;9. www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary10. www.wordwebonline.com

r e z i u m e

Tanamedrove sagazeTo statiis saxeebi: editoriali da op-edi

mariam gersamia

nebismieri kargi redaqtori da Jurnalisti unda cdilobdes, romSeqmnas iseTi Jurnalisturi produqti (iqneba es calkeuli publikaciaTu mTlianad gamocema), romelic iqneba mkiTxvelze orientirebuli.gazeTis struqtuirebisas Zalian didi mniSvneloba eniWeba saredaqciopolitikis Cvenebas da informaciis dabalansebas sapirispiromosazrebebiT. amisTvis Tanamedrove statiis sxvadasxva saxeebigamoiyeneba.

kvlevaSi Sepirispirebulia editorialis saxeebi da mosazrebissvetebi, ganxilulia etimologia, op-edi formulirebulia, rogorcdemokratiuli presis erT-erTi TvalsaCino monapovari da sxv.saqarTveloSi iSviaTad ibeWdeba editorialebi, xolo op-edis werispraqtika saerTod ar arsebobs.

http://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary

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S U M M A R Y

MARIAM GERSAMIA

ON WRITING MODERN ARTICLES: EDITORIALS AND OP-EDS

The job of any good editor and journalist is to produce a reader-oriented journalisticproduct (including both a separate article and the whole newspaper). Finding a balancebetween editing policy and factual information plays a vital importance while constructing thenewspaper. Different types of newspaper articles are being used for this purpose.

The research below draws comparison between the editorials and opinion columns, italso discusses etymology issues. The research looks at the op-ed as an accomplishment ofdemocratic press. Editorials are not often published in Georgian newspapers, whereas Op-edshave not yet been created.

Р Е З Ю М Е

ВИДЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ГАЗЕТНОЙ СТАТЬИ: ЭДИТОРИАЛЬ И ОП-ЕД

МАРИАМ ГЕРСАМИА

Каждый удачный редактор или журналист должен стараться создать такойжурналистский продукт (будь то публикация или издание), который будеториентирован на читателя. В процессе структуирования газеты огромное значениепридаётся балансированию редакционной политики и информации противоположнымисоображениями. Для этого используются разновидности современных статей.

В исследовании сопоставлены виды эдиториала и колонны мнений, рассмотренаэтимология, оп-эд сформулирован как одно из наглядных достояний демократичнойпрессы и т. д. В Грузии эдиториалы печатаются редко, а практика написания оп- эдасовершенно отсутствует.

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GlOSSE rogorc inovaciuri Jurnalisturi Janri da misisinTezuri xedvis logikur-Teoriuli aspeqtebi

sofio tabaRua

ilia WavWavaZis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisucxo enaTa filologiis doqtoranti,

soxumis universitetis asistent-profesori

statiis mizania, ganvsazRvroT Tanamedrove germanulenovani presismniSvnelovani Janri Glosse. riTia mniSvnelovani es Janri? vfiqrobT,mis amgvar mniSvnelovan rols ganapirobebs ori Semdegi faqtori:

a) is, rom rogorc misi gamoCena, ise funqcionireba Tanamedrovegermanulenovan presaSi warmoadgens sruliad axal (inovaci-ur) faqts, TviT es inovaciuroba ki Tavisi warmoSobiTa daarsiT ukavSirdeba postmodernisms, rogorc kulturul para-digmas;

b) da, vfiqrobT, aranakleb mniSvnelovania is momentic, romGlosse Tavisi Janrobrivi warmomavlobiT ukavSirdebafeletons, anu im Jurnalistur Janrs, romelic, SeiZlebaiTqvas, rogorc funqciuri, ise Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiTyvela sxva Janrze metad gamoxatavs da ganasaxierebs Jurna-listikis publicistur arss.

vfiqrob, Glosse –s gansazRvrisas aucilebeli unda iyos orivezemonaxsenebi momentis gaTvaliswineba. magram rogor unda moxdes es?radgan Cveni mizania Glosse –s gansazRvra anu misi definicia, buneb-rivia, mivmarToT logikas da davsvaT kiTxva: xom ar arsebobs logikisrogorc mecnierebis farglebSi ori iseTi tipis definicia, romelTaarsma da struqturam SeiZleba upasuxos Glosse –s rogorc Jurnalis-turi fenomenis sinTezuri gansazRvris amocanas.

arsebobs ori tipis definicia da Tanamedrove logika maTSemdegnairad ganmartavs:

a) definiciis pirvel tips uwodeben “atributul-relaciurs” damisi arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: “igi miuTiTebs uaxloesgvarovnul gansxvavebasa da im saxeobiT niSan-Tvisebaze,romliTac xasiaTdeba mxolod es saxeoba”.

b) definiciis meore tips ki uwodeben “genetikurs” da misi arsiSemdegSia: ìgi miuTiTebs sagnis Tu fenomeniswarmomavlobaze”.

vfiqrobT, swored definiciis am or tipze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebe-li iqneba Glosse –s iseTi gansazRvra, romelic met-naklebad mogvcemdamisi sinTezuri xedvis saSualebas. Cveni azriT, Glosse –s Cvens mierzemoT aRniSnul niSan-TvisebasTan pirvels arsebiTad Seesabamebaatributul-relaciuri, meores ki genetikuri definicia, - Tumca amave

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dros gvsurs imis xazgasmac, rom, rogorc Cans, iseTi SinaganadrTuli fenomenis ganmartebisas, rogoricaa Glosse, SeuZlebelia gaavlozusti `demarkaciuli xazi” mis aRniSnul niSan-Tvisebebs Soris: Glosse–s inovaciuroba gulisxmobs genetikur aspeqts, misi feletonisganwarmomavloba ki – relaciur-atributuls. magram, miuxedavad amisa, CvendaveyrdnobiT definiciis zemoxsenebul or tips, radgan migvaCnia, rommxolod fenomenis metad Tu naklebad gansxvavebul aspeqtTa jergamijvna, Semdeg ki erT sinTezur xedvaSi integrireba unda eyrdno-bodes adekvaturi kvlevis safuZvels.

amgvari Teoriul-logikuri “Sesavlis” Semdeg SevecadoT Glosse –srogorc Janris iseT ganmartebas, romelic Tanmimdevrulad daeyrdnobadefiniciis zemoT aRniSnul orive tips.

1. Glosse rogorc Tanamedrove mediakulturis inovaciuri movlena:misi rogorc Janris relaciur-atributuli gansazRvra.

germanulenovan mediasistemaSi da aramarto germanulenovanSi,Tanamedrove JurnalistikaSi inovaciaTa fenomens safuZveli Cauyarapostmodernizma, romelic miznad isaxavs stilTa da JanrTa paradigme-bis gardaqmna-sinTezs da swored amgvari gardaqmna-sinTezi ganapiro-bebs inovaciaTa warmoSobas.

postmodernizmis wiaRSi warmoSobili Glosse, rogorc publicis-tur-mxatvruli Janri, swored, rom Jurnalistur JanrTa gardaqmna-sinTezis safuZvelze Camoyalibda. sainteresoa, Tu rogoria JanrTa esgardaqmna-sinTezi Glosse –sTan mimarTebaSi. Cveni azriT, am procesisSedegi amgvarad gamoiyureba:

Jurnalistikis tradiciuli Janrebisgan Glosse xan memkvidreobiTiRebs, xan sesxulobs maT damaxasiaTebel niSnebs, axdens ra maTsinTezs plus gardaqmnas, yalibdeba inovaciur Janrad.

Jurnalisturi Janrebiinformaciuli Janrebianalitikuri Janrebimxatvrul-publicisturi Janrebi

am JanrTa damaxasiaTebli niSnebi, romelTac Glosse “sesxulobs”dokumenturobakomentaristiluri niSnebi (ironiuloba, pamfleturoba da satiris elementebi).

aqedan gamomdinare, daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Glossearis is inovaciuri Janri, romelic axdens dokumentur, analitikur damxatvrul-publicistur elementTa sinTezs. amave dros, Glosse ar iviw-yebs Jurnalistur JanrTa im umTavres pirobas, rogoricaa faqtobri-oba da swored am faqtis asaxvisadmi midgomis principze dayrdnobiTyalibdeba igi rogorc Jurnalisturi Janri.

SevecadoT gamovyoT Glosse-sTvis rogorcHJanrisTvis damaxasiaTe-beli diferencialuri niSnebi, radgan, rogorc r. surgulaZe wers:`yvela mediaJanrs sakuTari diferencialuri niSnebi aqvs”.

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amgvarad, Cveni azriT, Glosse –s rogorc Janris diferencialurniSnebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos:

1. informaciuloba2. analitikuroba3. ironiuloba

amave dros aRsaniSnavia, am Janruli elementebis arseboba TiTqmisyvela Glosse -Si met-naklebi sixSiriT, magram amave dros TvalSisacemiaama Tu im diferencialuri elementis dominanturi rolic. yovelivezemoT Tqmuli, vfiqrobT, ufro naTeli da saintereso iqneba TviTteqstobrivi magaliTis ganxilvis fonze. swored am mizniT ganvixi-lavT Glosse-s erT-erTi statias, romlis saTauria “Deutsche Hilfe fueroesterreich”- germaneli exmareba avstrias”- ukve saTauridanac cxadiaGlosse-s avtoris SefasebiTi toni, is damcinavia. xolo statiis Sinaar-si gamanadgurebelia ara mxolod avstrielebisa da rusebisaTvis,aramed Tavad germanelebisTvisac. es statia agebulia germania-ruseTisevro-2008 gaTamaSebis faqtze, romelic Catarda avstriis stadionze.qarTveli mayureblisTvis kargadaa cnobili imis Sesaxeb, rom TamaSistranslacia teqnikuri xarvezebiT warimarTa. es faqti aris Glosse-sJanris informaciulobis damamtkicebeli. am informaciaze dayrdnobiTavtoris axdens – ironiul analizs mTeli matCis, mwvrTnelebis,msajebisa da ramdenadac gasakviri ar unda iyos, tele-radiokom-paniebisas. mag.: “Kevin kurany zum Beispiel ist sauer auf Joachim Loew, obwohl der ihmfuer das ausverkaufte Laenderspiel gegn Russland gratis einen schoenen Sitzplatz verschaffthatte.” da meore: “Es fehlte eine SNG, die die TV-Bilder an den Sateliten schickt. Eine Live-Uebertragung kam deshalb nicht zustande, das ORF brachte 90 Minuten Standbild undRadioreportage”. `gayiduli” TamaSiT, `gaTiSuli” translaciebiT`kmayofili” avtori erTianad lafSi svris avstrielebs, rusebsa dagermanelebsac. albaT, daismis SekiTxva; ratom germanelebs? rom aragermanelebis ndoba da imedi, am TamaSis bevri saidumlogamoaSkaravdeboda- fiqrobs avtori- “germanias mainc surs daumtkicosmsoflios familaruli keTilmezobluri urTierTobis arsebobaavstriasTan.”

avtoriseul komentarSi mkafiod Cans Glosse-s yvelaze individu-aluri damaxasiaTebeli niSani – analizi mimdinareobs ironiis, mwvavekritikis, sarkazmis fonze.

maSasadame, gamovyaviT am Janris ori diferencialuri niSani, anuGlosse-s relaciur- atributuli niSnebi. yovelive zemoT aRniSnulissafuZvelze Cven SegviZlia Glosse-s relaciur-atributuli gansazRvra.Glosse sinTezuri Janria da am sinTezurobas qmnis faqtobriobis,analitikurobisa da SefasebiTi midgomis urTierTSerwyma.

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2. Glosse rogorc feletonis inovaciuri tipi: misi rogorc Janrisgenetikuri gansazRvra.

Tanamedrove germanulenovan gazeTSi warmodgenilia ramdenime sa-gazeTo bloki. esenia: INTERNATIONAL, WIRTSCHAFT, SPORT, FEUILLETONda sxva. garkveulwilad icvleba sagazeTo blokTa saxelwodebagazeTebis mixedviT. magram sruliad advilia Ffeletonis ucvlelobisSemCneva. swored am sagazeTo blokis, umeteswilad, pirvel gverdzegvxvdeba Glosse.

feletoni rogorc sagazeTo bloki, moicavs germanulenovanigazeTis or an met gverds. am sagazeTo blokSi moTavsebuli statiebisavtorebi umeteswilad irCeven im Temebs, romlebic “subieqturi” gaSu-qebis saSualebas iZleva. isini am blokSi yovelgvari SezRudvis gare-Se gadmoscemen TavianT Sexedulebebs ama Tu im movlenaze satirasa daiumoris TanxlebiT. maTi stili mxatvruli literaturasTan Zalianaxlos dgas. garda amisa, am blokSi vxvdebiT literaturul nawarmoe-bebsac. bunebrivia, ibadeba kiTxva: rogor mimarTebaSia feletonirogorc sagazeTo bloki TviT feletonTan – mxatvrul-publicisturJanrTan?

am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis safuZvels unda warmoadgendesfeletonis rogorc sagazeTo publicisturi Janris tradiciuliganmarteba, is ki aseTia: “feletoni – es aris publicistikis wamyvanisatiruli Janri, igi axdens satiruli publicisturi Janrebis yvelazetipuri mxareebis koncentrirebas, sinTezirebas, narkvevis msgavsadfeletoni iZleva SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis mniSvnelovan Tavisufle-bas nawarmoebis kompoziciuri wyobis Seqmnis, agreTve gamosaxviTisaSualebebis SerCevis pirobebSi.

am ganmartebis safuZvelze ukve SegviZlia vupasuxoT zemoTdasmul kiTxvas da vTqvaT, rom feletoni, rogorc sagazeTo bloki,absoluturad identuria im publicisturi Janrisa, romlis saxelwode-basac igi atarebs. amgvari pasuxis gacemis SesaZleblobas ki gvaZlevsCvens mier zemoT Tqmuli feletonis rogorc sagazeTo blokisSesaxeb, da davamatebdiT Semdegs: rom moxda feletonis – publi-cisturi Janris – proecireba axladSeqmnili sagazeTo ganyofilebisteqstur sivrceze, rogor vlindeba es movlena? am sagazeTo blokSiuSualod transponirebulia feletonis rogorc publicistikis sati-ruli Janris SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis Tavisufleba, teqstTa kompo-ziciuri wyobis Seqmnisa da gamosaxviTi saSualebebis SerCevaSi, risSedegadac SenarCunebulia subieqtur-interpretaciuri Sinaarsi damxatvrul literaturasTan axlos mdgomi stili.

am blokis TiToeuli statia feletonis, rogorc Janris nimuSswarmoadgens. TiToeuli maTgani feletonia. logikurad mivdivarTdaskvnamde, rom Glosse-c `feletonia~. igi am blokis struqturuli kom-ponentia. garda amisa, pirvel nawilSi ganxiluli fragmenti Glosse-sstatiidan gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, rom vTqvaT: Glosse feletonismsgavsad uxvad iyenebs satiras, grotesksa da ironias. igi mis mierdanaxuls Tu gagonils saxalxod `xdis fardas”, àSiSvlebs” sazoga-

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doebis winaSe. igi feletoniviT mizanswrafuli da TavisufaliaSemoqmedebiT warmosaxvaSi.

maSasadame, Glosse feletonis tipia. magram Cven gvainteresebs Glosserogorc feletonis inovaciuri tipi. raSi mdgomareobs misi inovaci-uroba? am mosazrebis gaCenis safuZvels qmnian germaneli avtorebi,romlebic aRniSnaven: “Glosse igive komentaria, romelic iyenebs satiras,ironias, grotesksa da sarkazms”. komentari ki tradiciuli ganmarte-bis mixedviT aris“ kompetenturi piris – Jurnalistis an specialistis– Sexeduleba, operatiuli gamoxmaureba sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobisfaqtze an movlenaze, misi Sefaseba, ganxilva da axsna-ganmarteba”. raczemoT komentarze iTqva, Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas Glosse- ze, Tumcagansxvavebas qmnis Glosse-s erT-erTi diferencialuri niSani – ironiu-loba (mZafri satira da groteski). avtori SedarebiT ufro Tavisu-falia, iyenebs karikaturas, parodias.

Glosse-s statiebis kvlevidan gamomdinare Cven ar SegviZlia vamtki-coT, rom Glosse mxolod “feletonis” rogorc Jurnalisturi JanrisCarCoebs ver scildeba. Glosse ufro metia, vidre feletoni. is Semoq-medebiTad ufro Tavisufalia, misi weris stili da gamoyenebuliterminologia ufro sasaubroa (salopp-umgangssprachlich), cota uxeSic ki,vidre feletonis kulturulad daxvewili, TiTqos mxatvruli (gehoben)stili. mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom Glosse rogorc Janri feletonmaSeqmna. Glosse ufro mcire zomis sagazeTo statiaa, magram feletonzemetad mZafrsiuJetiani. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Glosse- m arsebobismanZilze Tavisi originaluri enac ki Seqmna, figuruli frazebis,dialeqtebisa da mxatvruli winadadebebis sinTezis safuZvelze. ( DieGlosse bedient sich ungewoenlicher, origineller Woerter, einschliesslich umgangsprache,Mundart und Dialekt). ase rom, Glosse Camoyalibda, rogorc axali Jurnalis-turi Janri, xolo misi mkvlevarebi mas xangrZliv momavals aruwinaswarmetyveleben, Tumca amis dasamtkiceblad argumentebi TiTqmisar arsebobs. vfiqrobT, Glosse-s rogorc, erTi mxriv, postmodernis-tuli movlenis, xolo, meore mxriv, misi, rogorc feletonis, ganax-lebuli tipis gansazRvra Seqmna am ukiduresad rTuli da sainteresoJurnalisturi movlenis sinTezurad xedvis winapirobam.



1. m.v. lomonosovis saxelobis moskovis saxelmwifouniversiteti. satelevizio Jurnalistika. Tbilisi 1999.

2. r.surgulaZe, e.iberi. masobrivi komunikacia. Tbilisi 20033. www. Google. De. Glosse in der Presse.(Meinungen)4. www.web.de Glosse

http://www.web.de/

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r e z i u m e

GLOSSE rogorc inovaciuri Jurnalisturi Janri da misisinTezuri xedvis logikur-Teoriuli aspeqtebi

sofio tabaRua

winamdebare statiaSi Cven gTavazobT germanulenovani presis mxat-vrul-publicisturi Janris Glosse-s definicias, sadac veurdnobiT lo-gikas rogorc disciplinas da vmsjelobT Glosse-s atributul-rela-ciur da genetikur definiciaze.

Glosse-s atributul-relaciuri aspeqtis ganxilvisas mivmarTavT imJanrobriv diferencialur niSnebs: faqtobriobas, analitikurobasa daSefasebiT midgomas, romelTa sinTeziT xasiaTdeba da amave dros gan-sxvavdeba es Janri sxva mxatvrul-publicisturi Janrebisgan.

rac Seexeba Glosse-s genetikur definicias, am Janrs Cven miviCnevTfeletonis inovaciur tipad, xolo mis inovaciurobas amgvarad vamtki-cebT: feletonTan SedarebiT Glosse SemoqmedebiTad ufro Tavisufalia,misi weris stili da gamoyenebuli terminologia ufro sasaubroa,cota uxeSic ki.

Cveni azriT, Glosse postmodernizmis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli mxat-vrul-publicisturi Janria.

S U M M A R Y

GLOSSE AS AN INNOVATIVE GENRE OF JOURNALISM AND THE LOGICAL-THEORITICAL ASPECTS OF ITS SYNTHETIC VISION

SOPHIO TABAGUA

The present article aims at defining Glosse, a genre of journalism of the Germanlanguage press. We predicate our reasoning on logics as a discipline and attempt to define itsattributive-relational and genetic aspects.

When considering the attributive-relational aspects of Glosse we resort to the followingspecifics that constitute this genre: factuality, analytics and relative approach. These aspectscombined make this genre different from other artistic genres of journalism.

As for the genetic definition of Glosse, we view this genre as an innovative type offeuilleton. Its innovative aspect is based on the fact that compared to feuilleton Glosse isartistically freer; its style and terminology is more colloquial, at times, even slightly rude.

We believe Glosse is an artistic genre of journalism that emerged in the milieupostmodernism.

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Р Е З Ю М Е

GLOSSE КАК ИННОВАЦИОННО-ЖУРНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ЖАНР ИСИНТЕЗНЫЙ ВЗГЛЯД НА ЕГО ЛОГИКО-ТЕОРИТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ

СОФИО ТАБАГУА

В нижеследующей статъе мы предлагаем дефиницию художественно-публицис-тческого жанра немецкой пресы опираясъ на логику, как на дисциплину и рассуждаемоб атрибутическо-релатияеских и генетических дефинициях Glosse.

Рассматривая атрибутическо-релатияеские аспекты мы прибегаем к следующимдифференциалъным приомам: к фактичности, аналитичности и оценочному подходу,синтезом , которых характеризуется и в тоже самое время отличается данный жанр отдругих художественно-публицистческих жанров.

Касателъно генетической дефиниций Glosse, мы считаем, что имеем дело с инно-вационным типам фелъетона, подтверждая его инновационностъ следущими чертами:по сравнению с фелъетоном Glosse имеет более творчесли свободную форму, стилъписъма и употребляемая терминология более близка к разговорной речи, она даженесколъко грубовата.

Мы считаем, что Glosse – это жанр, возникший в лоне постмодернизма.

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arsebobs Tu ara sazogadoebrivi azri?

gvanca Wanturia

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisfilologiis doqtori

am statiaSi ganvixilavT sazogadoebrivi azris raobas da misrols kacobriobis istoriaSi. aseve moviyvanT magaliTebs, Tu rogoriadgili uWiravs sazogadoebriv azrs politikur cxovrebaSi da ragadamwyvet funqcias asrulebs igi politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRe-baSi da SevecdebiT davamtkicoT, rom sazogadoebrivi azri arsebobs.statia Sesdgeba Sesavlis, ori Tavisa da daskvnisagan. aseve mas TanerTvis damowmebuli literaturis sia.

Tanamedrove gagebiT sazogadoebrivi azri gaCnda XIX saukunisbolos frangi sociologis J.g. tardis naSromSi ,,sazogadoebriviazri da brbo” (10:1988). aq igi warmoadgens garkveuli sazogadoebis,adamianTa jgufis azrebs da Sefasebebs raime informaciaze.E

sazogadoebrivi azri warmoiSva Zalian didi xnis win. jer kidevhomerosis ,,iliada”-Si Cans sazogadoebrivi azris winaSe SiSi(odisevsis mier saqmroebis mokvlis dros), roca mmarTvel pirebsundaT sazogadoebrivi azri gadmoibiron. nawarmoebSi ramdenjermeismis aseTi fraza: ,,amas eubneboda TiToeuli Tavis mezobels” (8:1988).

ufro mogvianebiT ukve saberZneTSi (berZeni filosofosebiplatonisa da sokratesTvis (3:2008) es fenomeni meryevia da cvalebadi)da mere Zvel romSi sazogadoebrivi azri ar warmoadgenda calkeaRebul azrs, radganac mis formirebaSi sazogadoebrivi dajgufebebiiRebdnen monawileobas. maT xelSi iyo xelisufleba da gaaCndaT imissaSualeba, rom TavianTi ganzraxva moeyvanaT sisruleSi. Tumca igixSirad winaaRmdegobaSi modioda daweril kanonTan.

Sua saukuneebSi sazogadoebrivi azris roli dayvanili iyominimumamde. sazogadoeba iyo dayofili da maT gaaCndaTwinaaRmdegobrivi interesebi.

saerTod, leqsikonebSi azri aRniSnavs individualuri msjelobismtkice Sedegs (sinonimebia: Sexeduleba, rwmena) an kidev nebismieriubralo azris arseboba/ar arsebobas (rwmena, crurwmena). igi SeiZlebaiyos ara mxolod individualuri, aramed koleqtiuri produqti dagamoxatavdes kargad nafiqr da damuSavebul inteleqtualur pozicias;magaliTad, religiuri doqtrina (eklesiis azri raime sazogadoproblemaze) an filosofiuri da politikuri pozicia - spontanurikoleqtiuri wesdebebis an warmodgenebis sistema, rasac iziarebssocialuri jgufi.

igive semantikuri mravalferovneba SeimCneva sityva sazogadoeb-rivi –s mimarTac. is SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc erTad aRebuli mTelixalxi (am SemTxvevaSi ,,saerTo”; ,,sazogadoebrivi azri” aris ,,saerToazri”). igi ewinaaRmdegeba ,,kerZos” da aRniSnavs imas, rac gaxsnilia,

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Riaa yvelasTvis (yvelasTvis, sazogadoebisaTvis misaRebi); zogierTisazriT, es aris saxelmwifos kuTvnileba da gamoxatavs ,,koleqtiur”Tu ,,saerTo” interess (moqalaqeobrivi ufleba, saxelmwifos moqme-debis sfero). magram aseTi sazogadoebrivi azri ar warmoadgensxalxis didi nawilis azrTa statistikuri ganzogadebis Sedegs (xal-xis azri, brbos azri).

zogierTi mecnieris azriT sazogadoebriv azrze laparakiSeiZleba daviwyoT XVIII saukunidan. Tumca es fenomeni ar iyo ,,sazoga-deobrivi azri”. am dros didi mniSvneloba hqonda ganaTlebuli eli-tis azrs. inteleqtualurma elitam warmoSva igi sakuTari moTxov-nebis legitimaciisaTvis da samefo absolutizmis dasustebisaTvis.filosofosebi da mwerlebi, romelTa profesia azris SeqmnaSi mdgoma-reobda, iwyebdnen sakuTari azris ganmtkicebisa da mxardaWerisaTvismuSaobas. isini cdilobdnen sakuTari azri gardaeqmnaT universalurazrad, romelsac eqneboda politikuri Rirebuleba.

sazogadoebrivi azri da saerTod sazogadoeba TiTqmis yveladroSi angariSgasawevi Zala iyo.A magaliTad, roca prusiis mefisvilhelm II –is ministrma SemoiRo iseTi saskolo kanonproeqti, ramacsazogadoebrivi azris ganawyeneba gamoiwvia. mefem amis gamo ministrigadaayena miuxedavad imisa, rom prusiis konstitucia mas amas araiZulebda.

Tuki aqamde es iyo mxolod elitis azri (ufro informirebu-lebi), romlebic racionaluri diskursis Semdeg sajarod acxadebdnenmas da mouwodebdnen TavianTi azris pativiscemisaken, XIX saukunismeore naxevarSi nel-nela iwyeba aseTi sazogadoebrivi azris trans-formacia. amis mizezi iyo sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis damyareba dakoleqtiuri qmedebebis axali formebis ganviTareba, romelTa saTaveSiidgnen ,,masobrivi organizaciebi” – politikuri partiebi an profkav-Sirebi. am dros germaneli sociologi da filosofosi iurgen haber-masi acxadebda, rom es aris ,,formaluri azri, romelic aRiarebuliapolitikuri instanciebis mier” (12:2003) da igi mas aigivebda umravle-sobis azrTan.

XIX saukunis bolos gamravlda masobrivi moZraobebi, quCismanifestaciebi, warmoiSva da gavrcelda saxalxo da saerTo erovnulipresa. Sesabamisad iqmneba axali sazogadoebrivi azri. TanamedrovesazogadoebaSi igi did rols TamaSobs politikur cxovrebaSi. esyovelive miuTiTebs imaze, rom sazogadoebrivi azri marTlac arse-bobs. ase magaliTad, zogjer mitingze warmoTqmuli politikuri dis-kursi da presis statiebi ufro mniSvnelovania politikaSi, vidresakanonmdeblo organoSi miRebuli kanoni. politikosebic Sesabamisadcdiloben sazogadeobrivi azris momxrobas. ra Tqma unda, isini amasakeTebdnen enis, metyvelebis daxmarebiT.

Cven vTvliT, rom komunikaciis dasamyareblad kargad Tqmisxelovneba ar kmara. amisaTvis saWiroa icode yvela is meqanizmi, rom-liTac gavlenas moaxden Sesabamis auditoriaze. laparaki niSnavs sxva-ze moqmedebas, raTa gardaqmna misi azri, daarwmuno, gauZliero rwmena,daiTanxmo an winaaRmdegobis grZnoba Seususto. amrigad, laparakisdros adamiani neitraluri arasodes ar aris. maSinac ki, roca

57

cdilobs ubralod informacia miawodos, gaafrTxilos an rCeva miscesmeore adamians. imisaTvis, rom vinme rameSi daarwmunos, adamians undagaaCndes komunikaciis niWi. kontaqtis damyareba pirispir, iseverogorc uzarmazari auditoriis winaSe, moiTxovs did Zalisxmevas daZalze rTulia; Tumca arseboben adamianebi, romlebic amisaTvis ariandabadebulebi. aseTi adamianebi floben komunikaciis xelovnebas,oratorul niWs da maT SeuZliaT sxvebze zegavlenis moxdena. isiniagroveben xalxze pirad informacias da cdiloben, pasuxi gascen imisSesabamisad, Tu ra awuxebs da ra moTxovnebi aqvs Tanamosaubres (anauditorias). tyuilad ki ar aris naTqvami – `gvelsa xvreliT amoiy-vans ena tkbilad moubari~ (Ìl est des portes sur la mer que l'on ouvre avec desmots’’). tkbili sityviT – anu roca gagebiT moekidebian meore adamianisgulistkivils, moaCveneben TiTqos esmiT misi, gaiazreben mis wuxils –amiT miaRweven mis ndobas da mere ki advilad moaxdenen zegavlenas.Cven veTanxmebiT im mosazrebas, rom ena ara marto SemecnebissaSualebaa, aramed emsaxureba gabatonebul ideologias, axdensxalxis manipulirebas.

ukve XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi pier burdie acxadebs, rom,,sazogadoebrivi azri ar arsebobs” (1:1982). zogierTi mecnierisTvalsazrisiT aq SeiZleba vigulisxmoT is, rom am dros sazogadoeb-rivi gamokiTxvis praqtika axali SemoRebuli iyo da politikuri daJurnalisturi wreebis rwmena am fenomenis mimarT iyo susti (11:1993).p.burdie ambobs, rom yvelanairi azris sociologiuri gamokiTxvamiuTiTebs sazogadoebrivi azris arsebobaze da rom yvela azrs aqvsRirebuleba; roca erTsa da imave kiTxvas usvamen yvelas, es gulis-xmobs imas, rom arsebobs SesaZlebloba, rom mocemul problemebzegarkveuli konsensusi miiRweva. igi acxadebs, rom politikosebi xSiradamboben ,,RmerTi CvenTan ars”, risi eqvivalentic dRes aris ,,sazogado-ebrivi azri CvenTan ars” (vox populi vox dei). aseTia sociologiurigamokiTxvis fundamenturi efeqti: Seqmna iluzia, rom gamokiTxvebisSedegad miRebuli azri Seesabameba saerTo sazogadoebriv azrs.Sesabamisad ufro martivia adamianebis manipulacia politikosebisaT-vis da sakuTari azris Tavsmoxveva (2:1984).

p.burdies azriT, arsebobs erTis mxriv, saerTo interesebismqone garkveuli jgufis Camoyalibebuli, mobilizebuli azri; meoremxriv, ganwyobebi, romelic sulac ar aris azri, aramed sociologi-uri gamokiTxvis Sedegi. swored am ukanasknelze acxadebs pier burdie,rom igi ar arsebobs, radganac maT gamokiTxvis dros winaswar moce-mul azrebs sTavazoben (aq mniSvnelovania e.w. ,,latenturi azri”(4:1993), romelic gulisxmobs im dafarul azrebs, romlebsac adamianebixSirad malaven; aseve sociologiaSi aRiarebuli ori problema: araf-ris mcodneni (7:2001)- SeiZleba gamokiTxulma adamianebma ar icodnensakiTxi, rasac ekiTxebian da siCumis efeqti (9:1984) - SeiZleba xmamaRlaar gamoTqvan sakuTari azri garkveuli mosazrebebis gamo (7:2001)) daamgvarad adgenen kiTxvarebs. igi undoblobas ucxadebs am gamokiTxvebs(sazogadoebrivi azris procentebSi gamoxatvas) da maT politikurimanipulirebis saSualebas uwodebs. aq SegviZlia moviyvanoT magaliTiTvalsaCinoebisaTvis. 1936 wels erT-erTi popularuli gamocema Literary

58

Digest Seecada winaswar ganesazRvra prezidentobis or kandidatsralf landonsa da franklin ruzvelts Soris gamarjvebuli. gamokiT-xes adamianTa uzarmazari raodenoba (milionze meti adamiani). kvlevisSedegebis mixedviT ucilobeli gamarjvebuli landoni unda yofiliyo,Tumca Sedegi absoluturad sxvagvari aRmoCnda. amis Tavi da Taviswored meTodologiuri darRvevebi iyo. gazeTma kvlevisaTvis adamia-nebi xelmomwerTa siebidan da satelefono cnobarebidan SearCia, maSin,roca didi depresiis periodSi monacemTa aseT bazebSi ZiriTadadrespublikelebi sWarbobdnen. gamomdinare aqedan ruzveltis momxreebiSerCevaSi araadeqtvaturad iyvnen warmodgenilni. mkvlevrebma ubra-lod ar gaiTvaliswines es faqti. swored aqedan gamomdinare iyo aseTigansxvaveba kvlevis da arCevnebis Sedegebs Soris (6:2006).

unda iTqvas, rom miuxedavad am winaaRmdegobrivi Sexedulebebisa,sazogadoebrivi azri aris sazogadoebis mxardaWera an piriqiTuaryofiTi damokidebuleba garkveul movlenebze. igi gansazRvrulpozicias ikavebs, rCevas iZleva ama Tu im sazogado problemebis Sesa-xeb da aregulirebs individebis, socialuri jgufebis da institu-ciebis qcevas sazogadoebaSi da gamoimuSavebs socialuri qcevis dasazogadoebrivi urTierTobis garkveul normebs. am SemTxvevaSi sazoga-doebis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva is faqtebi, rac ainteresebs sinam-dvileSi mas da gamoirCeva Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da aqtualurobiT(magaliTad, rodesac manifestaciebisa da quCaSi gamosvlebis gziTsazogadoeba gamoxatavs Tavis azrs ama Tu im movlenaze;). igimoqmedebs rogorc mTeli sazogadeobis aseve calkeuli klasebisa dasocialuri jgufebis farglebSi (5:2001). aq laparaki SeiZleba aramarto mTeli qveynis, aramed garkveuli klasis azrze, magaliTadaxalgazrdebis azri (axalgazrdebi gamowvevas ucxadeben yvelas, vincmaT interesebs Seulaxavs. isini uaryofen yovelgvar rutinas da arurigdebian arsebul situacias. magaliTad, safrangeTSi 1968 wlismaisSi ganviTarebuli movlenebi. masobriv studentur gamosvlebsSeuerTda mTeli frangi xalxi. studentebis mTavari mizani iyoreformis gatareba mTeli qveynis masStabiT, rogorc ganaTlebissistemis Secvla aseve socialuri, ekonomikuri pirobebis gaumjobeseba.Sedegad xelisufleba wavida garkveul daTmobebze), calkeuli profe-siis warmomadgelebis azri (magaliTad, saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSi-ris TanamSromelTa ukmayofileba, roca kavSiris kuTvnileba gaomcem-loba ,,merani” gaauqmes. Senobas privatizacia gaukeTda. amas didigamoxmaureba mohyva televiziaSi Tu presaSi). sazogadoebrivi azrisgamoxatuleba SeiZleba iyos xelisuflebis arCevnebi, masebis monawi-leoba sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel saqmianobaSi (xalxi arapirda-pir arCevnebis gziT monawileobs), presa da sxva komunikaciis saSuale-bebi, manifestaciebi, aseve referendumi (xSirad referendumebis gziTcdiloben miiRon mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba, sadac sazogadoebasazrs ekiTxebian. 1991 wlis 31 marts saqarTveloSi saprezidentoarCevnebTan erTad Catarda referendumi. am dros gamoikiTxa xalxisazri, surdaT Tu ara maT saqarTvelos damoukidebloba. xalxmaerTxmad dauWira mxari saqarTvelos damoukideblobas. Sedegad amavewlis 9 aprils gamocxadda saqarTvelos damoukidebloba), mosaxleo-

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bis winasaarCevno gamokiTxva. sazogadoebrivi azris aqtiuri funqcio-nireba da mniSvneloba sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi ganisazRvreba arsebu-li socialuri pirobebiT: klasobrivi struqtura, warmoebiTi urTier-Tobebi, kultura, ganviTarebis done, specifiuri demokratiuli insti-tuciebi da Tavisuflebis ganviTareba. yovelive es dakavSirebuliaazris gamoTqmis TavisuflebasTan – sityvis, Sekrebis, beWdvis, manifes-taciebis Tavisufleba. dRes sazogadoebrivi azri yalibdeba ZiriTa-dad informaciis wyarosa da propagandis gavleniT. socializmisdros socialuri antagonizmebis likvidaciis pirobebSi, socialurstruqturebSi, kulturaSi da sazogadoebis socialur-politikuri daideuri erTianobis pirobebSi sazogadoebriv azrs gamoxatavdakomunisturi partia an muSaTa romelime organizacia.

Cemi azriT, dRevandel samyaroSi sazogadoebriv azrs didiyuradReba eqceva. amis damamtkicebeli sabuTia bevr qveyanaSi referen-dumebisa da plebiscitebis arseboba. agreTve sazogadoebrivi azrisgamoxatvis erT-erTi saSualebaa masobrivi gamosvlebi, manifestaciebi.mis arsebobaze miuTiTebs is, rom Zalian xSirad amboben an weren,,sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis azriT”, ,,sazogadoebis reaqcia amsakiTxze aris Semdegi...” da mravali sxva. mis arsebobas yvela qveyanasaTu saxelwmifoSi aRiareben. mas angariSs uweven politikuri gadaw-yvetilebis miRebis dros, rac naTlad gamoCnda zemoT moyvanilmagaliTebSi.

qveynis demokratiuli mmarTvelobiTi sistemebis arsebobis erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobaa am sazogadoebis wevrTa srulfasovanimonawileoba maTTvis mniSvnelovan politikur, socialur, ekonomikurTu kulturul procesebSi; qveynis xelisuflebam Tavis mxriv angariSiunda gauwios sazogadoebis azrs. sazogadoebis mxardaWera mniSvnelo-vania da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gadamwyvetia qveynis politikur cxovre-baSi. amitom saWiroa sazogadoebrivi azris kvleva da masze zegavle-nis moxdena.



1. burdie 1982: Bourdieu.P. - ,,Ce que parler veut dire’’, Paris, Librairie ArthèmeFayard, 1982, pp.95-112

2. burdie 1984: Bourdieu.P. - ,,Questions de sociologie’’, Paris, Minuit, 1984, pp225-237

3. gideon. o. bartoni: Gideon O. Burton, ,,ritorika” (onlain statia),http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/silva.htm, Brigham Young university, 2008

4. entmani 2000: Entman, R.- ,,Framing: toward clarification of a fractured paradigm”,Journal of Communication #43(4), Autumn, 1993, pp51-58

5. entmani 2001: Entman, R., Herbst, S. ,,Reframing Public opinion as we have knownit”, in W. Lance Bennet and R. Entman (eds) Mediated Politics, Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2001

http://humanities.byu.edu/rhetoric/silva.htm

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6. koplataZe,b. ,,masobrivi komunikaciis kvleviTi meTodebi” in,,damatebiTi sakiTxavi komunikaciis kursisaTvis”, z.Jvaniassaxelobis sazogadoebriv saqmeTa instituti, 2006

7. luisi 2001: Lewis.J. - ,,Constructing public opinion: How political elites do whatthey like and why we seem to go along with it”, New York, 2001

8. miminoSvili 1988: miminoSvili, r. - ,,homerosis samyaro”, Tbilisi,gamomcemloba nakaduli, 1988, gv.263-264

9. noel-niumani 1984: Noelle-Newman, E. - ,,The Spiral of Silence”, Our Social skin,in Political Communication, vol16, 1984

10. tardi: J.G.Tarde ,,L’opinion et la foule”, 1988, Gallimard11. Sampani, p.: P.Champagne ,,La vision médiatique”,in Bourdieu Pierre (Ed): La misère

du monde, Seuil, 1993, Psychologie 301, MIS, VB 1559512. habermasi 2003: habermasi, i. - ,,moqmedebis komunikaciuri Teoriis

winaswari monaxazebi da damatebebi”, quTaisi, sagamomcelo centri,2003

r e z i u m e

arsebobs Tu ara sazogadoebrivi azri?

gvanca Wanturia

sazogadoebrivi azri Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi did rolsTamaSobs politikur cxovrebaSi. zogjer mitingze warmoTqmulipolitikuri diskursi da presis statiebi ufro mniSvnelovaniapolitikaSi, vidre sakanonmdeblo organoSi miRebuli kanoni.referendumebi, plebiscitebi, masobrivi manifestaciebi - es yovelivemiuTiTebs imaze, rom sazogadoebrivi azri marTlac arsebobs.

S U M M A R Y

IS THERE A PUBLIC OPINION?

GVANTSA CHANTURIA

Society and public opinion always had a great power and P.O. was essential and rulingpart of the political life. A speech made by an orator at the meeting or an article written by ajournalist can prove to be more significant than a draft passed by the legislators. Thereferendums, plebiscites and mass manifestations are driving us to an idea that nowadays theP.O. is becoming more and more important.

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Р Е З Ю М Е

СУЩЕСТВУЕТ ИЛИ НЕТ ОБЩЕСТВЕННОЕ МНЕНИЕ?

ГВАНЦА ЧАНТУРИА

В современном обществе общественное мнение играет большую роль вполитической жизни. Иногда политическая речь и статьи в прессе более значительнычем принятые законы. Референдумы, плебисциты, массовые манифестации указываютна то, что общественное мнение существует.

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bizantiis dacemis dasawyisi

giorgi qavTaraZe

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetishumanitaruli fakultetis magistranti

bizantia Sua saukuneebSi qristianuli romis imperia iyo, is misidedaqalaqis – konstantinopolis arsebobis paralelurad 330 wlidan1453 wlamde arsebobda. XIII saukunemde bizantia evropis centrswarmoadgenda da yvela qveyana visac ki civilurobaze hqondapretenzia misken iswrafoda, Tavad imperia did zegavlenas axdenda,rogorc mezobel qveynebze ise Soreul dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTzec.Cveni interesis sagans warmoadgens Tu, ram ganapiroba aseTi Zlieriimperiis ganadgureba? ra roli iTamaSes jvarosnulma laSqrobebmaimperiis arsebobaSi? ram ganapiroba qristianul samyaroSi aseTimkveTri dapirispireba, maSin rodesac orad gayofil qristianuleklesias (1054wlidan) saerTo mteri islami ukve hyavda? dasmulsakiTxTan dakavSirebiT uamravi mosazreba da literatura aris,romlebic sxvadasva faqtorebze amaxvileben yuradRebas.

1453 weli, yvelasTvis kargad cnobili bizantiis imperiisdacemis, konstantinopolis aRebis TariRia. magram Cveni yuradRebissagans amjerad warmoadgens ori saukuniT adre ganviTarebuli movle-nebi imperiasTan mimarTebaSi, ramac safuZveli daudo imperiis ganadgu-rebas. es movlena istoriografiaSi meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobissaxeliTaa cnobili, romelic 1202 wlidan 1204 wlamde ZiriTadadfrangi raindebis da veneciis respublikis monawileobiT mimdinareob-da, maTi mTavari mizani egviptis dapyroba iyo, magram papis moTxovniTda moazrovne jvarosnebis gadawyvetilebiT maT qristianuli konstan-tinopolis aReba gadawyvites, rac berZnul aRmosavleTsa da laTinurdasavleTs Soris didixnis dapirispirebiT iyo gamowveuli.

Cveni azriT bizantiis imperiis dacemis gzaze Sedgomis ganmsaz-Rvreli swored meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba gaxda, roca qristianulaRmosavleTs, qristianuli dasavleTi samxedro, politikuri daekonomokuri interesebiT daupirispirda. bizantiis ganadgureba XVsaukuneSi, kavkasiis, mcire aziis, axlo aRmosavleTis, balkaneTis dasxva aRmosavleT evropis sivrcis momavlis ganmsazRvreli gaxda. dRes-dReobiT bizantiis imperiis dacemis mizezi imdenad aris saintereso,ramdenadac globalizaciis politika, dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTsSoris dapirispirebis fonze.

Cven SevecdebiT TvalwingavisigrZeganoT meoTxe jvarosnullaSqrobisas mimdinare movlenebi da pasuxi gavceT dasmul kiTxvebs.XII saukunis Sua xanebSi konstantinopols daax. milion naxevarimcxovrebi hyavda da is maSindel msoflioSi yvelaze didi qalaqi iyo,is warmoadgenda rogorc sazRvao ise saxmeleTo centrs. didi savaWro

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qalaq-respublikebi masTan kargi urTierTobis daemyarebascdilobdnen, rogorebic iyo genua, piza, venecia.

ingliseli istorikosis ransimenis SefasebiT, bizantiamistoriaSi pasiuri roli iTamaSa, radgan aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSiqristianobis burjad urwmuno aRmosavleTis, sparseTis, arabebis daTurqeTis winaagmdeg idga da garda amisa ganZi dasavleT renesan-sisTvis klasikuri literatura da filosofia daakonserva. da aqveaRniSnavs, rom bizantiis imperia Tavisi arsebobis ganmavlobaSi ganuw-yvetliv zegavlenas axdenda mTel msoflios kulturaze, aRmosavleTevropa TiTqmis mTel Tavis kulturas misionerebiTa da saxelmwifomoRvaweebiT konstantinopolidan mas umadlis, aseve Semdgom dasavleTevropa mis movaled idga sanam bizantia Tavis ukanasknel nabijebsdgavda da misi swavlulebi TavianTi xelnawerebiT da axalplatoniz-miT italiaSi afarebdnen Tavs, da rom sabolod Tavad islami bos-foris ideis mudmivi zegavlenis qveS moeqca. laTinebis mier mis dapyrobamde konstantinopoli udaod evropulikulturis dedaqalaqi iyo. albaT dasavleTis qveynebs moswondaTmaTSi, fufunebaSi Cafluloba, samarTlian da daxvewil bizantielebspativscemdnen, misi dedaqalaqic simdidriT da mravalnairi komfortiTsafrangeTsa da skandinaviaSi adamianebisTvis zRaprul qalaqad iqcada inglisSi mxolod ocneba SeeZloT. aRmosavleT evropaSi, bizantiisWiSkrebTan misi xSiri siaxloviT usasrulod didi zemoqmedeba iyo. (7.337-338)

XII saukunis miwuruls bizantiis imperiis dasusteba, albaTmainc aleqsi II (1180-1183) komnenosis mmarTvelobas ukavSirdeba. aleqsiII mourjulebeli bavSvi iyo. man mTeli cxovreba TamaSsa TunadirobaSi gaatara da amis gamo mankierebis gamoxatvis garkveuliCvevebic ganuviTarda. amavdroulad, dedamisi, mariam antioqieli,qveyanas mis nacvlad marTavda. mariamma prodasavluri simpatiebisgangansxvavebuli xasiaTis mrCeveli xelmZRvanelad daniSna; manuelisdiswuli, aleqsi protosebastusi: „igi miCveuli iyo drois udidesimonakveTis loginSi gatarebas ... rodesac mze amovidoda igi sibneleseZebda, rogorc gareuli cxoveli; igi did siamovnebas RebulobdaTavisi gafuWebuli kbilebis wmendiT, axlebis CasmiT im kbilebisadgilas romlebic adreul wlebSi momZvrali hqonda“ (6. 291) imis gamorom qalis mmarTvelobiT ukmayofileba izrdeboda, mravalgvarSeTqmulebebs hqonda adgili, romlis moTavec andronike komnenosiiyo, imperatoris pirveli biZaSvili.Mmis saxelsa da didebasTan erTadmis legendarul gmirobebs sawolSi da brZolis velze, misTvisSeudarebeli reputacia mohqonda. andronikes yovelTvis saimperatorogvirgvinze eWira Tvali, da rodesac, manueli gardaicvala, misTviscnobili gaxda is ukmayofileba, romelic qalis mmarTvelobisSedegad iyo gamowveuli. 1182 wlis agvistoSi konstantinopolSiajanyebam ifeTqa imperatoris biZam isaak II (1185-1195) angelosmapasuxismgebloba sakuTar Tavze aiRo taxtis memkvidre aleqsi IImaxviliT gangmira da wm. sofias taZarSi Tavi imperatorad gamoacxada.amis paralelurad qalaqi areulobam moicva. revoluciis naperwkaliCaixSo. yvela sasaxlis mepatrone jarSi gamoiZaxes, cixeebi gatexes,

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patimrebi razms TavianT ganmaTavisufleblebTan erTad SeuerTdnen.andronike win miiwevda dedaqalaqisken. armia da sazRvao jariCqarobda mas SeerTeboda. rodesac revoluciis ambavma andronikemdemiaRwia, igi Tavis SesaZleblobebSi, rom kontrols SeinarCunebdaRrmad iyo darwmunebuli; magram rodesac igi mivida did sasaxleSiyvelaferi naTeli iyo, man naxa Tavisi damcvelebi, romlebic mas aRaremorCilebodnen da ucbad mixvda. Tavisi mewamulisferi labada daCeqmebi moisrola. man saCqarod Tavis patara cols da mis rCeulsayvarels guda-nabadi Seakvrevina da maTTan erTad bosforidangaiqca. samiveni: imperatori, dedofali da sayvareli Zalian swrafadSepyres. qalbatonebs sicocxle SeunarCunes xolo andronike isaakiswinaSe dasasjelad miiyvanes. mokveTes marjvena xeli da cixeSi Casves,ramdenime dRis Semdeg is wamebiT mokles. nikita xroniati gadmoqvcems:“isini mas cemdnen, qvebs esrodnen, mosvenebas ar aZlevdnen WuWyiantalaxs ganuwyvetliv esrodnen. erTma qalma quCaSi erTi saTliadurebul wyaliT savse Tavze daacala... Semdeg igi fexebiTdakidebuli, aqlems mobmuli aTries. da bolos amdeni tanjvis Semdegis mokvda, sikvdilis Semdeg mas xeli pirSi Cadebuli darCa, fiqrobenrom igi sisxls iwovda romelic erTaderTi Wrilobidan sdio-da”.Mmisma memkvidreebma, Svilma manuelma da SviliSvilebma aleqsi dadaviTma Tavi saqarTvelos samefos Seafares, savaraudod manueliscoli Tamar mefis da, rusudani iyo.

yvela cnobilTa Soris vinc ki bizantias marTavda, angelisiyvelaze cudi imperatori iyo. sabednierod misi meTauroba xanmokleaRmoCnda. angelosebis sami imperatori – isaak II, aleqsi III (1195-1203)da aleqsi IV (1203-1204) – erTad aRebuli mxolod cxrameti welimarTavda. magram TiToeuli dabeCavebuli iyo, da isinikonstantinopolze misi saboloo dacemis did katastrofamdeerToblivad pasuxismgebelni iyvnen. (6. 295)

1198 wels romis papi gaxda inokent III. romis kuriis istoriaSierT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri papi iyo «grigol VII-is sulieri memkvidre,msoflio Teokretiuli monarqiis ideis erT-erTi yvelaze aqtiuriqomagi da gamtarebeli» (8. 240).

inokent III-m Tavisi SorsmWvreteluri diplomatiiT imdeni SeZlo,rom misdami vasalur damokidebulebaze evropis bevrma qveyanam ficidado, amiT man kargad isargebla daewyo meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqro-bis qadageba da organizeba. am mowodebas samRvdeloebis qveda ierarqi-idan bevri mxardamWeri gamouCnda. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda frangifulko neleli, romelsac rogorc iakov votrieli aRwers adviladSeeZlo xalxis darwmuneba mieRoT monawileoba laSqrobaSi, igimWermetyveluri niWiT gamoirCeoda (3. 416). mqadagebelni da jvarosaniraindebi xalxs aRmosavleTis winaaRmdeg brZolas naTel ferebSiuxatavdnen, isini maT amqveyniur sikeTesa da bednierebas sTavazobdnen,Tuki laSqrobaSi miiRebdnen monawileobas.

1199 wels safrangeTSi qalaq ekriSi turniri gaimarTa, romelmacxeli Seuwyo meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobis daCqarebas. grafebi tiboSampaneli da lui bluaseli romlebic turnirSi monawileobasiRebdnen, maT iq moismines fulko nelelis mgznebare sityva qristes

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saflavis ganTavisuflebis mowodebiT. ris Semdegac grafebma jvarimiiRes da aseve aTasobiT gamocdilma meomarma safrangeTSi ficidado, wasuliyo winda miwis gasaTavisufleblad. 1200 wels tiboSampanelis siZem grafma bolduin flandrielma da misma Zmebma evstax-ma da henrim jvari miiRes. (8. 242) 1201 wels bizantiis imperiis Tavs dramatuli movlenebiganviTarda, ufliswuli aleqsi tyveobidan gaiqca. man Tavi dasavleTSigermanias Seafara da Tavis siZes filip Svabiles daxmareba sTxovauzurpatoris winaaRmdeg. swored am dros jvarosnebi veneciaSiiyridnen Tavs raTa inokent III-s survilis mixedviT meoTxe jvarosnu-li laSqroba egviptis winaaRmdeg warmarTuliyo. veneciaSi, radganmxolod mas SeeZlo mravalricxovani jvarosanTa jaris gadayvanaflotiT xmelTaSuazRvaze. garemoebas is arTulebda, rom 1201 wlisTebervalSi jvarosanTa diplomatiuri misia (eqvsi elCi, sami grafimaT Soris Jofrua vilardueni da marSali Sampanidan imyofeboda)veneciis doJs enriko dandolos eaxla, raTa flotis daxmareba eTxo-vaT, magram vaWrobasa da bizneSi kargad gawafuli enriko dandoloTavs ikavebda usaxsro jvarosnebis daxmarebaze (1. 8-9). bizantiidangamoqceuli aleqsis Txovna maTTvis sulis miswrebas gavda, jvaros-nebs venecielTa flotisTvis fulis Sovnis saSvaleba gauCndaT.aleqsi da filipe Svabielis warmomadgenlebma daxmarebis aRmoCenis-Tvis jvarosnebs Semdegi pirobebi SesTavazes : 1. isaak II-isTvis taxtisdabrunebis SemTxvevaSi, bizantiis eklesia roms daeqvendebareboda, eski inokent III-is ocneba iyo. 2. jvarosnebi gasamrjelod 200 aTasvercxlis markas miiRebdnen. 3. bizantis jvarosnebs daexmarebodaierusalimisa da wminda miwis ganTavisuflebaSi. am or ukanasknelze kijvarosnebi ocnebobdnen. am dapirebaTa Semdeg binofaciusi, bolduini,grafi lui da jvarosanTa sxva xelmZRvanelebi enriko dandolosSexvdnen da gaacnes TavianTi gegmebi isaak II-is dasaxmarebladbizantiis winaaRmdeg, bizantiaze da uSualod konstantinopolzegalaSqreba, misi aReba da dasusteba ki dandolos ocnebas Seadgenda.amgvarad evropuli Zalebis-jvarosnebis, Teokratiuli ideologiis-inokent III-s da finansuri interesis-enriko dandolos ocnebebisasruleba konstantinopolze gadioda. amisaTvis saWiro mizezic buneb-rivad gamouCndaT isaak II-s saxiT, rogorc nikita xoniati SeniSnavs esimiT iyo gamowveuli, rom «venecielebi... Seurawyofilni imiT, rom maTimniSvneloba gadmovida bizantielebze da, Cvengan dacilebulebi, maTgamoamJRavnes yovel SemTxvevaSi mtruli ganwyoba, gansakuTrebiT maSinrodesac aleqsi III fuls daxarbebulis 200 mini oqros gadaxda arsurda... kidev ufro meti boroteba surad CvenTvis veneciel doJs henridandolos, brma da zogjer damwuxrebuli; mas yvelaze metad sZuldada mtrulad iyo berZnebis winaaRmdeg ganwyobili; gaqnili adamianiiyo da Zalian mouridebeli imdenad, rom Tvis Tavs brZenTa brZeniuwoda, da sxvebze saukeTesod miaCnda Tavi. is Tvlida sicocxlessikvdilze uaresad, Tuki mas arSeeZlo Seurawyofaze SurieZia, berZne-bi Tavisi moqalaqeebiT aiyolia, yvela ubedureba gonebaSi gaTvala,misi gamocdili Tanamemamuleebi angelosis, andronikesa da manuelismmarTvelobisas. magram cnobilia, rom yovelgvari wamowyeba misadmi

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iyo mimarTuli, Tuki ram iyo mofiqrebuli berZnebis winaaRmdeg erTivenecielisgan, dandolom ganizraxa mokavSireebis SeZenisTvis damzakvrulad CamoeSorebina iseT adamianebis nacvlad, romlebicberZnebisadmi Seurigebel siZulvils nergavdnen da maTi simdidreSurdaT. am dros (1203w.) Tavad bedma gaugzavna mas ramdenime didebulimpyrobeli, palestinis monaxulebis msurvelni, da maTTan man kavSiriSekra berZnebis winaaRmdeg. eseni iyvnen: bonifaciusi – monferatelimarkgrafi, bolduini – flandrieli grafi, henri –sen-polis grafi,lui – bloas grafi da sxva mravali mamaci meomari, msgavsad matulob-dnen TavianTi maxvilebiT. » (2. 431)

rogorc Cans, berZnebma droulad ver Seafases dasavleTidanmomavali safrTxe da mxolod gvian mixvdnen da gaacnobieres. maT arcufiqriaT da verc warmoidgendnen rom erTmorwmune dasavleTi bizan-tias sasikvdilod gaimetebda, sainteresoa is faqti rom bizantiursivrceSi warmoqmnili qristianuli saxelmwifoebi axerxeben erovnuliRirebulebebis win wamowevas da xSirad religiaze ufro maRlaayeneben. bizantiis xelisuflebisgan gansxvavebiT ase moxda saqarTve-los, bulgareTis, serbeTis da sxva qveynebis magaliTze, yvela cdi-lobda bizantia ganeZarcva yovelive kargisgan. mis Secdomebze sxvebiswavlobdnen, Tavad ki Secdomas ver xedavda is patiosnad iyo Tavisirwmenis mimdevari da erTguli gansxvavebiT dasavleTisa da albaTisev mis xelisufalTa mankierebebisken swrafvam, romelic amqveyniurisiamovnebis umaRles gancdebs warmoadgens imperiis mmarTveli fenebimiiyvana fufunebis Seguebamde, ramac imsxverpla kidec imperia, maT aradardebdaT safrangeTsa, germaniasa Tu inglisSi mcxovrebi qristia-nebi romlebic gaWirvebaSi cxovrobdnen. 1203 wlis damdegs bizantiis taxtis maZiebelTan dadebul iqnasaboloo xelSekruleba, xolo imave wlis 27 ivniss laTinTa flotmakonstantinopolis maxloblad Ruza CauSva. qalaqi ieriSiT aiRes.isaak angelosi Tavis vaJTan aleqsi VI-sTan erTad xelaxla avidataxtze. magram laTinebma sabolood gamoamJRavnes TavianTi survilida amas mohyva saxalxo ajanyeba, ris Sedegadac damxobil iqnaimperatori da Zalaufleba xelSi Caigdo aleqsi V murzufulam. 1204wlis 12 aprils konstantinopoli laTinebma kvlav ieriSiT aiRes daganukiTxavad gaZarcves da aaoxres. 1204 wlis martSi xeli moeweraxelSekrulebas, romlis Tanaxmad laTinebi erTmaneTSi inawilebdnennadavls. (8. 138) 1204 wlis 12 aprils laTinebma konstantinopoli aiRes, riTacmeoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba, viTomc da „wminda miwis musulmanTagangasanTavisufleblad“ wamowyebuli, sinamdvileSi dasrulda ZlieriaRmosavleT evropuli imperiis ganadgurebiT, ufro sworad misTvisiseTi laxvaris CasobiT, rac damRupveli aRmoCnda. amis Semdeg bizan-tiur sivrceSi iqmneboda Zlieri feodaluri seniorebi. mravali pataraimperia warmoiSva: meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqrobis Sedegad, konstan-tinopolis winaaRmdeg venecielTa gamoyenebiT, sxva efemeruli laTin-Ta imperia Seiqmna. (4. 70), romlis mbrZanebladac laTinebma flandriisgrafi bodueni dasves. bonifacius monferateli Tesalonikis mbrZanebe-li gaxda. konstantinopolis sapatriarqo taxti veneciis patriarqma

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daikava, trapizuntSi Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleTSi saqarTvelosmefis Tamaris ZalisxmeviT aleqsi da daviT komninosebma imperiadaaarses. (9. 110)

muslim avtorebTan aRmosavluri sivrcis damokidebuleba bizan-tielebisadmi icvleba, rac maT aRmniSvnel terminSic gamoixateba,isini bizantielebis aRmniSvnelad al-rems iyenebdnen, aseve jvaros-nuli laSqrobebis adreul periodSi jvarosnebis aRsaniSnavadac al-remi gamoiyeneboda. jvarosnuli laSqrobebis Semdeg arabebi iswra-fodnen ar aeriaT bizantielebSi jvarosnebi da axali termini ifran-ji (frangebi-g.q.) gamoiyeneboda (5. 56) da zogi avtori bizantiis impera-torebTan muslimTa naTesaur kavSirebze miTebs qmnidnen raTa maT mier1453 wels konstantinopolze galaSqreba da laTinTagan misi ganTavi-sufleba gaemarTlebinaT. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, „1204 wlis movlenebi bizantiis-Tvis iyo gamanadgurebeli dartyma, romlis Semdegac is verasodesgaimarTa welSi“ (10.139). maSin rodesac maSindeli msoflios mosaxle-obis umravlesobas konstantinopolis xelSi Cagdeba surda, es erTgva-rad imis gamoxatuleba iyo rom did kacTan patara kacs ar gauidodasimarTle, barbarosi jvarosnebi moyvrulad mosuli mtrebi iyvnen.

l i t e r a t u r a:L i t e r a t u r e:

Л и т е р а т у р а:

1. Робер Де Клари. Завоевание Константинополя. М.; Под редак. З.В. Удальцова1986г

2. Хониат Никита. Осада и взатие Константинеполя Латинами. 1204 г.; Под редак.М. М. Стасюлевич 2001 г. «Исторя средних веков» 1096-1291.

3. Яков Витрийский. Общественная жизнь Парижа в начале XIII в. И проповедьФулько Нельи 1200 г.; Под редак. М. М. Стасюлевич 2001 г. «Исторя среднихвеков» 1096-1291.

4. Гофф, Ле Жак. Цивилизация средневекового Запада. 2005 г.5. Nadia Maria El-Cheikh. Byzantium through the Islamic Prism from the Twelfth to the

Thirteenth Century. 2001. www.doaks.org.6. Norwich, John Julius. Short History of Byzantinum. New York.1997 y.7. Runciman, S. Byzanz. Darmstadt 1976 j.8. Sua saukuneebis istoria. Tb. 2005 w.9. asaTaini, valeri. bizantiuri civilizacia. Tb. 2006 w.10. dili, Sarl. bizantiis istoria. 1998 w.

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r e z i u m e

bizantiis dacemis dasawyisi

giorgi qavTaraZe

1453 weli yvelasTvis kargad cnobili bizantiis imperiis dacemis,konstantinopolis aRebis TariRia. magram Cveni yuradRebis sagansamjerad warmoadgens ori saukuniT adre ganviTarebuli movlenebiimperiasTan mimarTebaSi, ramac safuZveli daudo imperiis ganadgure-bas. Cveni azriT bizantiis imperiis dacemis gzaze Sedgomis ganmsaz-Rvreli meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqroba gaxda, roca qristianul aRmo-savleTs, qristianuli dasavleTi samxedro, politikuri da ekonomoku-ri interesebiT daupirispirda.

S U M M A R Y

THE BEGINNING OF THE END THE BYZANTIUM EMPIRE

GIORGI KAVTARADZE

1453 for everybody well known date it is the fall of the Byzantium empire andoccupation of Constantinople, for the present moment we are interested deeply in facts thattook place two centuries ahead before empires fall. To our mind the reason of fallingByzantium empire was the fourth Crusade’s war, when Christian East, Christian Westmilitary, political and economic interests were in contrast to each other.

Р Е З Ю М Е

НАЧАЛО ПАДЕНИЯ ВИЗАНТИИ

ГИОРГИ КАВТАРАДЗЕ

1453 год является датой Константинополя и падения всем известнойВизантийской империи. Но предметом нашего внимания на этот раз являются события,происшедшие за два столетия до этого, которые послужили основанием дляуничтожения империию. По нашему мнению, определяющим фактором в паденииВизантийской империи стал именно данный крестовый паходб когда военныебполитические и экономические интересы христианского востока были противопостав-лены интересам христианского запада.

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THE IMPACT OF TURKISH AND RUSSIAN DOMINION ON THE ETHNO-CONFESSIONAL COMPOSITION OF MESKHETI

VALERI MODEBADZE

PhD STUDENT IN POLITICS AT THE INTERNATIONAL BLACK SEA UNIVERSITY

Turkish and Russian dominion had a great influence on the ethno-confessionalstructure of Meskheti. Neighbouring countries of Georgia directed and controlleddemographic processes in Meskheti. More than two centuries Meskheti remained underOttoman control which affected its ethno-confessional composition. Historical events such asmigration of Turkish tribes and the conversion of the local Meskhetian population to Islamchanged its ethno-confessional structure. Russian occupation also greatly altered itsdemographic picture. The deportations and forceful expulsions of local Muslim population toinner areas of Turkey were accompanied with the resettlement of loyal colonists from Turkeyto Samtskhe- Javakheti. This ethnic cleansing policy, as well as the deportation ofMeskhetians to Central Asia in 1944 caused radical demographic changes in this region. As aresult, Samtskhe- Javakheti is today an ethnically and religiously diverse region.

Original settlers of Meskheti are Meskhetians, indigenous people of the south- westernpart of Georgia. This region originally was much larger than it is today and larger part of itnowadays belongs to Turkey. Meskhetians (Meskhs) are descendants of the ancient Georgiantribes of Meshech (later Moskh) and Mosiniks (also known as Meshekhs/Mosokhs/Mushki,Mushku in Akkadian, Moschoi in Greek). They were an ancient, non-Indo-European and non-Semitic, indigenous tribe that inhabited territories in eastern part of Asia Minor in 3rd-1st

millennia BC. These tribes had highly developed culture and were one of the inventors ofiron metallurgy. Assirian and Hittite sources often mention a powerful tribe of Mushks whichthreatened them from the north and often fought against them. (Khazaradze, 2001)

In the 2nd millennium-8th century BC Meskheti as part of the Georgian Kingdom ofDiaokhi, which was a confederation of Georgian tribes, was frequently fighting against itsneighbouring states – Kolkhida and Urartu. The historical sources of Urartu call themDiaochi. Later the Greeks called them Taochs. The name of the historical province ofGeorgia Tao is derived from the name of this kingdom. Constant attacks from Colkhida andUrartu destroyed Diaokhi in 8th century BC. Colkhida Kingdom occupied its territories andbecame a neighbour of Urartu. Since then Fights between these two neighbours began.Battles against Urartu and invasions of the nomadic tribes from the North Caucasus –Cimmerians weakened once powerful Georgian kingdom Kolkhida and from 4th century BC itfell under influence of another Georgian Kingdom – Kartli or Iberia.

In the 4th century BC-6th century AD Meskheti was part of the Kingdom of Iberia.Certain groups of Meskhetian tribes migrated to Kartli and played very important role in theformation of the Georgian nation and Kartli (Iberia) Kingdom. They are even regarded asfounders of the ancient Georgian capital Mtskheta which literarily means town of Meskhs(Meskhetians). (Umarov Gozalishvili, 2005)

In the 9th -11th centuries Mesketi, also known as Tao- Klarjeti, was governed by theBagratides and the region played a crucial role in the unification of the Georgian principalitiesinto a single Georgian state in 1008. Meskheti gave many prominent people to the unitedGeorgia. The well known Bagrationi dynasty originated from the ancient Meskhetian town

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/2nd-millennium-BC

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/4th-century-BC

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Diaokhi

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/4th-century-BC

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/6th-century

http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Caucasian-Iberia

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Speri (present-day Ispir) In the 10th-15 centuries Meskheti was part of the united GeorgianKingdom. It was one of the most distinguished regions of the united Georgia not only inpolitical, but in cultural aspects. Meskheti played very important role in the development ofGeorgian culture and civilization. During the reign of King Tamar, when Georgia became theleading force in Caucasus, a masterpiece “The knight in the Panter’s Skin” was written by aprominent Meskhetian writer Shota Rustaveli. In the XI –XIII centuries Meskheti was thelargest province of Georgia and kept the leading positions among the regions of Georgia.

The invasions of Tatar - Mongols in the 13th century and the campaigns of Tamerlanein the 14th century devastated Georgia and its southwestern province Meskheti and promotedthe disintegration of the country. The population of the country was drastically reduced and itseconomy was on the verge of collapse. Weak and exhausted from the endless wars, Georgiastarted to disintegrate in the 15th century. (Bluashvili,2006) The king’s centralized power hadsignificantly diminished and he began to loose control over most of his territories. The declineof King’s power accelerated the segregation of Georgia into several independent kingdom –principalities. Various rulers of different provinces fought for their independence from thecentral Georgian rule and promoted the total disintegration of Georgian state. Last king of theunited Georgia, George VIII (1446-1466) was unable to stop the disintegration of hiskingdom and unify the country again, because he encountered strong resistance from the lordsand rulers of the different provinces of Georgia, especially from the ruler of Samtskhe –Saata-bago (Meskheti), Kvarkvare Jakeli. Every effort to unify the country was futile and Georgiaquickly disintegrated into a number of independent kingdoms. (Umarov Gozalishvili, 2005)

Weak and fragmented Georgia became an easy target for the invaders. Small GeorgianKingdoms and principalities were under constant threat of invasions. The situation wasespecially dramatic for a small principality of Samtskhe-Saatabago because as a borderland itsuffered more serious blows from the invaders and it was unable to resist the expansionistambitions of its powerful neighbors, Turkey and Iran. By the Mid –fifteenth century thepower of Ottoman Empire increased greatly as it managed to absorb Byzantine andTrapezund Empires. Iran, which was disunited for almost eight centuries, became also apowerful state. When it was disunited it did not present a serious threat to Georgia but at thebeginning of the 16th century (1502) it was united again under the vigorous dynasty of theSafavids and began to expand towards the Transcaucasus. From the beginning of the XVIcentury these two Middle Eastern superpowers were perpetually at war with each for thespheres of influence in Transcaucasus. (Gachechiladze,1995) In the battle of Cildir, in 1578Turkey defeated Iran. In 1590 a peace treaty was signed between Iran and Turkey. Under thistreaty Samtskhe- Saatabago fell under Ottoman dominion. Georgia had lost one-third of itsterritories and this region became the province of the Ottoman Empire.

Meskheti was converted into one of the administrative regions of the Ottoman Empirewhich was named Wilayat of Gurjistan. From this period starts the islamization process ofMeskhetians. Islam came to Meskheti with the arrival of nomadic tribes of Turkish origin.Thereafter, the establishment of the Ottoman landowner system in the region accelerated itsislamization. According to the Ottoman rule of land ownership only Muslim Soldier couldown land. A Georgian landowner had two options – either to adopt Islam, serve turkey andretain his property or abandon his land and leave the country. Therefore, many Georgians,especially lords were forced to adopt Islam in order to preserve their property and enjoy thesame privileges as Muslim population of Ottoman Empire. To preserve its power and wealth,the ruler of Samtskhe-Saatabago, Beka Jaqeli, converted to Islam, and a member of the Jaqelifamily almost continuously held the title of Pasha until the abolition of the Akhaltsikhepashalik in 1829. Other Meskhetian feudal families also adopted Islam. (Sanikidze, Walker,2004) Some of the population decided to leave the country and found refuge in the inner



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Christian kingdoms of Georgia in order to avoid the conversion to Islam. “Extensive Registerof Gurgistan Vilayet” often mentions “the villages abandoned by the population.” Accordingto this document there were 1160 villages in Samtskhe- Saatabago. From these 1160 villages,368 were completely abandoned and not a single person lived any longer there. Some peoplestayed in Meskheti and managed to retain Christianity at the expense of converting toCatholicism.

The arrival of nomadic Turkish tribes to Meskheti did not change significantly theethno-confessional composition of this region until the eighteenth century. (In the 18th beginsthe massive migration of nomadic Turkish tribes to Meskheti and intensifies the conversion oflocal population to Islam) On the initiative of the Turkish Sultan Samtskhe-Saatabago’sterritories were populated with Turkish nomads, Turkmen tribes and Kurds in order to speedup this regions “Turkization”. Despite the resettlement of these tribes Georgians still formedthe great majority of the local population in the 16th century. After the annexation of Samtkhe–Saatabago in1590, Ottoman authorities conducted the census of this part of Georgia and theycompiled a book in 1595 which they called an “Extensive register of Gurgistan Vilayet”. Itincludes valuable information about the amount and ethnic composition of the population ofSamtskhe -Saatabago. Onomastic analysis of this document shows that nearly the entireprovince of Samtskhe Saatabago was populated by ethnic Georgians. (Totadze, 2005) Thus, atthe end of the 16th century Meskheti was almost fully populated by Georgians and resettledtribes formed the minority. Turks were aware that Samtskhe-Saatabago was age – oldGeorgian land and therefore called it “Wilayat of Gurjistan,” which became one of theadministrative provinces of Ottoman Empire.

Turkish customs and rules were introduced in Meskheti and Turkish was declared theofficial language. However, a large part of the local population managed to speak Georgian athome, to follow Georgian customs and Christian confession in secret. The process of isla-mization lasted for centuries and was not completed fully even in the XVIII century. MostlyNobility adopted Islam, the peasantry kept still the Christian faith. From the XVIII centuryonwards starts the process of islamization of the peasantry. (Umarov Gozalishvili, 2005)

Turkish rule lasted in Meskheti for more than two centuries, until the arrival ofRussians in Caucasus. After the occupation of Georgia in 1801, Russian empire started toexpand its territories in Caucasus. In 1828 -1829 Russia defeated Turkey and under theAndrianopoli Peace Treaty part of Meskheti known as Samtskhe -Javakheti was incorporatedoficially into the Russian Empire. One would expect that the liberation of Meskheti fromTurkish dominion would stop the islamization process in this region. However, the oppositehappened. To the surprise of Georgians, Russia opposed any attempt of the local populationof Samtskhe –Javakheti to return to Georgian roots and prevented the reintegration of MuslimMeskhetians into the Georgian society. Muslim Meskhetians even expressed their willingnessto change their relligion and become christians again if Russian Tsar would maintain theirprivileges and garantee the safety of their property. However, Tsar Nicholas I refused tochristianize them. (Malashkhia,2007) Russia like all empires followed a traditional policy ofdivide et impera in Caucasus and therefore, the integration of Muslim Meskhetians into theGeorgian society contradicted its political interests. The marker of “Turks” was assigned tothe Muslim population of Meskheti by Tsarist Russia in order to justify the deportation ofmany Meskhetians to Turkey. 75 thousand Meskhetian families were forced to leave theirhomeland and resettle to Turkey. Tsarist Russia considered them to be “unrilaiable” peoplebecause of their Muslim identity. Religion was generally used at that time as an indicator ofnational identity and self-identification was based mainly on religion. Catholic Georgiansreferred to themselves as “French” and the followers of the Christian Orthodoxy traditionallyconsidered themselves Georgians as long as they retained Christianity. But if they converted

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to Islam they were called “Tartars” or “Turks”. It has to be taken into consideration thatMuslim and Turkish were synonyms at that time and Georgian Muslims were not distingui-shed from Turkish people. In reality the majority of those referred to as „Turks“were ethnicGeorgians. Russians were aware that they were not ethnic Turks and to their Georgian originspeak a number of historical sources, as well as the population censuses which were conduc-ted by Tsarist Russia in the 19th century. In these population censuses the Muslim Meskhe-tians were registered as Suni Georgians. Even Turkish people knew that they were not ethnicTurks and called them ‘Gurcu oglu’ i.e. Sons of Georgians. (Umarov Gozalishvili, 2005)

Tsarist Russia expelled many of the “unrilaiable” Muslim Meskhetians from Samtskhe–Javakheti to Turkey and replaced them with ‘‘more reliable'' christian Armenians. Russia didnot trust neither Muslim Meskhetians nor Christian Georgians and tried to change ethniccomposition of the newly occupied territories in favour of Armenians. More than half of thelocal population of Samtskhe –Javakheti was deported to Turkey. From the first half of theXIX century Samtskhe-Javakheti was extensively receiving large number of Armenianrefugees that were expelled from Ottoman Empire. (Janiashvili) Throughout centuriesArmenians migrated in large numbers to Georgia whenever they faced discrimination andtheir physical existence was endangered. Georgia was the closest country and wheneverArmenians were oppressed and discriminated, were leaving their homeland and trying to findshelter in Georgia in order to stay closer to their homeland. The migration of Armenians toGeorgia intensified in the 19th and 20th century due to the persecution of Armenians in theOttoman Empire. During the Russo- Turkish wars, Armenians collaborated with Russiansand fought against the Turks. Therefore, after the wars many Armenians living in the OttomanEmpire feared revenge from Turks and found shelter in foreign countries and also inSamtskhe-Javakheti. Massive settlement of Armenians in Georgia was especially encouragedby the administration of the Russian Empire. Russian general Paskewic resettled 35.000Armenians from Erzrum to Samtskhe- Javakheti in 1829-1831 in the empty villages whichwere previously inhabited by Muslim Meskhetians. Tsarist Russia created all kinds ofpriviledges for resettled Armenians and discriminated the local muslim population.

Russian Empire actively encouraged Muslim population of Samtskhe –Javakheti toimmigrate to Turkey. According to the Russian –Turkish truce, 18 months of time were givento local Muslim population to abandon their lands and resettle to Turkey. When Russiansseized the town of Akhaltsikhe in 1829, they treated the local Muslim population veryinhumanly. Russian soldiers inflicted massacres and atrocities on the local Muslim popula-tion. They killed large number of women and children and many Muslim Meskhetians leftSamtskhe-Javakheti in order to escape Russian cruelty. (Janiashvili) The discrimination ofMuslims served one purpose, it had to increase migration proceses to Turkey. As a result ofthe Russian ethnic cleansing policy, migration process of Muslim population of Samtskhe -Javakheti to Ottoman Empire continued throughout 19th and 20th centuries. This anti-Georgian demographic polcy radically changed demographic balance in Samtskhe-Javakheti.Some regions of Meskheti, for instance Javakheti were completely abandoned by the localpopulation and only a tiny portion of Georgians remained there. Although migration toTurkey was constant and continuous process, three major waves of migration can bedistinguished: The first wave was during and after the Russo-Turkish war in 1828-29, whichhas already been mentioned above; the second major wave of immigration took place in 1877-78 and it involved immigrants from Muslim Georgian provinces like Artvin, Ardahan, Adjara,Samtskhe and Lower Guria. This wave of immigration, which is also known in history as“muhajirstvo”, had left historic Georgian regions that had considerable Muslim populationsvirtually depopulated. The last sizeable wave of migration was in 1921, when Turkey finallyceded Adjara to Georgia and signed the Treaty of Kars with the Transcaucasian Soviet repub-

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lics. This last wave also involved Turkish-speaking Muslims from Upper Adjara. These wa-ves of migration considerably increased the number of Muslim Georgians in the Ottoman Em-pire. Their quiet numerous Georgian –speaking descendants still live in Turkey and are con-centrated on two major regions of residence: Black Sea coast and Northwestern Turkey. Theyrefer to themselves as “Chveneburi.” Total number of these people is more than 1.5 million.

Tsarist Russia’s imperial government emptied the occupied territories for its own loyalcolonists, Armenians and Greeks from Turkey. Thousands of Muslim Georgians becamemuhajirs and as a result of this ethnic cleansing policy Armenians became the largestcommunity in Samtskhe – Javakheti by the end of nineteenth century. In other words theethnic composition of Samtskhe-Javakheti region changed in favour of Armenians.According to1897 Census carried out by Russian authorities, Armenians exceeded Georgiansin number. The ethnic composition of this region was the following: 18,664 Georgians(Orthodox and Catholic), 67,683 Armenians (Gregorian and Orthodox) and 43,367 Turkicspeaking population (Muslim Georgians, Turks, Karapapkhs, Khemshils and AnatolianTurkmens) (Sanikidze, Walker, 2004) However, this census did not provide a clear picture ofthe ethnic composition of Samtskhe –Javakheti region because many Muslim Georgians werecounted as Turks. Therefore, it is impossible to determine the number of Muslim Georgiansaccording to this census. As it has been mentioned above, rreligion played particular role inthe formulation of ethnic belonging and ethnic identification. Many of the Georgian- speakingMuslims referred to themselves as “Turks” and therefore, were counted in the census as Turksor Tatars. During that time “Georgian” was synonymous with “Christian” and because manyGeorgians adopted Islam, they were referred as “Turks” or “Tatars”.

Thus, Russian occupation of Samtskhe-Javakheti radically changed the ethno-confes-sional structure of this region. With the contribution of the Russian authority some areas ofMeskheti, especially Javakheti was completely armenianized. During those times there was aspecial notice in Javakheti that displayed the words of General Paskevic: ”Own this landwithout fear, Russian army is protecting you.” The resettlement of Armenian served one pur-pose, General Paskhevich, who became the initiator of settlement of Armenian families in Ja-vakheti, wanted to populate strategic southern border region with the population that would beloyal to the Russian Empire. Tsarist Russia considered Armenia as its strategic ally and there-fore, tried to change the ethnic composition of newly occupied areas in favor of Armenians.

The process of the Armenians’ massive settlement on the territory of Georgiacontinued in the 20th century. With the contribution of the Russian authority, a large influx ofArmenians from the Ottoman Empire arrived in 1897 – 1902, 55000 of them settled inGeorgia. As the result of the migration of Armenians to Georgia, we have the followingpicture of the dynamic process of the growth of Armenian settlements: in 1865 122,6thousand Armenians resided in Georgia, in 1886 - 172,9 thousand and in 1897 amountreached 197,0 thousand. The census which was conducted in 1926 revealed that the totalArmenian population in Georgia was 307018.(Georgian Genealogy, 2006-2007) Armeniansbecame a dominant ethnic group in Tbilisi. According to the 1897 census Armenians formed75 percent of the population of Tbilisi. (Kanbolat, 2001) These migration processes appearedto be the heavy load for Georgia and it radically changed the demographic picture of southernprovinces of Georgia. This dynamic process of growth of the Armenian population in Georgiawas accompanied with the systematic and deliberate reduction of the local Muslim populationin the Southwest part of Georgia. This meant the annexation of the Georgia’s historicalprovinces by peaceful way. Resettled Armenians became the privileged ethnic group inSamtskhe-Javakheti, whereas Muslim Meskhetians were facing persecution and discrimina-tion in their own country.

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Followers of the Christian sects were also resettled from Central regions of Russia toJavakheti by the initiative of the Russian Tsar. Compact settlements of Russians in this regionfirst appeared in the 1830-s. First Molocans were resettled to Georgia in 1836 and laterDukhobors in 1841. They settled mainly in Ninotsminda district and founded villages such asEphremovka, Orlovka, Rodionovka, Spasovka, Bogdanovka, etc. (Totadze, 1999) With theResettlement of these people Tsarist Russia killed two birds with one stone: it managed to getrid of the followers of various sects and at the same time expanded its social base in theoccupied areas. Colonization and russification of Caucasus was one of the main goals ofTsarist Russia which could only be achieved with the presence of Russian colonists in theoccupied areas.

Russian Empire took advantage of the gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire andobtained military – political gains from the Russo-Turkish wars (However, it sometimessuffered defeats. For instance in the Crimean War it was defeated because of the involvementof France and Great Britain in the war). As a result of the war between Russia and Turkey in1877 -1878, Russian empire made considerable territorial gains in Caucasus and under theTreaty of San Stefano the Ottoman Empire ceded to Russia largely Muslim Georgianprovinces (including the southern two-thirds of Meskheti – known as Tao-Klarjeti, Adjara,Lower Guria and Kars district). But Lenin returned most of these territories to Turkish leaderAtaturk after the First World War. (Aydingun, Harding, Hoover, Kuznetsov, Swerdlow, 2006)Newly established Soviet Empire desperately required peace and wanted to avoid new wars.Therefore, Lenin agreed to make large territorial concessions to Germany and Turkey inexchange of peace. Under the Brest-Litovsk Treaty most of these territories were ceded toTurkey. Ottoman Empire’s defeat in First World War allowed the newly establishedindependent Georgia to regain control over the lost territories. However, three years later, inFebruary 1921, Red Army attacked Georgia and gained control over country. Simultaneouslythe southern provinces of Georgia were reoccupied by Turkey, a fact that was acknowledgedby the Treaty of Moscow, signed between Russia and Turkey and Treaty of Kars, signedbetween Turkey and transcaucasian Soviet socialist republics. The Kars Peace Treaty wassigned between Turkish and Soviet governments in 1921. In this treaty Attaturk and Leninreached an agreement that divided the region of Meskheti in two. Larger part of Meskhetiwas given to Turkey, while Georgia retained Adjara and Samtskhe- Javakheti region. In otherwords, under this treaty, Georgia returned the regions of Artaani, Artvini and Oltisi to Turkey.The total territory equaled to 12 760 square kilometers with the population of 164.000.Turkey agreed to cede Adjara to Soviet Union, under condition of granting Adjara wideautonomy, so that religious and cultural rights of the people living on its territory would beprotected. According to this agreement, an Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Adjarawas created. Also upper third of Meskhetian territory, which formed part of the RussianEmpire since 1829, remained under Soviet control. (Central state archive of modern history ofGeorgia, Fund №600 Anagraph №2 Case №623, page14-17, 53-58)

Soviet Union, like its predecessor Tsarist Russia, followed a traditional policy ofDivide and Rule in Georgia. Soviet nationality policy laid faoundations of today’s ethnictensions and fragmentation. Eerything was done by the Soviet administration to make theSoviet republics as heterogenous as possible, in order to avoid any serious strengthening ofthe “titular nationalities” of the Union Republics. Soviet Russia became an active supporterof separatist forces and set up three autonomous units on the territory of Georgia. Sovietnationality policy contributed also to Meskhetian’s denationalization. Soviet governmentdeclared Muslim Meskhetians as an “Azerbaijanian national minoriy” and opened Azerbaija-nian schools for them. They were forbidden to recieve education in Georgian language. Localpopulation protested this discriminative act because Muslim Meskhetians had nothing in

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common with Azeris – neither territorially, nor ethnically and therefore, demanded openingGeorgians schools for their children, as their children could not undrstand Azerbaijanianlanguage. Soviet officials rejected their demands saying that they were “Tartars” and theyhad to study in their native language. (Only in 1939 their requests were satisfied and manyAzeri schools were transformed into Georgian schools.) (Umarov Gozalishvili, 2005)Azerbaidjanian cultural amtonomy was established in Meskheti. Cultural life was dominatedby Azeri language, newspapers, magazines and books. All the best positions were held by thepeople belonging to Azeri nationality and this region only nominally belonged to Georgia. Inorder to speed up the forcible assimilation of Meskhetians, they were prohibited to carryGeorgian surnames. Their Georgian surnamens were replaced with Azeri Surnames. In 1936all Muslim Meskhetians were officially registered as “Azeris”. The main goal of Soviet natio-nality policy was the eradication of national self-consciuosness among Muslim Meskhetiansand this policy converted them into the denationalized mass.

National origins of Meskhetians had been “fabricated” commensurably to the politicalinterests of Tsarist Russia and USSR. First, these people were identified as “Suni Georgians”in the 1870 and 1916 censuses of Tsarist Russia. Soviet government assigned the marker ofTurks to these people in the 1920s, but in the 1930s they were re-classified as “Azerbaijanis”.Then, in the 1940s, they were again refered to as Turks wich served as the justification for thedeportation of these people. (Trier, Kanzhin,2007) After the deportation to Central Asia, thedeportees were registered as ''Turk'', ''Azeri'', ''Muslim'', ''Caucasian'' or ‘‘Uzbek’’ in theirpassports, which even further complicated the identification problem.

One of the main factors speeding up “armenization” of Meskheti was the deportationof local Muslim population to Turkey and Central Asia. The deportation of Muslim Meskheti-ans to Central Asia also greatly altered the ethno-confessional composition of Samtkhe-Java-kheti region. About 100 000 people were deported to central Asia in 1944. The majority ofthe deported people were in fact Georgian-speakers of ethnic Georgian heritage. The numeri-cal superiority of Armenians became even more noticeable after the deportation of MuslimMeskhetians. Javakheti was almost completely abandoned by ethnic Georgians and in termsof ethnic composition it became purely Armenian region. Statistical data kept in State archi-ves of Georgia proves that before the deportation considerable number of Georgians stillremained in Javakheti. According to this statistical data total population of Javakheti was79 937 in 1928-29. This region had following ethnic composition: 7393 - Georgians, 6919 -Turks, 5223- Russians, 1117 – Kurds. Armenians formed the majority and numbered 57 784.According to this census Georgians comprised 9,3 % of the total population. (Central statearchive of the modern history of Georgia, Fund№284 Anagraph №1 Case№3322, page72) Inreality the number of Georgians was much higher if we take into account the fact that MuslimMeskhetians were registered as “Turks” during that time. (People belonging to differentnationalities, Muslim Meskhetians, Hemshins, Karapapakhs, etc were categorized as “Turks”)Due to the systematic reduction of the Georgian population and deliberate anti- Georgian acti-vity of Tsarist Russia and Soviet regime only 3000 Georgians remain in Javakheti at present.

To sum up, three important historical effects completely changed the ethno-confessio-nal composition of Meskheti: 1.Ottoman dominion, migration of Turkish tribes and the con-version of local Meskhetian population to Islam. 2. Russian occupation, deportation ofMuslim Meskhetians to Turkey, also known as “Mohajirstvo” or “Muhajiroba” and theresettlement of loyal Armenian and Greek colonists from Turkey to Southern Georgia. 3. Thedeportation of Muslim Meskhetians to central Asia. Due to a deliberate anti-Georgian demog-raphic policy conducted by Tsarist Russia and Soviet Union, Samtskhe-javakheti became amultiethnic region and a potential hot spot because of its widespread tendency to separatism.

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1. Aydıngün Ayşegül, Balım Harding Çigğdem, Hoover Matthew, Kuznetsov Igor, andSwerdlow Steve (2006), Meskhetian Turks:An Introduction to their History, Cultureand Resettlement Experiences, Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington. (accessedon 4 February 2009) Available from World Wide Web:http://www.cal.org/CO/pdffiles/mturks.pdf

2. Bluashvili, Ucha (2006), Ethnic Identity and the number of people deported from theSouthern Georgia in 1944, Tbilisi. (page 13)

3. Central state archive of modern history of Georgia, Fund№600 Anagraph №2 Case№623, page14-17, 53-58

4. Central state archive of the modern history of Georgia, Fund№284 Anagraph №1Case№3322, page72

5. Gachechiladze,Revaz (1995), The New Georgia: Space Society, Politics, UCL PressLimited, London, (page23,24)

6. Georgian Genealogy (2006-2007), Armenians in Georgia, (accessed on 4 February2009) Available from World Wide Web:http://www.geogen.ge/indexen.php?id_menu_up=4&lang=en&id_menu=29&abc=

7. Janiashvili, Lavrenti Ethno cultural and ethno social problems of the deportedpopulation from South Georgia, Doctoral dissertation, Tbilisi.

8. Kanbolat, Hassan (2001)The Geopolitics and Quest for Autonomy of the Armenians ofJavakheti (Georgia) and Krasnodar (Russia) in the Caucasus, Armenian Studies,issue2 (accessed on 4 February 2009) Available from World Wide Web:http://www.eraren.org/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=228&Lisan=en

9. Khazaradze, Nana (2001) Oriental and Kartvelological researches, JavakhishviliInstitute of History and Ethnology, Tbilisi.

10. Malashkhia, Shota (2007), Conflicts Prognostication, Tbilisi, (page119,120).11. Sanikidze,George; Walker, Edward (2004), Islam and Islamic practices in Georgia,

University f California, Berkeley, (accessed on 4 February 2009) (accessed on 4February 2009) Available from World Wide Web:http://bps.berkeley.edu/publications/2004_04-sani.pdf

12. Totadze, Anzor (1999), Georgian population at the boundary of second and thirdmillennium, Tbilisi.

13. Totadze, Anzor (2005), Anti-Georgian hysteria of Armenian pseudo scholars, Tbilisi14. Trier, Kanzhin(2007)The Meskehtian Turks at the Croassroads: Integration,

Repatriation or Resettlement?, Lit Verlag, Berlin15. Umarov Gozalishvili, Khalil (2005) Tragedy of Meskhetians, Caucasian House,

Tbilisi.

http://www.cal.org/CO/pdffiles/mturks.pdf

http://www.eraren.org/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=228&Lisan=en

http://bps.berkeley.edu/publications/2004_04-sani.pdf

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r e z i u m e

rusuli da Turquli batonobis gavlenamesxeTis eTno-konfesiur Semadgenlobaze

valeri modebaZe

statia ganixilavs rusuli da Turquli batonobis gavlenasmesxeTis eTno-konfesiur Semadgenlobaze da aanalizebs im demografi-uli procesebs ramac Secvala mesxeTis eTnikuri Semadgenloba.

S U M M A R Y

THE IMPACT OF TURKISH AND RUSSIAN DOMINION ON THE ETHNO-CONFESSIONAL COMPOSITION OF MESKHETI

VALERI MODEBADZE

This article deals with the impact of the Russian and Turkish dominion on the ethno-confessional composition of Meskheti. It analyses those demographic processes that alteredthe ethnic composition of Meskheti.

Р Е З Ю М Е

ВЛИЯНИЕ РУССКОГО И ТУРЕЦКОГО ГОСПОДСТВО НА ЭТНО-КОНФЕССИОНАЛЬНОМ СОСТАВЕ МЕСХЕТИИ

ВАЛЕРИ МОДЕБАДЗЕ

Статья обсуждает Влияние русского и турецкого господство на этно-конфесси-ональном составе месхетии и исследует те демографические процесси которые оказаливлияние на этническом составе месхетии.

78

INTEGRATION STRATEGY OF THE POPULATION DEPORTED FROMSOUTHERN GEORGIA IN 1944

VALERI MODEBADZE


One of the obligations taken before the Council of Europe is the repatriation of thedeported Meskhetian population to their historic homeland. The return of the deported peopleto Georgia is a complicated process because for a long time these people were deliberatelyisolated and were denied access to their historic homeland. Lack of contact with their historichomeland significantly diminished their Georgian national consciousness. Therefore, thedevelopment of effective integration strategy is of paramount importance. The most efficientway of preventing social exclusion and interethnic tensions is the integration of deportedMeskhetian population into the Georgian society.

Georgia has a moral obligation to allow deported Meskhetian population to return totheir homeland. However, the repatriation process has to be carried out on the voluntary basisand has to reflect the desire of the Meskhetian community to return to their native land.Those Meskhetians, who express the desire to return, should be allowed to settle down inGeorgia. Repatriation should not be an obligatory and forceful process. Council of Europedoes not exclude the possibility that some countries, for instance Russian Federation, mightmake pressure on the Meskhetian population to leave their places of residence when therepatriation process starts. This is the reason why council of Europe calls on the Russianauthorities to refrain from any kind of pressure on the Meskhetian population to leave theRussian Federation and offer them the possibility of staying as fully fledged citizens of theRussian Federation. It also advices Russian authorities to solve legal status of Meshetians andgrant them all civic, political, legal, economic and social rights. Council of Europe stressesthat with regard to the future repatriation of Mekhetians from the Russian Federation toGeorgia, the essential principle should be the free choice of those concerned. (Council ofEurope’s resolution № 1428, 2005) According to the Council of Europe’s resolution № 1428,People must be given a possibility to stay where they are if it is their wish. Any option shouldbe carried out in full respect of human rights and dignity. Thus, people should decide on theirown if they will stay in the Russian Federation or will return to their historic homeland.(Ruth-Gaby Vermot-Mangold, 2005) This rule should apply to all the countries wheredeported Meskhetians reside. Any act of repatriation should be implemented on the strictlyvoluntary basis. International organizations and Human rights groups have to monitor therepatriation process actively in order to ensure that this process is carried out on voluntarybasis. Any attempt to make pressure on the deported Meskhetian population to leave theircountry of residence and resettle to Georgia has to be considered an unlawful act and has to bepenalized by the Council of Europe.

Repatriation process has to be thoroughly planned and has to include special measuresin order to guarantee safe and dignified return of Meskhetians. Primary goal of thegovernment has to be the elaboration of the repatriation plan in a way that would reduce therisk of conflict and ethnic tensions. At the same time the interests of the local population hasto be protected and safe and stable environment has to be created. Repatriation should notturn out against the interests of the local population and should not be a harmful processneither for the deported Meskhetians nor for the local population. They have to respect theterritorial integrity of Georgia and should not become a major destabilising force for theGeorgian state; on the contrary they have to be the guarantor of stability and prosperity in

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Georgia. Repatriation should not compromise the national interest and security of theGeorgian state. Only with the elaboration of a thoroughly planned and effective integrationpolicy conflicts and ethnic tensions can be avoided.

Sometimes integration and assimilation are used as synonyms and members of differentethnic groups see no difference between these two concepts. Ethnic minorities often perceivethe integration policy as a Georgification policy and as a strategy adopted by the state the aimof which is to assimilate national minorities. Very often they interpret the requirement toknow the official language as their forceful assimilation. In order to avoid themisinterpretations of these concepts, they have to be defined and explained carefully.

Assimilation is the process when ethnic minority looses its distinctive ethnic identityand gradually adopts the traits of the dominant nation. There is no danger of assimilation ofethnic minorities in Georgia, their rights are very well protected. They do not face a danger ofloosing their maternal language and ethnic distinctiveness. They have their own educationalinstitutions, publish newspapers in their own language, have contacts with their historichomelands, etc. Georgian legislation is also the guarantor of the protection of minorities’rights. Georgia has adopted and ratified multiple international conventions such as frameworkconvention for the protection of national minorities, convention about the eradication of allforms of racial discrimination, convention against the genocide and ethnic cleansing, etc.Georgian legislation completely meets international standards in the sphere of protection ofnational minorities. The problem is not the assimilation of ethnic minorities but theirintegration into the Georgian society.

Integration is a process when ethnic minority maintains its distinctive ethnic identity butat the same time develops the civic consciousness and loyalty towards the dominant nation.Thus, integration process offers the ethnic minorities the opportunity to preserve ethnicdifferences, cultural and ethnic distinctiveness and at the same time to become part of theGeorgian society. Integration process should enable ethnic minorities to perceive themselvesas citizens of Georgia and gain access to political and economic opportunities in Georgia.They should be able participate fully in social, economic and political life of Georgia. Theaim of the integration policy should not be the assimilation of ethnic minorities but theelimination of isolation and alienation of ethnic minorities. Thus, integration processguarantees the maintenance of cultural pluralism but also creates a sense of unity, unites themembers of different ethnic groups in a harmonious multicultural society. Thus, the aim ofthe integration policy is to create united and democratic multicultural society. The societywhich is divided along ethnic lines is dangerous from the point of view of security andterritorial integrity. Therefore, integration of ethnic minorities is strategically important issuefor such a multiethnic country like Georgia.

Integration is a very complicated and time-consuming process which requires both thepolitical will of the state to integrate ethnic minority into the Georgian society and thewillingness of the representatives of the ethnic group to become fully – fledged citizens ofGeorgia. Thus integration process can only be implemented successfully if there is a mutualagreement and willingness, in this case the willingness of deported Meskhetians to integrateinto the Georgian society. Stability in Georgia can only be achieved if integration policy willbe implemented effectively. Integration is a lengthy process which includes various steps suchas socio-economic, legal-political and linguistic-cultural integration. Each of these terms willbe dealt with in more detail below:

Linguistic and cultural integrationEstablishment of cultural centres in the regions and countries where deportedMeskehtians reside

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Cultural integration means that deported Meskhetian community will have the opportu-nity to maintain their distinctive ethnic identity and preserve their culture, but at the sametime they will have chances of improving the knowledge of Georgian culture, history and tra-ditions. In order to achieve this goal special cultural centres and educational centres have tobe created. The promotion of cultural integration is a very complicated and time consumingprocess which requires lengthy and systematic intercourse with the Georgian nation.

For decades Meskhetians were not allowed to visit their motherland which wasconsidered to be a sensitive border region between NATO and Soviet Union. Sovietgovernment denied them access to their historic homeland and every time they appeared inGeorgia police arrested and deported them from the republic. Lack of contact with theirhistoric homeland, long period of residence on the Turkish linguistic territory and theirpermanent interactions with the Turkophone population in Central Asia have considerablyreduced their Georgian civic consciousness and also diminished their knowledge of Georgianculture, customs and traditions.

The first step taken towards the promotion of cultural integration is the establishment ofcontacts with the Meskhetian communities, which are scattered across several countries andthe increase in interactions between Georgians and Meskhetian communities. The foundationof special cultural centres in the countries and regions where deported Meskhetians reside willbe necessary for guaranteeing cultural integration. For the promotion of cultural integrationthese cultural centres will organize various activities for Meskhetians such as trips to variousregions of Georgia, as well as meetings with the local Georgian population and exchangeprograms. These cultural centres will also offer various cultural activities to them such ascourses of Georgian history and culture, Georgian folk songs and folklore. Intensive contactsand interactions will diminish the rivalry between locals and Meskhetian repatriates and willenable these people to establish close and friendly relations with each other. The survey ofthe Centre of Geopolitical and Regional Studies demonstrates that those Georgians who havebeen in contact with repatriates are more likely to develop a positive attitude towards themand the repatriation issue as a whole. (Sumbadze, 2002)

Creation of Georgian language courses and language centresLanguage barrier is the main obstacle to the integration process. Lack of knowledge of

state language causes alienation and isolation of ethnic minorities. It is one of the mostimportant factors preventing the active participation of ethnic minorities in different activitiessuch as business, commerce, politics, culture. The state has the responsibility to ensure theyare given all possible opportunities to learn the state language. Opportunities have to becreated for Meskhetians to learn Georgian language and raise their social-cultural competencein Georgia. Therefore, the creation of special language courses and language centres are ofparamount importance for the successful integration of Meskhetians into the Georgiansociety. Georgian government started to pay more attention to ethnic minorities and createdspecial language courses for the representatives of ethnic minorities. Similar languagetraining strategies and programs can be created also for deported Meskhetians. Closecooperation with international organizations is necessary for the establishment of languagecentres for the deported people, where they will have the opportunity to learn Georgianlanguage, customs and traditions. Opportunities for studying Georgian language, culture andtraditions have to be provided even before the repatriation process starts. These languagecentres have to be established in all countries and regions where deported Meskhetians reside.Upon arrival in Georgia, Meskhetian repatriates should be given a chance to continuestudying Georgian language and culture and master communication skills.

For the successful implementation of the linguistic integration the involvement ofinternational organizations and NGO-s will be of paramount importance in order to

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implement special projects which will be aimed at the adaptation of Meskhetian repatriates tothe new socio-political circumstances. Special integration centres have to be established thatwill deal with the problems of Meskhetian repatriates and will help them to adapt to newenvironment. Some organizations are already implementing this kind of projects in Georgia.We can take as an example the project “From repatriation to integration” which started inJanuary 2006 in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region in Georgia. This project intends to organizevarious courses for repatriates. The primary goal of this project is the integration ofMeskhetian repatriates living in Samtskhe –Javakheti and Imereti into the Georgian society.Association “Tolerant” and “Georgian Board of Trustees” have elaborated a joint project“Social integration of Meskhetian Repatriates”. (European Union - Newsletter of theEuropean Commission Delegation to Georgia №2, 2006) These kinds of projects will play avery important role in the integration of Meskhetian repatriates into the Georgian society.Therefore, government of Georgia and international community should finance and motivateNGO-s to implement this kind of projects.

Government of Georgia has to create special scholarship programs for youngMeskhetians. It has to provide Meskhetian youth with the opportunity to study free of chargeat the Georgian universities: government has to pay their tuition fees, accommodation feesand all the expenses related with their studies. At the same time special educational programsand courses have to be created at the Georgian universities for the Meskhetian youth, theprimary goal of which will be the development of Georgian national consciousness and thereintegration of Meskhetians into the Georgian society. These scholarship and educationalprograms will convert Meskhetian repatriates into the genuine citizens of Georgia.

During the repatriation process priority has to be given to the dispersed settlements andcompact settlements of the repatriates have to be avoided in order to accelerate the integrationof Meskhetians into the Georgian society. The experience has shown that in those villageswhere Meskhetians were not resettled in groups and were not the sole inhabitants, theintegration process has proved more successful. As for those, who were settled compactly andseparately, for instance in Imereti’s Ianeti village, the integration process has been halted.(Edilashvili, 2007)

Legal - political integrationLegal – political integration means active involvement of Meskhetians in decision –

making process and minority representation in the political system; It also means theformation of a population loyal to the Georgian State and the reduction of the number ofpersons lacking Georgian citizenship. In order to reduce stateless people and people withoutGeorgian citizenship the procedures for the acquisition of Georgian citizenship and surnameshas to be simplified. In order to increase loyalty to the Georgian state priority has to be givento the development of civic nationalism. These issues will be analysed in more detail below:

Minority representation in the political systemMeskhetian repatriates, as well as the members of different ethnic groups are seriously

underrepresented in the political system. There is not even a single representative of deportedMeskehtian community working in parliament, state structures, presidential administration orlocal government and this fact proves low level of political integration of Meskhetianrepatriates into the Georgian society. The voices of deported Meskhetian popualtion is notheard and they are not given a chance to participate in the decision making process. EthnicGeorgians hold almost all the key positions even in the regions which are compactly settledby the representatives of national minorities which often causes minority dissatisfaction.Lack of knowledge of Georgian language creates barriers to participation of Meskhetianrepatriates in political institutions. But if they were given a chance to participate actively in

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the political life of the country, they would have more incentives and stimulus to learnGeorgian language and integrate into the Georgian society.

Development of civic nationalismIn medieval times Georgian national consciousness centred on the membership of

Georgian Orthodox church and religion played a very important role in shaping the ethicidentity of the people. The person was considered Georgian as long as he was the member ofthe Christian Orthodox Church, but if he was converted to Islam, he no longer was seen asGeorgian and the society referred to him or her as “Turk” or “Tatar”. Muslim Georgians werereferred as “Tatars” and not as “Georgians.” This medieval mentality is still reflected in thebeliefs and attitudes of contemporary Georgian society.

Language also played a very important role in the formation of ethnic identity. Self-identification in Georgia is still based mainly on linguistic tradition, and population groupsthat belong to different ethno-linguistic groups are not considered the members of theGeorgian nation. Georgian society is still divided along ethnic lines. Individuals tend toidentify themselves as representatives of a certain ethnic group and not as members of apolitical state. In other words there is a low degree of political or civic identification andsociety is divided according to ethnic belonging. Self - identification should be linked notwith ethnic, linguistic and religious belonging but rather with the territory and its history.Priority has to be given to the development of civic nationalism. All people that are born inGeorgia, regardless of their ethnic, linguistic and religious background, should be referred toas “Georgians” and the state with its integration policies should promote the development ofcivic consciousness and loyalty to Georgian state. It has to create a sense of social belongingand common values and norms for the members of different ethnic groups and promote thedevelopment of civic nationalism.

Concession of the right to Georgian citizenship and simplification of the procedures forobtaining Georgian citizenship

Many repatriates face problems when they try to obtain residence/work permits,Georgian citizenship and Georgian surnames. This slows down the integration of Meskhetianrepatriates into the Georgian society. The procedure for obtaining residence documents andcivil rights was extremely complicated for Meskhetian repatriates for decades in Georgia.Considerable number of Meskhetians, who returned to Georgia, still remain stateless andwithout any legal status. Of 644 Meskhetian repatriates who came back to Georgia after thebreakdown of the Soviet Union, 32 remained without the legal status in 2001. (Pentikäinen,Trier, 2004) Technical and bureaucratic obstacles are deliberately imposed by the localauthorities to delay the process of acquisition of residence / work permits, citizenship andGeorgian surnames. For instance, Many Meskhetian repatriates currently residing in NewIaneti, a small village in Samtredia region, requested the restoration of their Georgiansurnames. However, the extremely bureaucratic process (altogether eight different officesare involved) and the high costs (about 5 month wages) made this step impossible up to now.(Pentikäinen, Trier, 2004) The procedure of recovery of Georgian surnames is extremelycomplicated, a lot of documents are required which is impossible or very hard to get.Although they remember their Georgian surnames, just a few of them managed to restorethem. Mostly young generation, which was born in Georgia, carries Georgian surnames.There are cases when the members of the same family carry different surnames. In someMeskhetian families, old generation has non –Georgian surnames and younger generationcarries Georgian surnames.

One of the effective ways of integration of Meskhetian repatriates into the Georgiansociety is the restoration of their old Georgian surnames. Government of Georgia should sim-plify the procedures for the acquisition of Georgian citizenship and Georgian surnames. For

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this purpose government should make amendments to the normative act regulating recoveryof personal names and surnames of citizens of Georgia and introduce a simpler, faster andfree of charge procedure. Special organization or NGO has to be established that will providelegal advice and assistance to repatriates in solving different documentation and formalproblems; such as, re-covering their Georgian surnames and obtaining citizenship. Georgiancitizenship has to be granted to all Meskhetians who are living permanently in Georgia.

Socio-Economic integrationSocio - Economic integration means active involvement of Meskhetian repatriates in

economic activities and the elimination of all forms of social exclusion. The economic crisisand unemployment is a serious obstacle to the socio-economic integration of ethnicminorities. Due to a very high rate of unemployment ethnic minorities demonstrate littleinterest in Georgian language, culture, society.

Development of infrastructure and creation of employment opportunities for ethnicminorities.

Nowadays Georgia is one of the most backward countries with its paralysed economyand very high rate of unemployment. Another problem is the bad transportation infrastructure,especially in the areas which are compactly settled by ethnic minorities. For instance,extremely poor transportation infrastructure in Javakheti region prevented the establishmentof economic and commercial activities, as well as cultural contacts with the rest of Georgiaand contributed to the isolation and alienation of Javakheti Armenians. Although some stepshave been taken by the government to improve transportation infrastructure, Armeniancommunity in Javakheti still has more economic and cultural links with their historic home-land than with other regions of Georgia. Lack of employment opportunities in Georgia lowersthe spirit and enthusiasm of the representatives of different ethnic groups to integrate into theGeorgian society and become fully fledged citizens of this country. Unemployment andeconomic crisis forces them to find employment abroad and this fact hinders their integrationinto the Georgian society. Therefore, some effort has to be made by the government to resolvethe economic crisis and create employment opportunities for ethnic minorities.

The employment opportunities have to be created for deported Meskhetians even beforethe repatriation process starts. The creation of the employment opportunities will not be avery difficult task for the government because the majority of Meskhetians lived in ruralareas. They were employed in agriculture and for decades were involved mainly in agricul-tural activities. Government has to plan in advance the costs of repatriation and distributethose lands to repatriates that will be useful for the development of agricultural activities. Ifappropriate conditions are created and initial assistance will be provided to then Meskhetiancommunity (distribution of seeds, plants and tools), they can become self-employed andbenefit from the agricultural activities.

Elimination of social exclusion and modification of negative public opinionSocial exclusion can be defined as the failure of the society to provide certain

individuals and ethnic groups with those rights and benefits normally available to itsmembers. The main goal of government has to be the provision of certain rights to allindividuals and ethnic groups (such as employment, adequate housing, health care, education,etc) and the elimination of the negative public opinion towards Meskhetian repatriates. All themembers of the Georgian society, regardless of the religious and ethnic belonging, have to beequally treated and measures have to be taken in order to reduce hostile attitude towardsMeskhetian repatriates. In order to achieve this goal public opinion has to be modified andpositive sides of the repatriation have to be stressed.

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Modification of negative public opinionThe repatriation of Meskhetians to their historic homeland is an extremely unpopular

issue in Georgia. Soviet government played very important role in the intensification ofhatred towards Meskhetians. After the breakdown of the Soviet Union, the government ofindependent Georgia continued to discriminate Meskhetian repatriates and launched an anti-Meskhetian campaign in Georgia. Public opinion was easily influenced through these anti-Meskhetian activities and as a result many people still oppose the repatriation process.

Repatriation to Samtskhe - Javakheti region involves a lot of risks because of the rivalryand hostilities between local population and Meskhetians. Many local people have publiclydeclared that the return of Meskhetians would lead to ethnic tensions and confrontations.Samtskhe-Javakheti is today an ethnically and religiously diverse region and due to its ethnicand religious variety it contains a lot of potential for ethnic conflicts. Significant populationsof Georgian Orthodox, Georgian Catholics, Armenian Gregorians, Armenian Catholics, Rus-sian Dukhobors, and Ajarian Muslims are residing on its territory. The arrival of an additionalethno-religious community will undoubtedly generate ethnic tensions.(Moinansari, 2008)

For the sake of interethnic peace Georgian state is in favour of resettlement ofMeskhetians around the country, rather than their repatriation only to Samtskhe- Javakheti.However, only this measure can not guarantee interethnic peace. Antagonistic attitudes to-wards Meskhetians are also present and widespread in other regions of Georgia Governmentof Georgia should create mechanisms that will guarantee safe and dignified return of Meskhe-tians. It should create safe and peaceful environment for Meskhetian repatriates in Georgia.

Government of Georgia has the opportunity to modify this negative public opinionthrough a set of carefully planned policies: through TV broadcasts, films, newspaper articles,books and exhibitions people have to be persuaded that the return of the Meskhetians will notharm their interests and national interests of Georgian state.

More state efforts is needed to change the negative public opinion about the repatriationissue and diminish antagonistic attitudes towards Meskhetians. Government of Georgia withits integration policies should promote the development of the culture of tolerance and mutualrespect. Priority has to be given to the safe and dignified return of Meskhetians to theirhomeland.



1. Edilashvili, Nino(2007) Meskhetians: Social Challenges, Prospects and OpportunitiesDuring and After the Repatriation, Bordeaux, France. Available at:http://www.cesnur.org/2007/bord_edilashvili.htm

2. European Union - Newsletter of the European Commission Delegation to Georgia №2(2006) page (3,4) Available at:http://www.delgeo.ec.europa.eu/en/publications/EU_U_N_en.pdf

3. Moinansari (2008), Islamic Emirates of Tiflis-Georgia: Ajaria & Meskhetia, Feridun.Available at:http://www.zimbio.com/2008+Presidential+Candidates/articles/10715/Islamic+Emirates+Tiflis+Georgia+Ajaria+Meskhetia

4. Pentikäinen, Oskari and Trier, Tom (2004) Between integration and resettlement: theMeskhetian Turks, European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI), Flensburg, Germany.Available at: http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_21b.pdf

http://www.cesnur.org/2007/bord_edilashvili.htm

http://www.delgeo.ec.europa.eu/en/publications/EU_U_N_en.pdf

http://www.zimbio.com/2008+Presidential+Candidates/articles/10715/Islamic+Emirates+Tiflis+Georgia+Ajaria+Meskhetia

http://www.zimbio.com/2008+Presidential+Candidates/articles/10715/Islamic+Emirates+Tiflis+Georgia+Ajaria+Meskhetia

http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_21b.pdf

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5. Resolution №1428 (2005), The situation of the deported Meskhetian population,Council of Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly. Available at:http://assembly.coe.int/main.asp?Link=/documents/adoptedtext/ta05/eres1428.htm

6. Ruth-Gaby Vermot-Mangold (2005), Doc №10451 Report on the situation of thedeported Meskhetian population, Council of Europe’s Parliamentary Assembly,Committee on migration, refugees and population. Available at:http://assembly.coe.int/main.asp?Link=/documents/workingdocs/doc05/edoc10451.htm

7. Sumbadze, Nana (2002)The Problem of Muslim population of southern Georgia:prospects of deportation and the local resistance, available at:http://www.policy.hu/sumbadze/Nana--Meskhetians5.html

r e z i u m e

1944 wels samxreT saqarTvelodan deportirebulimosaxleobis integraciis strategia

valeri modebaZe

statiaSi ganixilulia samxreT saqarTvelodan deporitirebulimosaxleobis qarTul sazagadoebaSi integraciis strategia.

S U M M A R Y

INTEGRATION STRATEGY OF THE POPULATION DEPORTED FROMSOUTHERN GEORGIA IN 1944

VALERI MODEBADZE

This article deals with the strategy of integration of the deported population fromSouthern Georgia into the Georgian society.

Р Е З Ю М Е

СТРАТЕГИЯ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ 1944 ГОДУ ИЗ ЮЖНОЙ ГРУЗИИДЕПОРТИРОВАННОГО НАРОДА


В статье рассматривается стратегия интеграции из южной Грузиидепортированного народа в грузинском обществе.

http://assembly.coe.int/main.asp?Link=/documents/adoptedtext/ta05/eres1428.htm

http://assembly.coe.int/main.asp?Link=/documents/workingdocs/doc05/edoc10451.htm


http://www.policy.hu/sumbadze/Nana--Meskhetians5.html

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DISAGREEMENT OVER THE ETHNIC ORIGIN AND IDENTITYOF THE PEOPLE DEPORTED FROM SOUTHERN GEORGIAAND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE REPATRIATION PROCESS

VALERI MODEBADZE


Exact number of the people deported from Southern Georgia in 1944 is unknown dueto a lack of reliable census data on the deported Meskhetian population. Information providedby the statistical institutes of different CIS countries where deported Meskhetians reside isoften unreliable because of the inefficient systems of gathering and processing statistical data.This problem is further complicated by the fact that Meskhetians were deliberately registeredas members of other nationalities by the Soviet government officials in order to speed up theforcible assimilation process of them. Many are registered as “Uzbek”, ”Azeri”, “Turk” oreven “Caucasian” in their passports and therefore, it is difficult to determine the exact numberof deported Meskhetians. According to the research carried out by the International Histori-cal-Enlightenment and Humanitarian Society Memorial, it is estimated that somewhere bet-ween 270,000 and 345,000 Meskhetians live in the republics of the former Soviet Union.(Ruth-Gaby Vermot-Mangold, 2005) The deported Meskhetian population is widely scatteredacross several countries of the former Soviet Union: Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Georgia. There are also Meskhetian communities in Turkey andUnited States.

Ethnic origin of the population deported from Southern Georgia in 1944 is acontroversial issue. There is a disagreement whether they are ethnic Turks or ethic Georgians.Various terms have been used to refer to this ethnic group. The terminology, used by thescholars to refer to the population that inhabited the historical province of Georgia, Meskhetiprior to the deportation to Central Asia, is extremely inconstant. They are often calledMeskhetian Turks, Ahiska Turks, Muslim Georgians, Muslim Meskhetians, Caucasian Turksor simply Meskhetians. The most widely used term is Meskhetian Turk. The accuracy of thisterm is questionable because there is a disagreement among historians about the ethnic originof deported population and exact ethnicity of them is keenly debated. According to Georgian,Russian and Soviet historical sources deported Meskhetians are ethnic Georgians, who wereforcibly converted to Islam and turkified when Ottoman Empire conquered south-westernprovince of Georgia known as Samtskhe-Saatabago. On the other hand, Azeri and Turkishscholars reject the hypothesis of Islamized Georgians and argue that people deported fromSouthern Georgia are ethnic Turks. According to them they are descendants of Turkish tribeswho moved to the Georgian lands and settled down in Meskheti during the rule of theOttoman Empire as part of Turkey's expansion. (Aydıngün, Balım Harding, Hoover,Kuznetsov, Swerdlow, 2006) However, the truth about the ethnic origin of the peopledeported from Southern Georgia lies somewhere between these two views and they are morelikely to be a mixture of indigenous Georgian people - Meskhetians and Turkish tribes. Othertribes also played a role in the formation of the distinct identity of the deported population:Kurdish nomadic tribes, Hemshins (Turkish-speaking Muslim Armenians), Karapapaks (alsoknown as Terekeme), Lezgins and North Caucasian tribes. The representatives of threedifferent language families shaped the nucleus of this ethnic group:

Caucasian – Meskhs (Georgians), Lezgins and North Caucasian tribes.Altay – Turkish nomadic tribes, Karapapaks (also known as Terekeme).

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Indo – European – Armenians, Hemshins (Turkish-speaking Muslim Armenians).(Ghazinyan, 2008)

Thus, deported population is not a homogenous ethnic group and as it has beenmentioned they consist of people of different ethnic origin, some of these people areIslamized Georgians, others are ethnic Turks, Kurds, Hemshins, Lezgins, Terekeme, etc.

The culture of the deported Mekhetian population has many Turkish elements, as wellas strong Georgian linguistic and cultural influences. In contrast to Adjarians, which were alsoIslamized but managed to maintain their native tongue, the majority of Meskhetians wereunable to keep the knowledge of Georgian language. This fact made somehow more difficultto distinguish them from the “genuine” Turks. However, many traces of the Georgianinfluence are found by ethnographs and linguists on their customs and traditional popularculture. Deported Meskhetian population uses consonants and words in conversations whichdo not exist in Turkic language. Meskhetians follow Islam and speak Oghuzic Turkish withmany Laz and Georgian elements.

Neighboring countries of Georgia played a very important role in shaping the ethno-confessional structure of Meskheti. Ottoman dominion, as well as Russian occupation, hasradically changed the ethnic composition of this region. Turkish rule lasted for more than twocenturies in Meskheti, until the arrival of Russians in Caucasus. Russian occupation alsogreatly altered the demographic picture of this region. Therefore, Samtskhe-Javakheti is todayan ethnically and religiously diverse region.

Although many Meskhetians changed their Georgian family names during the rule ofthe Ottoman Empire, considerable number of them managed to maintain Georgian surnames.Almost 40 % of Meskhetians had Georgian surnames before the deportation to Central Asia in1944. Significant number of Meskhetians were bilingual (Turkish -Georgian) and were ofmixed origin. Regardless of their ethnic origin and religious background, most of the deportedMeskhetians spoke Georgian and were fairly well integrated into the Georgian society. Theyreferred to themselves as ``Gurcu oglu`` i.e. son of Georgians, or ``Gurcu donme`` (turnedfrom Georgian), i.e. Georgian who was converted to Islam. The situation has changed afterthe deportation and nowadays just a few of them speak fluent Georgian and only 5 % of themhave Georgian surnames. The knowledge of this language has been lost in favor of Turkishafter the sixty years of residence in Central Asia. After the deportation, many Meskhetianswere forced to change their Georgian surnames and adopt more or less russified Islamicsurnames with the ending “-ov”. Their prolonged contact with the Turkophone population inCentral Asia, as well as the lack of contact with their historic homeland have considerablydiminished their Georgian identity and increased pro-Turkish orientation. Many of them havedeveloped a strong identity as members of Turkish nation (although some are not, in fact, ofTurkish origin). Considerable number of the deported Meskhetians no longer regards Georgiaas their Homeland and argues that their homeland is Turkey.(Meylakhs,2008) First, TsaristRussia and later, Soviet Regime played very important role in the intensification of pro-Turkish orientation of the Meskhetian population.

The loss of Georgian identity and turkiturkification of Meskhetians can be explainedby the fact that ethnicity and national identity rather than being something static andpermanent is a social construct, which is subject to change according to shifting socio-political influences. According to Benedict Anderson nations exist as imagined artifices,constructed for us through education, the mass media and a process of political socialization.In his opinion nation is a community which is socially constructed, it is an “imagined politicalcommunity.” Members of this community hold in their minds a mental image of their affinity.Anderson highlights the fact that nations exist more as mental images than as genuinecommunities which require a level of face-to face interaction to sustain the notion of a

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common identity. Lack of such interactions and lack of contact with the historic homelandcan cause the loss of national identity. Nation is formed only as a result of lengthy andsystematic intercourse, as a result of people living together generation after generation. Lackof these interactions can lead to national identity crisis. Because Meskhetian communitieslacked contacts with their historic homeland and are geographically widely scattered acrossseveral countries, they lack the conception of themselves as members of the same ethnicgroup. There is no consensus on collective identity. Meskhetian community is divided andconsists of various groups, each of which has its identity. One part of the communityconsiders itself Turk, another, Georgian and the significant number of the deportedMeskhetians can not point to any definite ethnic identity and the ethnic identity often changesaccording to socio-political circumstances. In other words these are people that weredeliberately denationalized and experience severe identity crisis. National identity crisis isalso reflected in a number of multiple terms which are used by scientists to refer to thispeople. National identity crisis becomes salient when there is no societal consensus over theproper definition of national identity and people have different interpretations and multipledefinitions of the national identity. National identity is imposed from above by the state andwhen the state loses this ability due to changing socio-political circumstances, identity crisisis revealed. This crisis can become even more salient after some decades. Due to dispersionof Meskhetians and different socio-political circumstances in which deported Meskhetianslive, they are in serious danger of loosing their identity completely. Their distinctive featuresmight gradually disappear. Their Georgian identity will be further diminished; Turkishidentity can be also diminished in countries and places, where Meskhetians do not residecompactly and Turkophone population is absent, for instance, in USA, Russia or Ukraine.

The policies of the states that governed the Meskhetians had considerable influence ontheir ethnic identity. These policies significantly altered the self-identification of Meskhetiansand diminished their Georgian identity. Russian and Ottoman empires followed a clear-cutpolicy of “turkification” of Meskhetians. Both empires had different reasons for conductingsuch policy. These policies contributed to the strengthening of Turkish identity. Sovietnationality policy has also affected the way the Meskhetians percieve themselves, as well asthe way they are percieved by other people. Tsarist Russia and Soviet Union imposed a seriesof different ethnic labels on this people. They have been refered to as “Suni Georgians”,“Tatars”, “Turks”and “Azerbaijanies.” National origins of Meskhetians had been “fabricated”commensurably to the political interests of Tsarist Russia and USSR. First, these people wereidentified as “Suni Georgians” in the 1870 and 1916 censuses of Tsarist Russia. Then, Sovietgovernment assigned the marker of Turks to these people in the 1920s, but in the1930s theywere re-classified as “Azerbaijanis”. Then, in the 1940s, they were again refered to as Turkswich served as the justification for the deportation of these people.(Trier, Khanzhin,2007) Inorder to speed up the denationalization of Meskhetians, they were prohibited to carryGeorgian surnames. They were also forbidden to recieve education in Georgian language.This discriminatory policy caused the loss of national self-consciuosness among Meskhetiansand turned them into the denationalized mass. As a result of this policy there is no state thatconsideres the Meskhetians as part of its national community. Multiple deportations andconstant displacements were the serious obstacle to the creation of the common identity andprevented the integration of this people into the Georgian society. As a result deportedMeskhetians lack the conception of themselves as a unified people and their self-perception isinconstant and is subject to change. The deported population is not a homogenous ethnicgroup and this factor is also a serious obstacle to the formation of the common identity.

Despite the existence of many obstacles, there are some common features thatdistinguish deported population from other communities and these features serve as the main

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elements for drawing boundaries between deported Meskhetians and the rest of the world.Experience of suffering and multiple deportations is an important unifying factor. Experienceof discrimination and common negative memories such as deportation from Georgia,Ferghana massacres, violation of their rights and humiliation in Krasnodar Krai played veryimportant role in the consolidation of this multi-ethnic community and formation of thedistinct identity based on notion of “victimized people”. Common suffering and tragic pastbrings people together and unites the people of different ethnic background. Common religionalso serves as a unifying factor and plays an important role in reinforcing ethnic solidarity.Religion is in fact main binding force that unites people of different ethnic origin. Adoptionof Islam laid the foundations of distinctive Muslim Identity because religion plaid particularrole in the formulation of ethnic identity in Caucasus. The person was considered Georgianas long as he managed to preserve the Christian faith and adhered to the Orthodox-ChristianChurch. But if he changed religion and adopted Islam, he was referred as “Turk” or “Tatar.”Many Georgian –speaking Muslims were called “Turks” or “Tatars” in Meskheti because oftheir Muslim identity. Muslim religion in this case served as the main unifying force fordifferent ethnic groups residing in Meskheti and as a distinguishing identity marker. It in factunited people of different ethnic origins and laid the foundations of common cultural normsand values for them. Thus, Muslim religion played a major role in the formation of thedistinct identity. Despite the existence of common Muslim identity, many MuslimMeskhetians referred to themselves as “Gurcu donme,” i.e. Georgian convert or “YerlyMusliman” which means “local” in order to highlight the fact that they were original settlersand to stress difference between them and other ethnic groups, other Muslims.

Although Turks respect the people deported from Southern Georgia, they do not seethem as part of the modern Turkish nation. Deported Meskhetian population also feels ratherdistant to the Turkey of the twenty-first century. They have been living outside the borders ofthe Turkish state since 1829. Their culture is rather distinct and demonstrates strong Georgianinfluence, as well as the influence of the states where they reside. In contrast to the citizens ofthe republic of Turkey, deported Meskhetians were outsiders during the formation of theTurkish nation –state. All the turkisized ethnic groups, that inhabited territories whichpreviously belonged to the Ottoman Empire, but later were left outside the borders of theTurkish republic, might identify themselves as “Turks”, but they are not perceived as“genuine” Turks and members of the modern Turkish nation. According to Turks, theybelong to the Turkish world and form part of the kindred nations, but they do not see them as“real” Turks. (Ikonnikov, 2002) Deported Meskhetians have never renounced their right toreturn to their historic homeland and have demonstrated strong desire to resettle to Georgia,but divisions within the Meskhetian community, contradictory interests and ethnicorientations are one of the main obstacles to the repatriation process. They can not agree on anumber of crucial issues, can not co-operate and unite their efforts for the repatriation issue.Deported Meskhetians lack the conception of themselves as a unified people and members ofthe same ethnic group. They can not agree on a number of issues such as their ethnic identity,the exact definition of their homeland and, respectively, the target of repatriation.(Nodia,2002) With regards to ethnic identity, the majority of the Meskhetians believe thatthey are ethnic Turks but they have different views about their homeland. Some of them thinkthat their homeland is Meskheti and therefore, demand their repatriation to Georgia. On theother hand, some believe that their homeland is Turkey and are in favour of their return toTurkey. Small number of Meskhetians perceives themselves as ethnic Georgians anddemands their return to any place in Georgia. There is also a considerable portion ofMeskhetians that can not point to any definite ethnic identity and their ethnic denominationchanges according to circumstances and political situation. In the early sixties these people

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referred to themselves as Georgians but when the repatriation movement failed to achieve anyconcrete results and Soviet government prevented their return to their ancestral homeland,they changed their pro-Georgian orientation with pro–Turkish orientation. Thus, when theyfailed to achieve their primary goal i.e. repatriation to Georgia, they changed their orientationand demanded their resettlement to Turkey. This movement also failed to achieve anyconcrete results. (Pohl, 2005)

Meskhetian solidarity is seriously weakened with the conflicts between those who takea pro-Turkish orientation as against those who argue that they are ethnic Georgians. There isan ongoing dispute as to whether the people should describe themselves as “Turks” or“Islamized Georgians.” Debates about ethnicity and conflicts between pro-Georgian and pro-Turkish part of the deported population often serve to cloud the fundamental issues ofrepatriation and human rights. According to Eldar Zeynalov, the head of Baku’s Centre forHuman Rights, Meskhetian unity is needed before Georgia and the international communitywill pay more attention to the repatriation issue.

Because of the absence of a unifying ethnic or national consciousness and lack ofconception of themselves as members of the same ethnic group, they can not establish aunified movement in order to address more effectively issues relating to the repatriation ofMeskhetians. If they were united they would be more powerful and would have moreinfluence over political processes. Thus, disagreement over ethnic origins is a seriousimpediment to the establishment of the united and centralized organization with a consistentand stable leadership.

To sum up divisions within the Meskhetian community, internal feuding and lack ofcooperation seriously weaken the repatriation movement and undermine the ability ofMeskhetians to repatriate.



1. Ayşegül Aydıngün, Çigğdem Balım Harding, Matthew Hoover, Igor Kuznetsov, andSteve Swerdlow (2006) Meskhetian Turks:An Introduction to their History, Cultureand Resettlement Experiences (page3,4), Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington,Available from World Wide Web:http://www.cal.org/CO/pdffiles/mturks.pdf

2. Ghazinyan Aris(2008), Big Caucasus Turmoil”: Pro-Turkic demographic change inGeorgia may spell out Armenia’s deeper isolation, Armenia Now , Available fromWorld Wide Web:http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=3394&lng=eng&IID=1210&CID=3260

3. Ikonnikov, Aleksei (2002) on the issue about our Turks, Available from World WideWeb:http://www.continent.kz/2002/23/13.html , Kontinent, Alma Ata.

4. Meylakhs, Peter (2008) "Ethnic Bridges and Multiple Homelands: The Case of theMeskhetian Turks" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISA's 49th ANNUALCONVENTION, BRIDGING MULTIPLE DIVIDES, Hilton San Francisco, SANFRANCISCO, CA, USA, http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p253240_index.html

5. Nodia, Gia (2002), Ethnic-confessional groups and problems of civic integration inGeorgia:Azeri, Javakheti Armenian and Muslim Meskhetian communities. CaucasusInstitute for Peace, Democracy and Development, Tbilisi. Available from World

http://www.cal.org/CO/pdffiles/mturks.pdf

http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=3394&lng=eng&IID=1210&CID=3260

http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=3394&lng=eng&IID=1210&CID=3260

http://www.continent.kz/2002/23/13.html

http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p253240_index.html

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Wide Web:http://www.minelres.lv/publicat/CIPDD_Minorities_in_Georgia_2002.pdf

6. 6. Pohl, J Otto (2005) More thoughts on Meskhetian Turks, Available from WorldWide Web:http://jpohl.blogspot.com/2005/10/more-thoughts-on-meskhetian-turks.html

7. Ruth-Gaby Vermot-Mangold, 4 February 2005, Parliamentary Assembly of theCouncil of Europe, Doc№10451 Report on the situation of the deported Meskhetianpopulation, Committee on migration, refugees and population. Available from WorldWide Web:http://assembly.coe.int/main.asp?Link=/documents/workingdocs/doc05/edoc10451.htm

8. Trier; Khanzhin (2007) The Meskehtian Turks at the Croassroads: Integration,Repatriation or Resettlement?,LIT VERLAG, Berlin, page (25)

r e z i u m e

uTanxmoeba samxreT saqarTvelodan deportirebuli mosaxleobiseTnikuri warmomavlobisa da identobis Sesaxeb

da misi gavlena repatriaciis procesze

valeri modebaZe

statia ganixilavs uTanxmoebas samxreT saqarTvelodandeportirebuli mosaxleobis eTnikuri warmomavlobisa da identobisSesaxeb da aseve mis gavlenas repatriaciis procesze.

S U M M A R Y

DISAGREEMENT OVER THE ETHNIC ORIGIN AND IDENTITYOF THE PEOPLE DEPORTED FROM SOUTHERN GEORGIAAND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE REPATRIATION PROCESS

VALERI MODEBADZE

This article deals with the disagreement over the ethnic origin and identity of thepeople deported from Southern Georgia and its influence on the repatriation process.

Р Е З Ю М Е

РАЗНОГЛАСИЕ О ЭТНИЧЕСКОМ ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИИИЗ ЮЖНОЙ ГРУЗИИ ДЕПОРТИРОВАННОГО НАРОДА И

ЕЁ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА ПРОЦЕССЕ РЕПАТРИАЦИИ


В статье рассматривается разногласие о этническом происхождении из южнойГрузии депортированного народа и её влияние на процессе репатриации.

http://www.minelres.lv/publicat/CIPDD_Minorities_in_Georgia_2002.pdf

http://jpohl.blogspot.com/2005/10/more-thoughts-on-meskhetian-turks.html


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axali Sexedulebebi Zvel konfliqtebze

giorgi maduaSvili

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetissamarTlis doqtoranti

XVIII saukuneSi ruseTis mier dawyebuli brZola kavkasiis dapyro-bisa da sakuTari batonobis gaZlierebisaTvis, dResac grZeldeba.

XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi ruseTis dampyrobluri, imperiuli politikaSeniRbuli iyo osmanuri imperiisa da iranis batonobis winaaRmdeg kav-kasieli xalxebis ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobis daxmarebis niRbiT.

XX-XXI saukuneebSi es politika dayvanili iqna mediatoris (sinam-dvileSi ki troas cxenis) rolamde, TiTqosda viTarebis dasareguli-reblad, sinamdvileSi ki am politikis ZiriTad mizans erovnebaTSo-risi da eTnikuri konfliqtebis provicireba da gaRviveba warmoadgen-da, rasac ruseTi marjved iyenebda rogorc sababs Tavisi yofnis auci-leblobis gasamarTleblad saqarTveloSi da saerTod regionSi.

aseTi mtkicebulebebis utyuarobaze TvalnaTliv metyvelebsuamravi istoriuli Tu werilobiTi dokumenti. Tumca, mefisdroindelda sabWoTa periodSic amaze wera, miTumetes aseTi saxis masalebisgamoqveyneba, Zalzed saxifaTo da TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo.

dRes ruseTis jarebs okupirebuli aqvT saqarTvelos ori regionianalogiurad imisa, rogorc samocdaaTi wlis win hitleris jarebmasudeteli germanelebis dacvis sababiT Cexoslovakiis okupacia moax-dines. maSin es wamyvani evropuli saxelmwifoebis TanxmobiT moxda,romlebic am gziT agresoris madis dacxromas fiqrobdnen, magramsaboloo jamSi yvelaferi II msoflio omiT dasrulda.

ruseTis fexis mokidebamde kavkasiaSi wamyvani politikuri rolisaqarTvelos ekuTvnoda. magram am qveynebs Soris gaformebuli geor-gievskis traqtatis pirobebis veragulad darRvevisa da saqarTvelossaxelmwifoebriobis da qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis gauqmebisSemdeg, ruseTma es funqcia mTlianad sakuTar Tavze aiRo.

kavkasiis regionSi sakuTari batonobis gamyarebis mizniT ruseTigamudmebiT awarmoebda brZolas rogorc ganmanTavisuflebeli moZra-obis, ise qarTvelebis da sxva kavkasieli xalxebis erovnuli TviTSeg-nebis winaaRmdeg.

dekabristTa `samxreTis organizaciis~ xelmZRvaneli p. pestelimis mier Sedgenil saprogramo dokumentSi (momavali konstituciisZiriTad principebSi) kavkasiel xalxs calke paragrafs uTmobda da`kavkasiis problemas~ Semdegnairad àgvarebda~: `kavkasiis xalxTa sac-xovrisi ZvelTaganve cnobilia rogorc kurTxeuli mxare... dRes igigapartaxebulia da aravisTvis araviTari sargebloba ar moaqvs, radganes yovladmSvenieri qveyana naxevrad velur xalxebs aqvT misakuTre-buli... kavkasiis mdebareobas ruseTisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs sam-xreT aziasTan energiuli da uaRresad sarfiani savaWro urTierTo-bisaTvis da, maSasadame, saxelmwifos gamdidrebisaTvis. es SesaZleb-

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loba ki savsebiT ikargeba imis gamo, rom kavkasiis xalxebi ara martosaxifaTo da mousvenari mezoblebi arian, aramed gautaneli dauvargisi mokavSireebic... droebiT umaRles mmarTvelobas neba eZleva: ...dayos kavkasiis xalxebi or jgufad _ mSvidobianebad da SfoTianebad.pirvelni datovos Tavissave sacxovrisSi da daumyaros maT rusulimmarTveloba da wyobileba, xolo meoreni ZaldatanebiT gadaasaxlosSida ruseTSi da iq calkeul volostebSi mimofantos... SeiyvanoskavkasiaSi rusi mosaxleoba da daurigos iqidan gasaxlebulTa miwebi.am saSualebiT kavkasiaSi waSalos yovelgvari niSanwyali axlandelimkvidri mosaxleobisa da gadaaqcios es mxare wynar da keTilmowyobilrusul olqad~.

xolo general a. ermolovis (saqarTvelos mTavarmarTebeli 1816-1827 wlebSi) saxelmZRvanelo principi iyo: àr iarsebebs saqarTvelo _ar iarsebebs kavkasiis problema~.

sayovelTaod cnobilia imis faqtebi, rom mefis ruseTi daintere-sebuli iyo qarTuli elementis SemcirebiT Tbilisisa da quTaisisguberniebSi, soxumis okrugSi da eswrafvoda demografiuli saWrelisSeqmnas rusebis hegemoniiT. magram man bolomde ver ganaxorciela esaqcia afxazeTSi, sadac rusi mosaxleebi malariiT iRupebodnen. ammxriv sainteresoa kavkasiis mTavarmarTebelis Tavad golicinis dasaqarTvelos egzarxosis aleqsis mimarTva sinodisadmi: `soxumiseparqia sasurvelia movwyvitoT metad arasasurvel qarTul gavlenas.am mizniT Zalzed sasargeblo iqneboda soxumis eparqiis yubanisadmimierTeba. yubanis mxareSi iricxeba 1 716 245 wminda rusuli marTlmadi-debeli mosaxleoba. am masaSi advilad Seereva da aiTqvifeba 100 000-ani SavizRvispireTis mravalerovani mosaxleoba~.

afxazur enasa da damwerlobasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboamefis moxelis, literturaTmcodnis azri: `... afxazuri damwerlobisdaweseba unda iyos ara mizani, rogorc aseTi, aramed mxolod rogorcsaSualeba eklesiisa da skolis meSveobiT qarTuli enis moxmarebisSemcirebisa da TandaTanobiT misi mTlianad SecvlisaTvis saxelmwifoeniT. amis gauTvaliswineblobis SemTxvevaSi, Cven vriskavT qarTuli dasxva avtonomiebis garda SevqmnaT afxazuri avtonomiac. movlenaTaSemdgomma ganviTarebam daamtkica windaxeduli kolonizatoris azri.qarTul enasa da kulturaSi is rusuli enisa da kulturis konku-rents xedavda, igi aramarto did gavlenas axdenda afxaz xalxze,aramed icavda kidec maT rusul garemoSi gaTqvefisagan. marTaliaRmoCnda e. veidenbaumi imaSi, rom qarTuli ena da kultura ar emuqre-boda afxaz xalxs asimilaciiT, rac dadasturebuli iyo wina isto-riiT: afxazebs SeeZloT darCeniliyvnen afxazebad da nebismier drosganecxadebinaT pretenzia avtonomiaze. sinamdvileSi moxda qarTulienis gandevna, misi Secvla saxelmwifo, anu rusuli eniT, ramac afxazixalxis ZiriTadi nawilis garusebamde migviyvana.

samwuxarod, ruseTi orasze meti wlis manZilze mudmivad amdeviziT moqmedebda. am qveynis mesveurni yovelgvari ridis gareSeoficialurad acxadeben saqarTveloSi TavianTi politikuri interese-bis Sesaxeb da yovelgvari ridis gareSe ugulebelyofen Cveni qveynispirad politikur interesebs. SesaZloa, nawilobriv am interesTa

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gansxvavebasa da araTanxvedraSi idos erTaSoris arsebuli konfliq-tebis gasaRebi.

ruseTma araerTxel gadadga nabijebi erovnuli konfliqtebisprovocirebisaTvis noyieri niadagis Sesaqmnelad, saWiro politikurmomentSi maTi gaCaRebis mizniT.

1828-1829 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli iqna qarTuli musulmanurimosaxleobis gadasaxleba TurqeTis uRlisagan gaTavisuflebuli sam-xreTi raionebidan kvlav TurqeTis saxelmwifoSi, amavdroulad, ruse-Tis mTavrobis subsidirebiT am adgilebSi sparseTidan da TurqeTidansomxebis Casaxleba ganxcorcielda.

XIX saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi ganxorcilda mkvidri afxazimosaxleobis iZulebiTi gadasaxleba TurqeTSi (`moxajiroba~) da maTsacxovrebel adgilebSi sxvadasxva erovnebis (ZiriTadad rusebis)mosaxleobis Casaxleba.

ruseTis veraguli politika saqarTvelosa da mTlianad kavkasiismimarT XX saukuneSic grZeldeboda. 1921 wels moxda saqarTvelosokupacia da Zaladobrivi gziT sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyareba, samiavtonomiis Seqmna. qarTveli musulmanebis mimarT tardeboda gaucxo-ebis politika. maT ukrZalavdnen qarTul enaze swavlas, aiZulebdneneswavlaT rusul an Turqul enebze. xelovnurad Seiqmna eTnosi `Tur-qi-mesxebi~, Semdeg ki moxda maTi deportacia Sua aziaSi, ramac qarTve-li musulmanebis gaTurqebas Seuwyo xeli.

kremlis madlobis niSnad im osebisadmi, romlebmac damoukidebelisaqarTvelos winaaRmdeg amboxi moawyves da mxari dauWires 1921 welswiTeli armiis mier mis okupacias, saqarTvelos ZirZvel teritoriazexelovnurad Seiqmna samxreT-oseTis avtonomia axali xelovnuri eTno-siT _ `samxreT osebi~.

afxaz da os eqstremistebTan erTad ruseTis mier gasuli saukunis90-iani wlebidan dRevandel dRemde grZeldeba qarTvelebis genocidida maTi iZulebiTi gasaxleba afxazeTidan da e.w. `samxreT oseTidan~.aRniSnuli teritoriebi okupirebulia ruseTis mier da am pirobebSiaRiarebulia damoukideblad.

uadgilo ar iqneba imis gaxseneba, rom 1991 wels ruseTis dumasqarTul-osuri konfliqtis Taobaze Seqmnili saparlamento komisiisdaskvniT, aRniSnuli konfliqti aris politikuri da ara erovnebaT-Sorisi.

aRniSnuli konfliqtebis gamwvaveba sruliad advili asaxsnelixdeba Tu gavixsenebT, rom am regionebSi CaiSala sakavSiro referen-dumi sabWoTa kavSirSi Sesvlis survilis Taobaze da amavdrouladmxari iqna daWerili 1991 wlis 31 martis saqarTvelos damoukideb-lobis Taobaze Catarebuli referendumisTvis. swored amitom ewina-aRmdegebian ltolvilebis dabrunebas da meramdened axdenen mis`rotacias~ rusebis da maTTvis politikurad saimedo sxva eTnosiswarmomadgenlebiT.

aqve unda gavixsenoT ruseTis imperatoris 1904 wlis 25 oqtombrisbrZaneba soWis okrugTan gagris okrugis mierTebis Taobaze, romelicmaSin sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ver ganxorcielda (ZiriTadad malariiswyalobiT), agreTve 1913 wlis `proeqti poligonisa~ _ tirifonis veli-

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dan qarTuli mosaxleobis ayra (40 aTasi ojaxi) da sanacvlodsamxedro dasaxlebebis mowyoba. agreTve, imave wels, TbilisSi, aleq-sandres baRSi qarTul kulturul sazogadoebaTa warmomadgenlebiskreba, sadac erevnis vice-gubernatori strelbicki Tavis gamosvlaSi`xizanTa mowyobis proeqti~ asabuTebda, rom samaCabloSi Camoesaxle-binaT osebi da maTTvis usasyidlod gadaecaT miwebi. es maSin, rode-sac 1864 wels baton-ymobisgan gaTavisuflebuli qarTveli glexe-bisTvis aseTi SeRavaTi aravis miucia da maT dakisrebuli hqondaTmiwis gamosasyidis gadaxda 55 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

samSvidobo misiis Sesrulebis periodSi, roca rusuli sajarisokontigenti (`miratvorcebi~) ganlagebuli iyo afxazeTsa da samaCab-loSi, moxda rusuli pasportebis gacema, anu adgilobrivi mosaxle-obisaTvis ruseTis moqalaqeobis miniWeba (adgilze, ruseTSi gausvle-lad). xdeboda da xdeba maTi diskriminacia, vinc uars acxadebs amprocesSi monawileobaze. orive regionSi idevneba qarTuli ena.

2008 wlis agvistoSi, rusuli okupaciis dros, rusi oficrebiqarTul eklesiebSi mrevlTan eweodnen agitacias cxinvalis gorTanmierTebis Taobaze da SemdgomSi am ukanasknelis e.w. `samreT-oseTis~centrad gamocxadebaze. amave dros okupirebul samegreloSi warmo-ebda agitacia saqarTvelosgan misi gamoyofis da damoukideblobisgamocxadebis mizniT.

amrigad, ruseTi xSirad aCaRebs da aRvivebs erTaSoris konfliq-tebs, Semdeg ki imoseba samarTlianobisa da mSvidobisaTvis mebrZolissamosSi. is maincdamainc ar eswrafvis maT gadaWras (gavixsenoTgamonaTqvamebi ltolvilTa dabrunebis SeuZleblobis Sesaxeb da ruse-Tisa da separatistebis sxva destruqciuli nabijebi germaniis sagareosaqmeTa ministris winadadebebze 2008 wlis ivlisSi konfliqtissametapiani daregulirebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT), misTvis mniSvne-lovania, rom mudmivad Rviodes daZabulobis kera, anu yovelTvisarsebobdes maTi `mSvidobiani misiis~ aucileblobis sababi.

ruseTi ZiriTadad dakavebulia konfliqtebis gayinviT. is yovel-Tvis warmoadgens dainteresebl da konfliqtSi monawile mxares,emxroba imas, visac TviTon aqezebs agresiuli moqmedebisaken.

gasuli wlis agvistoSi ruseTis samxedro SeWram saqarTveloSi,anu intervenciam, afxazeTis da e.w. `samxreT-oseTis~ okupaciam (kon-fliqtis zonis farglebs gareT mdebare teritoriebianad), amavdrou-lad maTi damoukideblobis aRiarebam, es konfliqtebi ganviTarebissruliad axal fazaSi gadaiyvana. Seqmnili mdgomareoba, romelsacruseTi dRes konfliqtebis `galRobas~ uwodebs, saerTaSoriso-samar-Tlebriv enaze ukve didi xania klasificirdeba rogorc aneqsiismcdeloba.

raSi mdgomareobs ruseTis uzneo da araadamianuri politikisarsi da mizani? sruli batonoba kavkasiis regionze, kontroli damonopolia kavkasiuri da Suaaziuri navTobisa da gazis realizaciismarSrutebze, evropis sruli energetikuli damokidebulobis damyareba_ ai erT-erTi mizezi erTaSorisi da eTnikuri konfliqtebisa saqar-Tvelosa da mTlianad kavkasiaSi. SesaZloa, kavkasiur politikurscenaze, sxva, ruseTis Tanaswori Zalis mqone subieqtis gamoCeniT,

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saqarTveloSi da mTlianad kavkasiaSi damyardes mSvidoba. istoria darealuri yofa-cxovreba gveubneba, rom aq mezobeli ze-saxelmwifoebispolitikuri yofna warmoadgens madestabilizebel faqtors da emsaxu-reba mxolod maT hegemonistur interesebs. ai erTaSorisi konfliq-tebis borotebis fesvi da arsi. maTi politikuri neitralitetis dae.i. am problemis gadaWris garantic SesaZloa gaxdes ufro Zlieri,avtoritetuli saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba.

r e z i u m e

axali Sexedulebebi Zvel konfliqtebze

giorgi maduaSvili

statiaSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos mimarT ruseTis dampyrobluripolitikis istoriuli da Tanamedrove periodis konkretuli magaliTe-bi. istoriuli faqtebis analizis safuZvelze gansazRvrulia ruseTisroli erTaSorisi konfliqtebis warmoSobasa da am konfliqtebisSemdgom gaRrmavebaSi.

S U M M A R Y

NEW POINTS OF VIEW ON OLD DISPUTED MATTERS

GIORGI MADUASHVILI

In the article there are discussed concrete examples of Russian aggressive politicshistorical facts and contemporary examples towards Georgia. On basis of historical factsanalysis there is defined the role of Russia as for arising and deepening the conflict betweennations.

Р Е З Ю М Е

НОВЫЕ ВЗГЛЯДЫ НА СТАРЫЕ КОНФЛИКТЫ

ГИОРГИ МАДУАШВИЛИ

В статье рассмотрены исторические и современные конкретные примеры русскойзахватнической политики по отношению к Грузии. На основе анализа историческихфактов определена роль России в возникновении межнациональных конфликтов и в ихпоследующем углублении.

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axali samarTlebrivi strategia

ilia guCmaniZe

ukraina-saqarTvelos saswavlo-samecniero saerTaSoriso institutissamarTalmcodneobis magistranti

saqarTvelo ruseTis omi agvistoSi ar dawyebula da arc damTav-rebula. TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZol saqarTvelosa da revanSistuliimperializmiT daavadebul ruseTs Soris omi ukve didi xania mimdi-nareobs. mis simbolur saTaved SeiZleba 1989 wlis 9 aprili miviCnioT,roca imperia Seecada sastiki formiT CaexSo winaaRmdegobis moZraobasaqarTveloSi Tumca aman sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRo, rac ori wlisTavze saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebiT dasrulda. Sem-dgomSi, zewolis formebs ruseTi mudmivad cvlida is xan ekonomikurisanqciebis, energetikuli blokadis, masobrivi deportaciebis, xanac kiuSualo samxedro agresiis formiT gamoixateboda, rogorc es iyo 1991-93 ww-Si samaCablosa da afxazeTSi, 1998-Si galSi, 2004 Si kvlavsamaCabloSi da 2008 wels ukve mTeli qveynis masSabiT. ukanaskneliimiT gamoirCeoda winamorbeTagan, rom am SemTxvevaSi ruseTi yovelgva-ri SeniRbuli formebis gareSe Ria, pirdapir agresiaze gadavida daomis Sedegebi afxazeTisa da e.w. ,,samxreT oseTis” damoukideblobisde-iure aRiarebiT daakanona.

omi Tavisi SinaarsiT mxolod SeiaraRebul konfliqts ar gulis-xmobs da mas sxva gamovlinebebic aqvs, romlebic aranakleb mniSvnelo-vania. maT Sorisaa, rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna ekonomikuri zewolisformebi, energoresursebiT manipulaciebi da a.S. gansakuTrebiT kiunda aRiniSnos am procesebis mudmivi Tanmxlebi, romelsac SeiZlebavuwodoT samarTlis omi anu Widili samarTlebrivi normebiT. yvelasaxelmwifo, ramdenadac aRviraxsnili ar unda iyos misi calkeuliqmedebebi cdilobs, rom maT erTgvari legitimacia moupovos. asevemoiqca ruseTi, roca saqarTveloSi SemoWra da separatistuli regio-nebis damoukideblobis aRiareba, Tavisi interpretaciiT, saerTaSorisosamarTliT ganmarta. mTavari samizne samarTlis omSi ruseTisaTvis,yovelTvis sakvanZo sakiTxi saqarTvelos teritoriuli konfliqtebigaxldaT, romelic misTvis pilitikur-samarTlebrivi spekulaciebisZiriTad sagans warmoadgenda, magram Tu es aqamdis ufro iribi formiTxdeboda da saqarTvelos teritoriul mTlianobas formalurad maincaRiarebda, 26 agvistos separatistuli anklavebis damoukideblobiscnobiT yovelive amas wertili daesva da ruseTi pirdapir samarTleb-riv Sturmze gadmovida, rac cxadia saqarTvelos mxridanac saTanadoreaqcias saWiroebs. amdenad aucilebelia sworad formulirebuli,myari samarTlebrivi argumentaciiT gajerebuli strategiis Camoyali-beba, romliTac ruseTis agresiul qmedebebs maqsimalurad Camocilde-ba yovelgvari samarTlebrivi saburveli da mis politikur poziciassayrdens gamoaclis. SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis msgavsad samarTlis

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omSi SemuSavebuli unda iqnas, rogorc TavdacviTi aseve Semtevi taq-tika da mowinaaRmdeges miadges dartyma im adgilas sadac misi pozi-ciebi yvelaze ufro daucvelia, Tumca amas win uZRvis metoqis SesaZ-leblobebis dazverva da Sefaseba. aqedan gamomdinare upirveles yov-lisa unda ganisazRvros saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg Tu ra ZiriTadi sa-marTlebrivi argumentebi aqvs ruseTs sakuTar arsenalSi.

2008 weli datvirTuli iyo mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso politiku-ri movlenebiT, maTgan pirveli gaxldaT TebervalSi kosovos damouki-deblobis gamocxadeba, romelsac umalve moyva mTeli rigi saxelmwi-foebis mxridan misi oficialurad aRiareba. saerTaSoriso Tanamegob-robisTvis es bolo aTwleulSi erT-erT yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivmovlenad iqca. kosovos damoukideblobis cnobis pirvelive dReebidandRis wesrigSi dadga SekiTxva eqneboda Tu ara am movlenas preceden-tuli xasiaTi sxva msgavsi konfliqtebis gadawyvetaSi? umalve ruseTismxridan daiwyo pirdapiri paralelebis gavleba afxazeTisa da,,samxreT oseTis” mimarT, Tumca imTaviTve zedapiruli samarTlebrivianaliziTac naTeli is radikaluri gansxvavebebi rac maT Soris arse-bobda, Tumca kosovos aRiareba mniSvnelovani iyo ara imitom, rom misirogorc erTgvari modelis pirdapiri recefcia SeiZleba momxdariyoromelime analogiuri teritoriuli davis gadawyvetisas aramed meorealbaT ufro mniSvnelovani faqtoris gamo, serbeTis yofili avtono-miuri erTeulis calmxvrivi aRiarebiT saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobiserTma nawilma dauSva SesaZlebloba imisa, rom danarCeni msoflios ne-bis ugulebelyofiT, sakuTari interpretaciiT Seefasebina faqti uni-kalurad. Sesabamisad daismis kiTxva, ratom ruseTs ara aqvs ufleba,rom gamoiyenos ukve daSvebuli SesaZlebloba da sakuTari gaazrebiTmiiCnios afxazeTisa da ,,samxreT oseTis” sakiTxi aseTive unikalurSemTxvevad da sajarod ganacxados maTi aRiarebis aucileblobis Sesa-xeb? es erTob martivi da sworxazovani logikaa, Tumca sakmarisi imi-saTvis, rom ruseTs Tavisi agresiuli qmedebebis farad gamoeyenebina.

mTavari samarTlebrivi aspeqti, romelic safuZlad udevs 2008wlis am aRiarebebs aris saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principe-bis _ saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis xelSeuxeblobisa daxalxTa TviTgamorkvevis uflebis Tanaarsebobis sakiTxi. orive maTga-nis saerTo Rirebuleba aris xalxis keTildReoba, xolo maSin rocaqveyanaSi calkeuli eTnosis mimarT xorcieldeba Zaladoba, maT areZlevaT SesaZlebloba Tavisi erovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisada ganviTarebis, saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianoba ukve aRargamodis mTavari Rirebulebis xalxis keTildReobis dacvis saSuale-bad aramed piriqiT diskriminaciuli politikis meqanizmad iqceva. aseTdros wina planze iwevs TviTgamorkvevis principi, romlis realizaciasecesiis formiT, aRmofxvris am samarTlebriv nonsens da xalximoipovebs politikur damoukideblobas, rogorc garants misi erovnu-li identurobis dacvisa. Tumca gamoyofis Semdeg saxelmwifos teri-toriuli mTlianoba darCenil sazRvrebSi kvlav xelSeuxebelia dadacvas eqvemdebareba. am gagebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen aRiarebebis dro-sac. Tu kosovos SemTxvevaSi adgilobriv albanelTa diskriminaciaZiriTadad slobodan miloSeviCis saxels ukavSirdeba, afxazeTsa da

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,,samxreT oseTSi” SeiareRebuli konfliqtebi saqarTvelos samive pre-zidentis marTvelobis periodSi arsebobda, rac ruseTisTvis sababia,rom ganacxados afxazi da osi xalxis integracia qarTul sazogadoe-baSi ar Sedga da damoukideblobis aRiareba iyo aucilebloba maTierovnuli TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebis uzrunvelsayofad.

amgvarad, ruseTs 2 ZiriTadi argumenti aqvs xelSi:1) kosovos damoukideblobis aRiarebis faqti, rogorc SesaZleb-

loba imisa, rom manac analogiurad miiCnios afxazeTisa da samxreToseTis sakiTxi unikalur SemTxvevad.

2) TiTqmis 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi mudmivi eTnokonfliqtebi saqar-TveloSi, rogorc dadastureba, rom afxazebis, osebisa da qarTve-lebis Tanacxovreba ar Sedga da aqedan iyo gamowveuli aRiarebisaucilebloba. ra SeiZleba davupirispiroT am argumentacias? Aaqamdisyovelgvar spekulaciebs afxazeTisa da ,,samxreT oseTis” mimarT,saqarTvelo sapirwoned uyenebda mis saerTaSorisod aRiarebul teri-toriul mTlianobas, magram mas Semdeg rac 2008 wlis TebervalSisaerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis umniSvnelovanesma nawilma, serbeTisaseve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli teritoriuli mTlianoba daarRvia dacalmxvrivad, misi regioni damoukideblad cno SeiZleba iTqvas, romsaqarTvelos am poziciis simyarec saTuo gaxda. saerTod bolo drosSeimCneva tendencia imisa, rom xalxTa TviTgamorkveva privelirebdessaxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis principze da garkveul garemo-ebebSi upiratesoba eniWebodes. bolo droindeli movlenebi sworedamis dadasturebaa. Sesabamisad aucilebelia transformireba moxdesda qarTuli samarTlebrivi poziciis sayrdeni saxelmwifos teritori-uli mTlianobis cnebidan Tavad TviTgamorkvevaze gadavides.

afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis e.w. ,,konstituciebi” swored TviT-gamorkvevis uflebaze xazgasmiT iwyeba, aseve mas eyrdnoba ruseTisprezidentis 26 agvistos gadawyvetileba am regionebis damoukideblo-bis aRiarebis Sesaxeb. amdenad separatistebi da maTi rusi lobistebiam princips farTod iyeneben, magram iyo Tu ara is rac moxda afxazeT-sa da ,,samxreT oseTSi” realuri TviTgamorkveva? amisaTvis unda gavia-zroT TviTgamorkvevis cneba, romelic mocemulia 1966 wlis paqtebispirvelive muxlSi ,,yvela xalxs aqvs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, am uf-lebis ZaliT, isini Tavisuflad aweseben TavianT politikur statussda Tavisuflad uzrunvelyofen TavianT ekonomikur, sociallur dakulturul ganviTarebas” aq aRsaniSnavia pirveli sityvebi ,,yvelaxalxs aqvs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba...” rac adasturebs imas, rom es araris romelime eTnikuri jgufis eqskluziuri ufleba, is ekuTvnis,,demoss da ara eTnoss”, teritoriis kuTvnilebis gansazRvris proces-Si unda monawileobdes mTeli sazogadoeba da ara mxolod calkeulieTnosi. afxazeTsa da ,,samxreT oseTSi” TviTgamorkveva ki arganxorcielebula, aramed realurad is dairRva. Seilaxa im ramodenimeaseuli aTasi adamianis TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, romlebmac jer kidev1991 wels referendumiT gansazRvres afxazeTisa da ,,samxreT oseTis”politikuri statusi, rogorc ganuyofeli nawili erTiani da damouki-debeli saqarTvelosi da swored am niSniT maT mimarT ganxorcielebu-li iqna eTnikuri wmenda, isini gamoZevebuli iqnen TavianTi sacxovreb-

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lidan. erTi xalxis uflebebis masobrivi da uxeSi Selaxvis xarjzesxva xalxi ver ganaxorcielebs TviTgamorkvevas da is vercerT Sem-TxvevaSi ver miiCneva mis realizaciis formad. saerTo jamSi devnilimosaxleobis ricxvi aRemateba amJamad am teritoriebze mcxovreblebTaraodenobas, amdenad paradoqsulia saubari iseT TviTgamorkvevazeromlisgan dazaralebuli ufro meti adamiani aRmoCnda vidre misiganmxorcielebeli. es ewinaaRmdegeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayo-velTaod aRiarebul iseT Rirebulebebs, rogoricaa xalxTa Tanaswor-uflebianoba da diskriminaciis dauSvebloba.

Tanamedrove realiebidan gamomdinare upiratesi mniSvnelobisaaara Tavad saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTianobis darRvevis faqti, ara-med swored is, rom afxazi da osi xalxis e.w ,,TviTgamorkveva” saku-Tar TavTanve modis winaaRmdegobaSi, radgan TviTgamorkvevis yvelaarsebiTi kriteriumis darRveviT iqna ganxorcielebuli, es ki SeiZlebagacilebiT momgebian faqtorad iqces CvenTvis, vidre mudmivad mxolodteritoriuli mTlianobis xelSeuxeblobaze apelireba. mowinaaRmdegismTavari samarTlebrivi iaraRi – TviTgamorkveva, mis winaaRmdegveSemotrialdeba, Tu amas swori taqtikiT mivudgebiT, romelic upirve-les yovlisa gulisxmobs devnilebis, rogorc uSualod dazaralebuladamianTa Temis wina planze wamowevas. ruseTs, miT umetes kosovosprecedentis Semdgom SeuZlia Taviseburad gaamarTlos mis mier saqar-Tvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva, magram xalxis uflebadaubrundes Tavis miwa-wyals veranair gansxvavebul interpretaciasver daeqvemdebareba da sxva samarTlebrivi sikeTe mas ver gadaswonis.rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna afaxazeTidan da ,,samxreT oseTi”-dan dev-nilTa raodenoba ufro metia vidre amJamad am teritoriebze mcxovre-bi adamianebisa. Tavis droze am faqtoris nakleboba qonda iugosla-viis xelisuflebas kosovoSi, sadac eTnikur umravlesobas mTeli me-20saukunis ganmavlobaSi albanelebi Seadgendnen. miloSeviCi SeecadaeTnikuri wmendiT Seecvale demografiuli struqtura, rasac sapasu-xod natos ,,humanitaruli intervencia” moyva. saqarTveloSi ki mdgoma-reoba radikalurad gansxvavebulia, rac Sesabamis gamoyenebasve saWi-roebs. ismeba kiTxva rogor SeiZleba am upiratesobis sworad reali-zeba? dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi uSualod, devnilTa politikur ne-bas gamoxatavs afxazeTis legitimuri xelisufleba da samxreT oseTisdroebiTi administracia, romlebic arsebiTad centraluri xelisuf-lebis klasikuri qvedanayofebia. Sesabamisad umaRles xelisuflebasmonopolizirebuli aqvs konfliqtebis gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebuliyvela aspeqti, maT Soris devnilTa interesebis gamoxatva, rogorcqveynis SigniT aseve mis farglebs gareT. saxelmwifos aseTi statusiqmnis im STabeWdilebas, rom erT mxares dgas saqarTvelos saxelmwifoxolo meore mxares ajanyebuli regionebi. centrsa da regions Sorisdapirispirebis suraTi ki yvelaze xelsayreli ruseTisTvisaa, amiT isaJitirebas ukeTebs afxazebisa da osebis TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxs darac mTvaria Crdilavs devnilebis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli uflebismqone xalxis cnebas, romelTa suverenuli politikuri nebis gareSewarmoudgenelia gancalkevebulad afxazeTisa da ,,samxreT oseTis”problemis gadawyveta. amdenad aucilebelia Zireuli cvlilebebi,

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romelic agvistos Semdeg Seqmnili viTarebis adeqvaturi iqneba, es kiuwinaresad gulisxmobs iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa statusisgansxvavebuli formiT Camoyalibebas da mis distancirebas xelisuf-lebisgan. am Temis ukeT warmosaCenad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT istoriulieqskursi da gadavinacvloT II msoflio omis periodSi, rodesac Camo-yalibebas iwyebs saxalxo winaaRmdegobis organizaciis cneba. aseTiorganizaciebi rogorc wesi iqmnebodnen emigraciaSi an uSualodokupirebul teritoriebze – CexoslovakiaSi, safrangeTSi, daniaSi,iugoslaviaSi, poloneTSi, sxvadasxva saxelwodebebiT – ganTavisufle-bis erovnuli komiteti, Tavisuflebis sabWo da a.S. isini ar warmoad-gendnen mTavrobebs, maTi uflebebi ufro viwro iyo, Tumca antihitle-rul koaliciasTan saTanado saerTaSoriso-samarTlebriv urTierTo-bebs amyarebdnen da saerTo jamSi am teritoriebis deokupaciaSi Zali-an mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules. Semdgom periodSi aseTive organi-zaciebi yalibdeboda aziis, afrikisa da samxreT amerikis qveynebSimimdinare dekolonizaciis procesSi erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebelimoZraobebis saxiT.Bbunebrivia amJamindeli mdgomareoba gansxvavebuliaTumca isic udavoa rom saqarTvelis erTi mesamedi okupirebulia dagarkveuli modifikaciiT winaaRmdegobis organizaciis analogiurimoZraobis Seqmnaze fiqri mizanSeuwonari namdvilad ar aris. savsebiTSesaZlebelia iseTi tipis organizaciis Camoyalibeba, romelic gaaer-Tianebs okupirebuli teritoriebidan gamodevnil yvela pirs, rogorcqarTvelebs aseve eTnikur afxazebs, osebs, ukrainelebs, berZnebs, esto-nelebs, ebraelebs. bevri maTgani dReisaTvis saqarTvelos moqalaqe araris, Tumca uflebas daubrunden TavianT sacxovreblebs maT veravinwaarTmevs. saerTo miznis garSemo sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeTa gaer-Tianeba ki am moZraobas erTgvar saerTaSoriso elements da metpolitikur wonas Sematebs. xazi unda gaesvas es ar iqneba samTavrobostruqtura, aramed sazogadoebriv-politikuri moZraoba, romelic maq-simalurad gaemijneba xelisuflebas. piriqiT saqarTvelom da misma mo-kavSire saxelmwifoebma SeiZleba, rom is Tavisi mniSvnelobidan gamom-dinare, garkveul aspeqtSi saerTaSoriso samarTalsubieqtunarianobismqonedac cnon da masTan oficialuri urTierTobebi daamyaron. amgva-rad ruseTis mier afxazeTisa da ,,samxreT oseTis” damoukideblobisaRiarebis sapirwoned Seiqmneba saerTaSoriso statusis mqone winaaR-mdegobis moZraoba, Camoyalibebuli swored am regionebis ZiriTadimosaxleobisgan (ramodenime aseuli aTasi adamiani), romelTa erTader-Ti mizani iqneba sakuTar miwa-wyalze dabruneba, raTa Tavadve gansaz-Rvron misi politikuri statusi da amiT moaxdinon TviTgamorkvevisuflebis realizacia. Sedegad ruseTs mis mier mTeli am xnis ganmav-lobaSi spekulirebadi TviTgamorkveva sawinaaRmdegod Semoubrundebada rac mTavaria saqarTvelo wina planze, ufro efeqturad gamoitansam konfliqtis yvelaze mniSvnelovan aspeqts – devnilTa sakiTxs.garda amisa winaaRmdegobis moZraoba 2 umTavres funqcias Seasrulebs:1) moxdeba konfliqtebiT dazaralebul adamianTa konsolidaciasaerTo miznis misaRwevad, miuxedavad maTi eTnikuri warmomavlobis Tumoqalaqeobisa da SesaZlebloba miecemaT saerTaSoriso aspareze,yvela arsebuli meqanizmiT Tavadve daicvan sakuTari interesebi,

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riTac faqtobrivad axali subieqti iqmneba. 2) saqarTvelo politikur-samarTlebriv frontis xazs farTod gaSlis. saxelmwifo xelisufle-ba imoqmedebs teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvisa da okupirebul teri-toriebze Tavisi iurisdiqciis aRdgenis mimarTulebiT, xolo devnil-Ta dabrunebisa da TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxis win wamowevas ZiriTadaduzrunvelyofs es axali warmonaqmni. yovelive amis Sedegad erTismxvriv, myarad iqneba mogeriebuli ruseTis samarTlebrivi ieriSi dameores mxvriv, garemoebaTa swori gadanawilebiT gaCndeba SesaZleblo-ba kontr-ieriSze gadasvlisa.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 2008 wlis ,,cxeli agvistos”Semdgom Seqmnili realiebidan gamomdinare, aseTi taqtika saqarTve-losTvis yvelaze xelsayreli da adeqvaturi unda iyos. cxadia es vergaxdeba panacea yvela problemis gadawyvetis, Tumca isuc udavoa, romrac ufro Zlieri Sturmi ganxorcieldeba rusul bastionze is dResTu ara xval aucileblad CamoiSleba da nanatri samarTlianobachorozontze aucileblad gamoCndeba.



1. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali (leqsikoni-cnobari) 2005 w.2. levan mataraZe _ xalxTa Tanasworobisa da TviTgamorkvevis

principTa Sesaxeb. (saqarTvelo da saerTaSoriso samarTali –statiaTa krebuli. Tbilisi, 2001 ).

3. levan aleqsiZe _ Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tbilisi2006.

4. givi lobJaniZe _ adamianis uflebaTa samarTali, Tbilisi 2005.5. piter malanCuki _ akeharstis Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso

samarTali, 2004 w.1. 6. aleqsandre oraxelaSvili _ afxazeTis konfliqti kosovos

konfliqtis fonze (saqarTvelo da saerTaSorisosamarTali – statiaTa krebuli. Tbilisi, 2001)

6. regionuli konfliqtebi saqarTveloSi, politikur –samarTlebrivi aqtebis krebuli, 2002 weli.

7. Аллена Бьюкенена "Сецессия. Право на отделение, права человека итерриториальная целостность государства". М.: Издательство "Рудомино", 2001.

8. Черниченко С.В. Принцип самоопределения народов (современнаяинтерпретация), Московский журнал международного права, № 4, 1996.

9. И. Влишеико Содержание права народов на самоопределение10. Percy Lehning, Theories of Secession, Routledge, 2007.11. internet resursebi ( www.un.org www.memo.ru www.nplg.gov.ge )

http://www.un.org/

http://www.memo.ru/

http://www.nplg.gov.ge/

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r e z i u m eA

axali samarTlebrivi strategia

ilia guCmaniZe

2008 wlis 26 agvistos, samxedro agresiis Semdgom, ruseTmasaqarTvelos ori ganuyofeli regionis damoukidebloba aRiara, riTacaqamde arsebuli mdgomareoba arsebiTad Seicvala, es ki cxadia saqar-Tvelos mxridanac axal realiebTan adeqvaturi taqtikis CamoyalibebassaWiroebs. naSromSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis safuZvelze ganxiluliasaqarTvelo-ruseTis dapirispirebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi da warmoCe-nilia is iniciativebi, romelsac unda daefuZnos saqarTvelos axalisamarTlebrivi strategia.

S U M M A R Y

NEW LEGAL STRATEGY

ILIA GUCHMANIDZE

At the august 26, 2008, after the military aggression, the Russia recognizedindependence two inseparable regions of Georgia. With that before existing situationthoroughly has changed, after that from the side of Georgia in respect of realistic is need increation of identical tactics. On the strength of international law in the work is considered themain aspects of Georgian-Russian contradictions and is showed these initiatives, which mustbe based Georgian new legal strategy.

Р Е З Ю М Е

НОВАЯ ПРАВОВАЯ СТРАТЕГИЯ

ИЛЬЯ ГУЧМАИИДЗЕ

26 августа 2008 года, после военной агрессий, Россия признала независимостьдвух неотделимых регионов Грузий, этим основательно изменилось до этогосуществующая положения. Это ясно требует со сторони Грузий, учитивая новыереалии, сформиравать адекватную тактику. В работе, на основе международного права,рассмотренный основные аспекти Грузино-Русского противостаяния и представлены теинициативы на которой должна основиваться новая правовая стратегия Грузий.

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danaSaulis provokaciis praqtikul-samarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba

TaTia doliZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetissamarTlis doqtoranti

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi icnobs iseT danaSaulsrogoricaa – danaSaulis provokacia. Ees gaxlavT adamianis uflebaTada TavisuflebaTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedeba, romelsac eTmobasislis samarTlis kodeqsis 145-e muxli:1 ,,danaSaulis provokacia, eseigi sxvisi dayolieba danaSaulis Casadenad misi sisxlissamarTlebrivpasuxisgebaSi micemis mizniT.”

saqarTvelos 1960 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi am tipis dana-Sauls ar icnobda.2 Sesabamisad es danaSauli Tanamedrove kodeqsiserTgvar novaciasac warmaodgens.

provokacia (laT. provocation gamoqveva)3 risame ZaliT gamowvevasniSnavs, Sesabamisad danaSaulis provokaciac aris piris gamiznuladdayolieba danaSaulis Cadenaze misi sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgeba-Si micemis mizniT.

maSasadame obieqturad es danaSauli gamoixateba im qmedebiTi,rodesac piri daiyoliebs meore pirs danaSaulis Casadenad im mizniTrom Semdgom amas mohyves misi sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgebaSimicema. amdenad am danaSaulSi yovelTvis figurirebs provokatori (e.i.is vinc aqezebs meore pirs Caidinos danaSauli) da Cveulebrivi damna-Save (e.i. piri romelic waaqeza provokatorma). A

aqve aRsaniSnavia isic, rom piri visac daiyolieben danaSaulisCasadenad, unda akmayofilebdes am danaSaulis subieqtis yvela niSans(asaks, Seracxadobas da sxv). aseve sadavoa isic unda CaiTvalos Tuara danaSaulis provokaciad is SemTxveva, rodesac piri SesTavazebsmeore pirs winadadebas Caidinos danaSauli da isic dasTanxmdeba.vfiqrobT rom zogadad winadadebis micema ar warmoadgens danaSaulisprovokacias, Tumca esec yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi individualu-rad unda iqnas ganxiluli.ASesabamisad, danaSaulis provokaciad arCaiTvleba is SemTxveva, rodesac moqalaqe policiis TanamSromelsSesTavazebs qrTams jarimis gamoweris sanacvlod, da policielicdasTanxmdeba da aiRebs qrTams. es SemTxveva ver CaiTvleba danaSaulisprovokaciad, radgan moqalaqes ar dauyoliebia igi aqtiuri zemoqme-debiT, is faqti rom policieli mis winadadebas iolad daTanxmdamiuTiTebs imaze, rom qrTamis aRebaza mas isedac gadawyvetili qonda

1 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli 145, Tbilisi 2009;2 m. lekveiSvili, n,Todua, n.gvenetaZe, g.mamulaSvili. ,,sisxlis samarTlis kerZonawili” wigni I, meridiani, Tbilisi 2005.3 ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, ganaTleba, Tbilisi 1989.

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da es misi saqmianobis Cveuli wesia, romelsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSiiyenebs. 4

Tumca aRniSnuli danaSauli Zalze gavs danaSaulis waqezebas.rogorc sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobidanaa cnobili, wamqeze-beli aris piri, romelmac daiyolia sxva piri danaSaulis Casadenad.5

maS ra gansxvavebaa danaSaulis provokaciasa da danaSaulis waqezebasSoris? saqme imaSia rom danaSaulis provokacia xasiaTdeba Zalzespecifikuri niSniT, kerZod im mizniT romelic wamrodgenilia 145-emuxlis bolo winadadebaSi - ,,sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi mi-cemis mizniT.”. rogorc vxedavT am qmedebis SemTxvevaSi mizani (rome-lic mTel rig SemTxvevebSi aris danaSaulis fakultaturi niSani)warmoadgens mTavar elements da igi gamoxateba – provokatoris sur-vilSi pasuxismgebaSi misces piri mis mier provocirebuli danaSaulisCadenisaTvis. praqtikaSi SeiZleba SevxvdeT danaSaulis provocirebisZalZe bevr meTods. Cveni azriT, didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs provocire-ba ra saxiT iqneba qmedebaSi gamoxatuli: iqneba es xangrZlivi aqtiurizemoqmedebis Sedegi Tu zedapiruli zewolis Sedegi, Tu maprovo-cirebeli qmedebiT meore pirs aReZra danaSaulis Cadenis surviliprovocirebis xerxebsa da meTodebs didi mniSvneloba ara aqvs.

ganvixiloT danaSaulis provokaciis calkeuli SemTxvevebi:a) papiZem icoda, rom xomasuriZe ukanonod atarebda ceclsasrol

iaraRs ,,makarovis” sostemis pistolets. mas surda gzidan Camoecile-bina xomasuriZe, raTa SemdegSi gaadvileboida mis colTan intimuriurTierTobis damyareba. am mizniT papiZem gadawyvita ra mieRwia xoma-suriZis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxisgebaSi micemisa da dapatimrebi-saTvis, moatyua xomasuriZe TiTqos endelaZes mis colTan intimurikavSiris damyareba surda da yovel mxriv waaqeza igi endelaZis mkvle-lobisaken.6

saqme imaSia, rom am SemTxvevaSi saxeze gvaqvs danaSaulisprovokacia papiZis mxridan, xolo xomasuriZe ki daisjeba im danaSa-ulisaTvis, romelic man Caidina – kerZod ganzrax mkvelobisaTvis.

b) gurgeniZem, im mizniT rom vasaZe mieca sisxlissamarTlebrivpasuxisgebaSi, daiyolia igi danaSaulis Casadenad winaswar SemuSavebu-li gegmis mixedviT, romlis Sesaxebac gurgeniZem winaswar acnoba po-liacias, maT gadawyvites alievis mZevlad xelSi Cagdeba da sacxov-rebel saxlTan Causafrdnen msxverpls. gurgeniZem da vasaZem alieviZaladobis gamoyenebiT Casves manqanaSi, swored am dros, gurgeniZismier policiisaTvis micemuli cnobis Sesabamisad, borotmoqmedebidakavebul iqnen. rogor dakvalificiordeba gurgeniZisa da vasaZisqmedeba?7

vfiqrobT, rom am SemTxvevaSi gurgeniZes pasuxismgebloba daekis-reba danaSaulis provokaciisaTvis radgan man moaxdina vasaZis mierCadenili danaSaulis provocireba, im mizniT rom Semdgom sisxlis-

4 m. lekveiSvili, n. Todua, n. gvenetaZe, g. mamulaSvili. ,,sisxlis samarTlis kerZonawili” wigni I, meridiani, Tbilisi 2005.5 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, muxli 24, nawili II, Tbilisi, 2009.6 prokuraturis muSakTa sakvalifikacio gamocdis testebi, testi N99 Tbilisi 2006.7 prokuraturis muSakTa sakvalifikacio gamocdis testebi, testi N4 Tbilisi 2006.

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samarTlebriv pasuxismgebaSi mieca igi. xolo vasaZes ki sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisreba im qmedebisaTvis rac man Caidina– anu mZevlad xelSi Cagdebis mcdelobisaTvis.

iqidan gamomdinare, rom danaSaulis provokaciis SemTxvevaSierTi mxare (e.i. provokatori) gvevlineba daaSaulis gamomwvevad,romelsac surs meore piris pasuxisgebaSi micema, SesaZlebeliaa arse-bobdes iseTi azric TiTqos meore piri (e.i. is vinc daiyolia provo-katorima) ar unda daisajos, rac Cveni azriT ar Seesabameba saR azrsda ar iqneba swori. vfiqrobT, rom is garemoeba rom piri daiyoliesdanaSaulis Cadenaze, im mizniT rom Semdgom sisxlissamarTlebrivpasuxisgebaSi miecaT igi warmoadgens mxolod Semamsxubuqebel gare-moebas romelic mxedvelobaSi miRebul unda iqnas sasamarTlos miersasjelis dnaiSvnis stadiaze.

aranakleb sagulisxmoa am danaSaulisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli sas-jeli. danaSaulis provokacia iTvaliswinebs oTx wlamde Tavisufle-bis aRkveTas. am muxlis Sinaarisadn gamomdinare, provokatori rome-lic meore pirs Caadeninebs mkvlelobas da provokatori romelic meo-re pirs Caadeninebs qurdobas erTnairad isjeba rac Cveni azriT aras-woria. umjobesi da ufro samarTlianic iqneboda am danaSauls hqon-des damamZimebeli garemoebebi, rac SesaZlebels gaxdis am qmedebis Cam-denebisaTvis ufro samarTliani sasjelis Sefardebas.

uTuod unda avRniSnoT isic, danaSaulis provokaciisa da waqeze-bas Soris zRvaris gavlebsaTan erTad gamoikveTa isic, rom saqarTve-los sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdebloba danaSaulis provokacias,waqezebis fonze aSkarad nakleb saSiS qmedebad miiCnevs. riTi arisganpirobebuli amgvari midgoma CvenTvis gaugebaria. vfiqrobT, rom esis sakiTxia romelzec Rirs fundamenturi kvleva da dafiqreba.



1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, Tbilisi 2009;2. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tbilisi 2009;3. prokuraturis muSakTa sakvalifikacio gamocdis testebi, Tbilisi

2006;4. m. lekveiSvili, n. Todua, n. gvenetaZe, g. mamulaSvili. ,,sisxlis

samarTlis kerZo nawili” wigni I, meridiani, Tbilisi 2005;5. ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni, ganaTleba, Tbilisi 1989;6. o. gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis

ganmartebani, Tbilisi 2005.

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r e z i u m e

danaSaulis provokaciis praqtikul-samarTlebrivi daxasiaTeba

TaTia doliZe

naSromSi warmodgenilia sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswi-nebuli danasaulis - danaSaulis provokaciis sakanondmeblo da praq-tikuli daxsiaTeba. ganxilulia am danasaulis calkeuli magaliTebida warmodgenilia avtorieuli rekomendaciebi.

S U M M A R Y

PRACTICAL-LAW CHARACTER OF CRIME PROVOCATION

TATIA DOLIDZE

In the publication is presented legal and practical characterizing of the crime –provocation of the crime. There is also examined case examples of this crime and is givenauthors’ recommendations

Р Е З Ю М Е

ПРАКТИЧЕСКИ-ПРАВОВАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКАПРОВОКАЦИИ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯ

ТАТИА ДОЛИДЗЕ

В публикации представлен юридическая и практическая характеристикапреступления – провокация преступления. Есть также исследованные примеры случаяэтого преступления и даны рекомендации авторов

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saproceso SeTanxmeba da sasjelisagansruliad gaTavisufleba

sergo WiWaRua

Tbilisis saero universitetissamarTalmcodneobis progrmamis doqtoranti

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis Tanaxmad,saproceso SeTanxmeba warmoadgens sasamarTlos mier saqmis arsebiTiganxilvis gareSe ganaCenis gamotanis safuZvels. saproceso SeTanxmebawarmoadgens marTlmsajulebis daCqarebisa da efeqtianobis erT-erTumniSvnelovanes instituts.

saqarTveloSi ukanasknel wlebSi momxdarma movlenebma ganapirobas.s.s.k-Si garkveuli cvlilebebis Setana, rasac aseve s.s.s.k-Si `sapro-ceso SeTanxmebis” institutis SemoRebac axlavs Tan. aSkarad vlindebakanonmdeblebis swrafva gamartivdes,operatiuli da efeqtiani gaxdessasamarTlos mier misi uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba, rasac Tanmohyva braldebulis patimrobis vadis Semcireba, dapirispirebis gauq-meba, daxvewa da gamartiveba calkeuli saproceso da sagamoZiebo moq-medebaTa Catarebisa.

saproceso SeTanxmebaze msjelobisas pirvel rigSi mxedvelobaSiamisaRebi, is garemoeba rom saqarTvelos s.s.s.k Tavidanve romanul-germanuli samarTlis ojaxs ganekuTvneboda, xolo Semdgom periodSiganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Sedegad daemata `saproceso SeTanxme-ba” da mTeli rigi iseTi procesualuri novaciebi, romelic daCqare-bul process Seexeboda da romelTa Tavdapirveli idea saerTo samar-Tlis qveynebs ekuTvnis. amdenad s.s.s.k-ma ganicada romanul germanulida saerTo samarTlis ojaxebs Soris urTierTSerwyma.

amdenad, vinaidan dRevandel saqarTveloSi friad aqtualuria`saproceso SeTanxmebis” instituti da vinaidan Cveni qveynis sasamar-Tlo sistemaSi farTo interesi da mxardaWera hpova saproceso SeTan-xmebis institutma, sanam is saqarTvelos s.s.s.k-Si Tavis adgils daim-kvidrebda, ganvlo Tavisuburi istoriuli gza.

rogorc aRvniSneT,saproceso SeTanxmebis institutis istoriulisamSobloa aSS, sadac igi me-19 saukunidan iyo cnobili,xolo me-20saukunis dasawyisidan sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa 80% wydeboda aseTiSeTanxmebis dadebiT,anu naficmsajulTa winaSe sasamarTlo gamoZiebiswarmoebis gareSe. aSS-Si es ricxvi ukve 90%-s utoldeba.

aSS-Si inglisisagan gasxvavebiT, moxda braldebulis mxaris mono-polizacia, xolo dazaralebuli, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis proce-sis damoukidebeli monawile, gaZevebul iqna sisxlis samarTlis war-moebidan, Tumca mTeli rigi araformaluri xarisxiT procesi maincSejibrebiTobis xasiaTs atarebda,ramdenadac braldebulsa da bral-mdebels Soris ideboda SeTanxmeba bralis aRiarebis sanacvlod, sas-

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jelis Semcirebis an Semsubuqebis Sesaxeb. am process SeTanxmeba pleaagreement ewodeba.

aseTi SeTanxmebis dros braldebuli rogorc wesi,advokatis meSve-obiT, prokuroris poziciis gaTvaliswinebis sanacvlod, Tavs damnaSa-ved cnobs, braldebis amaTu im nawilSi an mTlianad braldebaSi. amSeTanxmebis farglebSi prokurors SeuZlia uari Tqvas erT an ramdeni-me braldebaze an rekomendacia gauwios sasamarTlos savaraudo sasje-lis gamoyenebaze,romelsac braldebulis damcveli sTavazobs sasamar-Tlos.

ukanaskneli 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi,evropaSic SeiniSneboda tenden-cia, romelic mimarTulia sasamarTloSi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTaganxilvis gamartivebisaken. miRebulia araerTi kanoni, romliT gaTva-liswinebuli `SeTanxmebac” Zalze axlosaa saproceso SeTanxmebisinstitutis cnebasTan. mag: espaneTSi SeTanxmebiT wydeba sisxlis samar-Tlis saqmeTa 15-30%, germaniaSi araoficialuri garigebis meSveobiTsisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa 40-50%, safrangeTSi ki gamartivebuli sis-xlis samarTalwarmoeba gamoiyeneba aRZrul sisxlis samarTlis saqme-Ta 90%-is SemTxvevaSi. amerikaSi, bralis aRiarebaze mTavari mizani na-ficmsajulTa winaSe xangrZlivi da momqancveli sasamarTlo gamoZie-bisaTvis Tavis arideba.

bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi evropis qveynebis kanonmdeblobamyuradReba gaamaxvila daCqarebul procesze da moxda kidec garkveulicvlilebebi. `klasikuri procesi” - aRniSnavs Jan pradeli - metad Zne-lia, xolo me-20 saukunis Sua wlebidan sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebiufro garTulda, amitom gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs proce-sis daCqareba, raTa ganaCenis gamotanis dRe maqsimalurad dauaxlov-des danaSaulis Cadenis TariRs. amisaTvis mravali qveynis samarTalSiSemosulia ùaxlesi wesebi”, evropis mTel rig qveynebSi moqmedebs`saproceso SeTanxmeba.”

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom aSS-Si saproceso SeTanxmeba ar warmoad-gens marTlmsajulebis daCqarebas mxolod, ubralod, aramed mas orma-gi datvirTva aqvs da is saukeTeso saSualebaa organizebuli dana-Saulis winaaRmdeg brZolis saqmeSic, radganac prokurorma bralde-bulsa da mis damcvelTan dadebuli saproceso SeTanxmeba SeiZlebagamoiyenos im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac naklebad mZime danaSaulis Camde-ni braldebulis aRiarebiTi Cvenebis safuZvelze sisxlisamarTlebrividevna ganaxorcielos im piris mimarT, romelmac ufro mZime danaSauliCaidina.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saproceso SeTanxmebis institutma mkveT-rad moikida fexi evropis saxelmwifoebSi, xolo bolo ramdenime we-liwadia, rac yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi daimkvidra adgili.ruseTis federaciis sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi ar iTva-liswinebs saproceso SeTanxmebas.ruseTis federaciaSi moqmedebs sasa-marTlo gamoZiebis gauqmebis an Sekvecis instituti, romlis Tanax-madac saxelmwifo an kerZo braldebis saqmeze, romlisTvisac sasjeli5 wlis vadiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTas ar aRemateba. braldebulis Suam-dgimlobiT da dazaralebulis TanxmobiT SeiZleba ganaCeni dadgessasamarTlo gamoZiebis gareSe.

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saproceso Setanxmebis instituti saqarTveloSi SemoRebul iqna,s.s.s.k-Si 2004wlis 13 Tebervals Setanili cvlilebebiT, xolo amavekodeqsSi 2004 wlis 24 ivniss Setanili cvlilebebiT, igi gavrcelda imSemTxvevebzec,rodesac braldebuli ar ewinaaRmdegeba wayenebul bral-debas. pirveli reaqcia am institutis SemoRebasTan dakavSirebiT sazo-gadoebis mxridan uaryofiTi iyo da imTaviTve farTo samarTlebrivimsjelobis sagani gaxda, rac namdvilad ar aris gasakviri, radganacigi sakmaod bevr daTmobas gulisxmobs danaSaulis Camdeni pirismimarT.

Tumca am institutis miRebas qonda sxvadasxva sakmarisi mizezebi,pirvel rigSi es iyo saqarTvelos sssk-is Zalze formalizebuli,droSi gawelili procedurebi, calkeuli sagamoZiebo Tu sxva sapro-ceso moqmedebebis Catarebisas arsebuli siZneleebi, vadis darRvevebida sxva uaryofiTi Sedegebi.

sss.k-is 6791 muxli gansazRvravs saproceso SeTanxmebis ZiriTadarss,sadac aRniSnulia `sasamarTlos mier saqmis ZiriTadi ganxilvisgareSe ganaCenis gamotanis safuZvelia saproceso SeTanxmeba.”

Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSi moqmedi saprocesoSeTanxmebis instituti ar aris, aSS-Si arsebuli `bralis aRiarebazegarigebis” sruli kopireba. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproce-so kodeqsi iTvaliscinebs saproceso SeTanxmebis or safuZvels: sas-jelze SeTanxmebas da bralze SeTanxmebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sasjel-ze SeTanxmebisas braldebuli (gansasjeli) ar aRiarebs danaSauls,Tumca eTanxmeba prokurors sasjelis zomaze an misgan sruliad gaTa-visuflebaze anu braldebuls, romelic ar aRiarebs danaSauls, SeuZ-lia SeuTanxmdes prokurors Tavisuflebis sanacvlod biujetis sasar-geblod garkveuli Tanxis gadaxdaze. aseT SeTanxmebas sasamarTloamtkicebs braleulobis sakiTxis ganxilvis gareSe. meore SemTxvevaSi,bralze SeTnxmebisas, braldebuli (gansasjeli) aRiarebs danaSauls.

saqarTveloSi saproceso SeTanxmebis institutis SemoRebis Semdegsssk-Si mravali cvlileba Sevida am institutTan dakavSirebiT. erT-erT maTgans warmoadgens magaliTad: Tu adre saproceso SeTanxmebisSeTavazeba braldebulisaTvis warmoadgenda prokuroris uflebamosi-lebas, moqmedi saproceso kanonmdeblobiT saproceso SeTanxmebis Se-Tavazeba SeuZlia, rogorc braldebuls (gansasjels), ise prokurors.saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvisas, sasamarTlo kamaTis dawyebamde. sasa-marTlo (mosamarTle) uflebamosilia mxareebs SesTavazos saprocesokanonmdeblobis farglebSi werilobiTi saproceso SeTanxmebis dadeba.

2004 wlis 13 Tebervals, rodesac kanonmdebelma saqarTveloSiSemoiRo saproceso SeTanxmebis instituti, mis dasadebad daTqvasavaldebulo piroba. braldebulis mier braldebis mxaresTan Tnam-Sromloba, Cadenili danaSulis aRiareba da sagamoZiebo organoebisaT-vis utyuari informaciis an\da mtkicebulebebis miwodeba, mZime dana-Saulis, an Tanamdebobis piris mier Cadenili danaSaulis Sesaxeb, racxels Seuwyobda aRniSnuli danaSaulis gaxsnas. 2004wlis 24 ivnisssssk-Si ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT saproceso SeTanxmebis safuZ-veli orad gaiyo da miTiTebul iqna bralze SeTanxmeba an sasjelzeSeTanxmeba. sasjelze SeTanxmebisas braldebuls, bralze SeTanxme-

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bisgan gansxvavebiT, ar moeTxoveboda danaSaulis aRiareba, magramgamoZiebasTan TanamSromloba savaldebulo moTxovnad rCeboda sasje-lis zomaze prokuroris braldebulTan dasaTanxmeblad.

saproceso SeTanxmeba formdeba werilobiT da mtkicdeba sasamar-Tlo sxdomaze. saproceso SeTanxmebis dadeba SesaZlebelia, rogorcwinaswari gamoZiebisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis, aseve saqmissasamarTloSi arsebiTi ganxilvis stadiaze, sasamarTlo kamaTisdawyebamde.

2004 wlis 25 ivniss sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebiT saproceso SeTan-xmebis safuZvlis orad gayofa formaluri aRmoCnda da isedac araerT-gvarovan sasamarTlo praqtikas kidev ufro meti problema Seuqmna,radgan bralze garigeba TavisTavad gulisxmobs sasjelze SeTanxmebas,kanonSi braldebulisaTvis arsebul iseT SeRavaTs, rogoricaasasjelis Semcireba, an danaSaulis erTobliobisas braldebis Semsu-buqeba an nawilobrivi moxsnis SesaZlebloba. sasjelze SeTanxmebisaskanoni braldebuls uflebas aZlevs daeTanxmos prokurors sasjeliszomaze ise, rom ar aRiaros danaSauli-es gvenetaZis azriT gaugebarsxdis saproceso SeTanxmebis institutis arss da mis mizans. aRniSnulssavsebiT eTanxmeba aseve c. ratianic, romelic Tavis naSromSi aRniS-navs, rom mTlianad eTanxmeba gvenetaZes am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,vinaidan gaugebaria,Tu rogor unda gavigoT, faqti, rom braldebuliar aRiarebs danaSauls, magram Tanaxmaa moixados sasjeli. e.i. udana-Saulo adamiani Tanaxmaa, pasuxi agos da sasjeli moixados im dana-SaulisaTvis, romelic mas ar Caudenia.

sssk-is 6791 muxlis me-6 nawilSi, gaTvaliswinebulia valdebule-bebi, romelTa Sesrulebac aucilebelia saproceso SeTanxmebis gasa-formeblad. zemoTaRniSnuli muxlis Tanaxmad, prokurors SeuZliasasjelis Semcirebis an saqmis saeTod Sewyvetis sanacvlod SeuTan-xmdes, dauSvebelia `saproceso SeTanxmebis” dadeba damcvelis uSualomonawileobisa da SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb, braldebulis winaswari Tanxmo-bis gareSe. dauSvebelia `saproceso SeTanxmebis” dadeba, romelicuzRudavs braldebuls saqarTvelos konstituciiT garantirebuluflebas. wamebis, araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis SemTxve-vaSi moiTxovos Sesabamis pirTa mimarT sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnisganxorcieleba.

moqmedi saproceso kanonmdeblobiT, `saproceso SeTanxmebis” dade-ba daiSveba, rogorc naklebad mZime, mZime da gansakuTrebiT mZime dana-Saulis CadenaSi braldebulis mimarT. Tumca, garkveul SezRudvasgvTavazobs kanonmdebloba, roca bralze an sasjelze SeTanxmebisasbraldebulisaTvis sasjelis Semcirebis, an braldebis Semsubuqebis,an nawilobriv moxsnis Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas prokurorsimperatiulad Txovs Cvens mier zemoTxsenebuli pirobebis arsebobisgaTvaliswinebas. sssk-is 6791-e muxlis me-7 nawilis moTxovna damcve-lis savaldebulo monawileoba da SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb braldebuliswinaswari weriobiTi Tanxmoba, sssk-is 6792-e muxlis me-2 naw.-isTanaxmad, saqmis sasamarTlos mier arsebiTi ganxilvis gareSe ganaCenisgamotanis Sesaxeb dgeba Suamdgomloba, romelTan dakavSirebiTac,sssk-is 6792 muxlSi arsebobs konkretuli moTxovnebi, romlis Seusru-

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leblobac Suamdgomlobis arakanonierad cnobas gamoiwvevs. moTxov-nebi Suamdgomloba SemdegSi mdgomareobs, aRniSnuli unda iyos:

a) braldebulis gvari, saxeli, dabadebis ricxvi, Tve da weli.b) braldebis formulireba e.i. imkriminirebuli qmedebis aRwera,

misi Cadenis adgilis, drois, xerxis Tu saSualebis, iaraRis agreTveam qmedebiT gamowveuli Sedegis miTiTebiT.

g) mtkicebulebani, romelnic sakmarisia dasabuTebuli varaudisaT-vis, rom aRniSnuli danaSauli am pirma Cidina.

d) sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis muxli, muxlis nawili da qvepunq-ti, romliTac gaTvaliswinebulia es danaSauli.

e) prokuroris mier moTxovnili sasjelis zoma, braldebuliswerilobiT gancxadebaSi, romelsac xels aweren braldebuli da misidamcveli.

unda aRiniSnos rom sasamarTlos mier saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvisgareSe ganaCenis gamotanis Taobaze braldebulis Tanxmoba nebayofl-obiTia da mas srulad aqvs gacnobierebuli amis Sesaxeb.



1. g. WanturiZe. `saproceso SeTanxmeba sisxlis samarTlisprocesis principebTan mimar\TebaSi.” red. r. gogSeliZe. iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisgamomcemloba. 2007 w.

2. c. ratiani. `saproceso SeTanxmeba sisxlis samarTlis procesSi:miTi da realoba”, Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba”.

3. n. gvenetaZe. àdamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTadacva, evropuli konvencia, me-7 oqmi, da `saproceso SeTanxmeba”,broSura. Tb. 2005 w.

4. КОВАЛЕВ В.А.-буржуазная законность: Теоритические иллюзии и судебно-полицейская реальност. М. Изд. «юридическая литература», 1986. С 36.

5. Смирнов А.В. Калиновский К.Б. Уголовнъй процесс: под обш. Ред. А.В.Смирнова, СПБ, Питер, 2004, 697.

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r e z i u m e

saproceso SeTanxmeba da sasjelisgan sruliad ganTavisufleba

sergo WiWaRua

sisxlis samarTlis warmoebaSi braldebulisaTvis sasjelis Semam-subuqebeli forma naklebad mZime danaSaulisaTvis `saproceso garige-ba”, farTod aris damkvidrebuli saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebissasamarTlo praqtikaSi, romelmac xeli Seuwyo sasamarTlo warmoebisgamartivebas, rac damaxasiaTebelia demokratiuli institutebisaTvis.

S U M M A R Y

REMEDIAL AGREEMENT AND FULL IMPUNITY

SERGO CHICHAGUA

In legal practice of Georgia and different countries for less grave crimes is widelyapplied alleviated form of punishment “Remedial agreement”, witch facilitated the judicialproceedings, characteristic for democratic institutes.

Р Е З Ю М Е

ПРОЦЕССУАЛЬНОЕ СОГЛАШЕНИЕ И ПОЛНОЕОСВОБОЖДЕНИЕ ОТ НАКАЗАНИЙ

СЕРГО ЧИЧАГУА

В уголовнловном судопроизводстве Грузии, также как других стран, для менеетяжких преступлении широко применяется облегченная форма наказания «Процессу-альное соглашение», что в судебной практике способствовало упрощениюсудопроизводства, характерное для демократических институтов.

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aborti - kanonzomieri qmedeba, Tu danaSaulikacobriobis winaaRmdeg

giorgi vekua

Tbilisis saero universitetissamarTalmcodneobis progrmamis doqtoranti

zugdidis damoukidebeli universitetis maswavlebeli

`yovel adamians aqvs sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa da piradi xelSe-uxeblobis ufleba, sicocxlis ufleba TiToeuli adamianis ganuyofe-li uflebaa. am uflebas icavs kanoni, aravis ar SeiZleba TviTneburadwaarTvan sicocxle”.

yovel adamians, visac waukiTxavs an cota ram mainc smenia adamia-nis uflebaTa Sesaxeb, mudam axsovs sayovelTaod aRiarebuli es nor-ma, magram mTavari kiTxva Tu ramdenad gaTviTcnobierebuli aqvs TiTo-eul maTgans am normis arsi da daniSnuleba samwuxarod jer kidevRiad rCeba, iseve rogorc gaurkvevelia TviT warmodgenili normiszogierTi aspeqti.

msoflio civilizebuli sazogadoebis udidesi nawili calsaxadaRiarebs sicocxlis uflebas, rogorc ganuyofel, Tandayolil daxelSeuxebel sikiTes romelic, yovel adamians gaaCia, Tumca igive ci-vilizebuli msoflio dRemde ver SeTanxmebula erT mniSvnelovan sa-kiTxze, konkretulad, Tu adamianis biologiuri ganviTarebis romelietapidan xdeba sicocxle individis ganuyofeli ufleba?, sxvagvaradrom vTqvaT dRemde gaurkvevelia Tu ra momentidan warmoeSoba saxel-mwifos da sazogadoebas adamianTa sicocxlis dacvis valdebuleba.

Cvenis azriT sxva obieqtur Tu subieqtur mizezebTan erTad, swo-red dRemde gaucemeli pasuxebi dasmul kiTxvebze warmoadgenen adamia-nis sicocxlis adreul etapze xelovnurad Sewyvetis, anu abortisfaqtebis araTu momravlebis, aramed yoveldRiuri zrdis umTavresimizezs.

dRes arsebuli statistikuri monacemebiT msoflioSi abortebisricxvi yovelwliurad 60000000-s aRwevs, vfiqrob rom cifri marTlacSemaSfoTebelia. msoflio sazogadoeba dRemde aRSfoTebulia meoremsoflio omis SedegebiT, germaniis faSisturi xelisuflebis mierCadenili kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulis faqtebiT,Tumca igive msoflio sazogadoeba ratomRac Tvals xuWavs yoveldRi-urad 1600000-ze meti udanaSaulo da imavdroulad umweo bavSvis sas-tiki mkvlelobis faqtze.

imisaTvis raTa davadasturoT abortis danaSaulebrivi buneba,upirveles yovlisa unda gavarkvioT Tu ra momentidan iRebs saTavesadamianis sicocxlisunarianoba, rodis warmoeSoba mas sicocxlis dapiradi xelSeuxeblobis ufleba.

biologiis da medicinis mecnierebaTa Tanamedrove miRwevebi, asevecalkeul mecnierTa kvlevebi genetikisa da embriologiis dargSicalsaxad miuTiTeben, rom adamianis sicocxle iwyeba misi Casaxvis mo-

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mentSi, pirvelive wuTebidan viTardeba damoukideblad da grZeldebamis bunebriv an xelovnur Sewyvetamde.

Casaxvis, anu qalisa da mamakacis sasqeso ujredebis Serwymismomentidan embrions ukve gaaCnia adamianis individisaTvis damaxasi-aTebeli yvela Tviseba. medicinis doqtorma, frangma profesorma Jaksudom Tavis statiaSi “adamianis biologiur statusi”, detalurad aR-wera adamianis embrionis yvela biologiuri Taviseburebani, misi TqmiT“adamianis embrions Casaxvis pirvelive wuTidan gaaCnia axali, speci-fiuri arsi, momavali cxovrebisa da ganviTarebis sruliad damoukide-beli, individualuri programiT, gaaCnia Sinagani dinamizmi, romelsacgansazRvravs swored is genetikuri informacia, romlis gaSifvracspermatozoidisa da kvercxujredis Tanxvedris da maTSi arsebuli ge-netikuri informaciis urTierTgacvlis Sedegad moxda, Tavis mxriv kies genetikuri informacia, mimarTulia zrdasruli adamianis Camoyali-bebisaken”.

adamianis embrioni arsebobs damoukidebeli organizmis saxiT, anuwarmoadgens biologiur movlenaTa organizebul erTobliobas,romlebic moqmedeben mkacrad gansazRvruli wesebis Sesabamisad;

embrionis damoukidebloba gulisxmobs imas, rom igi viTardeba,yovelgvari garegani Carevis aucileblobis gareSe, TviTon uzrun-velyofs Tavisi sicocxlisunarianobis mxardaWeras da rac mTavariaTavad akontolebs Tavisi genetikuri programis ganxorcielebas;

epigenetikuri procesis Seswavla cxadyofs embrionisa da Semdgom-Si ukve nayofis ganviTarebis mkacr ganrigs, Tanmimdevrobas, koordi-nacias, erTianobasa da Tanmimdevrulobas, rac gulisxmobs imas, romes organizmi (embrioni, nayofi) erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli,uwyveti movlenebis Sedegad aRwevs Tavis saboloo formas daganviTarebis martivi formebidan gadadis ufro rTul formaSi.

arsebobs mosazreba, TiTqosda embrioni warmoadgens dedis sxeu-lis ganuyofel nawils, Tumca unda avRniSnoT, rom aseTi mosazrebaaris mcdari da ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiTbiologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, moskovis saxelmwifo universitetisbiologiis fakultetis, embriologiis kaTedris profesori, d. popoviaRniSnavs rom “mosazreba dedis da embrionis sxeulTa erTianobisSesaxeb mcdaria mraval mizezTa gamo”, xolo am mizezebs Soris gamo-yofs umTavres maTgans: upirveles yovlisa, embrioni genetikurad gan-sxvavdeba dedisgan, meore- placenta ar ezrdeba saSvilosnos kedels,arsebobs garkveuli placentaruli barieri, romelic icavs nayofsdedis sxeulSi arsebuli mravali daavadebisagan, amis winapirobasqmnis swored is placentaruli barieri, romelic dedis sisxls araZlvs embrionTan SeRwevis saSualebas. dedis organizmi mxolod gar-kveulwilad exmareba embrions ganviTarebaSi, anu gamoyofs naxSir-mJavas, awvdis haers da sxva aucilebel komponentebs, romelTagancxdeba cilebis warmoqmna, xolo, am gziT warmoqmnili cilebis gadana-wilebas sakuTar ujredebSi embrioni axdens sruliad damoukidebladsakuTari, ganumeorebeli genetikuri programis Sesabamisad.

embrionis genetikuri ganviTarebis warmodgenil sxemas eTanxmebaaseve Tanamedrove citogenetikis fuZemdebelad wodebuli frangi

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profesori Jerom leJeni, romlis azriTac, Tanamedrove samecnierokvlevebi adastureben, rom àdamianis embrions gaaCnia adamianis pirov-nebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela Rirseba”. misive azriT “mizezi imisa,rom genetikisa da embriologiis ukanaskneli periodis miRwevebi damecnieruli daskvnebi ver arwmuneben Cvens Tanamedroveebs imaSi, romadamiani aris adamiani misi Casaxvis pirvelive wuTidan mdgomareobsara Cveni Tanamoqalaqeebis ganswavlulobis ukmarisobaSi, ara imaSi,rom isini ver xedaven mtkicebulebebs, aramed imaSi, rom aRniSnulsakiTxTan mimarTebaSi isini upiratesobas sibrmaves aniWeben”.

sanam SevexebodeT uSualod aborts, rogorc danaSauls, mizanSe-wonilad migvaCnia SevexoT nayofis (embrionis) ganviTarebis perio-dikas, rac mkiTxvels naTel warmodgenas Seuqmnis imaze, Tu ratomwamoiWra sakiTxi abortis danaSaulad aRiarebis Seaxeb da dRevandeligadasaxedidan Tu ramdenad savaldebulo da aucilebelia abortisnebismieri faqti gaxdes sisxlis samarTlebrivi devnis obieqti.

zogadad aRiarebulia, rom adamianis embrionis da Semdgom ukvenayofis saSvilosnosSida ganviTareba dawyebuli ganayofierebiT dadamTavrebuli adamianis dabadebiT moicavs 36 kvirian periods (araume-tes 40 kvirisa), nayofis dinamiuri ganviTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT esperiodi pirobiTad SeiZleba daiyos ramdenime etapad.

_ pirvel etapze, jer kidev ganayofierebuli kvercxujredis saSvi-losnosken moZraobis periodSi SeimCeva am kvercxujredis anu zigotisgayofa ramdenime erTmaneTze damokidebul ujredad anu blastome-rebad, aRsaniSnavia, rom ukve gamoyofili pirveli ori blastomericTvisobrivad erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia, erTi maTganisagan warmo-iqmneba mTlianad adamianis nayofi (sxeuli), xolo meore maTgani kiromlisganac warmoiqmneba placenta uzrunvelyofs nayofis saSvilos-nos SigniT ganviTarebas, mesame blastomeric, romelic aRniSnulidayofis procesSi warmoiqmneba es gaxlavT amnioni, xolo meoTxe kiWiplari, romliTac nayofi uerTdeba placentas.

mTeli es procesi, romelic damoukideblad mimdinareobs, grZel-deba daaxloebiT 2 kviris manZilze am periodSi aseve xdeba adamianisZiriTadi organoebis formireba, romlis Semdegac iwyeba nayofisganviTarebis meore etapi anu nayofs SeeniSneba umniSvnelovanesi sasi-cocxlo refleqsebi. aRsaniSnavia rom sasicocxlo refleqsebi nayofsembrions warmoeqmneba ganayofierebis momentidan, Tumca samedicinoaparaturaze maTi danaxva odnav mogvianebiTaa SesaZlebeli.

_ nayofis ganviTarebis momdevno etapze, anu Casaxvis momentidanmesame kviras nayofze ultrabgeriTi dakvirvebebi cxadyofen, rommTlianad mowesrigebulia gulsisxlZarRvTa muSaobis procesi, nayo-fis guli muSaobs riTmulad da asrulebs mis umTavres funqcias, sis-xlis gadaqaCvas organizmSi. amave periodSi eleqtro encefalografismeSveobiT SesaZlebelia Tavis tvinis impulsebis dafiqsireba, anu esukve iuridiulad asabuTebs rom nayofi srulad sicocxlisunarianiada mas ukve gaaCnia sayovelTaod aRiarebuli yvela ufleba, maT Soriski yvelaze umTavresi, sicocxlis da Rirsebis xelSeuxeblobisufleba.

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_ mesame etapi Cvenis azriT moicavs periods Casaxvis meoTxe kviri-dan dabadebamde, anu periodi, rodesac xdeba srulyofa adamianis or-ganizmisa, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mxolod da mxolod bunebrivi ganvi-Tarebis teqnikuri procesi, romelic Tan sdevs individis ganviTarebas.

yvela zemoTmoyvanili faqti, calsaxad da naTlad adsturebserTaderT WeSmaritebas, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianis sicocxle iwyebamisi Casaxvis momentSi, swored am momentidan yoveli adamiani aRWurvi-lia sicocxlis uflebiT da am uflebidan gamomdinare yvela danarCe-ni sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebiT. yvela saxelmwifo struqtu-ra da mTlianad sazogadoeba swored am momentidan unda CaerTosyoveldRiur brZolaSi adamianis sicocxlis dasacavad.

biologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori d. popovi pirdapiracxadebs, rom orsulobis xelovnuri Sewyveta, anu aborti sxva arafe-ria Tu ara mkvleloba, misi TqmiT “aborti mkvlelobaa, Tumca amsferoSi Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis armqoneT SesaZloa miaCndeT, rom espatara arseba jer kidev ar cocxlobs, ar fiqrobs, mas jer kidev argaaCnia is Tvisebebi, rac gamouvlindeba mTeli Semdgomi ganviTarebismanZilze, magram ra SeiZleba Seicvalos Semdeg? mxolod Zalian cotaram mxolod misi simaRle, kanis feri, wona Tmis feri da sxvaumniSvnelo detalebi, magram yvelaze mTavari, misi genetikuri arsirCeba ucvleli”.

rigi saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebi da msoflios TiTqmisyvela qveynis samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba aRiarebs, rom yovel fizikurpirs memkvidred yofnis ufleba warmoeSoba Casaxvis momentidan, es kiTavis mxriv kidev erTi dadasturebaa imisa, rom adamianis sicocxlissawyisi etapi swored misi Casaxvis momentia, rameTu ufleba, rogorcaseTi (maT Soris memkvidreobis ufleba) ar SeiZleba gaaCndes mkvdar(sicocxlisuunaro) materias.

gamomdinare yovelive zemoTqmulidan Cndeba sruliad logikurikiTxva, aris Tu aborti adamianis sicocxlis xelyofa misi mospobismizniT da unda aRiaros Tua ara msoflio sazogadoebam igi sisxlissamarTlis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul dasjad qmedebad?

Cvenis azriT pasuxi dasmul kiTxvaze calsaxaa, diax, aborti arisqmedeba mimarTuli adamianis sicocxlis mosaspobad, yoveli aseTi qme-deba unda gaxdes sisxlis samarTlebrivi devnis obieqti da unda isje-bodes kanoniT. B

amgvari gancxadebis gakeTeba gvavaldebulebs detalurad ganvixi-loT abortis rogorc sicocxlis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli qmedebis Se-madgenloba da am gziT SevqmnaT garkveuli warmodgena abortis,rogorc danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Sesaxeb.

aborti, aris qmedeba, romrlic Seicavs sisxlis samarTlis kano-niT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis yvela elements. danaSaulis obi-eqts, obietur mxares, subieqtur mxares da ra Tqma unda gamoirCevasubieqtis specifiurobiT da xSir SemTxvevaSi simravliTac ki, rac Ta-vis mxriv miuTiTebs imaze, rom aborti umravles SemTxvevaSi aris jgu-furi qmedeba.

abortis dros danaSaulebrivi xelyofis uSualo obieqtia pirov-nebis sicocxle misi ganviTarebis yvelaze adreul etepze. aborti Ta-

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visi xasiaTidan gamomdinare da xelyofis obieqtis fizikuri Tu fsiqi-kuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda mivakuTvnoT gansakuTrebiTmZime danaSaulTa rigs, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs obieqtis umweo mdgo-mareoba, qmedeba umetesad xorcieldeba jgufurad, xolo xerxebi dameTodebi qmedebis Cadenisa Seicavs gansakuTrebuli sisastikis niSnebs.

obieqturi mxriv aborti vlindeba aqtiur moqmedebaSi, qmedebisCadenis xerxebi da meTodebi sxvadasxvagvaria da ZiriTadad damokide-bulia nayofis ganviTarebis periodsa da nayofis sidideze.

abortis erT-erT meTods warmoadgens mowamvla marilovanixsnariT, abortis aseTi formis dros gamoiyeneba specialuri SpricigrZeli samedicino nemsiT, romlis meSveobiTac eqimi aRwevs saSvilos-noSi da axdens koncentrirebuli marilis xsnaris Sesxurebas nayofissxeulze, nayofi SeisunTqavs da ylapavs marilxsnars, romlis orga-nizmSi koncentraciis Sedegad da marilis koroziuli efeqtis zemoq-medebiT nayofis kanis zeda fena Rebulobs damwvrobas, organizmiiwamleba da 24 saaTSi nayofi kvdeba, romlis Semdegac xdeba saSvi-losnodan misi moSoreba.

abortis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens `histerotomia” anu abortisakeisro CareviT, romlis drosac nayofis saSvilosnodan moSorebaxdeba Cveulebrivi sakeisro kveTis Sedegad da faqtiurad cocxaliadamianis sxeuli eqceva sanagve yuTSi;

abortis nairsaxeobas warmoadgens èmbriotomia” (embriotomiaberZnuli sityva embrios da tomos-isgan momdinareobs, pirveli niSnavsnayofs, xolo meore ki daSlas, danawevrebas), abortis aRniSnuli saxe-obis dros gamoiyeneba grZeli da imavdroulad basri marwuxismagvarisamedicino iaraRi, nayofTan SeRwevis gaadvilebis mizniT eqims dedissaSodan gareT gamohyavs saSvilosnos yeli, am proceduris Semdegbasri marwuxis meSveobiT aRwevs saSvilosnoSi, pirvel rigSi nayofsaWris zeda kidurebs, Semdgom qveda kidurebs, erTmaneTisgan ancal-kevebs nayofis Tavsa da sxeulis danarCen nawils, axdens Tavis qalisdanawevrebas, proceduris dasrulebis Semdeg axdens danawevrebulisxeulis nawil-nawils gamotanas saSvilosnodan. aRsaniSnavia, rom esprocedura xorcieldeba winaswari gautkivarebis gareSe, romlis dro-sac nayofi grZnobs autanel tkivils, yovelive amas adasturebs mrav-lad arsebuli foto da videomasala, romelic mopovebulia embrioto-miis proceduraze ultrabgeriTi dakvirvebis dros.

abortis yvela zemoTaRwerili forma gamoiyeneba nayofis ganviTa-rebis gvian stadiebze, kerZod me-10 kviris Semdeg.

abortis kidev erT nairsaxeobas warmoadgens aborti specialurisamedicino danadgaris `vakuum aspiratoris” meSveobiT. vakuum aspira-tori aris samedicino danadgari, romelsac gaaCnia mZlavri Sesrutvisunari, vakuum aspiraciis meTodis gamoyenebisas, eqims saSvilosnosyelSi Sehyavs danadgaris mili, romlis meSveobiTac aparati mZlavriSesrutvis gziT axdens norCi sxeulis danawevrebas da gamowovassaSvilosnodan. rogorc wesi, aborti vakuumaspiraciis meTodiT gamoi-yeneba 10 kviramde vadis nayofis abortirebisas.

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obieqturi mxriv aborti, rogorc danaSauli SeiZleba damTavre-bulad CaiTvalos abortis procesis dawyebisTanave, radganac nebis-mieri SemTxvevaSi igi gardauvali sasikvdilo SedegiT mTavrdeba.

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT aborti umravles SemTxvevaSi xorciel-deba TanamonawileobiT, pirTa jgufis mier winaswari SeTanxmebiT anSeTanxmebis gareSe, imavdrolad saxeze gvyavs TanamonawileTa yvelatipiuri saxe, organizatori, amsrulebeli, wamqezebeli da damxmare.iSviaTia SemTxvevebi, rodesac aborti xorcieldeba individualurad,sxvaTa Tanamonawileobis gareSe, aseT SemTxvevebs ZiriTadad vxvdebiT`medikamentozuri” abortis SemTxvevaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom abortisdros TiTqmis yvela subieqti specialuria, kerZod: bavSvis deda, bav-Svis mama, specialuri ganaTlebis mqone piri am SemTxvevaSi eqimi, bebiaqali an eqimis damxmare medda da a.S. romlebic specifikidan gamomdi-nare metwilad warmoadgenen uSualo amsruleblebs an Tanaamsru-leblebs.

subieqturi mxriv aborti SeiZleba mxolod ganzrax danaSaulTarigs mivakuTvnoT.

yvela aspeqti, masala, samecniero kvlevis Sedegi Tu mecnierebissxvadasxva dargis warmomadgenelTa mosazrebebi, romlebic Cvens mierzemoT iqna ganxiluli, calsaxad miuTiTeben, rom aborti arisdanaSauli, romelic xelyofs adamianis sicocxles, magram Tu statiisTematikas gaviTvaliswinebT, bunebrivia gaCndeba kiTxva, ratom undagaerTiandes aborti kacobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTul danaSaulTarigSi?

Cven dasawyisSive moviyvaneT sakmaod SemaSfoTebeli cifrebi, raccalsaxad miuTiTebs, rom aborti aris danaSauli, romelic umarTav daerTgvarad gangrZobad xasiaTs atarebs, igi mimarTulia pirTa gansaz-Rvruli wris mimarT riTac garkveulwilad genocidisaTvis damaxasi-aTebel niSnebsac atarebs, igi saSiSroebas uqmnis mTlianad sazogado-ebis keTildReobas da zogadad kacobriobis momavali ganviTarebisperspeqtivebs, xels uwyobs demografiuli problemebis gaRrmavebas.swored am umTavresi mizezebis gaTvaliswinebiT aborti warmoadgensara konkretuli pirovnebis aramed zogadad kacobriobis winaaRmdemimarTul danaSauls.

vfiqrobT, rom sakiTxi romelic winamdebare statiaSi iqna wamowe-uli saWiroebs ufro detalur, siRrmiseul Seswavlas, msoflio sazo-gadoeba unda dainteresdes am zogadsakacobrio problemiT, SeiqmnassaerTaSoriso samuSao jgufi, romelic SeimuSavebs specifikur nor-mebs da moamzadebs winadadebebs sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSori-so samarTlis normebSi Sesabamisi cvlilebebis Setanis Taobaze. msof-lio civilizebulma sazogadoebam sabolood unda uTxras uari kacob-riobis udides mankierebas, yvelaze sastik da daundobel danaSaulsromlis saxelwodebacaa aborti.

“me vfiqrob, rom Tanamedrove msofliosaTvis yvelaze dididamangreveli Zala abortia, radgan igi ucxadebs oms bavSvebs, abortisxva araferia Tua ara umowyalo mkvleloba udanaSaulo da uamnkobavSvisa” - am sityvebiT mimarTa qairos 1994 wlis 5 seqtembris kacob-riobis problemebisa da ganviTarebisadmi miZRvnil saerTaSoriso

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konferencias XX saukunis erT-erTma udidesma sazogado moRvawem dedatereza qalquTelma. Mmisive TqmiT “arcerTi saxelmwifo, sadac daSve-bulia aborti, ar aswavlis Tavis moqalaqeebs siyvaruls, aramedaswavlis Zalis gamoyenebasa da Zaladobas sakuTari miznebis misaR-wevad, swored amitomac aborti warmoadgens siyvarulis da msofliomSvidobis udides damangrevel Zalas ”.



1. 1950 wlis 4 noembris adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTadTavisuflebaTa dacvis evropis konvencia, nawili I muxli 2;

2. 1948 wlis adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia;3. talinis 1993 wlis 29 maisis adamianis, religiis da kulturis

sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis masalebi (profesorJerom leJenis moxseneba “adamiani aris adamiani”), rusuliTargmani profesor i. guzovis redaqciiT. moskovi 1993 w

4. Jak sudo admianis biologiuri da anTropologiuri statusi.internet. statia (www.noabort.net/node/66) 2006 w.

5. kacobriobis ganviTarebis problemebisadmi miZRvnili qairos 1994wlis 5 seqtembris konferenciis masalebi. rusuli Targmani.moskovi 1998w.

6. Лукашева Е. И др “Права человека” М 2002г.7. Бодяжева В. Жмакин К. -“Гинекология”, М 1979г.8. Савелъева Г. Сичинава Л. - “Акушерство и Гинекология”, М 1998г.9. Векуа Г. – “Личные права человека” Тбилиси 2004г.

r e z i u m e

aborti – kanonzomieri qmedeba Tu danaSaulikacobriobis winaaRmdeg

giorgi vekua

statiaSi ganxilulia “abortis”, rogorc antisazogadoebrivi mov-lenisa da kacobriobis keTildReobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSau-lis aspeqtebi. dasmulia sakiTxi abortis sisxlissamarTlebrivi dev-nis obieqtad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. detalurad aris aRwerili adamia-nis sicocxlis warmoSobis momenti da misi Semdgomi ganviTarebis eta-pebi. yuradReba maxvildeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaodaRiarebul normebSi Sesatani upirobo cvlilebebis aucileblobaze,romlebic momavalSi unda gxdes kacobriobis gadarCenis safuZveli.

http://www.noabort.net/node/66

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S U M M A R Y

ABORTION- LEGAL ACT OR CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY

GIORGI VEKUA

In the issue ‘’abortion’’ has been considered as against an anti-public occurrence andhumanity towards crime aspects. It has been asked a question about declaration of abortion asa crime and a persecution object of criminal offence. In detail human’s life beginning momentand its next development stages have been described.

It has been directing one’s attention to the general recognized norms of the internationallaw in order to put unconditional changes which in future should become the base of rescuinghumanity.

Р Е З Ю М Е

АБОРТ – ЗАКОНОМЕРНОЕ ДЕЙСТВИЕ ИЛИ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЕПРОТИВ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСТВА

ГИОРГИ ВЕКУА

В статье рассмотрены основные вопросы касаюшееся аборта какантиобщественного явления и преступления против благо весго человечества.Основным вопросом поставлен провозглашение аборта как обьекта уголовногопреследования. Детально рассмотрен момент возникнавения жизнеспособностичеловека и этпы его развития. Обрашено внимание на необходимость внесенияпопрравок в основопологателные нормы всеобще признанных актов по правамчеловека, о поправках, которые должны стать основой спасения всего человеческогообщества.

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usafuZvlo gamdidrebis xarvezebi qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi

TaTia berekaSvili, nino jajaniZe

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisiuridiuli fakultetis bakalavriatis II kursis studentebi

Pomponius D.50,17,206: "Iure naturae aequum est neminem cum alterius detrimento etiniuria fieri locupletiorem". aRniSnuli cnobili fragmenti pomponiusidaniTargmneba Semdegnairad "bunebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, samarTlinia,rodesac aravin unda gamdidrdes sxvis xarjze."

dRes SemTxvevas, roca piri sxvis sazianod mdidrdeba awesrigebssaqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis umniSvnelovanesi instituti_usafuZ-vlo gamdidreba. igi SedarebiT abstraqtuli xasiaTisaa. Aamitom Zveliromis samoqalaqo samarTalSi cnobil abstraqtul sarCelebTan (actiocondictione) msgavsebis gamo, usafuZvlo gamdidrebis Sedegad warmoSobilvaldebulebebs literaturaSi kondiqciur valdebulebebs uwodeben.aRniSnulidan warmoSobili valdebulebebis gadawyvetis sami ZiriTadivariantidan saqarTvelo iziarebs germanul models. germaniis samoqa-laqo kodeqsi iwyeba zogadi daTqmiT #812 (1), romelic akisrebs pirsvaldebulebas SeZenili meore pirs daubrunos "Tu erTi piri meorismoqmedebis meSveobiT an sxva saxiT raimes iZens saTanado safuZvlisgareSe."

ganvixiloT aRniSnuli instututi terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT,anu ras niSnavs usafuZvlo da ras niSnavs gamdidreba.

safuZveli aris is mizani, rac miRweul unda iqnas ama Tu imgarigebiT. sakmao safuZvelia xelSekrulebiT an kanoniT gaTvaliswine-buli safuZveli:

1. causa credendi-valdebulebis safuZvelia raRac moqmedebis Sesru-leba.

2. causa domandi-valdebulebis safuZvelia Cuqeba.3. causa solvendi-garigeba miznad isaxavs valis gadaxdas.Tuki am sami safuZvlidan arcerTi ar gvaqvs, saxezea usafuZvlo

gamdidreba.samoqalaqo samarTalSi gamdidreba niSnavs Semdegs:1. qonebis SeZenas, rac niSnavs ara marto qonebis mflobelobaSi

Semosvlas, aramed uflebis SeZenas am nivTze.2. qonebis dazogvas, roca ar xdeba im xarjebis gaReba, rac pirs

unda gaeRo.Tuki piri usafuZvlod gamdidrda, maSin saxeze aucileblad iqneba

zarali, romelic gamoixateba im sargeblis miuReblobaSi, rasac pirimiiRebda mocemuli SemTxveva rom ar damdgariyo, an qonebisSemcirebaSi. zogadad, unda gaviziaroT rabeliseuli mosazreba, romusafuZvlo gamdidrebis situaciaTa saerTo niSani is aris, rom

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"mosarCeles moTxovnis gansakuTrebuli safuZveli ki ar aqvs, aramedmopasuxes ar aqvs sakmarisi safuZveli SeZenilis miTvisebisTvis".

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi kanonosmieri valdebulebiTiurTierTobebis mesame TaviT, kerZod, 976-991 muxlebiT awesrigebsusafuZvlo gamdidrebis safuZvelze aRmocenebul urTierTobebs.Tumca, aRniSnuli muxlebi ar aris srulyofilad Camoyalibebuli.bundovanebis Tavidan asacileblad moviZieT sakanonmdeblo xarvezebi,ganvixileT problematuri muxlebi da davurTeT magaliTebi.

muxli 976. viTom kreditorisagan moTxovnis safuZvlebi1. pirs, romelmac sxvas valdebulebis Sesasruleblad raime

gadasca,SeuZlia mosTxovos viTom-kreditors (mimRebs) misi ukandabruneba, Tu: a. valdebuleba garigebis baTilobis an sxva safuZvlisgamo ar arsebobs, ar warmoSoba an Sewyda SemdegSi. b. valdebulebissawinaaRmdegod iseTi Sesagebeli iqna wardgenili, rom xangrZlividrois ganmavlobaSi gamoiricxulia moTxovnis wardgena.

2. ukan dabrunebis moTxovna gamoricxulia, Tu:a. Sesruleba ewinaaRmdegeba zneobriv movaleobebs, anb. gavida xandazmulobis vada, ang. mimRebs SeeZlo evarauda, rom Semsrulebels surda gadacema,

miuxedavad imisa, arsebobs Tu ara am muxlis pirveli nawilispirobebi, anda

d. moTxovna dabrunebis Taobaze baTili savalo xelSekrulebisSesrulebisas ewinaaRmdegeba normaTa dacviT funqcias.

pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebuli garigebis baTilobissafuZvlebi mocemulia ssk.-is 54-56 muxlebSi. garigeba ar arsebobs 53muxliT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi, ar warmoiSiba roca 51 muxlis Inawilis moTxovna irRveva da wydeba meryevad- baTili garigebebisdadebis dros, magaliTad 63 muxlis I nawili gamiyeneba da garigebaSewydeba Tuki arasrulwlovanis warmomadgeneli ar moiwonebsgarigebas. "b" qvepunqtis ganxilvisas mniSvnelovania Tu vin waradgensSesagebels. ganvixiloT Semdegi SemTxveva:

a-m gadauxada b-s Tavisi mamis mier aRebuli vali. mogvianebiTmoiZebna savalo dokumenti, sadac dasturdeboda rom a-s mamas ukveSesrulebuli hqonda aRniSnuli valdebuleba b-s winaSe. 976 muxlis I"a" punqti b-s akisrebs valdebulebas daubrunos a-s usafuZvlodmiRebuli Tanxa.

igive magaliTi Secvlili garemoebebiT:vTqvaT, a aris komaSi da b-m waradgina Sesagebeli, sadac miuTiTa,

rom is ar daabrunebs Tanxas sanam a ar gamomjobindeba. aRniSnuliSesagebliT b cdilobs Tavidan aicilos an xangrZlivi droisganmavlobaSi gamoricxos a-s moTxovnis ufleba mis mimarT, Tumca 976muxlis I "b" punqti ar aTavisuflebs mas pasuxismgeblobisgan daakisrebs Tanxis ukan dabrunebas, maSinac ki roca a ugonomdgomareobaSia.

976 muxlis meore nawilis "g" punqti bundovans tovebs Tu raSeiZleba CaiTvalos varaudis samarTlebriv safuZvlad, racdazaralebuls gamouricxavs moTxovnis wardgenis uflebas. aRniSnulipunqti qmnis erTgvar damcav meqanizms viTom-kreditorisTvis da

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aniWebs mas SesaZleblobas saTanado mtkicebis meSveobiT Tavidanaicilos usafuZvlod miRebulis ukan dabruneba.

Tuki saqme gadaecema sasamarTlos saproceso ganxilvisTvis, maSinmtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba mimRebs. man unda daamtkicos safuZvlianobaim argumentebisa, rasac emyareboda misi varaudi. (magaliTad, igivaraudobda, rom mZime materialuri mdgomareobis gamo megobari armoiTxovda misgan usafuZvlod gadacemulis ukan dabrunebas.) im Sem-TxvevaSi, roca dazaralebuli ar iTxovs gadacemulis ukan dabrune-bas, saqme sruldeba mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebiT da mocemuli SemTxvevaemsgavseba Cuqebis instituts. (ssk.-is 524 muxli).

kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgas meore nawilis "d" punqtis Sesabamisobameore nawilis saerTo saTaurTan "ukan dabrunebis moTxovna gamoric-xulia".

samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebSi miTiTebulia Semdegi magaliTi:pirma sakredito dawesebulebidan gamoitana krediti SvilisaTvisqorwilis gadasaxdelad. kreditis vada ganisazRvra xuTi wliT.qorwilis gadaxdis Semdeg gairkva, rom am miznisTvis ar SeiZlebakreditis gacema da sabanko kreditis mimRebma miRebuli Tanxa ukanunda daabrunos, magram ara erTdroulad da moTxovnisTanave, aramednawil-nawil xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, radgan misi, rogorc kreditismimRebis interesebi ufro metadaa daculi, vidre sakreditodawesebulebisa. rogorc irkveva, aRniSnuli magaliTi meore nawilissaTaurisgan gansxvavebiT, mTlianad kiar gamoricxavs moTxovnisuflebas, aramed viTom-kreditoris sasargeblod uSvebs misi nel-neladabrunebis SesaZleblobas. magaliTSi, Tu meore muxlis moTxovnaSesruldeboda, maSin piri aRar daabrunebda kredits, rac banksmniSvnelovnad daazaralebda. amrigad, "d" punqtis erT-erT moTxovnisgamomricxvel safuZvlad miTiTeba ar unda iyos mizanSewonili.

usafuZvlo gamdidrebis Tavi 981 muxlSi iTvaliswinebs zianisanazRaurebis valdebulebas. didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvskondiqciur valdebulebaTa da deliqtur valdebulebaTa gamijvnas.kondiqciuri valdebuleba, rogorc wesi, warmoiSoba TviTdazaralebuli piris marTlzomieri moqmedebis Sedegad. swored mismier daSvebuli Secdoma an uzustoba, rac srulebiTac ar niSnavs misimoqmedebis aramarTlzomierebas, xdeba sxva piris mier qonebisusafuZvlo SeZenis an dazogvis safuZveli. rac Seexeba zianis miyenebisSedegad warmoSobil valdebulebas, misi safuZveli yovelTvis zianismimyeneblis aramarTlzomieri moqmedebaa. Ddeliqtur valdebulebaSipasuxismgeblobis gansazRvris dros xdeba miyenebuli zianis moculo-bis dadgena da misi sruli anazRaureba. Kkondiqciur valdebulebaSimoTxovnis dakmayofileba xdeba usafuZvlod SeZenili an dazogiliqonebis da ara dazaralebulisaTvis miyenebuli zianis odenobisfarglebSi.

muxli 981 zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba4. vadis gadacilebisaTvis movalis pasuxismgeblobaze es wesebi ar

vrceldeba.aRniSnuli punqtis ganxilvisas yuradReba unda gamaxvildes or

mniSvnelovan faqtorze:

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1. vin aris vadis gadamcilebeli, kreditori Tu movale?logikuri iqneba Tu vadis gadamcileblad moviazrebT kreditors.ssk. meore karis mesame TavSi awesrigebs ra kreditoris mier vadisgadacilebis sakiTxebs, 390 muxlSi miuTiTebs rom vadisgadacilebad CaiTvleba:a) Tu kreditori àr iRebs misTvis SemoTavazebul Sesrulebas,

romlis vadac damdgaria.~b) Tu kreditori ar asruleba moqmedebas, im SemTxvevaSi `Tu

valdebulebis Sesasruleblad saWiroa kreditoris esa Tu ismoqmedeba.~

2. ra wesebzea saubari?sadiskusioa sakiTxi Tu ra wesebiT unda vixelmZRvaneloTkreditoris mier vadis gadacilebisas.samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebSi miTiTebulia, rom amurTierTobis ar awesrigebs davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebisSesrulebis wesebi. Tumca, IV punqtSi xazgasmulia is garemoeba,rom ar unda gamoviyenoT ès wesebi~ anu wesebi zianisanazRaurebis valdebulebis Sesaxeb da ara davalebis gareSesxvisi saqmeebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb.A

amrigad, Tu kreditori vadas gadaacilebs, miuxedavad misibralisa, movales ar daekisreba zianis anazRaurebis valdebuleba.

Tuki meoTxe punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxveva dadgeba urTier-Toba mowesrigdeba 393 muxliT, romelic gansazRvravs kreditorismier vadis gadacilebis Sedegebs.

a. igi valdebulia aunazRauros movales xelSekrulebis sagnisSenaxvis gamo warmoSobili xarjebi.am qvepunqtis gamoyeneba ar unda iyos mizanSewonili, vinaidanusafuZvlo gamdidrebis dros valdebulebis warmoSobissafuZvels ar warmoadgens xelSekruleba. (ssk.-is 317 muxlis Inawili).

b. mas ekisreba nivTis SemTxveviT gafuWebis an daRupvis riski;magaliTad, a-m usafuZvlod miiRo b-sTvis gankuTvnilimtversasruti. rodesac gadacemis dro dadga, b ar gamocxaddadaTqmul adgilas, anu man daagviana movalis Sesrulebis miReba.am droidan mtversasrutis SemTxveviTi gafuWebis an daRupvisriski gadadis b-ze.

g. mas aRara aqvs fuladi valdebulebisaTvis procentis miRebisufleba;am qvepunqts mxolod maSin aqvs Zala, roca mxareebma winaswar,fuladi valdebulebis SesrulebisTvis gaiTvaliswinesprocenti.

muxli 984. pasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisufleba1. Tu xelmyofma ar icoda uflebamosilebis xarvezi, garda uxeSi

gaufrTxileblobisa, igi pasuxismgeblobisgan Tavisufldeba, TuanazRaurebis moTxovnis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis momentisaTvis aRararsebobs gamdidrebis niSnebi.

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2. xelmyofi piris mier gamoyenebuli sikeTis mimarT gaweulixarjebi ar amcirebs misi gamdidrebis odenobas.

984 muxlis sityva-sityviTi ganmarteba ar iZleva imisSesaZleblobas rom igi sworad iqnas aRqmuli. amitom gamarTlebulia,orive nawilis ganmarteba moxdes saTanado magaliTebis safuZvelze;

kompania g-s distributors SeeSala momxmarebeli b-s misamarTi dakosmetikuri nawarmi SecdomiT miitana a-s misamarTze. a-m CaTvala, rommas nacnobma saCuqari gaukeTa da Sekvra gaxsna. aRmoCnda, romkosmetikuri nawarmi iyo uxarisxo, radgan vada hqonda gasuli. aRniS-nul SemTxvevaSi a faqtobrivad ar aris usafuZvlod gamdidrebuli,man ar icoda uflebamosilebis xarvezis Sesaxeb. Sesabamisad, igipasuxismgeblobisgan gaTavisufldeba 984 muxlis I nawiliT, radgangamdidrebis niSnebi araTu sasamarTloSi ganxilvis momentisaTvis,aramed saerTod ar yofila saxeze.

meore nawili awesrigebs xarjebis ganawilebis problemas.magaliTad, a-m miiRo 100 lariani mtversasruti da mis SekeTebazeamdenive odenobis xarji gaswia. am dros yuradReba mieqceva imgaremoebas, icoda Tu ara a-m uflebamosilebis xarvezis Sesaxeb. Tudamtkicdeba rom a-m icoda, maSin mis mier gaweuli xarji ar gaabaTi-lebs gamdidrebis odenobas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi a-s mainc mouwevsmtversasrutis dabruneba, miuxedavad masze gaweuli xarjisa. amitom984 muxlis meore nawilis teqsti redaqtirebul unda iqnas SemdegisaxiT: "xelmyofi piris mier gaweuli xarjebi, roca man icoda Tavisiuflebamosilebis xarvezis Sesaxeb an uxeSi gaufrTxileblobisas, aramcirebs misi gamdidrebis odenobas."

988 muxli miuTiTebs viTom-kreditorsis miTiTebiT SesrulebisSedegebze. kerZod, am muxlSi garda viTom-kreditorisa da mevalisaurTierTobaSi ebmeba mesame piric.

I nawili: pirs, romelic 976-e muxlis Tanaxmad, raimes gadascemsmesame pirs viTom-kreditorze miTiTebiT, SeuZlia Sesrulebulis ukangamoTxova viTom-kreditorisagan ise TiTqos misTvis gadaeces raime.Tu viTom-kreditoris miTiTeba saeWvoa, maSin ukan dabrunebis moTxovnaSeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes mxolod mesame piris mimarT.

ganvixiloT magaliTi: a-s hqonda bankis vali. wveulebaze aSemTxveviT Sexvda b-s, romelsac gadauxada bankis vali. Tanxis gadace-mis dros a imyofeboda mTvral mdgomareobaSi, ris gamoc mas es ambavidaaviwyda da megobari g gaagzavna bankSi valis dasafarad. es nawiliurTierTobis warmarTvis or variants iTvaliswinebs:

1) Tuki bankma fuli isev miiRo, maSin a moTxovnas waradgensbankis, rogorc usafuZvlod gamdidrebulis mimarT. marTalia, a-mfuli bankirs gadasca, magram iTvleba, rom man uSualod bankis mimarTSeasrula valdebuleba. amitom a-s SeuZlia Sesrulebulis_micemuliTanxis gamoTxova viTom-kreditoris_bankisagan, ise TiTqos misTvisgadaeces raime.

2) saeWvoobisas, Tu ar dasturdeba bankis mier Tanxis xelmeoredaReba, a ukan dabrunebis moTxovnas waradgens mesame piris, g-s mimarT.

II nawili: pirs, romelic 976-e muxlis mixedviT axal viTom-kreditors raimes gadascems moTxovnis wayenebis Semdeg, SeuZlia

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Tavdapirveli viTo-kreditorisgan moiTxovos dabruneba ise, TiTqosmisTvis gadaeces raime. Tu Tavdapirvel viTom-kreditoris miTiTebasaeWvoa, maSin ukumoTxovna SeiZleba mxolod axali viTom-kreditorismimarT.

dauSvaT, g-s aqvs bankis vali. banki gaiyo orad, a da b bankebad. g-m SecdomiT, a-s magivrad, Tanxa gadauxada b-s. am dros b arisusfuZvlod gamdidrebuli da g-m unda moiTxovos gadacemulis ukandabruneba a-s moTxovnis uzrunvelsayofad, xolo Tu b-m miRebuliTanxa a-s gadasca, maSin a-s aRar aqvs moTxovnis wayenebis ufleba g-smimarT, radgan micemuli Tanxa CaiTvleba gadasaxdeli valisangariSSi. (aRniSnul magaliTSi b aris viTom-kreditori, a aris axaliviTom-kreditori).

muxli 991. sxvis xarjze usafuZvlod gamdidrebis Sedegebipiri, romelic sxva piris xarjze usafuZvlod gamdidrda sxva

saSualebiTac, garda imisa, rac gaTvaliswinebulia am TavSi, movaleadaubrunos mas miRebuli.

aRniSnuli muxli sakmaod sadavo muxlia. igi iTvaliswinebs imisSesaZleblobas, rom piri usafuZvlod gamdidrdes "sxva saSualebi-Tac". Tumca realurad, praqtikaSi ar moiZebneba aRniSnuli SemTxve-vebi, rac kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs am muxlis saWiroebas. samoqalaqokodeqsis komentarSi miTiTebuli magaliTi, (erTi piris cxenis miermeoris Tivis SeWma) ar Seesabameba 991 muxlis Sinaarss, radgan amdros mxareTa Soris urTierTobas usafuZvlo gamdidrebis normebiTkiar varegulirebT, aramed viyenebT deliqturi valdebulebebis Tavs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom usafuZvlo gamdidrebaze xandazmulobis vada arvrceldeba, rac ar aris miTiTebuli kodeqsSi da saWiroebsmowesrigebas sakanonmdeblo doneze.

ganvixileT ra aRniSnuli instituti SemogTavazeT usafuZvlogamdidrebis bundovani normebis implementaciis Cveneuli xedva, raTagagvemartivebina aRniSnuli muxlebis aRqma samarTlebrivi sakiTxebiTdainteresebuli pirebisaTvis.

l i t e r a t u r a:L i t e r a t u r e


1. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi;2. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentarebi, wigni IV, tomi II,

Tb. 2001;3. Beatson, The use and Abuse of Unjust Enrichment (1991);4. Klippert, The Juridical Nature of Unjust Enrichment, U.Tor.L.J.30 (1980)356;5. Gallo, Unjust Enrichment, A Comparative Analysis Am.J.Comp.L.40 (1992)431;6. Гражданский кодекс Германии: История, система, институты-Москва,

юрист1994;

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r e z i u m e

usafuZvlo gamdidrebis xarvezebi qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi

TaTia berekaSvili, nino jajaniZe

mocemul samarTlebriv statiaSi saubaria zogadad usafuZvlogamdidrebis institutze kerZod, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia aRniSnuliinstitutis xarvezebze qarTul kanonmdeblobaSi. moyvanilimagaliTebi da samarTlebrivi Sefasebebi saSualebas iZlevaaxleburad iqnes gaazrebuli problematuri muxlebi da gaizardosmaTi praqtikuli gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba.

S U M M A R Y

THE GAPS OF UNJUST ENRICHMENT IN GEORGIAN LEGISLATION

TATIA BEREKASHVILI, NINO JAJANIDZE

In this juridical article is generally discussed the institute of unjust enrichment,particularly, we direct our attention to the gaps of this institute in Georgian legislation.Brought examples and juridical estimations give an opportunity to realize problematicalparagraphs newly and to increase the possibility of their practical usage.

Р Е З Ю М Е

ПРОГРЕШНОСТИ БЕЗПОЧВЕННОГО ОБОГАЩЕНИЯВ ГРУЗИНСКОЙ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬНОСТИ

ТАТИА БЕРЕКАШВИЛИ, НИНО ДЖАДЖАНИДЗЕ

В данной прававой статии речь идет в обших чертах, об институте безпочвенногообогащения. В частнам, внимание уделено о прогрешностях этого института вгрузинской законодательности. Приведенные премеры и правовые оценки даютвозможность по новому продумать проблемативные параграфы и увеличитьвозможность их практического исползования.

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xazinis roli da adgili finansur sistemaSi

Tea xorguaSvili

ssip goris universitetis asocirebuli profesori

dReisaTvis ar aris industriulad ganviTarebuli Tu ganuviTa-rebeli qveyana msoflioSi, rom mas ar gaaCndes Tavisi finansurisistemis erT-erTi wamyvani struqturuli rgoli - xazina. xazina aqvsamerikis SeerTebul Statebs, ingliss, safrangeTs, germanias, ruseTs,avstralias, Svecias, israels, da sxvas da sxvas. istoriulad xazina8

rogorc xelisuflebis xelSi qveynis finansuri resursebisa da sxvaqonebis (xarki, alafi, saCuqrebi da sva) Tavmoyrisa da maT xarjvazesaxelmwifos kontrolis ganxorcielebis saSualeba da berketiwarmoiSva da funqcionirebda jer kidev Soreul warsulSi egviptis,babilonis, antikuri saberZneTisa da Zveli romis saxelmwifoebSi,farTo gavrceleba hpova Sua saukuneebis evropaSi, magram man Tanamed-rove roli, funqciebi da daniSnuleba SeiZina XVIII saukunis bolodanda XIX saukunis dasawyisidan.

xazinis roli da adgili qveynis finansuri resursebis mobi-lizaciasa da xarjvaSi iseTi didi iyo, rom mis (finansebis) saTaveSimyofi pirovneba faqtiurad qveynis saxelmwifo liderad iTvleboda.mis yvelaze TvalsaCino magaliTs warmoadgens inglisi, sadac adreulSuasaukuneebSi aRniSnuli saxazino samsaxuris xelmZRvaneli gada-izarda qveynis premier-ministris rangSi, rac sCans iqidanac, romdResac inglisuri tradiciis mixedviT inglisis premier-ministriatarebs xazinis pirveli lordis tituls, xolo inglisis finansTaministri - xazinis meore lordis tituls.

franguli xazina Tavisi arsebobis TiTqmis 400 wlian istoriasiTvlis, safrangeTis cnobili mefis ludoviko XIV-dan, roca mismafinansTa ministrma kolberma qveynis finansebis gajansaRebisaTvisaxali safinanso struqtura Seqmna. aRniSnul struqturas (xazinas)unda aRmoefxvra saxelmwifo finansebis xarjvaSi gamefebuli qurdobada datacebebi da uzrunvelyo saxsrebis Sewyvetili miwodeba gansaz-Rvrul miznebze. kolberma Seqmna ra xazinis ganStoebuli sistema, misixelmZRvaneli - xazinidan aqcia erT-erT mniSvnelovan pirovnebad qveya-naSi. qveynis xazinadaris uflebebi da wona mniSvnelovnad gaizardanapoleonis zeobis periodSi. Semdeg wlebSi marTalia ara erTxelSeicvala xazinis saxelwodeba, funqciebi, roli, magram arsi maincucvleli darCa: umkacresi saxelmwifoebrivi kontroli finansuriresursebis mobilizaciaze da xarjvaze. Tanamedrove saxelwodeba

8 sityva xazina arabuli sityvaa da niSnavs adgils, salaros, sadac Tavs iyrissaxelmwifos kuTvnili qoneba da finansuri saxsrebi (gadasaxadebi da sxva). arabebisdapyrobiTi omebis dros (VII-VIII) aRniSnuli termini gavrcelda arabebis mierdapyrobil espaneTSi, iqidan safrangeTSi, Semdeg inglisSi da a.S.

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xazinam miiRo 1948 wlidan, roca safrangeTis ekonomikisa dafinansebis saministros `finansebis gadaadgilebis saministros~ ewoda`saxazino sammarTvelo~.

marTalia xazinis Seqmnamde arsebul sammarTvelos mTavarifunqcia iyo fulis niSnebi droulad miewodebina saxelmwifo bankis(bank de frans) salaroebisaTvis, raTa droulad da Seuferxeblad ganxor-cielebuliyo sxvadasxva gadaxdebi, magram is imavdroulad asrulebdakontrolioris funqciasac saxelmwifo biujetis saxsrebis saxelmwi-fo “bank de frans”-Si gaxsnil erTian sakontekorento angariSze Caricxvi-sas da mis gacemisas.

aRniSnuli periodidan (1948 wlidan) safrangeTis xazina aRarifargleba finansebis gadaadgilebiT da sul ufro mzardi maStabebiTaxorcielebs ekonomikur koniunqturaze kontrols, ekonomikuri struq-turebis saqmianobaSi Carevas da saerTaSoriso ekonomikur cxovrebaSimonawileobas. mas Semdeg xazinas erT-erTi wamyvani adgili ukaviasafrangeTis safinanso da fulad-sakredito sistemaSi.

rogorc yvela qveynis xazinebis (maT Soris saqarTvelos xazinis)ise safrangeTis xazinis mTavari funqciaa, rom droulad ganxor-cieldes gadaxdebi saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebis mixedviT, magramgansxvavebiT sxva qveynis xazinebisagan safrangeTis xazinas aqvs sxvadamatebiTi funqciebic, romlebic mas aqceven safrangeTis saxelmwifofinansebis erT-erT urTules da originalur institutad. gansxvavebiTsxva qveynebis xazinebisagan, safrangeTis xazina aerTianebs: biujetisfunqciebs(xels uwyobs ra mis Sesrulebas), bankis funqciebs (axorci-elebs mniSvnelovani fuladi saxsrebis akumulacias da ganawilebas)da fuladi mimoqcevis funqciebs (TanamSromlobs saemisio uwyebasTanfulis mimoqcevis dasaregulireblad).

safrangeTis xazinis mTavari funqciaa ganaxorcielos saxelmwi-fo kontroli qveynis saxelmwifo bankSi (banki de frans) gaxsnilsakontokorento angariSze Semosuli Tanxebis raodenobaze, ritmulo-baze, adresulobaze da mis xarjvaze. am mxriv mas SeiZleba vuwodoTqveynis mTavari molare, magragansxvavebiT sxva qveynebis (maT SorissaqarTvelos) xazinisagan, mas marto molaris funqcia ar akisria, masgaaCnia sameurneo funqciac, is gamodis qveynis rT-erTi mTavari bankisrolSic da rogorc bankiri garkveuli sameurneo damoukideblobiTsargeblobs: moizidavs kapitalebs, iRebs anabrebs, uSvebs sesxebs,xazinis Tamasuqebs, bonebs, iZleva kreditebs, gascems grantebs daTvalyurs adevnebs fulis mimoqcevis mdgomareobas qveyanaSi. aqve undaaRiniSnos erTi Taviseburebac xazinisa. erTmaneTisagan ansxvaveben sit-yvebs „xazina“da „saxazino samsaxuri“. „xazinis“ cnebis qveS xanigulisxmeba fuladi Tanxebis erToblioba, romlebic gaTvaliswinebu-lia saxelmwifo xarjebis gastumrebisaTvis, xan salaroebi (salaroTasistema), sadac aRniSnuli Tanxebi inaxeba, xan is administracia(saxazino samsaxuri), romelsac evaleba saxelmwifo Tanxebis Senaxvazeda xarjvaze kontroli. „saxazino samsaxuris“ cnebis qveS ki xSiradgulisxmoben uwyebas, romelic yuradRebas aqcevs qveynis biujetiTgaTvaliswinebuli xarjebis arsebul SemosavlebTan gawonasworebas,

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xan ki rogorc safinanso organos, romelic axorcielebs saxelmwifosfinansuri Semosavlebisa da xarjis zedamxedvelobas da sxva.

saxazino samsaxuri (xazina) Tavisi statusidan gamomdinareasrulebs or ZiriTad funqcias: qveynis mTavari molaris da qveynisbankiris funqcias. pirvel SemTxvevaSi is axorcielebs naRdi fulismoZraobas qveyanaSi, meore SemTxvevaSi is akumulirebas ukeTebs dawinanswar dadgenil miznebze gascems saxsrebs. pirveli sferowarmoadgens ZiriTadi safinanso samarTlis obieqts, meore ki sabankosamarTlis obieqts. miuxedavad yovelive amisa ori funqcia iseaerTmaneTze gadajaWvuli da difuzirebuli,rom xSirad isini erTma-neTs apirobeben da erTmaneTisagan gamomdinareoben.

xazinis mTavari funqcia aris - iyos saxelmwifos biujetismTavari molare, rac gulisxmobs, saxelmwifo biujetis Semosavlebisada gasavlebis yvela operaciam mis xelSi, masSi unda gaiaros.gansxvavebiT sxva qveynebis xazinebisagan safrangeTis xazinis xelSiunda gaiaros ara marto im operaciebma, romlebic dakavSirebuliasaxelmwifo biujetis SemosavlebTan da gasavlebTan, aramed imoperaciebTan, romlebic dakavSirebulia mis mier e.w. „xazinis kores-pondentebis“ molaris funqciebis SesrulebasTan. safrangeTis 1962wlis kanons „finansebis Sesaxeb“ mixedviT organizaciebi an kerZopirebi TaviaanT angariSebs xsnian xazinebSi da operaciebs TavisiSemosavlebisa da gasavlebis Sesaxeb axorcielebs aRniSnuli angariS-ebidan. xazinaSi aqvT gaxsnili TaviaanTi angariSebi da iqidan axorci-eleben TaviaaT safrangeTis iseTi umsxvilesi saxelmwifo sakuTrebissameurneo erTeulebi, rogorocaa „eleqtriste de frans“, „gaz defrans“, umsxvilesi sakredito gaerTianebani „miwis krediti“, „naciona-luri krediti“ da sxvebi. aRniSnul angariSebze da saxazino angari-Sebze iricxeba is Tanxebi, romlebic gadasaxadebis saxiT midis qveynisbiujetis saSemosavlo nawilis Sesavsebad.

safrangeTis xazinis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani funqciaa grZelvadi-ani da moklevadiani sesxebis gamoSveba, romlebic erT-erT umniSvne-lovanes rols TamaSoben im organizaciebis valdebulebaTa gadaxdebisdroulad ganxorcielebaSi, romelTac angariSebi gaxsnili aqvT saxa-zino struqturaSi.

aqve unda aRiniSnos erTi umniSvnelovanesi detali, romelicganasxvavebs xazinas biujetisgan. xazinis mTavari problemaa, rogorcavRniSneT Tvis dasawyisSi naRdi fulis drouli miwodeba gadaxdebisgansaxorcieleblad, biujetis problema ki aris Semosavlebisa dagasavlebis dabalansebis uzrunvelyofa. rogorc wesi xazinaSi naRdifulis moZraobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia grafikuli perioduloba:Tvis pirveli naxevridan vidre mis 25 ricxvamde xazinis salaroSiSemodis naRdi fuli, gasavlebis did nakadebs aqvs adgili Tvis bolodReebSi, roca iwyeba xelfasebis da sxva gadasaxdelebis gacemisperiodi. imisaTvis, rom xazinas Seferxebebi ar hqondes naRdi fulisgacemaSi, is amisaTvis iyenebs im uZrav naSTebs, romlebis Tvis bolas-Tvis warmoiqmneba im organizaciebis angariSebze, romlebic gaxsniliaqvT xazinaSi maT. imave amocanebis SesrulebisaTvis xazina iyenebsmisTvis kanoniT miniWebul uflebas gamouSvas grZelvadiani da

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moklevadiani sesxebi da Semosuli Tanxebi gamoiyenos fulis niSnebisdrouli da Seuferxebeli gacemisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT farTo gavrce-leba safrangeTSi hpova xazinis mier jer 1870 wels gamoSvebulmasaxazino bonebma. maTi avtoriteti mosaxleobaSi daamkvidra iman, romxazinam aRniSnul bonebze daawesa mzardi procenti, rac niSnavda imas,rom Tu misi xelmWeri ar waradgenda gasanaRdeblad xazinaSi bonebs,maSin maTi gadasaxdeli procenti izrdeboda.

Cven avRniSneT, rom xazina erTdroulad aris qveynis molarec dabankiric. molaris Sesaxeb ukve gvqonda saubari, qvemoT ganvixilavTxazina-bankiris ZiriTad funqcias: 1) anabrebis mozidva- kreditebisgacema da 2) fulis niSnebis mimoqcevis regulireba.

xazina garkveuli azriT aris konventirebuli safinanso-sakre-dito instituti, romelic erTdroulad emyareba qveynis biujetisaTvissaxsrebis mobilizacias da maT adresul mimarTvas da fulad-sakredito operaciebis ganxorcielebas.

bankis funqciis Sesrulebisas safrangeTis xazina moqmedebsrogorc komerciuli banki, romelsac SeuZlia erTi mxriv moizidossaxsrebi anabrebis saxiT da meore mxriv gasces isini kreditis saxiT,rogorc iuridiul ise fizikur pirebze. safrangeTis xazinis mierkreditebi gaicema ufro metad socialuri mimarTulebebis RonisZie-bebze. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos sami ZiriTadi mimar-Tuleba kreditebis gacemisa:

1. saxsrebis, romlebic gaicema iseTi binebis mSeneblobaze, rom-lebic xasiaTdebian dabali fasebiT da binebis naklebi Rire-bulebiT, sesxebi gaicema 45 wliT da Zalze dabaliprocentiT.

2. specialuri sesxebi, romlebic miecema samSeneblo gaerTiane-bebs da sazogadoeba samiwaTmoqmedo kredits~ sasoflo-same-urneo RonisZiebebis gatarebaze da sasoflo raionebSi sxva-dasxva sawarmoo daniSnulebisobieqtis mSeneblobaze.

3. sesxebi, romlebic gaicema xazinis mier ekonomikuri dasocialuri ganviTarebis fondze(saxelmwifoebrivi finansurifondi, romelic eweva ekonomikuri da socialuri profilisRonisZiebebis dafinansebas qveyanaSi).

rogorc davinaxeT xazinas, rogorc qveynis molares da qveynisbankirs gaaCnia funqcia - movaleobebis sakmarisad farTo wre, rome-lic mniSvnelovnad scdeba im sazRvrebs, romlebic tradiciulad miRe-bulia xazinisaTvis Tanamedrove civilizebul qveynebSi da sakmarisadefeqtur zemoqmedebas axdens, rogorc qveynis biujetis saSemosavloda sagadasaxado nawilebis Sesrulebaze, ise qveynis fulis mimoqcevisregulirebaze da saboloo jamSi mTeli ekonomikis ganviTarebaze.

xazinis erT-erTi mTavari ufleba aris is, rom mas aqvsprerogatiuli ufleba gaxsnas centralur bankSi erTiani angariSimasze biujeturi Tanxebis Caricxvisa da gacemisaTvis. mas aqvs uflebaSeuCeros im sabiujeto organizaciebs operaciebi angariSze, Tuwarmodgenilo sabuTebi ar akmayofilebs instruqciiT gaTvaliswine-bul normebs, xolo operaciebi dadgenil wesebs. amoiRos saxelmwifobiujetis is saxsrebi, romlebic miRebuli aqvs ama Tu im organizacias,

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magram ara aqvs gamoyenebuli moznobrivad. civilizebul qveyanaSixazinas akisria erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani funqcia finansursistemaSi, sabiujeto saxsrebis marTvisa, maTze swori da operatiuliinformaciis miRebisa.



1. gogiCaiSvili f. `kavkasiis mniSvneloba ruseTis xazinisaTvis”,t.I. 1974w.

2. `saqarTvelos erovnuli meurneoba”, parizi-miunxeni, 1960w.3. CantlaZe v. `finansuri mecnierebis safuZvlebi”, Tb. 1995w.4. caava g. `finansebi, fulis mimoqceva, finansuri inJineria,

krediti; “Tb. 1999w.5. xorguaSvili n. `xazina: guSin, dRes, xval”, Jurnali “politika”;

1999w.6. roman Sengelia `safinanso samarTali”, Tb. 2004w.

r e z i u m e

xazinis roli da adgili finansur sistemaSi

Tea xorguaSvili

dReisaTvis xazinis roli da adgili qveynis finansur sistemaSiZalzed didia da mniSvnelovani. MmsoflioSi ar arsebobs iseTiqveyana, rom ar gaaCndes Tavisi finansuri sistemis iseTi mniSvnelovanirgoli, rogoric xazinaa. xazinis warmoSoba saTaveebs iRebs jer kidevZvel egvipteSi da babilonSi, farTo gavrceleba hpova Sua saukuneebisevropaSi, xolo Tanamedrove roli SeiZina XVIII saukunis bolosa daXIX saukunis dasawyisidan. saxazino samsaxuri Tavisi statusidangamomdinare or ZiriTad funqcias asrulebs: qveynis mTavari molarisda qveynis bankiris funqcias. winamdebare naSromSi Cven SevecadeTerTmaneTisagan gagvemijna ori cneba “xazina” da “saxazino samsaxuri”.xazinas, rogorc qveynis molares da mTavar bankirs gaaCnia funqcia-movaleobebis farTo wre, romelic mniSvnelovnad scdeba im sazRvrebs,romlebic tradiciulad miRebulia xazinisaTvis Tanamedrovecivilizebul qveynebSi da sakmarisad efeqtur gavlenas axdensrogorc biujetis saSemosavlo da xarjviTi nawilebis Sesrulebaze,ise qveynis fulis mimoqcevis regulirebaze da saboloo jamSi kimTeli ekonomikis ganviTarebaze.

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S U M M A R Y

TREASURY ROLE AND PLACE IN THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM

TEA KHORGUASHVILI

Role and place of treasury in our countries financial system for the presents time is verygreat.

There is no country in the wotld, which do not have such an important item in thefinancial sustem is it is treasury.

the deginning of treasury system starts from old Egypt and babilone, and after it waswidely spread in the middle aged Europe – from the end of 18-th and beginning of the 19-thcenturies, its rote had become in the way we have today.

The statue of treasury wotk has two main functions: as the main treasure s office houseof the cauntru and the function of the bank.

In our privious work we tried to separate the meaning of two items: as “the treasury”and “Treasury office work” Treasury has wide functions and obligatioens: it is the cauntriesmain freasurer and banker, which passes the porders what are traditionally taken for thecivilized and moderr countries. It has rather effective influance an a budjet income andoutcome system work, and so at the same rime an the deverlopment of money regulation inthe centry.

Р Е З Ю М Е

РОЛЬ И МЕСТО КАЗНАЧЕЙСТВО В ФИНАНСОВОМ СИСТЕМЕ

ТЕА ХОРГУАШВИЛИ

На сегодня роль и место казначейство в финансовом системе страны являетсяогромным и очень важным. Нет в мире таких стран, которые не имеют собственных,важных звенов в финансовом системе,каким явлается казначеиство. Рождение казначе-йство начинается с древного Египта и Бабилона, оно приняло большое распространениев средно-вековом Европе,а нинещую форму приняла уже в концу 18-го и начале 19-говека. Выходя из статуса казначейной службы-оно имеет две функции: как главныйкассир государство и также банкир страныы.

Предедущем работе мы пастарались различить две понятие: «Казначейство» и«Казначейнная служба».

Казначейство- как кассир и главный банкир государство имеет большой кругфунксии и обьязателств, которые находят те грани, что приняты –традиционно вказначействе-сушествующих цивилизационных странах. А ещё имеет достоточноэффектное вляние на выполнение бюджетных рассход и приход, а также длярегулирования денежной системы государство,и в конечном счёте для развитияэкономики в целом.

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internet-bankingis arsi da ganviTarebisperspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi

nana Sonia

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati,ak. wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis


nunu qiqoZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis dargobrivi ekonomikisa damenejmentis programis doqtoranti,

ak. wereTlis quTaisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori

bankis muSaobis efeqturoba da bazarze misi konkurentunarianobadidadaa damokidebuli axali sabanko produqtebisa da teqnologiebisdanergvaze rac sabanko inovacias warmoadgens. meoce saukunis dasas-rulis kidev erT sabanko inovacias warmoadgens internet-bankingi,romelic internetis meSveobiT emsaxureba klientebs. pirvelad is 1995wels gamoCnda Security First Network Bank-is wyalobiT.

amJamad msoflioSi 300-ze meti bankia, romelic srulfasovaninternet-serviss sTavazobs Tavis klientebs, maT Soris arian saqar-TveloSi funqcionirebadi bankebic: ,,Tibisi banki", ,,saqarTvelosbanki", banki ,,respublika", taoprivatbanki, romlebmac internetiT ope-raciebis ganxorcileba 2008wlis ianvridan daiwyes da imave TveSi 7545operacia ganaxorcieles 679 aTasi laris moculobiT. mimdinare wlisivnisSi es cifrebi sagrZnoblad gaizarda da 12652 aTasi larismoculobis 82297 operacia ganxorcielda, magram agvistos movlenebmasagrZnoblad Seamcira internetiT ganxorcielebuli operaciebismoculoba, kerZod: 2008 wlis noemberSi 6137 operacia iqna ganxor-cielebuli 589 aTasi laris moculobiT. amis mizezi internet-qselisdabali xarisxiT muSaobaa, rac ruseT-saqarTvelos mZime politikuriviTarebiT aris ganpirobebuli da internet-bankingis muSaoba usafr-Txo da saimedod ar iTvleba.

internet-bankingi aris sabanko momsaxurebis iseTi forma, rocaklientsa da banks Soris urTierToba myardeba internet-qselis meSveo-biT 24 saaaTis ganmavlobaSi. aqve unda avRniSnoT, rom es aris globa-lizaciis Sedegi, ramac Cvens qveyanaSic hpova asaxva sxvadasxvaformiT.

internet-bankings mTeli rigi upiratesobebi gaaCnia:- drois ekonomia;- angariSebis sadReRamiso kontroli;- unaRdo angariSsworebis nebismieri formis Seuferxebeli gan-

xorcieleba angariSis mflobelis piradi monawileobis gareSe.internet-bankingis momsaxureba moicavs im funqciebs, romlebic

SesaZlebels xdis:- yvela komunaluri gadasaxdelis ganxorcielebas, kavSirgabmulo-

bisa da sxva momsaxurebis angariSebis ganaRdebas;

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- fulis gadaricxvas nebismieri bankis nebismier angariSze, maTSoris ucxouri valutiTac;

- saxsrebis gadaricxvas SeZenili saqonlis angariSebis gasanaR-deblad. magaliTad, internet maRaziaSi, romlis meSveobiTac nebismierqveynis sasurveli saqonlis SeZena aris SesaZlebeli;

- ucxouri valutebis yidva-gayidva, rac sxvaTa Soris sarfianiSemosavlis wyaros warmoadgens;

- plastikuri baraTis angariSidan fuladi saxsrebis moxsnas anmaT Sevsebas;

- ama Tu im saxis angariSebis gaxsnas da maTze fuladi saxsrebisgadatanas;

- ama Tu im saxis informaciis miRebis angariSis mdgomareobisSesaxeb nebismier dros da sxva.

internet-bankings upiratesobebTan erTad garkveuli problemebicaxasiaTebs:

- momsaxurebis gawevis arasakmarisoba;- bazris personaluri segmentis cudad ganviTareba;- usafrTxoeba da eleqtronul-cifrul xelmowerasTan dakavSire-

buli problemebi;- bankisTvis SedarebiT naklebSemosavlianoba, vidre sxva sabanko

produqtebi, ris gamoc xSirad isini Tavs ikaveben aRniSnuli inovaciisdanergvaze.

msoflio globalizaciis Sedegad internet-bankingis ganviTarebasakmaod perspeqtiulia nebismier qveyanaSi. sul ufro meti raodenobisbankebi iwyeben im sistemebis danergvas, romlebic klientebTan inter-netis meSveobiT urTierTqmedebis SesaZleblobas uqmnian maT. internet-servisis ganviTarebasTan erTad SesaZlebeli xdeba bankebma internet-bankingi danergon da maT klientebs mieceT bankebTan civilizebuliurTierTobis saSualeba.

saqarTveloSi internet-bankingiT momsaxureba ganviTarebis sawyisetapzea, rac ganpirobebulia internet-qselis dagvianebuli damkvidre-biT. rac ufro farToa internet-bankingis sistemis funqciuri SesaZ-leblobebi, e.i. rac ufro met momsaxurebaze miuwvdeba xeli bankisklients internetis meSveobiT, miT ufro srulfasovnad da sasurve-lad gvevlineba aseTi sistema. marTlac, sabanko internet-servisisfunqciur SesaZleblobaTa Segnebulad an iZulebiT SezRudva Zalianamcirebs amgvari sistemebis mimzidvelobas, radganac zogierTi sabankomomsaxurebisaTvis klients mainc mouwevs bankSi misvla. droaqarTulma bankebmac miiRon gadawyvetileba internet-bankingis sisteme-bis meSveobiT aRWuron momsaxurebis praqtikulad mTeli is speqtri,romelic klientebisTvis bankis ofisSia xelmisawvdomi. magaliTad:sakuTar angariSebze myof saxsrebze mimdinare operaciebi, saxsrebisinvestireba, kontragentebTan angariSsworeba da sxva. aRniSnuli gzabanks konkurentunarianobis saSualebas aZlevs, magram zogierTi bankimainc ikavebs Tavs internet-bankingis danergvaze misi usafrTxoebisarauzrunvelyofis gamo, radganac yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSiinternet-qseli jer kidev arasaimedod iTvleba. am mizniT saWiroagonivruli Zalisxmevis gamoyeneba riskebis Sesamcireblad profesiuli

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gadawyvetilebaTa danergvis xarjze da am riskebis dazRveva, anuaucilebelia bankma da internet-qselma erToblivi SeTanxmebiT SeZ-lon mTliani sistemis dacva, kerZod:

- urTierTmoqmedi subieqtebis (klentisa da bankis) erTmniSvnelo-vani identifikacia;

- gadasacemi safinanso informaciis daSifvra;- informaciis gadacemis arxebis usafrTxoeba;- informaciis matareblis dacva.am mizniT Cvens qveyanaSi erT-erT wamyvan banks ,,Tibisi banks"

gamoyenebuli aqvs usafrTxoebis uaxlesi meqanizmebi, kerZod: serTifi-katis Semowmeba, klientebs Txoven rom ar endon el-fostiT Setyo-binebebs, radganac ,,Tibisi banki" klients arasodes sTxovs el-fostiTpiradi inforamaciis mowodebas. amasTan, parolis xSir SecvlasiTxovs, radganac dainteresebulma pirma ver isargeblos bankis klien-tis paroliT da a.S.

banki ,,respublika~ klientis angariSis usafrTxoebis mizniT iye-nebs Tanamedrove dacviT meqanizmebsa da teqnologiebs, kerZod: Firewall- msoflioSi wamyvani firmebis monacemTa filtraciisa da dacvisteqnologias, romelic uzrunvelyofs informaciis maqsimalur usafr-Txoebas. agreTve Verisieng, SSL (Secure Sockert Layer) - es aris monacemTadaSifrvis msoflioSi aRiarebuli Tanamedrove sistema, romlismeSveobiTac xdeba klientsa da banks Soris informaciis internetiTkavSiris dacvis uzrunvelyofs sabanko angariSebis usafrTxoebas.sxvadasxva damcav meqanizmebs iyenebs rogorc banki ,,respublika", isesxva bankebi, romlebic awarmoeben internet-bankingiT momsaxurebas.magram ,,prokredit banks" arsad ara aqvs internet-bankingiT momsaxu-rebis usafrTxoebis zomebi miTiTebuli, ris gamoc klienti xSiradgaurkvevlobaSi vardeba.

internet-bankingis sistma moxerxebuli unda iyos, rac SemdegSivlindeba:

- sistemis klientTa wres ramdenad megobruli interfeisi aqvs;- ramdenad martivi da gasagebia programuli uzrunvelyofis

danadgari da misi gamarTva;- ramdenad ubralo da mosaxerxebelia sistemaSi operaciebis Ses-

rulebis Cveulebrivi xerxebi ama Tu im sabanko momsaxurebis misaRe-bad, gansakuTrebiT axalbeda mosargeblebisaTvis.

sworad gamoyenebis moxerxebuloba aris Cvenis sistemebis erT-erTi susti adgili. nebismierma daiteresebulma pirma unda SeZlosswrafad da xarisxianad misTvis saWiro operaciis ganxorcielebaofisidan Tu saxlidan, maSin aqvs efeqti internet-bankingis sistemas.

aqedan gamomdinare, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia bankis klientebma,gansakuTrebiT iuridiulma pirebma isargeblon internet-bankiT, raTamaTTvis ,,dro - fulia" da fulis gareSe verc erTi sameurneo subieq-ti ver iarsebebs sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, miTumetes, roca msof-lioSi finansuri krizisi mZvinvarebs. radganac bankebi klientebisusafrTxoebis zomebs uzrunvelyofen, ar aris saWiro nebismieri saban-ko operaciis gansaxorcieleblad ofisidan bankSi wasvla da rigSidgoma, gansakuTrebiT Cvens qveyanaSi, sadac zogierT bankSi qaosuri

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rigia. droa qarTvelebma viswavloT ,,drois fasi". amasTan TviTonkomerciulma bankebmac gamoiCinon gulisxmiereba da internet-bankiTmomsaxurebis sakomisio ganakveTebi Seamciron, radganac maT klientebsuwevT, rogorc internetiT momsaxurebis safasuris gadaxda, ise bankSisaSuamavlo operaciebis sakomisios gadaxdac. Cemi azriT Tu bankiklients momsaxurebis xarjebsac Seumciebs, usafrTxoebis zomebisuzrunvelyofasTan erTad, maSin misi klientebis raodenoba sagrZob-lad gaizrdeba. magaliTad, ,,bazis bankis" internet-bankingiT momsaxu-reba aris ufaso. aRniSnuliT sargebloba SeuZlebelia iseT klien-tebs, romelTac bankSi angariSi aqvT gaxsnili. saaqcio sazogadoeba,,saqarTvelos bankma" 2008 wlis oqtomberSi miiRo gadawyvetileba vincinternet bankiT anabars gaxsnis, damatebiT sargebels miiRebs 0,5%-s.am gadadgmuli nabijiT banki icavs klientis interesebs, radganac missalaroebTan da bankomatebTan yovelTvis aris rigi, ris gamoc zogi-erT klients SeiZleba gauCndes survili bankis Secvlis, internet-ban-kingiT momsaxurebisas klients saxlidan gausvlelad emsaxureba banki.

magram internet-bankingiT operaciis normalurad ganxorcielebamarto bankze araa damokidebuli, am SemTxvevaSi sami mxare monawi-leobs:

- banki;- internetqseli da- klienti.aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens qveyanaSi, mTavari problema aris

internet-qselis uxarisxo momsaxureba, yvelasTvis cnobilia rogoridabrkolebebiT muSaobs interneti saqarTveloSi. garda amisa, inter-net-bankingis ganviTarebas xels uSlis sazogadoebis arainformirebu-loba zemoT xsenebuli sakiTxis mimarT. sazogadoebam unda icodes Tura aris internet-bankingi, ra upiratesobebi gaaCnia mis gamoyenebas dadarwmunebuli unda iyos internet-bankingiT momsaxurebis usafrTxoe-baSi; Sesabamisad momsaxurebis anazRaureba unda iyos xelmisawvdomi;

internet-bankingis erT-erTi mTavari xibli aris bankis ofisebismaqsimaluri gantvirTva; gansakuTrebiT dRes, roca msoflio finansu-ri krizisis anareklebis gamo bankebma kadrebi Seamcires da maT ofi-sebSi klientTa rigebi ufro gaizarda. swored droa, internet-qselmagaumjobesos Tavisi momsaxurebis xarisxi da daainteresos bankis kli-entebi - dazogon dro da energia da isargeblon internet-bankingiT.

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1. l. qoqiauri - sabanko saqmis safuZvlebi, IIt. Tb. 2005w.2. saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis prezidentis 2003 wlis 12 ianvris

#135 brZaneba ,,saqarTvelos sabanko sistemaSi drois realurireJimSi angariSsworebis sistemis (RTGS) uqaRaldoteqnologiaze gadayvanis Sesaxeb".

3. Банковское дело. Авт.колл.под. ред. Г.Г.Коробовой М. Экономист, 2003,4. Жарковская Е.П. Банковское дело. М. Отега - Л. 2004.

internet misamarTebi:www.nbg.gov.gewww.tbc.bank.com.gewww.respublik.gewww.basisbank.gewww.bog.ge

r e z i u m e

internet-bankingis arsi da ganviTarebisperspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi

nana Sonia, nunu qiqoZe

bankis muSaobis efeqturoba da bazarze misi konkurentunarianobadidadaa damokidebuli axali sabanko produqtebisa da teqnologiebisdanergvaze. meoce saukunis dasasrulis aseT sabanko produqtswarmoadgens internet-bankingi, romelic internetis meSveobT emsaxure-ba bankis klients Sinidan gausvlelad. aRniSnuli pirvelad 1995 welsgamoCnda Security First Network Bank -is wyalobiT. amJamad msoflioSi 300-ze meti banki sTavazobs Tavis klientebs srulfasovan internet-serviss, maT Soris saqarTveloSi funqcionirebadi bankebic, magram,,srulfasovan momsaxurebas~ ver davarqmevT maT saqmianobas ammimarTulebiT, rac internet-qselis gaumarTavi muSaobiT aris ganpiro-bebuli, garda amisa, Cvens qveyanaSi internet-bankingis ganviTarebasxels uSlis sazogadoebis arainformirebuloba zemoT xsenebulisakiTxis mimarT. sazogadoebam unda icodes Tu ra aris internet-bankingi, ra upiratesobebi gaaCnia mis gamoyenebas da darwmunebuliunda iyos internet-bankingiT momsaxurebis usafrTxoebaSi. Sesabamisadmomsaxurebis anazRaurebac xelmisawvdomi unda iyos.

internet-bankingis erT-erTi mTavari xibli aris bankis ofisebismaqsimaluri gantvirTva, gansakuTrebiT dRes, roca msoflio finansu-ri krizisis anareklebis gamo bankebma kadrebi Seamcires da maTofisebSi klientTa rigebi ufro gazarda. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebeliamisi mTeli rigi upiratesobebi:

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- drois ekonomia, rac nebismier sameurneo subieqts haeriviTsWirdeba;

- unaRdo angariSsworebis nebismieri formis Seuferxebeli gan-xorcieleba angariSis mflobeli piradi monawileobis gareSe.

Cveni azriT aucilebelia saqarTveloSi komerciulma bankebma dainternet-qselma erToblivi ZalebiT daZlion internet-bankingiT momsa-xurebis usafrTxoebasa da eleqtronul-cifrul xelmowerasTan dakav-Sirebuli problemebi.

S U M M A R Y

ESSENCE AND DEVELOPING PERSPECTIVES OFINTERNET-BANKING IN GEORGIA

NANA SHONIA, NUNU KIKODZE

The efficiency of the bank and its competitiveness on the market greatly depends onimplementation of new products and technologies. Such type of product of late 20th century isinternet banking that provides a service to customers through internet without leaving theirhomes. It was first introduced by Security First Network Bank in 1995. Nowadays more than300 banks offer full internet service to the clients and there are Georgian functioning banksamong them as well. However, the service is far from being ‘perfect’. The main problem isdefective functioning of internet network. Besides, the development of internet banking in ourcountry is hindered by the lack of informativity among the society members. Society shouldbe aware of main concepts of internet banking, advantages of its use and definitely sure ofcertain security matters. Moreover, the cost of the service must be affordable.

The main attraction of internet banking is the ability to make bank offices lessovercrowded especially in the period of world’s financial crisis when banks are reducing staffnumbers and the queues in the banks are becoming longer. In addition, certain advantages ofinternet banking are to be taken into consideration:

- possibility to save time, a very important factor for every economic unit;- ability to make any form of regular noncash payments without direct participation of

account holder;It is necessary that commercial banks and internet networks in Georgia with their united

forces solve problems of internet banking services in terms of security and electronic-digitalsignature.

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Р Е З Ю М Е

СУТЬ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ ИНТЕРНЕТ-БАНКИНГА В ГРУЗИИ

НАНА ШОНИА, НУНУ КИКОДЗЕ

Эффективная работа банка и его конкурентность на рынке во многом зависят отвнедрения новых банковских продуктов и технологий. Таким банковским продуктомконца ХХ столетия является интернет-банкинг, который посредством интернетапозволяет обслуживать клиента без выхода из дома. Такое впервые появилось спомощью Security First Network Bank-а. В настоящее время более трёхсот банков вмире предлагают своим клиентам полноценный интернет-сервис, в том числе ифункционирующие в Грузии банки. Но их деятельность в этом направлении нельзяназвать «полноценным обслуживанием», что вызвано неисправной работой интернет-сети. Кроме этого, в нашей стране развитию интернет-банкинга мешает неинформиро-ванность общественности по вышеупомянутому вопросу. Общественность должназнать что такое интернет-банкинг, какие преимущества даёт его применение. Онадолжна быть уверена в безопасности обслуживания интернет-банкингом. Соответстве-нно и оплата обслуживания должна быть доступной.

Одной из главных прелестей интернет-банкинга является максимальная разгрузкабанковских офисов, особенно сегодня, когда из-за мирового финансового кризисабанки сократили кадры и очереди клиентов в их офисах стали длиннее. Ктому же надоучесть целый ряд его преимуществ:

- экономия времени, что как воздух необходимо каждому хозяйственномусубъекту;

- бесперебойное осуществление любой формы безналичного расчёта безличного участия владельца счёта.

С нашей точки зрения необходимо, чтобы в Грузии коммерческие банки иинтернет-сети совместными усилиями преодолели проблемы связанные с безопаснос-тью обслуживания интернет-банкингом и электронно-цифровой подпиской.

142

sasaqonlo niSani _ saqonlis savizito baraTi

nino orjonikiZe

ssip goris universitetis sruli profesori,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori

giorgi yaziSvili

ssip goris universitetis maswavlebeli,aspiranturis kursdamTavrebuli

saqonlisaTvis sasaqonlo niSnis miniWebis praqtikam ganviTarebisgarkveuli gza ganvlo. adreul periodSi saqonelTa umravlesobaiyideboda samarko saxelwodebis gareSe, meore msoflio omis Semdegki imdenad gafarTovda samarko saxelwodebebis miniWebis kampania, romdReisaTvis ganviTarebul qveynebSi TiTqmis arc erTi saqoneli arrealizdeba bazarze samarko saxelwodebis gareSe.

sasaqonlo niSani aris originalurad gaformebuli grafikuligamosaxuleba, originaluri dasaxeleba, cifrebis, asoebis an sityvebisgansazRvruli wyoba, romelsac sawarmo aniWebs Tavis nakeTobas.`sasaqonlo niSani dadgenili wesiT registrirebuli gamosaxva, simbo-likaa, romelic SesaZlebels xdis, rom mocemuli firmis saqoneliganvasxvavoT sxva firmis saqonlisagan. am niSanTan erTad gamoiyenebasavaWro marka safirmo niSnis saxiT _ rogorc simbolo imisaTvis, romaRiniSnos ara erTi, aramed mocemuli firmis yvela saqoneli. sasa-qonlo niSnis mflobels aqvs misi gamoyenebis gansakuTrebuli ufleba,romelic daculia kanoniT~.9

Tavdapirvelad ramdenime sityviT SevexoT sasaqonlo markebiswarmoSobis istorias. sagnebis aRniSvna maTze niSnebis amowvis gziTcnobilia jer kidev uxsovari droidan. Sua saukuneebSi savaWro dasaxelosno saamqroebi aRniSvnebs ukeTebdnen TavianT produqcias imsurviliT, rom momxmareblisaTvis mudmivi xarisxis garantia miecaT.evropuli markis prototipi warmoiSva samomxmareblo saqonliTwvrilmovaWreTa wreSi inglisisa da Sotlandiis teritoriaze. vinmeTomas liptoni, romlic Tavisi Cais saukeTeso xarisxiT iyo cnobili,amzadebda sakveb produqtebs qalaqis gareubnebis macxovreblebisaTvis,romlebsac axvevda qaRaldSi sakuTari gvaris aRniSvniT. mwarmoeblebimxolod 1850 wels mividnen im daskvnamde, rom gacilebiT ukeTesi dahigienuria miewodos bazarze zogierTi saqoneli SefuTviT, vidre misgareSe. SefuTvebze daiwyes mimzidveli niSnebis ganTavseba. swored amperiodSi Cndeba bazarze gamyidvelTa pirveli markebi.

sasaqonlo niSani warmoadgens samrewvelo sakuTrebis erT-erTsaxes, romelic ganmtkicebulia parizis 1883 wlis konvenciiT.

9 ekonomikuri leqsikoni, prof. a. silagaZis xelmZRvanelobiT, Tbilisisuniversitetis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2001, gv. 486

143

aRniSnul konvenciasTan erTad savaWro niSnis uflebebs icavs 1981wlis madridis konvenciac sasaqonlo niSnis saerTaSorisoregistraciis Sesaxeb. aRsaniSnavia, rom pirveli saerTaSoriso sasa-qonlo registracia 1893 wels ganaxorciela Sveicarulma Sokoladismwarmoebelma Russ Suchard et Cie (amJamad brendi aRar arsebobs). amavewels Sveicarulma saaTebis mwarmoebelma daaregistrira niSaniLongines, romelic axlac popularulia.

sasaqonlo niSani saqonelze pasuxismgeblobis simboloa,romelic aRniSnavs Tu vis ekuTvnis gansakuTrebuli ufleba gankargosmocemuli saqoneli, miiRos mogeba, magram amasTan erTad ikisrospasuxismgebloba uxarisxo saqonlis miwodebis SemTxvevaSi. sasaqonloniSnis ZiriTadi funqcia sarealizacio saqonlis maRali xarisxisdamowmebaa, misi daniSnulebaa gamoiwvios myidvelis ndoba sasaqonloniSnis mflobelis kargi reputaciis saSualebiT. markebis gamoyenebaxels uwyobs firmis imijis formirebas momxmareblis TvalSi. asemagaliTad, VOLVO _ es aris marka, romelic momxmarebelSi asocir-deba usafrTxoebasTan.

sasaqonlo niSani warmoadgens im safuZvels, romelsac eyrdnobareklama, magram imavdroulad TviTon sasaqonlo niSani Tavisi myarifunqcionirebisaTvis, Tavis mxriv, saWiroebs reklamas. reklama mowo-debulia momxmarebelTa SegnebaSi ganamtkicos sasaqonlo markisgrafikuli simbolo. sasaqonlo niSnebi (savaWro markebi) farTodaareklamirebuli. bevr maTgans ki mravalwliani istoria aqvs. magaliTadKodak-is sasaqonlo niSani 1879 wlidan reklamirdeba, Coca-Cola ki _ 1893wlidan da sxv.

udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba sasaqonlo niSnis registracias.sasaqonlo marka, samarko saxelwodeba da samarko niSani iuridiuladver daicaven saqonels konkurentebis mxridan gamoyenebisagan, Tu armoxda maTi, rogorc sasaqonlo niSnis registracia. samomxmareblobazarze ufro konkurentunariania sasaqonlo niSnis mqone saqoneli,vidre analogiuri araregistrirebuli saqoneli. registraciisaRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba wreSi gamosaxuli aso R. amasTan registri-rebuli samarko saqoneli iyideba 15-25 %-iT ufro Zvirad, vidrearasamarko. registracia aucilebelia licenziis gayidvis Tvalsaz-risiTac. aRniSnulidan gamomdinareobs, rom sasaqonlo niSans aqvsudidesi ekonomikuri mniSvneloba da TiTqos warmoadgens sakuTrebisavtonomiur faseul obieqts, romlis Rirebuleba msxvili kompaniebi-saTvis ganisazRvreba milionobiTa da miliardobiT dolaris odenobi-Tac ki.

mwarmoebels, romelmac miiRo gadawyvetileba awarmoos saqonlisnawili samarko niSniT, SeuZlia moaxdinos misi realizacia samiZiriTadi gziT:

1. bazarze uSualod sakuTari markiT gasvlis saSualebiT;2. miyidos saqoneli Suamavals, ufleba misces mas mianiWos

`kerZo~ marka, romelsac Suamavlis, distriburoris, dilerismarkasac uwodeben;

3. gayidos saqonlis nawili sakuTari, danarCeni ki kerZomarkebiT.

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samarko saxelwodebis miniWeba SeiZleba sxvadasxva gziTYgadaw-ydes:

_ individualuri samarko dasaxelebebi (saxelwodebebi). ampraqtikiT sargeblobs, magaliTad amerikuli firma `proqter endgembl~ (awarmoebs sarecx fxvnilebs `taidi~, `Caidi~ da sxv.).

_ erTiani samarko saxelwodeba yvela saqonlisaTvis. am xerxsmimarTaven firmebi: `jeneral eleqtriki~, `hainci~.

_ koleqtiuri samarko saxelwodebebi erTi jgufis saqonli-saTvis. am xerxs iyenebs firma `sirsi~ (awarmoebs eleqtrosayofac-xovrebo saqonels `kenmori~, qalis tansacmels `kerri-bruki~ da sxv.);

_ firmis savaWro saxelwodeba saqonlis individualur markebTanSerwymiT. am meTods iyenebs magaliTad firma `kelogi~, romelicawarmoebs qiSmiSs _ `kelogs reizin bren~, xraSuna brinjs _ `kelogsreis krispis~.

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani pirobaa sasaqonlo niSnis saxelwodebisSerCeva. pirveli savaWro niSnebi Seesatyviseboda firmis mflobelisgvars. magaliTad, Philips, Siemens, Rolls Royce da sxvebi. markad SeiZlebaiyos abstraqtuli dasaxeleba an misi Serwyma gvarTan (Ford Sierra),saxeli (Mercedes) an Semoklebuli dasaxeleba (FIAT- Fabbrica ItalianoAutomobili Torino; BMW- Bayerische Motor Werke da a.S.). firmis an produqciisdasaxelebis (saxelwodebis) SerCevisas, romelic msoflio bazrisTvi-saa gankuTvnili mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli enobrivi aspeqtic:Tu ras niSnavs Cveni saxelwodeba sxva qveynebSi. Tavis drozealkoholuri sasmelebis iaponelma mwarmoebelma bazarze danergaviski saxelwodebiTYBlack Nikka, rac miuRebeli aRmoCnda im sazogado-ebisaTvis, sadac rasobrivi diskriminaciis problema arsebobs (maga-liTad, amerikis bazrisaTvis, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT am sityvebs _`Savi zangi~). moviyvanT kidev erT magaliTs: firma `General Motors~-isSevrole `NOVA~ puerto-rikoSi cudad iyideboda, mizezi ki is iyo,rom sityva `NOVA~ (no va) iq niSnavda àr dadis~. markis saxelwodebisSerCevisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom uaryofiTi asociacia potenciurmyidvelebSi amcirebs SeZenis survils.

rac Seexeba sasaqonlo niSnis samarTlebriv regulirebas Tana-medrove pirobebSi, dReisaTvis maTi samarTlebrivi dacva xorcieldebaukve msoflios 160-ze met qveyanaSi, amasTan 90-ze met qveyanaSi kanonisdoneze. sazRvargareTis bazrebze momuSave mwarmoeblebs andistributorebs SeuZliaT savaWro markebis registrireba JenevaSisaerTaSoriso saregistracio biuroSi (WIPO- World Intellectual PropertyOrganization _ inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis dacvis msoflio organiza-cia) imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyofili iyos sakuTari markis dacvasamarTlebrivad mTels msoflioSi. WIPO-is Tanaxmad 2007 welssavaWro niSnebis daregistrirebaze rekorduli ganacxadebi iqna miRe-buli - sul 156.1 aTasi, rac 4.7 % aRemateba 2006 wlis maCvenebels.

saqarTveloSi 1999 wlidan moqmedebs kanoni `sasaqonlo niSnebisSesaxeb~, romelic awesrigebs sasaqonlo, momsaxurebisa da koleqtiuriniSnebis registraciasTan, dacvasTan, agreTve maT gamoyenebasTandakavSirebul urTierTobebs.

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2007 wels saqarTveloSi 6 sasaqonlo niSnis ganacxadi gakeTda.saerTaSoriso sasaqonlo niSanze ganacxadis ganxorcielebisasganmcxadebelma unda daasaxelos is qveynebi, sadac survili aqvs, romdaculi iyos misi sasaqonlo niSani.

udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba samamulo warmoebis produqciisSesaZlo falsifikaciisagan Tavidan acilebis RonisZiebaTa SemuSaveba-gatarebas. amis magaliTad SeiZleba davasaxeloT Rvinisa da alkoho-luri sasmelebis cnobili kompania GWS, romelmac falsifikaciisTavidan asacileblad ramdenime wlis win gansakuTrebukli savaWroniSnebis e. w. `Brand Name~_is gamoyeneba daiwyo. kompaniis mier warmoe-buli yvela markis Rvino ori aseTi savaWro niSniT aRiniSneboda`Tamada~ da `Zveli Tbilisi~. Rvinis konkretuli marka etiketebze amsavaWro niSnebis qveS aris miTiTebuli.

produqciis falsifikaciisagan Tavidan acilebisa da misivargisianobis damadasturebel saSualebas warmoadgens agreTve sasa-qonlo Strix-kodi. SefuTvaze (etiketebze) xSirad SegxvedriaT verti-kaluri Savi zolebis mwkrivi cifrebiT. Ees Strix-kodia, romelicmoicavs gansazRvrul informacias produqciis Sesaxeb da iSifrebakompiuteris saSualebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleli eqspertebisSefasebiT dReisaTvis saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi qaRaldisdokumentebis damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi Seadgenssaqonlis fasis 3,5-dan 15%-mde. Strix-kodebis gamoyeneba ki aRniSnuldanaxarjebs 0,5-3%-mde amcirebs.

pirvelad produqciis aseTi numeraciis idea aSS-Si, 1970-ianiwlebis dasawyisSi dainerga. 1977 wels Seiqmna nawarmis numeraciisevropuli asociacia EAN (European Article Numbering). swored EAN-iskodebs vxvdebiT umetesad produqciaze.

msoflioSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli koduri sistemebia EAN-13 (13cifriani) da EAN-8 (8 cifriani; pirvelis Semoklebuli varianti). arissxva sistemebic (magaliTad ITF).

kodis pirveli ori an pirveli sami cifri miuTiTebs qveyanas,sadac saqonelia damzadebuli. magaliTad, Tu kodi iwyeba cifriT 869,maSin produqcia TurqeTSia damzadebuli; Tu 50-iT, maSin did brita-neTSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos ukve sakuTari Strix-kodi aqvs486, romelsac vxvdebiT samamulo warmoebis produqciaze. 1996 wlisianvarSi daarsebuli erovnuli organizacia ÈAN saqarTvelo~ imavewlis 10 maiss generalur asambleaze q. lisabonSi miRebul iqnasaerTaSoriso asociaciis wevrad da amave periodidan Cvens qveyanasukve sakuTari sasaqonlo Strix-kodi gaaCnia. amdenad, Tu SefuTvazekodi 486-iT iwyeba, maSin produqcia saqarTveloSia damzadebuli (ix.cxrili 1).

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cxrili 1 qveynebis sasaqonlo kodebi

qveyana kodi qveyana kodiaSS da kanada 00-09 israeli 729safrangeTi 30-37 Svecia 73bulgareTi 380 gvatemala,

hondurasi, panama,kostarika

740-745

slovenia 383 meqsika 750xorvatia 385 venesuela 759germania 400-440 Sveicaria 76ruseTi da dsT 460-469 kolumbia 770latvia 4605 urugvai 773taivani 471 peru 775saqarTvelo 486 argentina 779honkongi 489 Cile 780iaponia 45-49 ekvadori 785didi britaneTi 50 brazilia 789saberZneTi 520 italia 80-83kviprosi 529 espaneTi 84malta 535 kuba 850irlandia 539 CexeTi, slovakeTi 859belgia, daluqsemburgi

54 iugoslavia 860

portugalia 560 TurqeTi 869islandia 569 niderlandebi 87dania 57 samxreT korea 880poloneTi 590 tailandi 885ungreTi 599 singapuri 888tunisi 619 avstria 90-91fineTi 64 avstralia 93CineTi 690 axali zelandia 94norvegia 70 malaizia 995

kodis Semdegi xuTi cifri (an oTxi, imasTan dakavSirebiT, Turamdencifriania qveynis kodi) damamzadeblis (mewarmis) kodia (EAN-8sistemaSi mas Seesabameba Semdegi ori cifri). danarCeni eqvsi cifridanpirveli xuTi uSualod saqonlis kodia (8 cifrian kodSi _ 3 cifri).misi gaSifvriT saqonelmcodneebs warmodgena eqmnebaT saqonliszomaze, wonasa da ferze. bolo cifri sakontrolo cifria. misisaSualebiT mowmdeba saqonlis kodi namdvilia Tu yalbi. am cifrismixedviT kodi SeiZleba Semdegi martivi meTodiTac SeamowmoT: vTqvaTmocemulia kodi 4000508082504 (EAN-13). jer vajamebT am kodSi luwadgilebze mdgom cifrebs. miRebul ricxvs vamravlebT samze, SemdegvajamebT kent adgilebze mdgom cifrebs (sakontrolo cifris garda).miRebul ricxvs vumatebT luw adgilebze mdgomi cifrebis jamis samzenamravlis Sedegs. aqedan gamovyoT aTeulebi, darCenili erTeulebi

147

unda gamovakloT cifr 10-s. miRebuli ricxvi unda Seesabamebodessakontrolo cifrs, rac niSnavs, rom es kodi namdvilia da ara yalbi.

amrigad, yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZliadavaskvnaT, rom sasaqonlo niSnebis gamoyenebas biznesSi udidesimniSvneloba eniWeba. dReisaTvis samomxmareblo bazarze SeuZlebeliaproduqciis realizacia sasaqonlo niSnebisa da Sesabamisi Strix-kodebis gareSe. aTeul welze metia saqarTvelos sakuTari sasaqonloStrix-kodi gaaCnia, rasac didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Cveni qveynisekonomikisa da samamulo warmoebis ganviTarebisa da gafarToebisaTvis.



1. d. Sonia, marketingi, Tb., 2006.2. marketingi, saxelmZRvanelo, prof. g. SublaZis redaqciiT, Tb.,

1999;3. ekonomikuri leqsikoni, prof. a. silagaZis xelmZRvanelobiT,

Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb., 2001;4. saqarTvelos kanoni `sasaqonlo niSnebis Sesaxeb~;5. gazeTi `bankebi da finansebi~, #57, 2000;6. gazeTi `saojaxo sakiTxavi~, #2 (7), 1998;7. gazeTi `kviris palitra~, #35 (72), 1996;8. Маркетинг, Под ред. Романова А.Н., Учебник, М., 1996;9. В.И. Сергеев, Логистика в бизнесе, Учебник., М., 2001;10. Журнал «Маркетинг», Урок 9-10, М., 1997;11. Ф.Г. Панкратов, Т.К. Серегина, Кммерческая деятельность, Учебник, М.,

2000;12. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Seventh edition, Oxford University Press,

200613. http://www.metrogeorgia.ge/index.php?cid=8&rid=394

r e z i u m e

sasaqonlo niSani _ saqonlis savizito baraTi

nino orjonikiZe, giorgi yaziSvili

saqonlisaTvis sasaqonlo niSnis miniWebis praqtikam ganviTarebisgarkveuli gza ganvlo. adreul periodSi saqonelTa umravlesobaiyideboda samarko saxelwodebis gareSe, meore msoflio omis Semdegki imdenad gafarTovda samarko saxelwodebebis miniWebis kampania, romdReisaTvis ganviTarebul qveynebSi TiTqmis arc erTi saqoneli arrealizdeba bazarze samarko saxelwodebis gareSe.

http://www.metrogeorgia.ge/index.php?cid=8&rid=394

148

sasaqonlo niSani dadgenili wesiT registrirebuli simbolikaa,romelic SesaZlebels xdis, rom mocemuli firmis saqoneliganvasxvavoT sxva firmis saqonlisagan.

naSromSi ganxilulia sasaqonlo niSnis arsi, misi warmoSobisada ganviTarebis istoria, roli da mniSvneloba Tanamedrove biznesSi.warmodgenilia calkeuli qveynebis sasaqonlo kodebi. mocemulia Ziri-Tadi problemebis gadaWris avtorTa xedva da rekomendaciebi.

S U M M A R Y

TRADE MARK - THE GOODS CARD

NINO ORJONIKIDZE, GIORGI KAZISHVILI

Practice of assignment of a trade mark has passed a certain way of developments. Inan early period the majority of the goods have sold without marks and after the Second WorldWar campaign assignment of branded names have extended so, that now in the developedcountries the goods are not realized at the market without marks. The trade mark is theregistered symbolics which gives the chance to us to distinguish the goods of the given firmfrom others.

In the given work there are discussed the meaning of trade mark, history of its originand development, a role and value in modern business. In work is presented commodity codesof the separate countries. In work is presented authors’ vision of the basic problems and therecommendation about their permission.

Р Е З Ю М Е

ТОВАРНЫЙ ЗНАК - ВИЗИТНАЯ КАРТОЧКА ТОВАРА

НИНО ОРДЖОНИКИДЗЕ, ГИОРГИ КАЗИШВИЛИ

Практика присвоения товарного знака прошел определенный путь развитий. Враннем периоде большинство товаров продовали без марок, а после второй мировойвойны кампания присвоения марочных наименований так расширилась, что теперь вразвитых странах почти не реализуется товар без марочных наименований.

Товарный знак - это зарегистрированная символика, которая дает намвозможность различить товар данной фирмы от других.

В данной работе рассмотрены сущность товарного знака, история еепроисхождения и развития, роль и значение в современном бизнесе. В работепредставлены штриховые товарные коды отдельных стран. В труде представленоавторское видение основных проблем и рекомендации по их разрешению.

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informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis roliekonomistebis momzadebis procesSi

Tamar makasaraSvili

ssip goris universitetis asocirebuli profesori,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori

lia nadiraZe

ssip goris universitetis maswavlebeli

sazogadoebis informatizaciis ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa axali in-formaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis SesaZleblobebis gamoye-neba saqmianobis yvela sferoSi, kompiuteruli wignierebis gavrceleba,momavali specialistebis momzadeba komfortuli cxovrebisaTvis.

informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis danergva adamianissaqmianobis yvela sferoSi mniSvnelovnad cvlis da axal moTxovnebswarmoSobs Tanamedrove specialistebis momzadebis procesSi, umaRlesiskolis winaSe mTeli rigi seriozuli amocanebis gadaWris aucileb-lobas moiTxovs. maT Soris erT-erTi mniSvnelovania ekonomikis sulufro mzardi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba kompiuteruli teqnikismcodne maRalkvalificiuri specialistebiT.

amasTan dakavSirebiT umaRles saswavleblebSi specialistebis mom-zadebis procesSi sul ufro didi mniSvneloba eniWeba informaciuliteqnologiebis, kompiuteruli sistemebisa da qselebis, sxva specialu-ri sagnebis swavlebas. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba studentebSikompiuterTan muSaobis unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas, profesiul saqmia-nobaSi kompiuteris gamoyenebis aTvisebas.

saswavlo procesis informatizacia qmnis winapirobas praqtikaSipedagogikuri xasiaTis Sromebis farTod danergvisaTvis, romlebicuzrunvelyofen faqtobrivi codnis meqanikuri aTvisebidan axalimasalis damoukidebel aTvisebaze gadasvlas; eqsperimentebis mecnieru-li donis amaRlebas maTi organizaciis formebisa da meTodebis Sesas-wavli mecnierebis kvleviT-eqsperimentalur meTodebTan miaxloebismeSveobiT; uzrunvelyofen informaciasTan muSaobis Tanamedrove meTo-debis gamoyenebas, saswavlo saqmianobis inteleqtualizacias.

saswavlo procesSi informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebisgamoyenebis miznebia:

_ studentis SemoqmedebiTi potencialis ganviTareba; komunikaciu-ri moqmedebebis unaris ganviTareba; kvleviT-eqsperimentaluri saqmia-nobis codnis ganviTareba; saswavlo saqmianobis kulturis ganviTareba.

_ saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis yvela donis intensifikacia,misi efeqturobisa da xarisxis amaRleba.

_ Tanamedrove sazogadoebis realizacia (specialistebis momzade-ba informatikisa da kompiuteruli teqnikis sferoSi; Tanamedrove kom-

150

piuteruli saSualebebis momxmareblis momzadeba; sakomunikacio qse-lebiT sargeblobis praqtikuli unar-Cvevebis gamomuSaveba).

saswavlo procesSi informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebisgamoyenebisas aucilebelia:

_studentis momzadebis sawyisi donisa da kompiuterTan urTier-TobisaTvis misi motivirebuli mzadyofnis gaTvaliswineba;

_pedagogiuri zemoqmedebis Sedegebis prognozireba, gansazRvraimisa, Tu ra saxis codna da unar-Cvevebi SeiZleba SeiZinos studentma,ra saxis zemoqmedebas moaxdens masze kompiuterTan urTierToba da amzemoqmedebis mizanSewoniloba;

_saswavlo masalis miwodebisas variantebis arsebobis uzrunvel-yofa (aRweriTi, axsna-ganmartebiTi, problemuri da a.S.);

_swavlebis procesisadmi SemoqmedebiTi da saqmianobiTi midgomisuzrunvelyofa;

_studentis winsvlis etapobrivi dakvirvebis SesaZleblobisgaTvaliswineba.

informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebisas saer-To teqnikuri xasiaTis moTxovnebTan erTad aucilebelia fsiqologi-ur-pedagogiuri xasiaTis moTxovnebis gaTvaliswineba.

aseTi saxis moTxovnebia:1. reaqciuloba;2. megobruloba;3. adeqvaturoba;4. adaptireba.reaqciuloba iTvaliswinebs kompiuterTan dialogis procesSi

kompiuteris swraf reaqcias studentis moqmedebebze, igi unda emTxve-odes reaqcias ori mosaubris erTmaneTTan dialogis dros.

megobruloba gamoixateba replikebis garkveulobasa da taqtikuro-baSi, dabrkolebebis arsebobisas kompiuteris mxridan daxmarebis miRe-bis SesaZleblobaSi.

adeqvaturobis principi moiTxovs mocemul saskolo saganSi, labo-ratoriul-praqtikul mecadineobebSi konkretuli saswavlo saqmiano-bis Sinaarsis srul Sesabamisobas kompiuteris mier realizebul ope-raciaTa sistemasTan.

adaptireba ki warmoadgens moTxovnas, romelic dakavSirebuliakompiuteris muSaobis morgebasTan studentis individualuri SesaZleb-lobebis mimarT.

informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebisas ara-tradiciuli pirobebi Txoulobs kompiuterTan dialogis guldasmiTagebas, saswavlo kursebis agebisa da gamoyenebis meTodikis damuSave-bas. pirvel rigSi, aucilebelia saswavlo kursis zogadi struqturisSemuSaveba im Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic gaaCniakursis realizaciisaTvis gamoyenebul programul saSualebebs.

informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis mniSvnelovanimomentia studentis codnis Semowmeba.

informaciul da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebisas gaTva-liswinebulia masalis gacnobis xarisxis Semowmeba, studentis miermasalis damaxsovrebis Semowmeba. gamoiyofa codnis Semdegi komponen-

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tebi: fasdeba masalis aTviseba, mowmdeba studentis damoukidebeliazrovnebis unari, kiTxvis dakonkretebis unari, amoxsnis sworadCaweris codna. tipebis mixedviT kiTxvebi iyofa oTx jgufad. esenia:

_kiTxvebi terminebis sworad Caweris Sesaxeb;_kiTxva_amocanebi;_kiTxva_savarjiSoebi moqmedebebis avtomaturobis, garkveuli

Cvevebis gamomuSavebis mizniT;_davalebebi miRebuli codnis ganzogadebis mizniT.kiTxvebi aigeba ise, rom Seasrulos ara mxolod sakontrolo, ara-

med sainformacio funqciac. kiTxvebis arsebuli sistemisaTvis saWiroapasuxebis SerCeva, romlebic SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT davajgufoT:

_konstruirebuli pasuxi_termini, raodenobrivi daxasiaTeba, wina-dadeba mkacrad gansazRvruli formiT;

_pasuxi „diax“, “ara“_tipis, „sworia“_“araa swori“;_pasuxis amorCeva pasuxebis CamonaTvalidan;_gamotovebuli gamonaTqvamis aRdgena.aseTi pasuxebis gaanalizeba SesaZlebelia kompiuterebis daxmare-

biT, rTuli maTematikur-lingvisturi meTodebis gamoyenebis gareSe.pasuxebis yvelaze martivi klasifikaciaa maTi dayofa swor, ara-

swor da nawilobrivad swor pasuxebad. sworia iseTi pasuxebi, romle-bic ama Tu im niSnebiT calsaxad Seesabameba sistemaSi gaTvaliswine-bul etalons. arasworad iTvleba pasuxebi, romlebic Seicavs tipiurSecdomebs da ar Seesabameba kiTxvas. am SemTxvevaSi sistemaSi saWiroayvela tipiuri Secdomis gaTvaliswineba da Sesabamisi replikebismomzadeba. nawilobrivad swori pasuxebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba Sec-doma daSvebuli iyos pasuxis akrefisas an pasuxi arasworad iyosformulirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa pasuxis xelaxali akrefa.pasuxebis aseTi klasifikacia saSualebas iZleva amaRldes saswavlokursis adaptaciis unari. Tu fragmentis masala Zneli araa, arasworpasuxebze komentarebs ganmarteba-miTiTebis saxe aqvs. aseTi komentare-bis gacnobis Semdeg studenti akrefs swor pasuxs da gadadis Semdegfragmentze an kiTxvaze.

studentsa da kompiuters Soris dialoguri interfeisis efeqturo-bisaTvis saWiroa, rom studentisaTvis is iyos moxerxebuli da buneb-rivi. dialoguri interfeisis organizaciis yvelaze ufro gavrcele-buli formebia:

_“meniu“, romelic students saSualebas aZlevs sistemis mierSemoTavazebuli moqmedebebis nakrebidan amoirCios erT-erTi;

_“Sablonis Sevseba“, uzrunvelyofs informaciis Setanas SesabamisiformatiT, magaliTad, cxrilis formiT;

_“kiTxva_pasuxi“, uzrunvelyofs sistemisa da studentis dialogisprocesSi amonaxsnis mizanmimarTul Ziebas.

dialogis marTvis funqciis ganawilebis mixedviT ganasxvavebendialogis Semdeg reJimebs: “wamyvani_kompiuteri“, „wamyvani_adamiani“,„Tanabaruflebiani partniorebi“.

pirveli reJimis SemTxvevaSi kompiuteri specialuri SetyobinebisdaxmarebiT miuTiTebs students dialogis SesaZlo mimarTulebebs,mimarTulebas ki irCevs TviTon moswavle. aseT reJimSi muSaoba

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mizanSewonilia SedarebiT naklebi momzadebis donis mqone an damwyebistudentebisaTvis. dialogis aseTi formis organizaciisTvis saWiroaoperatiuli mexsierebis an gare mexsierebis didi moculoba dawvri-lebiTi Setyobinebebis SenaxvisaTvis. am Setyobinebebis gamoZaxebisTvissaWiroa mniSvnelovani dro, gansakuTrebiT mimdevrobiTi dialoguriSetyobinebebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

meore reJimi iTvaliswinebs dialogis Tanmimdevrobis formirebasstudentis mier. miTiTebuli procedurebis Sesruleba da SedegebisSetyobineba ki ekisreba kompiuters. aseTi reJimi mizanSewonilia maRa-li moswrebis mqone da gamocdili studentebisaTvis, romlebmac kar-gad ician sistemis funqciebi da dialogis yovel nabijze dawvri-lebiTi miTiTebebi ar sWidebaT. „Tanabaruflebiani partniorebi“-sreJimSi muSaobisas marTvis funqciebs asrulebs studenti an kompi-uteri imisda mixedviT, Tu ra saxis masalis damuSavebaa saWiro.

kompiuterebis gamoyeneba Zireulad cvlis saswavlo procesisstruqturas, erTian SemecnebiT procesSi aerTianebs swavlebis elemen-tebs, gamokvlevis meTodikis elementebs, teqnikur saSualebebsa dainformaciis Segrovebisa da analizis meTodebs. kompiuterebis gamoye-nebiT icvleba leqtoris funqciebic. leqtorisagan moiTxovebasaswavlo procesis optimaluri marTvisaTvis saWiro algoriTmebisSemuSaveba, kompiuteris, rogorc universaluri swavlebis saSualebis,muSaobis yvela SesaZlo funqciis calsaxad warmodgena.

kompiuteris efeqturad gamoyeneba moiTxovs azrovnebis garkveulistilis Camoyalibebas, specialuri unar_Cvevebis gamomuSavebas, racfarTo zogadsaganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobas iZens umaRles saswavleb-lebSi studentebis inteleqtisa da SesaZleblobebis formirebisas.

amrigad, informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyene-bisas saWiroa masalis aTvisebis meTodikis SerCeva, studentis sagnob-rivi unar-Cvevebis donis SerCeva, motivaciis sferos ganviTarebis do-nis SerCeva, TiToeuli studentis individualur-piraduli, fsiqofizi-ologiuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba. aRniSnuli principebis dac-viT saswavlo procesis organizacia moiTxovs pedagogebis, fsiqologe-bis, programistebisa da dizainerebis SeTanxmebul muSaobas.

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1. T. makasaraSvili, ganaTlebis sistemis kompiuterizaciismimarTulebebi, gamomcemloba “merani”, Tbilisi, 2007

2. ekonomikuri informatika, m. maRraZis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 20023. j. gojiaSvili, sainformacio teqnologiebis safuZvlebi,

Tbilisi, 20054. Изучение и использование вычислительной техники в учебном процессе

и управлении в вузе и школе. Омск, 19995. Савельев А.Я. Компьютеризация образования – необходимое условие

научно-технического прогресса, Совр. высш. школа, Варшава, 19976. Автоматизированные информационные технологии в экономике, Под.

ред. Титоренко. М. 2002

r e z i u m e

informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis roliekonomistebis momzadebis procesSi

Tamar makasaraSvili, lia nadiraZe

saswavlo procesSi informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologi-ebis gamoyenebam unda gamoiwvios ara swavlebis tradiciuli meTodebisugulebelyofa, aramed didaqtikuri efeqtis miRweva ukve aTvisebulida axali SesaZleblobebis erToblivi gamoyenebiT, iseTi pirobebisSeqmniT, romlebic xels uwyoben students, leqtorsa da kompiutersSoris warmoiqmnas da ganviTardes informaciul-saswavlo urTierTmoq-medebis procesebi. amasTan moxdes studentis SemecnebiTi aqtiurobisformireba im pirobiT, rom garemos komponentebi Seesabamebian garkve-uli saswavlo kursis sagnobriv Sinaarss.

kompiuteris efeqturad gamoyeneba moiTxovs azrovnebis garkveulistilis Camoyalibebas, specialuri unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas, racfarTo zogadsaganmanaTleblo mniSvnelobas iZens umaRles saswavleb-lebSi studentebis inteleqtisa da SesaZleblobebis formirebisas.

informaciuli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyenebisassaWiroa masalis aTvisebis meTodikis SerCeva, studentis sagnobriviunar-Cvevebis donis SerCeva, motivaciis sferos ganviTarebis donisSerCeva, TiToeuli studentis individualur-piraduli, fsiqofiziolo-giuri Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba.

aRniSnuli principebis dacviT saswavlo procesis organizaciamoiTxovs pedagogebis, fsiqologebis, programistebisa da dizainerebisSeTanxmebul muSaobas.

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S U M M A R Y

THE ROLE COMMUNICATIVE AND INFORMATIVE TECHNOLOGIESIN PREPARING OF ECONOMISTS

TAMAR MAKASARASHVILI, LIA NADIRADZE

Using communicative and informative technologies in educational process mustachieve to didactic effect using already mastered and new possibilities together. To make theconditions, which help the student in developing informative- educational processes betweenthe student and lecturer. The student’s cognitive activity must raize provided thatsorroundings are corresponding to the content of course of studies.

Using the computer effectivly demands to form the special style of thinking and tomake special skils.This fact has a wide general educational meaning in formation of intellectand possibilities of students.

During the using informative and communicative technologies we must choose:themethod of mastering, the level of student’s skils in different subjects, the level of motivationand we must fore see the individual and psycho-physiological originalities of each student.

Defending all this principles,organizing the educational process demands thecoordinated work of teachers, psychologists, programists and designers.

Р Е З Ю М Е

РОЛЬ ИНФОРМАЦИОННО-КОММУНИКАЦИОННЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙВ ПРОЦЕССЕ ПОДГОТОВКИ ЭКОНОМИСТОВ

ТАМАР МАКАСАРАШВИЛИ, ЛИА НАДИРАДЗЕ

Применение информационных и коммуникационных технологий в процессеподготовки экономистов вузе должно вызвать не отрицание традиционных методовучения, а достижение дидактического эфекта в взаимном применении уже усво-енных и новых возможностей. А также в создании таких условий, которыеспособствуют созданию и развитию информационно-учебных взаимодействующихпроцессов между студентом, учителем и компьютером.

При применении информационных и комуникационных технологий нужновыбрать методику усвоения материала, уровень предметного изучения, уровеньразвития мотивационной сферы с учётом индивидуально-личных, психофизиологи-ческих особенностей каждого студента.

Организация учебного процесса с учётом этих принципов требует от учите-лей, психологов, программистов и дизайнеров взаимной работы.

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arqiteqturuli ganaTlebis srulyofisaTvissaqarTvelos teqnikur universitetSi

goCa miqiaSvili

arqiteqturis doqtori,saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asocirebuli profesori

mzia milaSvili

arqiteqturis doqtori,saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori

boloniis procesSi CarTvas saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetisarqiteqturis, urbanistikis da dizainis fakultetze mTeli rigi siax-leebis danergva mohyva. am mimarTebiT garkveuli nabijebia gadadgmu-li. kerZod, amJamad stu-s arqiteqturis, urbanistikisa da dizainis fa-kultetze arqiteqturuli ganaTlebis Semdegi saganmanaTleblo prog-ramebi arsebobs: - umaRlesi profesiuli ganaTleba, bakalavriati,magistratura da doqtorantura.

umaRlesi profesiuli ganaTleba. amJamad arqiteqturis, urbanisti-kisa da dizainis fakultetze moqmedebs 2007 wels gaxsnili samSeneb-lo fakultetTan integrirebuli umaRlesi profesiuli ganaTlebisprograma – „arqiteqtura da samoqalaqo mSenebloba“, romelic moicavs2007-2009 saswavlo wlebs. saganmanaTleblo programis gavlis SemdgommisaniWebeli kvalifikaciaa - „arqiteqturisa da samoqalaqo mseneblo-bis diplomirebuli specialisti“.

aseve moqmedebs 2008 wls gaxsnili arqiteqturis urbanistikisa dadizainis fakultetis saganmanaTleblo programa - „arqiteqtura daqalaqTgegmareba“, romelic moicavs 2008-2010 saswavlo wlebs. saganma-naTleblo programis gavlis Semdgom misaniWebeli kvalifikaciaa-„arqiteqtrisa da qalaqTgegmarebis diplomirebuli specialisti“.

programis mizania: moamzados diplomirebuli specialisti „arqi-teqturis da qalaqTgegmarebis“ kvalifikaciiT saproeqto da samSeneb-lo saqmis safuZvlebis codniT, orientirebuli saproeqto da samSeneb-lo praqtikul saqmianobaze. Ddiplomirebuli specialisti unda mom-zaddes mokle droSi, bazris moTxovnebis Sesabamisi codniTa daunarebiT, aseve swrafi dasaqmebis maRali albaTobiT. myari bazisurimcodniTa da drois Sesatyvisi transferuli unarebiT aRWurvili dip-lomirebuli specialisti advilad SeZlebs dinamiurad cvlad garemo-Si orientirebas. diplomirebuli specialisti unda momzaddes misi ar-Cevanisa da saganmanaTleblo programis struqturis Sesabamisad. Amas-Tan, saganmanaTleblo programiT unda momzaddes specialisti, romel-sac miRebuli codna, misi survilis SemTxvevaSi, saSualebas miscems,saWiro proceduris gavliT, swavla gaagrZelos Semdgomi, ufro maRa-li donis saganmanaTleblo programaze da ganaxorcielos ganaTlebismiReba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze.

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programis aTvisebis Sedegad kursdamTavrebuls unda SeeZlos:samSeneblo naxazebis /arqiteqturuli, konstruqciuli, Siga da gareqselebis da sxva/wakiTxva;

eskizebis safuZvelze samuSao naxazis Sesruleba grafikuladda/an Sesabamisi kompiuteruli programebis saSualebiT;

SenobaTa da nagebobaTa naxazebis mixedviT adgilze dakvalva;

calkeuli umartivesi konstruqciuli elementebis gaangariSeba;

saproeqto teritoriis an sarekonstruqcio Senobis arqiteqtu-ruli azomva;

daproeqtebuli Senobis maketis Sesruleba, sivrculi fotogra-fireba da proeqtirebasTan dakavSirebuli foto da video masa-lebis momzadeba;

qalaqgegmarebiTi proeqtis wakiTxva;

winasaproeqto socialuri kvlevis Catareba da masaliskompiuteruli damuSaveba.

logikuri azrovneba, problemis /amocanis gacnobiereba, Camoya-libeba, profesiul kontaqstSi misi gdaWris saSualebisgaazreba;

konkretuli teqnikuri problemis analizi;

profesiuli literaturidan da sxva wyaroebidan Sesabamisiteqnikuri informaciis moZieba da interpretireba;

sainformacio da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gamoyeneba;

gunduri muSaoba;

avtonomiurad muSaoba da pasuxismgebloba jgufis mier Sesru-lebul samuSaoze; M

efeqturi komunikacia mSobliur enaze (werilobiTi, verbalurida naxazebis meSveobiT). aseve inglisur enaze specialobasTandakavSirebuli martivi teqstebis gageba, kolegebTan urTier-Toba;

drois efeqturad marTvis unari;

komunikaciis unari TavianT codnasTan, unarebTan da saqmiano-basTan dakavSirebiT kolegebTan, xelmZRvanelebTan da momxma-rebelTan.

aseTi profesionalebis dasaqmebis sferoebia - arqiteqturuli sap-roeqto organizaciebi da biuroebi; saqalaqo da municipaluri samsa-xurebi; arqiteqturul-samSeneblo organizaciebi; dizaineruli profi-lis ofisebi; samSeneblo kompaniebi, firmebi, Sps-ebi da sxva.

diplomirebul specialists SeeZleba swavla gaagrZelos bakalav-riatis saganmanaTleblo programaze, swavlis gagrZelebisaTvis auci-lebelia umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi Caricxva kanon-mdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT, e.i. diplomirebulma specialistma undaCaabaros Sesabamisi sabakalavro programisaTvis gankuTvnili erTianierovnuli gamocdebi. igive umaRles saswavlebelSi sabakalavro prog-ramiT swavlis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, diplomirebuli specialistismier dagrovili kreditebis aRiareba xorcieldeba bakalavris akade-miuri xarisxis mopovebis miznisaTvis.

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programis struqtura - programa agebulia Semdegi principiT-gasavleli kreditebis raodenoba Seadgens 150 ECTS kredits. MamaTgankreditebis garkveuli raodenoba gamoyofilia zogad, monaTesavesainstituto da arqiteqturis specialobis saswavlo kursebisaTvis.programiT gaTvaliswinebulia profesiuli praqtika da sakvalifika-cio naSromis Sesruleba. umaRlesi profesiuli ganaTlebis programaxuT semestriania, studenti oTxi semestris ganmavlobaSi gaivlis sas-wavlo disciplinebs, mexuTe semestrSi igi gadis profesiul praqtikasda amzadebs sakvalifikacio proeqts, romlis dacvis Semdgom maseniWeba arqiteqturisa da qalaqTgegmarebis diplomirebuli specialis-tis kvalifikacia.

rogorc saqarTvelos kanoni umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb gansaz-Rvravs, bakalavriati /aris/- akademiuri umaRlesi ganaTlebis pirvelisafexuri, saswavlo programebis erToblioba, romelic ZiriTadadiTvaliswinebs Sesabamisi specialobebis Teoriuli safuZvlebis swav-lebas, rac aucilebelia piris magistraturaSi Semdgomi swavlisaTvis

an miRebuli kvalifikaciiT muSaobisaTvis /1/.boloniis procesis farglebSi ganisazRvreba bakalavris kvalifi-

kacia, misi zogadi kompetenciebi. Kkompetenciebi Tavis mxriv, ganisaz-Rvreba bakalavris codniT da unar-CvevebiT.

dublinis diskriptoris Tanaxmad „pirveli safexuris Sesabamisikvalifikaciebi eniWeba studentebs, romlebsac:

gaaCniaT disciplinis codna, romelic zogad ganaTlebas emyare-ba, efuZneba skolis Semdgomi donis saxelmZRvaneloebs damoicavs am disciplinis mowinave aspeqtebs;

SuZliaT Tavisi codnisa da unarebis gamoyeneba, ise, rom warmo-aCinon profesiuli midgoma Tavisi samuSaos an profesiisadmi;

gaaCnia unari Seagrovon monacemebi da ganaxorcielon maTi Sesa-bamisi interpretireba /Cveulebriv TavianTi disciplinis far-glebSi/, raTa Camoayalibon mosazrebebi, romlebic asaxaven Sesa-bamis socialur, samecniero da eTikur sakiTxebs;

SeuZliaT informaciis, ideebis, problemebisa da maTi gadaWrisgzebis Sesaxeb komunikacia rogorc specialistebis, aseve araspe-cialistebis wreSic;

gamomuSavebuli aqvT swavlis iseTi unar-Cvevebi, romlebicaucilebelia damoukideblad swavlis Semdgomi gagrZelebisaTvis.

bakalavriatis safexurze studentis mier miRebuli kompetenciebiSeiZleba daiyos oTx ZiriTad sferod:

1. zogadi kompetenciebi /umaRlesi ganaTlebis pirveli safexurisyvela kursdamTavrebulisTvis/;

2. interdisciplinuri kompetenciebi /bazisuri codna monaTesavedisciplinaTa Sesaxeb, sxvadasxva monaTesave disciplinaTa Soriskavsiris damyarebis unari/;

3. disciplinis kompetenciebi;4. viwro dargobrivi kompetenciebi /disciplinis farglebSi erTi

romelime konkretuli sferos Rrma Seswavla/.

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yvela zemoT aRniSnuli kompetenciebi savaldebuloa aisaxossabakalavro programebSi.

zemoT moyvanil saxelmZRvanelo masalebze dayrdnobiT 2007 welssaqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis arqiteqturis, urbanistikis dadizainis fakultetze SemuSavda da amoqmedda sabakalavro programa

– „arqiteqtura da qalaqTgegmareba“/. sabakalavro programa moi-cavs 240 ECTS kredits. sabakalavro saganmanaTleblo programis Semu-Savebisas gaTvaliswinebulia programis adgili arqiteqturuli ganaT-lebis uwyvet ciklSi.

am programis mizania - kompetenturi, SemoqmedebiTi, kritikuli daeTikuri profesionali arqiteqtorebisa da qalaqTmSeneblobis specia-listis Camoyalibeba; iseTi specialistebis Camoyalibeba, romlebsacerovnul da globalur doneze SeeZlebaT Tavisi wvlilis Setanasazogadoebis socialur, ekonomikur da kulturul ganviTarebaSi;erovnul saganmanaTleblo tradiciebze da axlebur, Tanamedrove sa-ganmanaTleblo sistemebze dayrdnobiT, qveynisa da saerTaSoriso masS-tabiT arqiteqturuli praqtikuli saqmianoba da misi gaumjobeseba.

sabakalavro programis aTvisebis Sedegad - sabakalavro xarisxismaZieblebs SeeZlebaT gamoavlinon: samganzomilebiani, sivrciTi azrov-neba; adekvaturi arqiteqturuli eniTa da saSualebebiT, esTeturi damecnierul-teqnikuri moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, arqiteqturul-qalaqTgegmarebiTi namuSevrebis Seqmnisa da misi wardgenis unari;arqiteqturis ganviTarebis istoriisa da Teoriis, xelovnebis monaTe-save dargebis, saxviTi xelovnebis, teqnologiebis da humanitarul-teqnikur mecnierebebis, rogorc arqiteqturul daproeqtebaze gavlenismqone dargebis codna; ideebis verbaluri saSualebebiT gadmocemisunari; teqnikuri, organizatoruli, sakomunikacio unar-Cvevebi da(TviT)kritikuli gansjis unari; adamianebsa da Senobebs, aseve Senobeb-sa da maT garemos Soris arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebebis adami-anur moTxovnilebebTan da masStabebTan misadagebis unari; konstruq-ciuli, teqnikuri, teqnologiuri da Senobis daproeqtebasTan dakavSi-rebuli sxva sainJinro problemebis codna; arqiteqturul garemoSimemkvidreobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gacnobiereba da maTi gaT-valiswinebiT qmedebis unari; Sesabamisi kodeqsebis, maregulirebelidebulebebis da qalaqTmSeneblobiTi normebis, proeqtirebis, mSeneblo-bis, jandacvis, usafrTxoebis teqnikis da arqiteqturuli garemosgamoyenebis wesebis safuZvelze moqmedebis unari.

maTiDdasaqmebis sferoebia - umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasru-lebeli organoebi; adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis sanebarTvo, maregu-lirebeli da makontrolebeli organoebi /qveynis teritorialurmowyobasTan da dagegmvasTan dakavSirebuli qalaqgegmarebiTi dokumen-taciis SemuSavebaSi monawileoba/; arqiteqturuli saproeqto organiza-ciebi; arqiteqturul-saamSeneblo da diveloperuli kompaniebi; umaR-lesi da specialuri arqiteqturuli skolebi; masmediis saSualebebi(presa, televizia, radio).

kursdamTavrebulebs SeeZlebaT swavlis gagrZeleba - bakalavrisakademiuri xarisxis misaRebad xelovnebis monaTesave dargebSi(teqnikuri dizaini, gamoyenebiTi xelovneba, saxviTi xelovneba da sxva);

159

saerTaSoriso doneze magistris akademiuri xarisxis (Sedgom etapzedoqtorantura) mosapoveblad; ucxo da Cveni qveynis saxelmwifo dakerZo umaRles saswavleblebSi.

programis gavlis Semdgom misaniWebeli akademiuri xarisxia –“arqiteqturis bakalavri” -BArch (Bachelor of Architecture) /6/.

amJamad stu-s arqiteqturis, urbanistikisa da dizainis fakultet-ze moqmedi sabakalavro programiT - „arqiteqtura da qalaqTgegmareba“swavla rva semestriania. saswavlo programis struqtura moicavs 240ECTS kredits, rac Tavis mxriv - zogad, monaTesave sainstituto,arqiteqturis specialobis da arCeviT saswavlo kursebs moicavs.

stu-s sabakalavro programa „arqiteqtura da qalaqTgegmareba“eyrdnoba da iTvaliswinebs umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloskanoniT gansazRvrul sabakalavro ganaTlebis erT-erT ZiriTad moT-xovnas imis Sesaxeb, rom sabakalavro programa ZiriTadad unda iTva-liswinebdes Sesabamisi specialobebis Teoriuli safuZvlebis swavle-bas, rac aucilebelia piris magistraturaSi Semdgomi swavlisaTvis anmiRebuli kvalifikaciiT muSaobisaTvis.

programis mixedviT saswavlo disciplinebis umetesoba moicavsTeoriuli leqciis, seminaruli da praqtikuli mecadineobebis, labo-ratoriuli samusaos da sakurso proeqtebis formats.

programiT gaTvaliswinebuli saswavlo kursebis gavlis Semdgomstudenti asrulebs sakvalifikacio naSroms /proeqts/. sabakalavro sak-valifikacio naSromi /proeqti/ warmoadgens ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis –(qalaqTgegmareba, arqiteqturuli gegmareba, interieri da dizaini)safuZvelze Seqmnil integrirebul namuSevars. naSromis dacvis Semdegstudents eniWeba „arqiteqturis bakalavris“ akademiuri xarisxi.

umaRlesi akademiuri ganaTlebis meore safexuris- magistraturisdaniSnulebas gansazRvravs saqarTvelos kanoni „umaRlesi ganaTlebisSesaxeb“ :- magistratura- /aris/ akademiuri umaRlesi ganaTlebis meoresafexuri, saswavlo programebis erToblioba, romelic aucilebladSeicavs samecniero kvlevis elementebs da miznad isaxavs bakalavrisSemdgomi donis specialistis an mkvlevaris momzadebas, agreTve amza-

debs pirs miRebuli kvalifikaciiT muSaobisaTvis“ /1/.amJamad stu-s arqiteqturis, urbanistikisa da dizainis fakultetze

magistraturaSi saswavlo procesi mimdinareobs samagistro saganmanaT-leblo programebis Sesabamisad, romlebic moicaven zogad sauniversi-teto, ZiriTad da arCeviT saswavlo kursebs. saganmanaTleblo programamoicavs 120 ECTS kredits.

stu-s arqiteqturis, urbanistikisa da dizainis fakultetze gaxsni-lia mTeli rigi samagistro saganmanaTleblo programebi Semdeg aka-demiur mimarTulebebze: - arqiteqturuli gegmareba; urbanuli dagegma-reba; samoqalaqo da samrewvelo Senobebis interieri da arqiteqturuligaremos dizaini; arqiteqturuli gegmarebis safuZvlebi; Senoba-nagebobaTa arqiteqturuli konstruqciebi da arqiteqturuli fizika;arqiteqturaTmcodneoba (arqiteqturisa da qalaqTmSeneblobis istoriada Teoria). am mimarTulebebze sruldeba naSromebi „mecnierebismagistris“ akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad. yvela am miarTulebaze,

160

arqiteqturaTmcodneobis garda, aseve sruldeba naSromebi „inJineringismagistris“ akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad.

umaRlesi akademiuri ganaTlebis mesame safexuris- doqtoranturisdaniSnulebas gansazRvravs saqarTvelos kanoni „umaRlesi ganaTlebisSesaxeb“. Ddoqtorantura- /aris/ umaRlesi akademiuri ganaTlebis mesamesafexuri, saswavlo programebisa da samecniero kvlevebis erToblioba,romelic miznad isaxavs samecniero kadrebis momzadebas da mTavrdebadoqtoris akademiuri xarisxis miniWebiT. sadoqtoro saganmanaTlebloprograma moicavs 180 ECTS kredits /1;2/.

amJamad saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis arqiteqturis, urba-nistikisa da dizainis fakultetze sadoqtoro programebi moqmedebsSemdeg akademiur mimarTulebebze: urbanuli dagegmareba; samoqalaqo dasamrewvelo Senobebis interieri da arqiteqturuli garemos dizaini;Senoba-nagebobaTa arqiteqturuli konstruqciebi da arqiteqturuli fi-zika; arqiteqturaTmcodneoba (arqiteqturisa da qalaqTmSeneblobis is-toria da Teoria). arqiteqturuli gegmarebis safuZvlebi.

amgvarad, zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, romdReisaTvis saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis arqiteqturis, urba-nistikisa da dizainis fakultetze Tanmimdevrulad iqmneba arqiteq-turuli ganaTlebis mwyobri sistema, romlis mizania maRali rangis,saerTaSoriso donis profesionalebis Camoyalibeba.

saganmanaTleblo sistemis Camoyalibebis procesi, Catarebuli didisamuSaoebis da miRweuli mniSvnelovani Sedegebis miuxedavad, klavmimdinareobs. sistema jer kidev Sors aris srulyofisagan, igi drosmoTxovnis Sesabamis sistematiur cvlilebebs saWiroebs; es cvlilebebiganviTarebis uwyveti procesia, romelic, pirvel rigSi, swavlebis axa-li formebis danergviT miRebuli Sedegebis analizs unda efuZnebodes.



1. saqarTvelos kanoni umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. Tb. 2007w.2. boloniis deklaracia-umaRlesi ganaTlebis evropuli sivrce.

q.bolonia,1999w.3. UNESCO_UIA-s arqiteqturuli ganaTlebis qartia. 2005w.4. umaRles ganaTlebaze pasuxismgebeli evropeli ministrebis

konferenciis komunike. umaRlesi ganaTlebis evropuli sivrcemiznebis miRweva. bergeni, 2005w.

5. londonis komunike, umaRlesi ganaTlebis evropuli sivrcisaken,mzadeba globalizaciis gamowvevebisaTvis. 2007w.

6. kvalifikaciebis struqtura umaRlesi ganaTlebis evropulisivrcisaTvis (dublinis diskriptori). 2005w.

7. The official Bologna Seminar on “Bachelor,s degree:What is it”. 2004.St.Petersburg.Russia.

8. gracis deklaracia. universitetebis roli 2010 wlamde dasamomavlod. graci, 2003w.

161

r e z i u m e

arqiteqturuli ganaTlebis srulyofisaTvissaqarTvelos teqnikur universitetSi

goCa miqiaSvili, mzia milaSvili

statiaSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis arqi-teqturis, urbanistikis da dizainis fakultetze, boloniis procesisSesabamisad ganxorcielebuli mTeli rigi siaxleebi. detaluradaa aR-werili fakultetze amJamad moqmedi umaRlesi arqiteqturuli ganaT-lebis - profesiuli, sabakalavro, samagistro da sadoqtoro saganma-naTleblo programebi, maTi miznebi da am programebiT swavlisSedegebi.

S U M M A R Y

FOR IMPROVEMENT OF THE HIGHER ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATIONAT THE GEORGIAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

GOCHA MIKIASHVILI, MZIA MILASHVILI

In article a number of innovations carried out at Faculty of Architecture, Urban Planningand Design of the Georgian Technical University is considered according to Bologna Process.There are described in details of Professional, Bachelor, Master and Doctoral educationalprograms of the Higher Architectural Education, working for today at faculty, their purposeand results of training by these programs.

Р Е З Ю М Е

ДЛЯ УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО АРХИТЕКТУРНОГООБРАЗОВАНИЯ В ГРУЗИНСКОМ ТЕХНИЧЕСКОМ УНИВЕРСИТЕТЕ

ГОЧА МИКИАШВИЛИ, МЗИА МИЛАШВИЛИ

В статье рассмотрен ряд новшеств осуществленных в соответствии с Болоньскимпроцессом на Факультете Архитектуры Урбанистики и Дизайна Грузинского Техничес-кого Университета. Детально описаны действующие на сегодня на факультетепрофессиональные, бакалавриатские, магисратские и докторатские образовательныепрограммы Высшего Архитектурного образования, их цели и результаты обученияэтими программами.

162

saproeqtro gadawyvetebis teqnikur-ekonomikuriSefasebis lokaluri kriteriumi

salome yifiani

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis III kursis studenti

sacxovrebeli Senobebis rekonstruqciis proeqtirebisas erT-erT rTul amocanas warmoadgens teqnikuri da organizaciul-teqno-logiuri variantebis Sefaseba saproeqto-saxarjTaRricxvo dokumenta-ciis damuSavebis procesSi. arsebobs sxvadasxva midgoma am amocanisgadawyvetisaTvis, romlebic warmodgenilia [1, 2, 3] SromebSi.

sacxovrebeli saxlebis samecniero-kvleviT da saproeqto insti-tutSi proeqtebis operatiulad SefasebisaTvis damuSavebulia krebu-li `kapitaluri remontis Rirebulebis gasaSualoebuli maCveneblebisacxovrebeli saxlebis gegmarebis SecvliT~ [3]. am krebulSi warmod-genilia konstruqciuli elementebis, SenobaTa sainJinro aRWurvi-lobis, damxmare obieqtebis, sainJinro komunikaciebisa da teritoriiskeTilmowyobis mixedviT samuSaoTa Rirebulebis saSualo maCveneblebi.Rirebulebis bazisuri maCveneblebi gaangariSebulia 5-6 sarTulianisacxovrebeli saxlebisaTvis, romelTa mTliani farTia 2500 m2,sarTulebis simaRle – 3,25 m, binaSi oTaxebis saerTo raodenoba – 2,2.bazisuri naCveneblebidan gadaxris gaTvaliswinebisaTvis SemoRebuliaSemasworebeli koeficientebis sistema. Sesafasebeli variantebis Rirebu-

lebis gadaxra bazisuri proeqtisagan y ganisazRvreba Semdegi saxisregresiis gantolebidan:

)54,0(77,4)2,3(28,1)7(606,0 321 xxxy

)4900(01,0)2(929,0)6,63(215,0 654 xxx , (1)

sadac x1 aris sarTulebis raodenoba Sesafasebeli variantis mixedviT;x2 _ sarTulis simaRle; x3 _ dagegmvis koeficienti, x4 _ erTi binissasargeblo farTi m2-Si; x5 _Senobis kibis ujredebis ricxvi; x6 _Senobis farTi Sesafasebeli variantis mixedviT m2-Si.

proeqtis Sesafasebeli variantis realizaciis saxarjTaRricxvoRiRebuleba ganisazRvreba gamosaxulebiT

ykdCCn

iii

1

grr , (2)

sadac Cr aris sacxovrebeli saxlis rekonstruqciis Rirebuleba; grC

sacxovrebeli saxlis rekonstruqciis Rirebuleba bazisuri variantis

mixedviT; id i -uri konstruqciuli elementis remontis xvedriTi wona

saxarjTaRricxvo Rirebulebis bazisuri variantis mixedviT %-Si; ki _bazisuri variantis mixedviT i-uri konstruqciuli elementis remontis

163

Rirebulebidan Sefasebis variantze gadamyvani koeficienti; n _proeq-tis mixedviT Senobis konstruqciuli elementebis raodenoba.

sacxovrebeli saxlebis rekonstruqciis variantis efeqturobaganisazRvreba misi realizaciis ara marto saxarjTaRricxvo Rirebu-lebiT, e.i. axlad dabandebuli saxsrebiT, aramed mTeli rigi sxvamaCveneblebiT. sacxovrebeli Senobebis rekonstriqciis proeqtebisa dasaproeqto gadawyvetebis Sefasebis teqnikur-ekonomikuri meTodebisanalizis safuZvelze avtoris mier SemoTavazebulia saproeqto gadaw-yvetis realizaciaze xarjebi ganxiluli iyos proeqtirebis procesSi.saproeqto gadawyvetebSi erTdroul xarjebTan erTad iTvaliswinebenmimdinare saeqspluatacio xarjebs, arsebuli Senobebis gaucviTavikonstruqciebis likvidaciis Sedegad miRebul danarkargebs, gegmiuriremontis Rirebulebas, rodesac remontis Sesrulebis vada emTxvevaSenobis rekonstruqciis vadas. am faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT [3]-Sisacxovrebeli Senobebis rekonstruqciis dayvanili xarjebi rekomendi-rebulia ganisazRvros formuliT:

)(П k.rlikrnrr CCCTЭ , (3)

sadac rЭ aris wliuri eqsploataciuri xarjebi; nT kapitalur daban-

debaTa amogebis normatiuli vada ( 10nT weliwads); rC rekonstruq-

ciis saxarjTaRricxvo Rirebuleba; likC sarekonstruqcio Senobebis

konstruqciuli elementebisa da sainJinro mowyobilobebis naadrevi

likvidaciis namdvili Rirebuleba; k.rC gegmiuri saxarjTaRricxvo

Rirebuleba.sarekonstruqcio Senobebis konstruqciuli elementebis da

sainJinro mowyobilobebis naadrevi likvidaciis Rirebulebas sazRvravengamosaxulebiT

YCC nlik , (4)

sadac nC salikvidacio elementebisa da mowyobilobebis namdvili

Rirebulebaa; Y _salikvidacio elementebisa da mowyobilobebisxvedriTi wona Senobis aRdgeniT RirebulebaSi [3]

100

CCC aRn , (5)

sadac aris arsebuli Senobis salikvidacio konstruqciuli elemen-tis an sainJinro mowyobilobis fizikuri cveTis sidide rekonstruq-ciis dawyebis momentSi.

amgvarad, teqnikuri da organizaciul-teqnologiuri gadawyvete-bis teqnikur-ekonomikuri Sefasebis lokaluri kriteriumis miRebismeqanizmi sacxovrebeli Senobebis rekonstruqciis proeqtirebis pro-cesSi SeiZleba warmovadginoT Semdegi maTematikuri formiT:

164

,*,,,

,*,,,

,*,,,

,*,,,

444241

332331

222221

112111

tm

ttt

tm

ttt

tm

ttt

tm

ttt

xxxx

Xxxx

Xxxx

Xxxx

(6)

sadac mttt xxx 11211 ,,, saeqsploatacio danaxarjebis maxasiaTebeli Sefa-

sebis maCveneblebia; mttt xxx 222121 ,,, Sefasebis maCveneblebi, romlebic

axasiaTeben teqnikuri da organizaciul-teqnologiuri variantebis

realizaciis saxarjTaRricxvo Rirebulebas; mttt xxx 33231 ,,, Sefasebis

maCveneblebi, romlebic Seesabamebian konstruqciuli elementebisa dasainJinro mowyobilobebis adreuli likvidaciis namdvil Rirebulebas;

mttt xxx 11211 ,,, Sefasebis maCveneblebi, romlebic axasiaTeben gegmiuri

kapitaluri remontis saxarjTaRricxvo Rirebulebas da rekonstruq-ciis vadebis mixedviT Seesabamebian gegmiuri remontis calkeul saxeTaSesrulebis saxarjTaRricxvo Rirebulebas;

1tx _ Sefasebis maCveneblebis dekompoziciuri simravle, romelic

Seesabameba sacxovrebeli Senobis eqsploataciis wliur danaxarjebsda gamoixateba farTis 1 m2-ze danaxarjebiT.


Seesabameba teqnikuri da organizaciul-teqnologiuri gadawyvetebisrealizaciis saxarjTaRricxvi Rirebulebas;


Seesabameba konstruqciuli elementebisa da sainJinro mowyobilobebisnaadrevi likvidaciis jamur namdvil Rirebulebas;


Seesabameba gegmiuri remontis saxarjTaRricxvo Rirebulebas dagamoixateba farTis 1 m2-ze danaxarjebiT.

ramdenadac dekompoziciuri 4tX maCvenebeli erTnairia teqnikuri

da organizaciul-teqnologiuri gadawyvetis yvela variantisaTvis,teqnikur-ekonomikuri Sefasebis lokaluri kriteriumi SeiZleba

ganisazRvros gamosaxulebiT 3321 *,, KXXX ttt .



1. Блех Е.М. Повышкение эффективности эксплуатации жилых зданий. М.,1987. – 174 с.

2. Методы социальной и экономической оценки реконструкций городской застройки /Состав. А.Н. Рогажан. – М., МГЦНТИ, 1982. – 28 с.

3. Рекомендации по социально-экономической оценке эффективности реконструкциии модернизации жилищного фонда. М., ЦНИИЭПжилища, 1989. – 64 с.

165

r e z i u m e

saproeqtro gadawyvetebis teqnikur-ekonomikuriSefasebis lokaluri kriteriumi

salome yifiani

SemoTavazebulia saproeqto gadawyvetebis xarisxis kriteriumisacxovrebeli saxlebis rekonstruqciis, organizaciis, ekonomikurigaumjobesebis mizniT teqnikur-ekonomikuri Sefasebis lokaluri kri-teriumi.

S U M M A R Y

THE LOCAL CRITERION OF TECHNICAL AND ECONOMYSTIMATION OF DESIGN DECISION

SALOME KIPIANI

Presented is local criterion of technical and economical evaluation of the reconstruction,organization and economical improvement of residential houses.

Р Е З Ю М Е

ЛОКАЛЬНЫЙ КРИТЕРИЙ ТЕХНИКО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙОЦЕНКИ ПРОЕКТНЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ

САЛОМЕ КИПИАНИ

Предложен локальный критерий технико-экономической оценки проектныхрешений с целью улучшения организации реконструкции жилых домов.

166

plastikuri arqiteqturuli grafika,rogorc proeqtirebis meTodi

goCa miqiaSvili

arqiteqturis doqtori,saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asocirebuli profesori

zurab titviniZe

arqiteqturis doqtori

arqiteqtura inteleqtualuri da, erTgvari, fizikuri qmedebiserTianobaa; anu es aris ganzraxvisa (ideis) da iteraciis (amocanisamoxsnis procesi, romlis drosac xdeba axali gamocdilebis Zvelgamocdilebaze ageba) Serwymis procesi, romelic sabolood arqiteq-turul realizaciaSi anu arqiteqturul nagegbobaSi vlindeba.

arqiteqtori Tavisi nawarmoebis Seqmnis procesSi, rogorc wesi,muSaobs ara realurad arsebul obieqtTan, rogorc mxatvri anmoqandake, aramed mis garfikul da plastikur gamoxatulebasTan.faqtobrivad igi iluzorul, warmosaxviTi nagebobis reprezentacias(proeqts) qmnis da ara saboloo produqts – realur obieqts.

sakuTari naazrevis materializacias arqiteqtori sxvadasxvagrafikuli Tu plastikuri arqiteqturuli simboloebis, kanonebisCamoyalibebuli erTiani sistemis saSualebiT axerxebs. es sistema,faqtobrivad, arqiteqturis enas warmoadgens, romlis meSveobiTirealuri realurad gardaiqmneba da abstraqtuli forma vizualurida xelSesaxebi arqiteqturuli produqti xdeba.

arqiteqturis ena, Tavisi fundamentaluri Tu qrestomatiuliwesebiTa da kanonebiT, inovaciuri formebiTa da SinaarsiT arqiteqtu-ruli vizualizaciis qmediTi instrumentia da moicavs aRqmis fsiqo-fizikuri Tvisebebis TvalsazrisiT or gansxvavebul, Tumca Sinaarsob-rivad Tanxvedril sibrtyiT da moculobiT formas. sibrtyiTi anu ,,xazovani arqiteqturuli grafika“ arqiteqturulideas (Canaxati, eskizi, proeqti) organzomilebian sibrtyeze afiqsi-rebs, xolo moculobiTi anu ,,plastikuri arqiteqturuli grafika“samganzomilebian sivrceSi operirebs da arqiteqturul ideas fizi-kuri SinaarsiT, maketis formiT warmoaCens. xazovani arqiteqturuli grafika saxviTi xelovnebis erT-erTiuZvelesi mimarTulebaa, romelic moicavs ideis (koncefciis) vizuali-zaciis SemoqmedebiT process proeqtirebisa da arqiteqturuli diza-inis dargSi. moculobiTi plastikuri arqiteqturuli grafikis modelirebissxvadasxva xerxebis Camoyalibebis, ganviTarebisa da gamoyenebis isto-ria kacobriobis arsebobis adreuli periodidan fiqsirdeba. uZvelesiegvipturi Tixisa da xis modelebi Zveli welTaRricxvis III-II aTaswle-uliT TariRdeba. xis pedestalze cvilisagan damzadebuli berZnulitaZris maketi Zv. w. aR. VIII-VI ss. miekuTvneba. xolo aRorZinebisperiodSi, gansakuTrebiT ki, XIV-XV saukuneebSi, maketis roli im dros

167

jer kidev qmediTunariani ,,verbaluri“ arqiteqturis fonze umniSvne-lovanesi faqtori iyo proeqtis vizualuri da teqnikuri warmoCenisTvalsazrisiT. ase rom ara, aRorZinebis titanebi, rogorebic iyvnen: filipobruneleski (Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446); antonio da sangalo umcrosi(Antonio da San Callo, 1485-1546); miqelanjelo buanaroti (MichelangeloBuonarroti, 1475-1564) sakuTari ideebis dasacavad proeqtis verbalurnawilTan erTad ar wardgebodnen ,,ZlierTa ama qveynisaTa“ winaSeTavianTi unikaluri maketebiT. am maketebs, garda vizualur-esTetikurimniSvnelobisa, warmodgenili proeqtebis konstruqciuli, teqnikuri dateqnologiuri gadawyvetilebis marTebulobis damtkicebis funqciaekisraT. arqiteqturuli maketi realuri samganzomilebiani (yovelgvariiluzorobis gareSe) fizikuri sagania da misi aRqma, adamianisvizualuri aparatisTvis sirTules ar warmoadgens da profesiul Tusazogado ganxilvis urTules reJims savsebiT eqvemdebareba. maketi, yvela sxva saxis arqiteqturuli vizualizaciis saxeobeb-Tan SedarebiT axlosaa realobasTan da raRac doneze igi ,,realiza-ciadac“ ki SeiZleba CaiTvalos, mxolod Semcirebul masStabSi. amitommoculobiTi arqiteqturuli obieqtis maketze, Sesabamisi daskvnisgamotanis mizniT, SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva fizikuri Tu stiqiurimovlenebis modelireba. arqiteqturuli grafikis orive formas, sibrtyiTs Tu moculo-biTs, proeqtirebis sxvadasxva etapze sakuTari funqcia, daniSnulebagaaCnia, xolo orives erTad arqiteqturuli ideis, koncefciis sazoga-doebamde mitanisa da obieqtis realizaciis misia akisria. arqiteqturi enis swavlebis meTodologias arqiteqturuli speci-alobis umaRles skolaSi bakalavriatis doneze (I-II kursi) saTanadoyuradReba unda daeTmos, radgan Semdgom winsvlas profesiul sarbi-elze mniSvnelovan wilad es disciplina ganapirobebs. cifrulma teqnologiam proeqtirebis industriaSi revoluciurigardaqmnebi Semoitana. man didi, xarisxobrivi gavlena iqonia saproeq-to saqmis organizaciaze, teqnikurad gaaadvila daproeqtebis rTuliprocesi da saSualeba misca arqiteqtorebs mkveTrad gaezardaT proeq-tirebis xarisxi da mniSvnelovnad SeemcirebinaT saproeqto vadebi. kompiuterulma teqnologiebma arqiteqturuli moRvaweobis mTli-ani speqtri moicva - erTi mxriv, mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi, xolo meoremxriv, proeqtirebis teqnikuri nawili. dRevandel dRes aqtualuria, rogorc sibrtyiTi arqiteqturuligrafikis, aseve moculobiTi anu plastikuri arqiteqturis gayofaklasikur da cifrul Semadgenel nawilebad. Tu klasikuri arqiteqturuli grafika instrumentad markirebismaterialur sagnebs (fanqari, saRebavi, qaRaldi, muyao da misidasaWreli instrumentebi da sxva) iyenebs, cifruli arqiteqturuligrafika analogiuri Sedegebis misaRwevad e.w. CAD – Computer Aided Designsistemebs anu teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis sistemebs, an ubralod,kompiuterebs iyenebs.

168

arqiteqturis ena

verbaluri XIV-XV ss.

sibrtyiTi moculobiTianu anu

xazovani plastikuri (organzomilebian sibrtyeze) (samganzomilebian sivrceSi)

arqiteqturuli arqiteqturuli

grafika modelireba (maketireba)

tradiciuli Sereuli eleqtronuli tradiciuli eleqtronuli(klasikuri) (cifruli) xeliTxeliT xazva, veqtoruli an (samganzomilebiani 1 kompiut.

eskizireba piqseluri fizikuri maketireba) maketireba/komp. teqnikis organzomi-

gamoyenebiT/ CNC saxarato lebiankomp. (ploteruli) sibrtyeze

Carxebi 2 kompiut. CAD/CAMAM maketireba

2D(printeri-

orTogonaluri fizikuri,proeqtireba moculobiTi

akademiuri (gegma, maketi)xatva Wrili,

fasadi) 3 virtualuria maketireba

(audio - videoaqsionometria teqnologia)

ferwera perspeqtivi

Teoriuli nawili. diagramagrafikuli naxazidiziani teq.ek.maCveneblebi

arqiteqturulikompozicia

foto fiqsacia ,,arqiteqturuli fotografireba“

es sistemebi, saproeqto davalebebidan gamomdinare, moicavs mra-valmxriv programul uzrunvelyofas. gamosaxulebis asaxvis formidan,teqnologiidan da informaciis asaxvis algoriTmidan gamomdinare 2Dkompiuterul grafikas ZiriTadad veqtorul da rastrul grafikebadyofen, Tumca arsebobs gamosaxulebis asaxvis fraqtaluri saxeobac. organzomilebian orTogonalur proeqcias, miuxedavad imisa xe-liT aris igi Sesrulebuli Tu cifruli teqnologiiT, orTogona-

169

luri paraleluri dagegmilebis meTodi udevs safuZvlad da amitommaT Soris sxvaoba TiTqmis ar arsebobs. samganzomilebiani (3D) grafika operirebs obieqtTan sivrceSi,Tumca asaxvis Sedegebi sibrtyiT gamosaxulebas (suraTs), proeqciaswarmoadgens. asevea xeliT qaRaldis furcelze Sesrulebuli perspeq-tiuli da aqsionometriuli naxazebis SemTxvevaSic. nebismieri gamosaxuleba monitorze misi brtyeli formis gamoyalibdeba rastrul grafikad, vinaidan monitori warmoadgensmatricas piqselebis vertikaluri da horizontaluri ganlagebiT. aserom, samganzomilebiani (3D) grafika mxolod Cvens warmodgenaSi arse-bobs, vinaidan monitorze asaxuli gamosaxuleba samganzomilebianisxeulis mxolod proeqcias warmoadgens da sivrces Cveni warmosaxvisunaris saSualebiT ukve Cven TviTon vqmniT. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa,aseTi gamosaxulebis virtualuri daTvaliereba mimzidveli da momge-biania im mxriv rom igi maRali informaciulobiT xasiaTdeba, TumcadamTvalierebelze sensorul zemoqmedebas ver axdens, anu igi verSeedreba fizikuri Sexebis zemoqmedebiT miRebul STabeWdilebas. amdenad fizikuri maketis upiratesoba mis verbalur versiasTan amkuTxiT naTelia, Tumca modelirebis farTo diapazoniT aRWurvilicifruli teqnologia udavod win gadadgmuli nabijia. miuxedavad grafikuli programebis simravlisa da cifruliteqnologiebis xelmisawvdomobisa, xeliT naxazebis Sesrulebis codnaar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobasa da aqtualobas, vinaidan azrovnebasada naxazis Seqmnis process Soris sinqronulad myardeba SemecnebiTida fizikuri qmedebis uSualo kavSiri, rac adamianis tvinis Semec-nebiTi da sakoordinacio centrebis urTierTkoordinaciis progre-sirebisa da Sesabamisad maT ganviTarebas stimulirebs. amas kompiuterijer-jerobiT ver axerxebs, radgan cifrul teqnologiaSi ,,Taguna“aris interfeisi, anu proeqtantsa da kompiuteris monitorze asaxulnaxazs Soris programuli makavSirebeli bloki, e.i. azrovnebasa danaxazis Seqmnis process Soris gaCnda Suamavali, romelmac gaauqmauSualo kavSiri azrovneba - fizikuri qmedebis tandemisa. interfeisisgareSe kavSiri kompiuterul-grafikuli teqnologiebis arsenalSi jer-jerobiT ar arsebobs. kompiuteris monitoris formatis SezRudulobis gamo xSirad verxerxdeba konkretul masStabSi Sedgenili naxazis mTlianad danaxva daaRqma, amitom saWiro xdeba drodadro gamosaxulebis dapataraveba-gadideba, rac masStabis cvlis tolfasia. amiT rTuldeba azrovnebisprocesi, ferxdeba moqmedebis koordinacia, vinaidan arqiteqtors, faq-tobrivad, sxvadasxva masStabSi uxdeba muSaoba. es daaxloebiT igiveamoqandakes figuris gabaritebi an mxatvars tilos zomebi muSaobisprocesSi periodulad rom vucvaloT. cifruli orTogonaluri gamosaxuleba kompiuterSi erT-erTmasStabSi sruldeba da is virtualur sivrceSi tivtivebs. ekrani (mo-nitori) modulirebis faqtori xdeba, romelic sazRvravs gamosaxu-lebis misawvdom zomas, formats, anu masStabs. garda amisa, kompiuteriT miRebuli produqti (orTogonalurinaxazi) im masStabSi ibeWdeba, romelsac printeris SesaZlebloba an

170

furclis formati gvkarnaxobs. xeliT xazvis dros ki, naxazisgamoxazva winaswar gansazRvrul masStabSi xdeba, romelsac masTanuSualo vizualur Tu fizikur kavSirSi myofi arqiteqtori mTliano-baSi aRiqvams da akontrolebs. vinaidan dRes arqiteqturul saxelosnoebSi kompiuteri farTodgamoiyeneba, am teqnologiebis aTviseba savaldebuloa; winaaRmdegSemTxvevaSi momavali arqiteqtori konkurentunariani ver iqneba. xeliT xazva Tavisi dadebiTi TvisebebiT da cifruli teqnologi-ebi Tavisi SesaZleblobiT erTnairad misaRebi da aucilebeli elemen-tia profesiuli srulyofisaTvis. amgvarad, grafikuli asaxvis orivemeTodis swavleba arqiteqturis fakultetze aucilebel faqtors war-moadgens. vfiqrobT, Cvens sinamdvileSi fexs idgams da nel-nela yalibdebaTanamedrove, inovaciuri gageba sibrtyiTi arqiteqturuli grafikisrolisa arqiteqturul proeqtirebaSi. icvleba formac da nawilobrivSinaarsic. Tu formis cvla 2D orTografiuli grfikis da ufro 3Darqiteqturis vizualizaciis sferoSi cifruli teqnologiebis Care-viT aSkara da progresirebadia, Sinaarsis nawilSi aseTi tendenciebinaklebad SesamCnevia. moculobiTi arqiteqturuli grafikis sferoSi saerTo stagnaciisfonze, arqiteqturuli maketirebis dargis mTel msoflioSi farTodgavrceleba aSkaraa. am mimarTulebis progresi, ra Tqma unda, pirvelrigSi cifruli teqnologiebiTaa ganpirobebuli, Tumca arc tradici-uli arqiteqturuli maketirebis mimarTuleba dgas adgilze. CvenTvis erTob sainteresoa moculobiTi arqiteqturuli grafi-kis, arqiteqturuli modelirebis danergva-ganviTareba da damkvidrebakompleqsur, progresul doneze.

dasavleTis umaRles arqiteqturul skolebSi bakalavriatisdoneze arqiteqturuli modelireba oTxi wlis manZilze iswavleba. isdadebiTi SemecnebiTi Tu praqtikuli unar-Cvevebi rac am disciplinisSeswavlam momaval arqiteqtors SeuZlia moutanos udavod mniSvnelo-vania, studentSi arqiteqturuli azrovnebis moculobiTi Tu sivrcob-rivi aRqmis Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebis kuTxiT.



1. Yee, Rendow. Architectural Drawing: A Visual Compendium of Types and Methods.2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &Sons, Inc. 2003

2. Brown, G.Z., and Mark DeKay. Sun, Light & Wind Architectural Design Strategies.2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &Sons, Inc. 2001

3. w.w.w.princetonol.com4. w.w.w.encyclopedia.com5. w.w.w.italcult.ru/culture_2.php/

171

r e z i u m e

plastikuri arqiteqturuli grafika,rogorc proeqtirebis meTodi

goCa miqiaSvili, zurab titviniZe

statiaSi ganxilulia arqiteqtoris SemoqmedebiTi procesis speci-fika da arqiteqturuli vizualizaciis sibrtyiTi (xazovani) da mocu-lobiTi (plastikuri) formebi, maTi tradiciuli da cifruli versiebi.gansakuTrebuli maxvili keTdeba moculobiTi arqiteqturuli grafi-kis (maketirebis) Seswavlis intensifikaciaze da umaRles arqiteq-turul skolaSi ,,arqiteqturuli modelirebis“, rogorc proeqtirebismeTodis damkvidrebaze.

S U M M A R Y

PLASTIC ARCHITECTURAL GRAPHICAS A DESIGN METHOD

GOCHA MIKIASHVILI, ZURAB TITVINIDZE

The article outlines the specificity of the architect’s creative process and describes plane(linear) and three-dimensional (plastic) forms of architectural visualization, their traditionaland digital versions. Special emphasis is made on the intensification of teaching of three-dimensional architectural graphic (modeling) and introduction of “architectural modeling“, asa design method in the school of architecture.

Р Е З Ю М Е

ПЛАСТИЧЕСКАЯ АРХИТЕКТУРНАЯ ГРАФИКАКАК МЕТОД ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЯ

ГОЧА МИКИАШВИЛИ, ЗУРАБ ТИТВИНИДЗЕ

В статье рассмотрена специфика творческого процесса архитектора и формыархитектурной визуализации – плоская (линейнная) и объемная (пластическая) и ихтрадиционные и цифровые версии. Особенно подчеркивается необходимостьинтенсификаций изучения объемной архитектурной графики (макетирования) ивнедрения «архитектурного моделирования» как метода проектирования в высшейархитектурной школе.

172

funqciuri damokidebulebis dadgenis Sesaxeb preciziulobismniSvnelobasa da gamocdis dones Soris

irakli zedginiZe

teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori

nino beraia


gazomvis meTodis preciziulobis SefasebisaTvis p laborato-rias, romlebic aRiniSneba i (i=1, 2, …, p)-Ti egzavneba sxvadasxva qimiurisawmindis an sxvadasxva masalis q nimuSi TiToeuls, romlebicwarmoadgenen gamocdis doneebs da aRiniSneba j (j=1, 2, …, q)-Ti. i-urilaboratoria j-ur doneze atarebs nij gamocdas, romelTa SedegebiaRiniSneba yijk-Ti (k=1, 2, …, nij). sawyisi monacemebis Setana Cveulebrivxdeba Semdeg cxrilSi.

cxrili 1done

laboratoria1 2 ... j ... q

12...

i

yijk

...p

saerTo saSualomniSvneloba

mj

1m 2m ... jm ... qm

srj s r1 s r2 ... srj ... srq

sRj s R1 s R2 ... sRj ... sRq

cal-calke yovel j doneze gamocdis y Sedegebis interpretaciisada analizisaTvis miRebulia sami Semdgenis jamis saxiT warmodgeniliSemdegi statistikuri modeli

y j=mj+Bj+ej, (1)

sadac (konkretuli gamosakvlevi j donisaTvis):mj – saerTo saSualo mniSvnelobaa (maTematikuri lodini);Bj – wanacvlebis laboratoriuli Semdgenia ganmeorebadobis

pirobebis Tanaxmad;

173

ej – SemTxveviTi Secdomaa, romelsac adgili aqvs yoveli gazomvisasganmeorebadobis pirobebis Tanaxmad.statistikur modelSi (1) saerTo saSualo mniSvneloba mj warmo-

adgens gamocdis dones. j (j=1, 2, …, q) donisaTvis saerTo saSualo mniSv-

nelobis Sefaseba jm toli iqneba

p

iij

p

iijij

jj

n

ynym

1

1ˆ ,

(2)sadac ijy – ujredebis saSualo mniSvnelobebia j donisaTvis (ujredi –

laboratoriisa da donis yoveli kombinaciaa)

ijn

kijk

ijij y

ny

1

1.

(3)Secdomis wevri e warmoadgens SemTxveviT Secdomas, romelsac

ad-gili aqvs gamocdis yovel SedegSi. erTi laboratoriis farglebSimisi dispersiis (e.w. Sigalaboratoriuli dispersiis) Sefaseba iqneba

ijn

kijijk

ijij yy

ns

1

22 )(1

1,

(4)xolo gazomvis am meTodiT mosargeble yvela laboratoriisaTvisSigalaboratoriuli dispersiis saerTo mniSvnelobis (ganmeorebadobisdispersiis) Sefaseba xdeba Semdegnairad

p

iij

ij

p

iij

rj

n

sns

1

2

12

)1(

)1(.

(5)wevri B SegviZlia ganvixiloT rogorc jami SemTxveviTi da

sistematuri Semdgenebisa, romelic unda iyos mudmivi ganmeorebadobispirobebis Tanaxmad Catarebuli gamocdebis nebismieri seriis ganmavlo-baSi, magram gansxvavebuli sxva pirobebis Tanaxmad Catarebuli gamoc-debisaTvis. Tavisi wvlili B-Si Seaqvs sxvadasxva klimatur pirobebs,aparaturis gadaxrebs da im procedurebSi ganxvavebebs, romelTacecnobian operatorebi sxvadasxva adgilebSi. B-s dispersia cnobilia

rogorc laboratoriaTaSorisi dispersia da misi Sefaseba 2Ls

gaTvlili yoveli j (j=1, 2, …, q) donisaTvis Seadgens

j

rjdjLj n

sss

222 ,

(6)sadac

174

p

ijijijdj yyn

ps

1

22 )(1

1, (7)

p

iij

p

iijp

iijj

n

nn

pn

1

1

2

11

1. (8)

preciziulobis maxasiaTeblebis saxiT gamoiyeneba ori sidide:

ganmeorebadobis standartuli gadaxris Sefaseba rjs da aRwarmoebado-

bis standartuli gadaxris Sefaseba Rjs

22LjrjRi sss . (9)

preciziuloba xSirad damokidebulia m -ze da, maSasadame, SeiZ-leba dadgindes funqciuri damokidebulebebi preciziulobis mniSvne-

lobebsa da m saSualo mniSvnelobas Soris: )(1 jjrj mfs da

)(2 jjRj mfs .

vinaidan gaTvlis meTodika erTnairia rogorc ganmeorebadobis,ise aRwarmoebadobis standartuli gadaxrebisaTvis, aRniSvnebis siste-

mis gamartivebisaTvis rjs -s da Rjs -s nacvlad gamoviyenoT Semoklebuli

aRniSvna js . ganvixiloT damokidebulebaTa sami tipi:

I: bms (koordinatTa saTaveze gamavali wrfe),II: bmas (wrfe, romelic kveTs ordinatTa RerZis dadebiT

nawilze monakveTs),

III: mdcs lglg (an )dCms ; d≤1 (eqsponencialuri damokidebule-ba).

pirveli maaproqsimirebeli damokidebulebis SemTxvevaSi koefi-cienti b SegviZlia SevafasoT Semdegnairad:

q

ms

b

q

jjj

1

)ˆ(

. (10)

meore maaproqsimirebeli damokidebulebisas regresiis wrfisparametrebis kargi Sefaseba moiTxovs “awonil” regresias. woniTi

koeficientebi proporciuli unda iyos Semdegi sidideebisa 2)ˆ(1 js ,

sadac js II modeliT prognozirebuli standartuli gadaxraa j

donisaTvis.2)ˆ(1 Njs -is toli woniTi koeficientis SemTxvevaSi, sadac N=0, 1, 2, …

mimdevrobiTi iteraciebisaTvis saangariSo formulebs eqneba Semdegisaxe:

175

q

j

q

j

q

jjjNjjNjN

q

j

q

j

q

j

q

jjjjNjjNjjNjjN

N

mwmww

smwmwswmw

a

1 1 1

22

1 1 1 1

2

1

)ˆ(ˆ

ˆˆˆ; (11)

q

j

q

j

q

jjjNjjNjN

q

j

q

j

q

j

q

jjjNjjNjjjNjN

N

mwmww

swmwsmww

b

1 1 1

22

1 1 1 11

)ˆ(ˆ

ˆˆ. (12)

sawyis stadiaze (N=0)N js0ˆ -is sawyisi mniSvnelobebi warmoadgenen

s-is sawyis mniSvnelobebs, romlebic miRebulia (5) an (9) formulebiT

(Sesabamisad rjs an Rjs ) da, Sesabamisad, woniTi koeficientebi iqneba

110 1 sw , 220 1 sw ,..., qq sw 10 . formulebiT (11) da (12) miviRebT a da b

koeficientebis pirvel Sefasebebs a1-sa da b1-s. wrfiv jj mbas 111ˆ modelSi mj (j=1,2,…, q) mniSvnelobaTa CasmiT miviRebT pirvel

prognozirebul mniSvnelobebs 12111 ˆ,...,ˆ,ˆ qsss da, maSasadame, Semdegi ite-

raciisaTvis woniTi koeficientebi iqneba 1111 ˆ1 sw , 2121 ˆ1 sw ,..., 11 ˆ1 qq sw .

Semdeg iteraciaze woniTi koeficientebis axali mniSvnelobebisgaTvaliswinebiT (11) da (12) formulebis Tanaxmad miviRebT wrfiviregresiuli gantolebis koeficientebis axal a2 da b2 Sefasebebs.

wrfiv jj mbas 222ˆ modelSi mj-is mniSvnelobaTa CasmiT miviRebT

axal prognozirebul mniSvnelobebs 22212 ˆ,...,ˆ,ˆ qsss da Semdegi

iteraciisaTvis axali woniTi koeficientebi iqneba

1212 ˆ1 sw , 2222 ˆ1 sw ,..., 22 ˆ1 qq sw da a.S. procedura meordeba manam, sanam

gansxvaveba sj-s momdevno mniSvnelobebs Soris ar gaxdeba mcire.

Cveulebriv gantolebebi 2ˆ js -saTvis ganixileba rogorc saboloo

varianti.

cxrili 2 damokidebuleba II: s=a+bm

jj sw 10 11 s 21 s ... qs1

mbas 111

1ˆ js11111 ˆˆ mbas 21121 ˆˆ mbas ... qq mbas ˆˆ 111

1jw 1111 ˆ1 sw 2121 ˆ1 sw ... 11 ˆ1 qq sw

mbas 222

2ˆ js12212 ˆˆ mbas 22222 ˆˆ mbas ... qq mbas ˆˆ 222

2jw1212 ˆ1 sw 2222 ˆ1 sw ... 22 ˆ1 qq sw

mbas 333

3ˆ js 13313 ˆˆ mbas 23323 ˆˆ mbas ... qq mbas ˆˆ 333

176

3jw 1313 ˆ1 sw 2323 ˆ1 sw ... 33 ˆ1 qq sw

III maaproqsimirebeli damokidebulebis SemTxvevaSi saangariSoformulebi Semdegia:

q

j

q

jjj

q

j

q

j

q

j

q

jjjjjj

mmq

smmsm

c

1 1

22

1 1 1 1

2

)ˆlg(ˆlg

lgˆlgˆlglgˆlg

, (13)

q

j

q

jjj

q

j

q

j

q

jjjjj

mmq

smsmq

d

1 1

22

1 1 1

)ˆlg(ˆlg

lgˆlglgˆlg

. (14)

Sedegad miviRebTmdcs lglg

andCms , sadac C antilogariTmia c-si.

(10) formuliT, an (11) da (12) formulebiT, an (13) da (14) formu-lebiT miRebuli funqciuri damokidebulebebi SegviZlia gamovsaxoT

grafikulad rjs da Rjs funqciebis saxiT jm argumentis mixedviT. magali-

Tad, sR funqciis grafiki gamosaxulia naxazze 1.

nax.1

damuSavebulia programa, romelic uzrunvelyofs avtomaturreJimSi eqsperimentuli Sedegebis aRmweri funqciuri damokidebu-lebebis miRebas.

sR=CmdsR=a+bm

sR=bm

sR

mm1 m2 m3 . .. mq

177



1. i. zedginiZe. sainJinro eqsperimentis organizacia da dagegmva.Tbilisi, teqnikuri universiteti, 2000, gv. 240.

2. ISO 3534-3: 1985 Statistics-Vocabulary and symbols – Part 3: Design ofexperiments.

3. ISO 5725-2: 1994 Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods andresults – Part 2: Basic method for the determination of repeatability andreproducibility of a standard measurement method.

r e z i u m e

funqciuri damokidebulebis dadgenis Sesaxeb preciziulobismniSvnelobasa da gamocdis dones Soris

irakli zedginiZe, nino beraia

laboratoriebis Semowmebebs gamocdebis Catarebis xarisxze labo-ratoriaTaSorisi Sedarebebis saSualebiT iyeneben calkeuli labora-toriebis mier gansazRvruli gamocdebis an gazomvebis Ctarebis xaris-xis gansazRvrisa da laboratoriebis Semdgomi saqmianobis monitorin-gisaTvis. gazomvis meTodis Sedegebis cvalebadobis – gazomvis meTo-dis preciziulobis – aRwerisaTvis gansazRvraven preciziulobis iseTmaCveneblebs, rogoricaa ganmeorebadobis standartuli gadaxra daaRwarmoebadobis standartuli gadaxra. es maCveneblebi xSirad damoki-debulia preciziulobis Sefasebaze mimarTuli eqsperimentis gamocdisdoneze anu yvela laboratoriidan erTi konkretuli gamosacdelimasalisa an nimuSisaTvis miRebuli gamocdis Sedegebis saerTosaSualo mniSvnelobaze. gamocdis sxvadasxva doneebis SemTxvevaSipreciziulobis mniSvnelobebi Cveulebriv icvleba garkveuli kanonismixedviT. preciziulobis mniSvnelobebsa da gamocdis doneebs Sorisfunqciuri damokidebulebis ageba warmoadgens am statiis Sinaarss.damuSavebulia programa, romelic uzrunvelyofs avtomatur reJimSieqsperimentuli Sedegebis aRmweri funqciuri damokidebulebis miRebas.

178

S U M M A R Y

ABOUT AN ESTABLISHMENT OF FUNCTIONAL DEPENDENCE BETWEENMEANINGS PRECISION AND LEVEL TESTS

IRAKLI ZEDGINIDZE, NINO BERAYA

Proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparisons is used to determine the performanceof individual laboratories for specific tests or measurements, and to monitor the continuingperformance of laboratories.

For the description of variability of results of a method of measurements - precision of amethod of measurements – define such parameters precision as a standard deviation ofrepeatability and standard deviation of reproducibility. These parameters often depend on alevel of the test in a precision experiment, namely from general average meaning of results oftests received from all laboratories for one concrete tested material or a sample. At differentlevels of tests of meaning precision usually change under the certain law. The establishmentof functional dependence between meanings precision and level of tests is a subject of thegiven job. The program ensuring in an automatic mode reception of functional dependence, inthe best way describing experimental results is developed.

Р Е З Ю М Е

ОБ УСТАНОВЛЕНИИ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЗАВИСИМОСТИ МЕЖДУЗНАЧЕНИЯМИ ПРЕЦИЗИОННОСТИ И УРОВНЕМ ИСПЫТАНИЙ

ИРАКЛИЙ ЗЕДГИНИДЗЕ, НИНО БЕРАИА

Проверки на качество проведения испытаний посредством межлабораторных сли-чений применяются для определения качества выполнения отдельными лабораториямиопределенных испытаний или измерений, и для мониторинга дальнейшей деятельностилабораторий. Для описания изменчивости результатов метода измерений – прецизион-ности метода измерений – определяют такие показатели прецизионности какстандартное отклонение повторяемости и стандартное отклонение воспроизводимости.Эти показатели часто зависят от уровня испытаний в эксперименте по оценкепрецизионности, а именно от общего среднего значения результатов испытаний,полученных из всех лабораторий для одного конкретного испытываемого материалаили образца. При разных уровнях испытаний значения прецизионности обычноизменяются по определенному закону. Установление функциональной зависимостимежду значениями прецизионности и уровнем испытаний является предметом даннойработы. Разработана программа, обеспечивающая в автоматическом режиме получениефункциональной зависимости, наилучшим образом описывающей экспериментальныерезультаты.

179

hukis ganzogadebuli kanonis gamoyenebis arakoreqtulobaRerZulsimetriul datvirTvebze gaangariSebisas

nodari beriSvili

teqnikis mecnerebaTa doqtori,saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori

ciala buCukuri

pedagogikis mecnierebaTa kandidati,saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asistent-profesori

rusudan giorgobiani

teqnikis mecnierebaTa kandidati

sainJinro nagebobebSi xSirad gamoiyeneba milebi, romlebsacuxdebaT muSaoba RerZulsimetriul datvirTvebze, rogoricaa magali-Tad siTxis an gazis wneva. aseTi milebis angariSi cnobilia lamesamocanis saxelwodebiT. datvirTvebi SeiZleba moqmedebdes milis,rogorc Siga, ise gare zedapirebze. nax. 1 am SemTxvevaSi wonasworobisdiferencialur gantolebas eqneba Semdegi saxe:

01

r

r

rdr

d(1)

sadac r da warmoadgenen sesabamisad radialur da tangen-

cialur Zabvebs, r -cvladi ki milis ganivkveTis gansaxilveli boWkosradiusia. hukis ganzogadebuli kanonis gamoyenebiT

)(1 2

rr

E, )(

1 2 r

E

(2)

sadac r da fardobiTi deformaciebia radialuri da tangencia-

luri mimarTulebiT, xolo E da milis masalis drekadobis modulida puasonis koeficientia, agreTve Semdegi damokidebulebisgamoyenebiT

dr

dur ;

r

ur (3)

(2)-gamosaxuleba miiRebs Semdeg saxes:

)(1 2

urdr

duEr

, )(1 2 r

u

dr

duE

(4)

(4)-gamosaxulebis gaTvaliswinebiT (1)-Si miiReba Semdegi Cveulebrividiferencialuri gantoleba: (1); (2); (3)

011

22

2

urdr

du

rdr

ud(5)

sadac u -aris gadaadgileba radialuri mimarTulebiT. (5)-diferencialuri gantolebis zogadi amonaxsni daiwereba SemdegisaxiT:

180

rcrcu

121 (6)

1c da rc mudmivebis gansazRvra unda moxdes sasazRvro pirobebis

gamoyenebiT, romelTac aqvT Semdegi saxe; roca ,ar maSin 1qr roca ,br maSin 2qr . (6)-gamosaxulebis Sesabamisi warmoebulebisSetaniT (4)-is ZabvebisaTvis miiReba:

2212

1)1()1(

1 rcc

Er

;

2212

1)1()1(

1 rcc

E

, (7)

sasazRvro pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT miiReba 1c da rc mudmivebismniSvnelobebi.

)(

)1)((22

22

12

1 abE

qbqac

;)(

)1()(22

221

2

2

abE

baqqc

, (8)

mudmivebis gansazRvris Semdeg miiReba Zabvebis, gadaadgilebisada fardobiTi deformaciebis gamosaxulebebi Semdegi saxiT:

)1()1(2

2

22

2

22

2

22

2

1 r

a

ab

bq

r

b

ab

aqr

, (9)

)1()1(2

2

22

2

22

2

22

2

1 r

a

ab

bq

r

b

ab

aq

, (10)

)1()1(

)()1()1(

)( 2

2

22

2

22

2

22

2

1 r

a

abE

rbq

r

b

abE

aqU , (11)

)1()1(

)()1()1(

)( 2

2

22

2

22

2

22

2

1 r

a

abE

bq

r

b

abE

aqr , (12)

)1()1(

)()1()1(

)( 2

2

22

2

22

2

22

2

1 r

a

abE

bq

r

b

abE

aq , (13)

gavaanalizoT miRebuli formulebi. roca 02 q e. i. moqmedebswneva mxolod milis Siga zedapirze, maSin (9)-da (12) gamosaxulebebi-

dan Cans, rom br zedapirze Zabva 0r , xolo ar zedapirze 1qr .imave zedapirze Sesabamisad

)(

222

2

1 abE

aqbr

;

)1()1(

)( 2

2

22

21

a

b

abE

aqar . (14)

“ r ”, “ ”, “ r ” da “ ”-s epiurebi mocemulia nax. 2, 3–ze.

maSasadame gamodis, rom br zedapirze Zabva r tolia nulis,xolo imave zedapirze Sesabamisi fardobiTi deformacia ar udrisnuls, e. i. Zabvebi da deformaciebi ar akmayofileben erTi da igivesasazRvro pirobebs. cxadia, rom aseTive suraTs aqvs adgili ar zedapirisaTvis da saerTod nebismieri zedapirisaTvis. yovelive amismizezia is faqti, rom Zabvebisa da deformaciebis gansazRvrisaTvisgamoyenebulia hukis ganzogadebuli kanoni, romelic marTebuliamxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca SesaZlebelia ZalTa moqmedebis damouki-

deblobis principis gamoyeneba. ganxiluli amocanis dros ki r , Zabvebis mimarT ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas ZalTa moqmedebis damo-

181

ukideblobis principi, radganac 1q gare datvirTva erTdroulad

iwvevs orive r , Zabvebs, amitom maTi gansazRvrisaTvis unda iqnas

gamoyenebuli martivi E hukis kanoni. amocanis fizikuri arsidangamomdinareobs, rom br zedapirze radialuri mimarTulebiT fardo-

biTi deformacia r aucileblad nulis toli unda iyos, magram ampirobis dakmayofilebis saSualeba hukis ganzogadebuli kanonis gamo-

yenebis SemTxvevaSi ar iZleva tangencialuri Zabva , romelic

rogorc epiurebidan Cans br zedapirze ar aris nulis toli. cxadia,

analogiuri suraTi gveqneba maSinac, roca erTdroulad moqmedeben 1q

da 2q gare datvirTvebic, nebismier zedapirze Zabvebsa da deformaci-ebs Soris ar iqneba Sesabamisoba.


)(

)(22

22

1 ab

baq

)(

222

2

1 ab

aq

)1()1(

)( 2

2

22

21

a

b

abE

aq

)(

)1()1(22

221

abE

baq

)(

222

2

1 abE

aq

)(

222

2

1 abE

aq

182



1. С. П. Тимощенко, Дж. Гудьер «Теория упругости», издательство «Наука»,Москва 1975г.

2. А. В. Александров, В.Д. Потапов «основы теории упругости и пластичности»,издательство «Высшая школа», Москва 1990г.

3. a. m. kakuSaZe, “drekadobis da plastikurobis Teoria”, gamomcem-loba “codna”, Tbilisi 1958 w.

r e z i u m e

hukis ganzogadebuli kanonis gamoyenebis arakoreqtulobaRerZulsimetriul datvirTvebze gaangariSebisas

nodari beriSvili, ciala buCukuri, rusudan giorgobiani

naSromSi gaanalizebulia RerZulsimetriul datvirTvebze momu-Save milebis angariSisas miRebuli Sedegebi da naCvenebia, rom aseTisaxis datvirTvebisas ar aris marTebuli hukis ganzogadebuli kanonisgamoyeneba, radganac am SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia, datvirTvebis xasia-Tidan gamomdinare, ZalTa moqmedebis damoukideblobis principis gamo-yeneba da aRniSnulia, rom Zabvebisa da deformaciebis gansazRvrisaT-vis mizanSewonilia gamoyenebul iqnas hukis martivi kanoni.

S U M M A R Y

INCORRECTNESS OF APPLYING GENERALIZED HOOK’S LAW IN THECALCULATION OF AXISYMMETRIC LOADS

NODAR BERISHVILI, TSIALA BUCHUKURI, RUSUDAN GIORGOBIANI

Calculation results for the pipes working under axisymmetric loads are analyzed in thework, and it is shown that for this type of loads it is incorrect to employ generalized Hook’slaw, for in this case, due to the character of loads, it is not possible to apply the principle ofsuperposition; it is emphasized that for the purpose of defining stresses and strains, it isreasonable to apply simple Hook’s law.

183

Р Е З Ю М Е

НЕКОРРЕКТНОСТЬ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ОБОБЩЕННОГО ЗАКОНА ГУКА ВРАСЧЁТАХ НА ОСЕСИММЕТРИЧНЫЕ НАГРУЗКИ

НОДАР БЕРИШВИЛИ, ЦИАЛА БУЧУКУРИ, РУСУДАН ГИОРГОБИАНИ

В работе проанализированы результаты, полученные при расчете труб,работающих на осесимметричную нагрузку и показано, что при таких нагрузках некорректно применение обобщённого закона Гука, так как в этом случае невозможно,вытекая из характера нагрузки, использование принципа независимости действия сил иподчёркивается, что для определения напряжений и деформаций целесообразноприменение простого закона Гука.

184

RerZulsimetriul datvirTvebze gaangariSebisaxleburi gaazreba

nodari beriSvili

teqnikis mecnerebaTa doqtori,saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori

ciala buCukuri


rusudan giorgobiani


cnobilia, rom RerZulsimetriul datvirTvaze momuSave milebisnax. 1 angariSis dros Zabvebisa da deformaciebis gansazRvrisaTvisgamoiyeneba hukis ganzogadebuli kanoni, rac Cvenis azriT umarTebu-

loa, radganac gare datvirTvebis 1q da 2q , moqmedebis xasiaTis gaTva-

liswinebiT maT mier aRZruli radialuri r da tangencialuri Zabvebis mimarT ver gamoiyeneba ZalTa moqmedebis damoukideblobisprincipi. hukis ganzogadebuli kanonis mixedviT gansazRvrul Zabvebsada deformaciebs Soris arsebobs, sasazRvro pirobebis mixedviT,garkveuli Seusabamoba, rac SesaZlebelia acilebuli iqnas hukismartivi E kanonis gamoyenebiT. am mosazrebis sasargeblod SesaZ-lebelia motanili iqnas is argumenti, rom milis ganivkveTis nebismierwertilSi moqmed realur, saboloo, rogorc radialur, ise tangenci-alur Zabvebsa da maT Sesabamis fardobiT deformaciebs Soris arse-bobs hukis martivi kanoniT gansazRvruli damokidebuleba. es garemo-eba ki uzrunvelyofs msgavsi sasazRvro pirobebis dakmayofilebas Zab-vebisa da deformaciebisaTvis. hukis martivi kanonis Tanaxmad Zabvebsada deformaciebs Soris damokidebuleba gamoisaxeba Semdegnairad:

dr

duEr ;

r

uE (1)

sadac E -aris milis masalis drekadobis moduli, u -ki milisganivkveTis wertilebis gadaadgileba radialuri mimarTulebiT. wonas-worobis diferencialuri gantoleba polarul koordinatebSi gansa-xilveli amocanis Sesabamisad daiwereba Semdegi saxiT: (1); (2); (3)

01

r

r

rdr

d(2)

(1)-gamosaxulebis SetaniT (2)-Si miiReba cvladkoeficientebianiCveulebrivi diferencialuri gantoleba:

185

011

22

2

urdr

du

rdr

ud(3)

axali cvladis SemoRebiT ;ln rt ter , igi SeiZleba daviyvanoTmudmivoeficientebian erTgvarovan gantolebaze:

02

2

udt

ud(4)

(4)-gantolebis maxasiaTebeli gantolebis fesvebis gansazRvrisada rt ln gaTvaliswinebiT miiReba (3) gantolebis zogadi amonaxsni

rcrcU

121 (5)

gansaxilveli amocanis sasazRvro pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT^

;; 1qar r da ;br 2qr (6)

1c da 2c mudmivebis mimarT miiReba gantolebaTa sistema:

;12

21 q

a

ccE

2

2

21 q

b

ccE

(7)

(7)-s amoxsniT miiReba 1c da 2c mudmivebis mniSvnelobebi:

)( 22

22

21

1 abE

bqaqc

)(

)(22

221

2

2

abE

baqqc

(8)

mudmivebis SetaniT (5)-Si miiReba u -s, r -is da -s

gamosaxulebebi, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom:

)(22

1 r

ccEr ; )(

22

1 r

ccE (9)

sabolood, r -is, -s da u -s gamosaxulebebi miiReben saxes:

2

2

22

2

22

2

22

2

1

11r

a

ab

bq

r

b

ab

aqr (10)

2

2

22

2

22

2

22

2

1

11r

a

ab

bq

r

b

ab

aq (11)

)1()1(

)( 2

22

22

22

122 r

abq

r

baq

abE

rU (12)

(1)-is gaTvaliswinebiT ki fardobiTi deformaciebi r da miiReben Semdeg saxes:

)1()1(

)(

12

22

22

22

122 r

abq

r

baq

abEr (13)

186

)1()1(

)(

12

22

22

22

122 r

abq

r

baq

abE (14)

miviReT, rom Zabvebi, gansazRvrulni hukis ganzogadebulikanonis saSualebiT da hukis martivi kanonis gamoyenebiT erTmaneTsemTxvevian, xolo gadaadgileba da fardobiTi deformaciebi ki

gansxvavdebian. amasTanave, rogorc nax. 2,3 epiurebidan Cans, r , -s

Zabvebi da r , fardobiTi deformaciebi akmayofileben msgavs

sasazRvro pirobebs, e.i. Zabvebsa da deformaciebs Soris arsebobssruli Sesabamisoba, rasac adgili ar hqonda hukis ganzogadebulikanonis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi.

187



1. А. В. Александров, В.Д. Потапов, Основы теории упругости и пластичности.Издательство «высшая школа», Москва 1990г.

2. С. П. Тимошенко, Дж. Гудьер, Теория упругости. Издательство «наука», Москва1975г.

3. a. m. kakuSaZe, drekadobis da plastikurobis Teoria.Gamomcemloba “codna”, Tbilisi 1958 w.

r e z i u m e

RerZulsimetriul datvirTvebze gaangariSebis axleburi gaazreba

nodari beriSvili, ciala buCukuri, rusudan giorgobiani

ganxiluli amocana amoxsnilia hukis martivi kanonis gamoyenebiT,ris Sedegadac miRweulia Sesabamisoba Zabvebsa da fardobiTdeformaciebs Soris e.i. Zabvebi da deformaciebi akmayofilebenrealur, msgavs sasazRvro pirobebs, rac dakmayofilebuli ar iyoigive amocanis amoxsnis hukis ganzogadebuli kanonis saSualebiT.

S U M M A R Y

A FRESH APPROACH TO CALCULATION OF AXISYMMETRIC LOADS

NODAR BERISHVILI, TSIALA BUCHUKURI, RUSUDAN GIORGOBIANI

The discussed problem has been solved by means of the simple Hook’s law, as a resultof which correspondence between stresses and strains is reached, i. e. stresses and strainssatisfy real, similar boundary conditions, which was not the case when solving the problemusing the generalized Hook’s law.

Р Е З Ю М Е

НОВЫЙ ПОДХОД К РАСЧЁТАМ НА ОСЕСИММЕТРИЧНЫЕ НАГРУЗКИ

НОДАР БЕРИШВИЛИ, ЦИАЛА БУЧУКУРИ, РУСУДАН ГИОРГОБИАНИ

Рассмотреная задача решается с применением простого закона Гука, врезультате чего достигается соответствие между напряжениями и относительнымидеформациями т.е. напряжения и деформации удовлетворяют реальные, подобныеграничные условия, что не было соблюдено при решении той-же задачи сиспользованием обощенного закона Гука.

188

Semosavlis funqciis aproqsimacia umcireskvadratTa meTodis gamoyenebiT

ciala buCukuri


studentis momzadeba gansakuTrebiT dRevandel pirobebSi uSua-lod dakavSirebulia SromiT saqmianobasTan. maTematikuri amocanebisSerCeva sainJinro Tu ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad,studentis mizandasaxuli momzadebis procesSi, maTematikuri codna daCvevebi unda ukavSirdebodes im mdgomareobisa da procesebis gagebas,risTvisac gamoiyeneba maTematikuri aparati. amasTan, saWiroa gamovi-yenoT maTematikis, rogorc gamoyenebiTi mecnierebis ganviTarebisistoriuli analizic. kvleva–ZiebebSi gamoiyofa ori kavSiri: pirveli– gare samyaros, sazogadoebrivi problemebis dasabuTeba unda xdebo-des maTematikuri aparatiT, meore – maTematikuri faqtebi unda daukav-Sirdes erTmaneTs mravali sxvadasxva faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT. am orikavSiris arseboba maTematikuri aRweris dros unda aisaxos maTematika-Si, rogorc swavlebis saganSi. pirveli kavSiri – es aris maTematikuricodnis gadacema, meore – orientireba mis gamoyenebaze.

ricxviTi analizis meTodebis gamoyenebis speqtri Zalian far-Toa- biznesi, menejmenti, marketingi, politika, sociologia da mrava-li sxva. ricxviTi meTodebi xSirad iZlevian alternativebis swrafiSefasebis saSualebas da mivyavarT problemis gadawyvetis saukeTesovariantamde. sxvadasxva teqnikuri Tu ekonomikuri dargis amocanebisaT-vis maTematikuri aparatis SerCeva xdeba amocanis,arsebiTi monacemebisgaTvaliswinebiT. ganvixiloT amocana, romelic Seexeba kompania“petloqs”-is moRvaweobas. es kompania dafuZnebulia 1876 w. masaCuset-sis Statis q. bostonSi. kompania sauzmisaTvis burRuleulisagan kvebisproduqtebs awarmoebs. maT Soris farTod cnobilia: Wheat Flakes, BarleyCrisps da Rice Pops. bolo wlebSi kompaniam daamuSava axali produqtebi,maT Soris Petlocks Swiss Muesli, romelmac meore adgili daikava WheatFlakes Semdeg. sxvadasxva StatebSi, kompanias aqvs, rogorc warmoebebi,aseve sawyobebi. Tavisi ganyofilebebiT (marketingis, gasaRebis, materi-alur-teqnikuri uzrunvelyofis da samecniero-kvleviTi da sacdelsamuSao). marketingis ganyofilebis ufrosma moiTxova gamokvlevisCatareba produqciis moculobis realizaciisa da realizaciidanyovelwliuri Semosavlis Sesaxeb. es gamokvleva SeiZleba SevasruloTaRniSnuli meore moTxovnis mixedviT.

arsebobs meTodebi, romelTa saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia cxri-liT mocemuli funqciis analizurad Cawera. naTqvamis naTelsayofadganvixiloT magaliTi faqtiuri monacemebis mixedviT (ix. cxrili 1).

189

(cxrili 1)X 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997Y 13 14 17 19 24 28 35 44 48 55

cxrilSi x aRniSnavs wlebs, y -yovelwliur Semosavals produ-qciis realizaciidan aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi (ricxvebi aRniSnavenmilion dolars). es monacemebi mocemulia (ix. nax. 1); gafantvisdiagramaze wertilebis ganlageba saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom wlebsa daSemosavlis moculobas Soris funqcionaluri damokidebuleba CavTva-loT arawfivad. aseTi arawrfivi damokidebuleba xSirad warmoiSobaekonomikuri xasiaTis amocanebis dros, sadac inflaciuri procesebiamaxinjebs sawyis monacemebs.

nax. 1

Cvens magaliTSi moyvanili monacemebi SesaZlebelia gaxdeswrfivi. amis dasamtkiceblad aucilebelia sawyis monacemebze Catardesgarkveuli analizi. praqtikaSi miRebulia empiriuli formulis damoki-

debulebis arCevis wesi. vipovoT sx da sy , roca x -is mniSvnelobebi

Tanasworad arian daSorebulni, sy vipovoT wrfivi interpolirebis

formuliT

ytythxyys 00 )( (1)

avagoT empiriuli formula. pirvel cxrilSi mocemuli

monacemebis mixedviT 5.19922

1

ns

xxx

cxrilSi ar aris mocemuli y -is mniSvneloba 5.1992xwertilSi, visargebloT (1) formuliT.

aq 5.19920 x , 5.00 xxt s , 240 y , 281 y , 4010 yyy ,

Sesabamisad 264)5.0(24 sy . meores mxriv

342

1

ns

yyy

190

SevamowmoT Svidive zemoT moyvanili piroba da Sedegebi Sevita-

noT meore cxrilSi. rogorc ss yy sxvaobebis Sedarebidan vxedavT

upiratesoba bxaey da xaby formulebs eniWeba.

ganvixiloT bxaey funqcia. c da b parametrebis statistikuriSefasebisaTvis visargebloT cdomilebaTa Teoriis umcires kvadratTameTodiT. SesaZlebeli rom iyos am xerxis gamoyeneba maCveneblianitipis damokidebulebidan, gadavideT wrfiv damokidebulebaze, amisaT-vis SegviZlia davweroT, rom

ebxay lglglg

SemoviRoT aRniSvnebi: zy lg , 43429.0 geM , cga , miviRebT

bMxcz (2)

ss yy moduli unda iyos rac SeiZleba mcire. Sesabamisi empiri-

uli formula moiZebneba cxrilidan (ix. cxrili 2).cxrili 2

NXs Ys

sYss YY

Sesabamisiempiriuli

formulis saxe1

5.19922

1 nxx

342

1 nyy 26 8 baxy

2 495.19921 nxx 74.261 nyy 25.98 0.76 baxy

35.1992

21 nxx 74.261 nyy 26 0.74 bxx aeyaby ,

4489.1992

2

1

1 n

n

xx

xx34

21 nyy 25.96 8.04

x

bay

55.1992

21 nxx

03.212

1

1 n

n

yy

yy 26 4.97

baxy

1

6489.1992

2

1

1 n

n

xx

xx03.21

2

1

1 n

n

yy

yy 25.96 4.93

bax

xy

7 495.19921 nxx 342

1 nyy 25.98 8.02 bxay lg

(2) gantolebisaTvis ki ukve SegviZlia gamoviyenoT umcires

kvadratTa meTodi. amisaTvis gavalogariTmoT sawyisi iY monacemebi:,

e.i. ii yz lg umcires kvadratTa meTodis arsi mdgomareobs c da

b parametrebis ise SerCevaSi, rom gadaxraTa kvadratebis jami iyosminimaluri, e. i.

2

1

)(, i

n

ii zbMxcbcS

gamosaxulebas hqondes umciresi mniSvnelo-

ba. amisaTvis unda Sesruldes eqstremumis aucilebeli pirobebi.

191

(3)

(4)

gadavweroT es gantoloebebi Semdegi saxiT:

(5)

regresiis bMxcz wrfis c da b parametrebi gamovTvaloTformulebiT:

, (6)

x -is da z -is saSualo mniSvnelobebi gamoiTvleba:n

xx

n

ii

1 ,

n

zz

n

ii

1 tolobebiT. miRebuli saTanado monacemebiT vadgenT cxrils

(ix. cxrili 3).

cxrili 3x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10y 13 14 17 19 24 28 35 44 48 55

yz lg 111 151 231 281 381 451 541 641 681 741

;5.51

n

iix ;2.14

1

n

iiz ;385

1

2

n

iix ;24.84

1

n

iii xz ;624.20

1

2

n

iiz

mniSvnelobebi x da z cvladebisaTvis, Sesabamisad iqneba

5.51

n

xx

n

ii

,42.11

n

zz

n

ii

pirsonis korelaciis koeficientis gamosaTvleli formulismixedviT korelaciis xarisxi iqneba

,0c

s .0b

s

,0)(1

i

n

ii zbMxc

.0)(1

ii

n

ii MxzbMxc

,1 1

n

i

n

iii zxbMnc

.1 1

2

1i

n

i

n

iii

n

ii zxxbMxc

n

ii

n

iii

xnxM

zxnzxb

1

22

1

)(

xbMzc

192

9967.0))42.1(1062420)()55(10385(

)42.1)(55(1024.84

))((22

1

2222

1

n

i

n

niii

n

iii

znzxnx

zxnzxR

rogorc vxedavT korelaciis koeficienti 9967.0R axlos dgas+1_Tan, rac imas niSnavs, rom zusti wrfivi kavSiri gvaqvs wlebsa daSemosavlis moculobis logariTms Soris. maSasadame, wrfiviregresiis gantolebaa bMxcz , sadac c da b parametrebi undagamovTvaloT (6) formulebiT:

)( 2

1

2

1

xnxM

zxnzxb

n

ii

n

iii

, xbMzc

17.08335

146

b, 011c

amrigad, wrfivi regresiis gantolebaa bMxcz , kerZod gansaxi-lav SemTxvevaSi Mxz )170(011 .

rogorc cnobilia, umcires kvadratTa meTodi moxerxebulia imSemTxvevaSi, roca saWiroa )(xf funqciis mniSvnelobis gamoTvla argu-mentebs Soris mniSvnelobebisaTvis. zogjer saWiroa mniSvnelobis

gamoTvla x argumentisaTvis, romelic moTavsebulia nxx ,1 Sualedis

gareT.gamovTvaloT Semosavlis moculoba 5.5x wertilSi:

42.1416.1)43429.0()5.5()17.0(01.1 z

rac Seexeba 1998 wlisaTvis )11( x gveqneba .82.143429.011)17.0(01.1 z

galogariTmebis Sebrunebuli gardaqmnis saSualebiT, kerZodpotencirebiT meTerTmete wels miviRebT Semosavlis moculobas 67milion dolars, (wrfivi damokidebulebis SenarCunebis pirobiT) rac

Seexeba a –parameters, gamoiTvleba 231010 ca , da xbxaey 17.02310 .ukve SegviZlia SevadaroT kompaniis yovelwliuri Semosavlis moculo-bis logariTmi produqciis realizaciidan 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi wrfi-vi regresiis Mxz )17.0(011 gantolebiT miRebuli Semosavlis mocu-lobis mniSvnelobebs (ix. cxrili 4).

cxrili 4x ylg z zylg 21 1.11 1.08 0.03 0.00092 1.15 1.16 -0.01 0.00013 1.23 1.23 0 04 1.28 1.30 -0.02 0.00045 1.38 1.38 0 06 1.45 1.45 0 0

193

7 1.54 1.53 0.01 0.00018 1.64 1.60 0.04 0.00169 1.68 1.68 0 010 1.74 1.75 -0.01 0.0001

14.2 14.2 0.04 0.003

ylg da z ricxvebis Sedareba gvarwmunebs, rom SerCeuli empiriu-

li formula sakmaod kargad asaxavs me-3-e cxriliT mocemuli ylg -ismniSvnelobebs.

Tu Cvens mier SerCeul meore xabY funqcias ganvixilavT,miviRebT regresiis BxAz wrfes, xolo Ada B parametrebi gamoiT-vleba (6) formulis mixedviT

n

ii

n

iii

xnx

zxnzxB

1

22

1 , xBzA , 074.05.82

146

B , 01.1A

wrfivi regresiis gantoleba miiRebs saxes xz )074.0(01.1 ,

Semosavlis moculoba 5.5x wertilSi 42.1417.1407.001.1 z ,xolo meTerTmete wels 82.111)074.0(01.1 z .

Cvens mier SerCeuli forulebiT miRebuli Sedegebi erTmeneTsemTxveva.



1. Ричард Томас, Количественные методы анализа хозяйственной деятельности.Перевод с английского, изд. «дело и сервис», Москва, 1999 г., ст. 99-127.

2. Б. П. Демидович, И.А. Марон, Э.З. шувалов, Численные методи анализа.Государственное издательство Физико-математической литературы. Москва 1962.стр. 79-123

3. a. ruxaZe, n. arTmelaZe, ricxviTi analizis elementebi, damxmaresaxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi, spi. 1975 w. gv. 41-49.

194

r e z i u m e

Semosavlis funqciis aproqsimacia umcires kvadratTameTodis gamoyenebiT

ciala buCukuri

naSromSi ganxilulia erT-erTi kompaniis yovelwliuriSemosavali aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. kvlevis mizans SeadgendaSegveswavla wlebsa da Semosavlis moculobas Soris damokidebulebisxarisxi, Semosavlis funqcia, aRniSnuli kompaniis marketingisganyofilebis mier dadgenil statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT, esmonacemebi damuSavda SerCeuli formulebis mixedviT, empiriuliformulebis miRebis mizniT.

maTematikuri aparatis gamoyenebis gziT miRebuli SedegebiemTxveva cxriliT mocemuli mniSvnelobebis Sesabamis logariTmebs.

S U M M A R Y

APPROXIMATION BY THE METHOD FEWEST SQUARESOF THE INCOME FUNCTION

TSIALA BUCHUKURI

In the article is considered the annual income of one Company during ten years. Theaim of investigation is the study of the dependence degree of capacity of the benefit from thetime (in years) of the income function.

On the basis of statistical data established by the marketing department of thisCompany the results were processed by means of the chosen formula for acquisition ofempirical formula. By means of the mathematical method the obtained data coincide with themeanings of logarithms corresponding to the table data.

Р Е З Ю М Е

АППРОКСИМАЦИЯ ПО МЕТОДУ НАИМЕНЬШЫХКВАДРАТОВ ФУНКЦИИ ДОХОДА

ЦИАЛА БУЧУКУРИ

В статье рассмотрен ежегодный доход одной компании в течение десяти лет.Целью исследования является изучение степени зависимости объема выручки отвремени (в годах), функции дохода.

На основе статистических данных, установленных маркетинговым отделом этойкомпании, результаты были обработаны с помощью выбранных формул, для полученияэмпирических формул. С помощью математического аппарата полученные данныесовпадают со значениями логарифмов соответствующих табличным данным.

195

damreci garsebis mravaltalRiani safari, dayrdnobilisigrZeze cvalebadi sixistis konturul elementebze

gela yifiani


revaz kaxiZe

teqnikis mecnierebata doqtori,S. rusTavelis baTumis saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori

daviT yifiani


Tu mravaltalRiani safaris SemadgenlobaSi Semavali garsebiskonturuli elementebs aqvs sigrZis mixedviT cvalebadi kveTi da

sixiste, maSin ,jF jS da jJ sidideebi unda CavTvaloT koordinatis

funqciebad. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, diferencirebisas miviRebT deforma-ciis wonasworobis da Tavsebadobis gantolebas Semdegi saxiT [1]:

m

jjjjk axFLwL

D

PF

D

hw

11211

4 )(~~ ;

m

jjjj

m

jjjjk axFLwLaxFLwLwEF

12221

12221

4 )(~~

)(~~ ;

(1)sadac

*111111

~jjj LLL ; *

121212

~jjj LLL ; *

222222

~jjj LLL ;

2*11 2

y

IE

yy

IEL jjjj

j

;

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

2

3*12 2

2

1

yxy

SE

yxyy

SEL jjjj

j ;

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

2

3*22 2

2 yxy

FE

yxyy

FEL jjjj

j .

(2)

Tu SevasrulebT kompleqsur gardaqmnebs [2] da Semdeg

gardaqmnas:

)(),(2)(),()(),( jjjjj axayDx

axyxDaxyxD

196

)(),(2

2

jj axayDx

, (3)

miviRebT

m

jjjjjjjjjj axayLaxayLaxayL

D

PL

1111 )(),()(),()(),( ;

;2

2

1 jjj Dx

DL

;22 jj Dx

L

jj DL 3 ,

)Im(~~

)Re(~~

22122111 n

EL

E

niLL

E

niLD jjjjj

;

)Im()Re(21

n

EL

E

niD j ;

.4kinL

radgan ,1 jL jL2 da jL3 operatorebis koeficientebi damokidebulia

y-ze, (4) gantolebis amosaxnelad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT b. mixailovis[3] mocemuli meTodika.

am meTodikis Tanaxmad, Tu funqcias warmovadgenT Semdegi saxiT:

N

kkk yx

1

sin)( . (5)

sadac

b

kk

.

(4) gantolebas daviyvanT Cveulebriv warmoebulebiani diferen-cialuri gantolebebis sistemaze:

N

k

m

jjkjjkjjkj

xx axaxax

D

P

1 1321 )(1)(1)(11 ; (6)

,,,2,1 N

sadac

b

xkksjsj ydyyLb 0

sin)sin(2

1 ; 3,2,1s ,

b

ydyPb

P0

sin2

; 22

24

2

22

4

4

2 rdx

d

dx

d

dx

dL .

(6) sistemis amoxsna SeiZleba Semdegnairad warmovadgenT:

197

N

k

m

jjkjkjjkjkjjkjkjx aaa

1 1

'*'3

*'2

*10 )(1)(1)(1 , (7)

,,,2,1 N

Tu (7) sistemis TiToeul gantolebaze morigeobiT vimoqmedebT

11ri operatorebiT, miviRebT gantolebaTa sistemas [4]:

N

k

m

j sjksrisjkriri aXbX

1 1

3

111 ,

sadac

);(1 *11 ikrijksri aX );(1 011 irijri ab

);(1 *11 ijrijksri aa

3,2,1r ; ;,,2,1 mi

;,,2,1 NI N,,2,1 .

(7) sistema iSleba N damoukidebel sistemad kjs ucnobebiT

TiToeuli sistemisTvis. unda iTqvas, rom am sistemis koeficientebi

romlebic Seicavs l, k da Sereul indeqsebs, ganisazRvreba mxolod*11 jL , *

12 jL da *22L operatorebiT. es operatorebi Seicavs cvlad

koeficientebs ,jj FE jj SE da jj JE warmoebulebis saxiT. Cveulebriv, es

sidideebi sakmaod mdovrea, nela cvalebadi, da amitom xsenebuliwarmoebulebi xSirad SeiZleba nulis tolad CavTvaloT da maSin (7)sistema daiSleba damoukidebel sistemebad, romlebic Seicavs sm *ucnobs anu damoukidebel sistemad mwkrivis TiToeuli wevrisTvis.aseTi midgoma Seesabameba (4) gantolebis, rogorc mudmiv koeficiente-biani gantolebis amoxsnas.

amrigad, gaangariSebis procesSi Tu cvalebadi sixistis wiboebsSevcvliT raime gasaSualoebuli sididis mudmivi sixistis wiboebiT,did cdomilebas ar unda movelodeT.

gasaSualebuli sixiste SeiZleba realuri sixistis y koordina-tis mixedviT avirCioT furies mwkrivad gaSlis pirvel wevris tolad.

aRniSnuli mosazrebis marTebuloba imiTac dasturdeba, romwibos gaswvriv ganawilebuli Zabvisa da momentebis funqciebis mdovrefunqciebia da maSasadame, sakmaod zustad ganisazRvreba trigonomet-riuli mwkrivis wevrebis mcire raodenobiTac. Zalvisa da momentebiswyvetis xasiaTi mcire raodeniTac. Zalvisa da momentebis wyvetisxasiaTi ki wiboebis perpendikularuli mimarTulebiT iseTive wyvetisrCeba sixistis gasaSualebisas.

(7) sistemis amoxsnisas mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT isic, rom

ksrija koeficientebi swrafad klebulobs )( k sxvaobis matebisas anu

sistemis matricas aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli mTavari diagonalis miax-loebuli koeficientebi, romlebic bevrad aRemateba yvela danarCens.

198

es imiT aixsneba, rom ,jj FE jj JE da jj SE sidideebis warmoebulebi

agreTve mdovre funqciebia da maTi furies koeficientebi swrafadklebulobs.

magram, Tu ratomRac aRmoCndeba, rom wiboebis sixisteebi arisswrafad cvalebadi funqciebi, maSin SeiZleba gamoviyenoT miRebulimwkrivebis krebadobis gaZlierebis meTodebi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom (7) sistemis matricas aqvs samkuTxedisstruqtura, yvela koeficientis gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSic, radgan

0)(1 *1 j

sjriksrij aa da ji (8)

da, maSasadame, aq SeiZleba gamoviyenoT aseTi sistemebis amoxsnisgamartivebuli meTodika [4].

(7) sistemidan ucnobebis 1riX gansazRvrisa da x funqciaSi

namdvili da warmosaxviTi nawilebis gayofis Semdeg, yvela gadaadgi-leba, Zalva da momenti ganxilul sistemaSi SeiZleba ganvsazRvroTklasikuri TeoriiT miRebuli formulebis mixedviT.



1. e. maCaiZe, g. yifiani. Sedgebili Txelkedliani sivrciTisistemebis gaangariSebis Teoria. prof. g. yifianis saerToredaqciiT. Tbilisi. `teqnikuri universiteti~, 2006. – 369 gv.

2. Мусхелишвили Н.И. Некоторые основные задачи математической теорииупругости. М.: Наука, 1966. – 707 с.

3. Михайлов Б.К. Пластины и оболочки с разрывными параметрами. – Л.: ЛГУ,1980. – 196 с.

4. Михайлов Б.К., Кипиани Г.О. Устойчивость трехслойных пластин с вырезами. //Строительная механика и расчет сооружений. Москва, 1989. № 4. – С. 49-51.

199

r e z i u m e

damreci garsebis mravaltalRiani safari, dayrdnobili sigrZezecvalebadi sixistis konturul elementebze

gela yifiani, revaz kaxiZe, daviT yifiani

gadmocemulia damreci garsebis mravaltalRiani safaris gaangari-Sebis meTodi. damuSavebulia damreci garsebis erTmaliani mravalkon-turiani safaris gaangariSeba, romelic dayrdnobilia sigrZeze cvale-badi sixistis konturul elementebze. mocemuli meTodika damyare-bulia sawyis gantolebebis gawrfivebis mimdevrobiTi datvirTvis me-TodiT da saZiebel amoxsnebSi ucnobi koeficientebis mqone wyvetilifunqciebis SemoyvaniT, rasac mivyavarT mwkrivebis swraf krebadobasada gamoTvlebis metad kompaqtur algoriTmze.

S U M M A R Y

MULTI-WAVE COVERING OF SLOPING COVERS, LEANED TO THE LENGTHCHANGEABLE SOLID CONCRETE ELEMENTS

GELA KIPIANI, REVAZ KAKHIDZE, DAVID KIPIANI

There in the article, is discussed the calculated method of sloping covers multi-wavecovering. There is studied the calculation of sloping covers one stepped multi-outlinedcovering, leaned to the solid length changeable concrete elements.

Р Е З Ю М Е

МНОГОВОЛНОВОЕ ПРИКРЫТИЕ ПОКАТЫХ ОБОЛОЧЕК, ОПИРАЮЩИХСЯНА КОНТУРНЫЕ ЭЛЕМЕНТЫ С ПЕРЕМЕННОЙ ЖЁСТКОСТЬЮ

ГЕЛА КИПИАНИ, РЕВАЗ КАХИДЗЕ, ДАВИД КИПИАНИ

Описан метод расчёта многоволнового прикрытия покатых оболочек. Разработанрасчёт однопозвонкового многоконтурного прикрытия покатых оболочек, котораяопирается на контурные элементы с переменной жёсткостью по длине. Даннаяметодика позволяет дойти до весьма компактного алгоритма расчётов.

200

Zveli asfaltbetonis civ mdgomareobaSi regenerirebisstacionaluri danadgari

manuCar SiSinaSvili

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetissatransporto da manqanaTmSeneblobis fakultetis doqtoranti

saavtomobilo gzebis mSeneblobis ZiriTad samSeneblo masaladiTvleba asfaltbetoni da sxva bitum-mineraluri narevebi. saqarTve-loSi asfaltbetonis warmoeba da gamoyeneba saTaves iRebs me-20 sauku-nis 30-iani wlebidan. amJamad, quCebisa da gzebis kapitaluri SekeTe-bebisas, ZiriTadad xorcieldeba arsebul dazianebul fenebze axalifenebis mowyoba, ris gamoc didi xnis winaT aSenebul gzebze (q. Tbi-lisis centralur magistralebze) asfaltbetonis safaris sisqe aR-wevs daaxloebiT 25-35sm-s da zogjer ufro metsac.

asfaltbetonis safaris mSeneblobis da eqspluataciis mraval-wliani analizi gviCvenebs, rom saremonto samuSaoebis Catarebis drosdazianebul fenaze asfaltbetonis da sxva bitum-mineraluri masalisaxali fenebiT Secvla moZvelda da iTxovs modernizacias. sworedamitom erT-erT mTavar mimarTulebad unda CaiTvalos Zveli asfalt-betonisa da sxva bitum-mineraluri masalebis meoradi gamoyeneba.

am problemis gadasawyvetad mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT Zveliasfaltbetonis raodenoba, misi xarisxi, granulacia, gadamuSavebissaTanado meTodebi da meqanizaciis saSualebebi adgilzec da centra-lur bazazec (qarxnis pirobebSi).

Tanamedrove meqanizaciis saSualebebiT gzis safaris damsxvreva(daqucmaceba) SesaZlebelia cxlad gafxvierebis da cxlad Rarvis(frezirebis) wesiT, agreTve safaris gacxelebis gareSe _ civi RarviswesiT da safaris mTlianad damtvreviT. am mizniT gamoiyeneba Sesaba-misi manqana-meqanizmebi: sagzao safaris gamacxeleblebi, cxeli da civisaRaravebi (frezebi), sagzao safaris samtvrevi manqanebi.

cxel mdgomareobaSi gafxviereba gamoiyeneba gzis profilis Ses-worebisas da safaris zedapiris gasworebisas. cxeli Rarva (frezi-reba) gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aucilebelia zedapiruli fe-nebis (sisqiT 4-5 sm) acla mimdevrobiT, zedapiruli fenis gasqeleba(ganaxleba) axali asfaltbetonis narevis damatebiT, an Zveli asfalt-betonis regeneracia bitumis damatebiT.

civi Rarva (frezireba) gamoiyeneba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac auci-lebelia konstruqciuli fenebis (Sreebis) acla, romelTa sisqe 20 sm-mdea, aseve Tu saWiroa fenis gasqeleba (an ganaxleba) cxeli narevisdamatebiT da iseT SemTxvevebSi rodesac arsebobs saSualeba bitumisemulsiis gamoyenebiT aRdges safaris monoliToba cxeli procesebisgamoyenebis gareSe.

gzis safaris amtvreva xdeba im SemTxvevasi, rodesac saWiroamTlianad moixsnas (20 sm da meti sisqis) asfaltbetonis fena. es

201

mTeli masala natexebis saxiT midis gadasamuSaveblad (saregeneraci-od) qarxanaSi. am dros Zveli asfaltbetonis namtvrevebis daqucmacebawarmoebs `civi” wesiT qvis samsxvrev danadgarze, cxeli wesiT _saSrob-saTbobi dolebis gamoyenebiT da wyal-Tburi wesiT specialurdanadgarSi. stacionaluri danadgarebidan, romlebic gansxvavdebianerTmaneTisgan gadamuSavebis teqnologiiT, yvelaze metad gavrcelebu-lia danadgarebi (agregatebi), romlebic warmoadgenen cxeli asfalto-betonis dasamzadebeli danadgarebis modifikacias, vinaidan isini met-naklebad momarjvebuli arian Zveli asfaltbetonis gadasamuSaveblad.

Zveli sagzao safaris meoradi gamoyenebisTvis saWiroa misi gada-muSaveba safaris ayris (daqucmacebis), misi gadamuSavebis (regeneraci-is) saxiT, qarxanaSi an samuSao moedanze.

Zveli asfaltbetonis meoradi gamoyenebis teqnikuri mowyobilo-bis mTeli kompleqsi ori saxisaa: I - moZravi manqanebis (agregatebis)saxiT, romlebic gamoiyeneba uSualod gzebze da II – staciona-luri agregatebi, romlebic qarxnis pirobebSi axdenen Zveli asfalto-betonis civ mdgomareobaSi regerenacias.

am etapze ganvixiloT aseTi saxis “civi” meTodiT regerenaciisdanadgari stacionaluri pirobebis dros.

gzis safaris asfaltbetonis (20 sm da meti sisqis) fena, rom-lis amtvrevac xdeba Sesabamisi sagzao an samSeneblo meqanizmebiT,natexebis saxiT midis gadasamuSaveblad (saregeneraciod) qarxanaSi. amdros Zveli asfaltbetonis namtvrevebis daqucmaceba warmoebs “civi”wesiT qvis samsxvrev danadgarze.

ZiriTadi teqnologiuri procesi, romelic sruldeba danadgarzearis natexebis daqucmaceba teqnologiur granulometramde civ gare-moSi, gacxelebis gareSe cxeli airebiT da winaswari damsxvrevis gare-Se qvis samsxvrev danadgarze.

natexebis daqucmacebis sruli cikli moicavs Semdeg teqnologiurprocesebs:

_ Zveli asfaltbetonis natexebis (20sm da meti) miwodeba mbrunavcilindrul gruxunSi;

_ natexebis daqucmaceba civ garemoSi barabnis gruxunis brunvisasdabali siCqariT, romelic xels Seuwyobs natexebs urTierTmoZraobaSida maqsimalur deformirebul pirobebSi am natexebis Wras urTierT-xaxunisas da dartymisas liTonis basrwaxnagovnebTan mimarTebaSi;

_ gacra da natexebis daqucmacebuli nawilis cilindruli gruxu-nis naxvretidan, Zirs dayra.

_ daqucmacebuli nawilis (narevis) moZraoba (gadaadgileba) ci-lindruli gruxunis torsis nawilisken Snekis elevatoris meSveobiT.

zemoaRniSnuli faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT nax.1_ze mocemuliadanadgaris konstruqciuli da teqnologiuri sqemia.

samtvrevi danadgaris Cven mier SemoTavazebululia specialurisafrezo (saRaravi) danadgari (nax.1), romlis ZiriTad muSa organoswarmoadgens liTonis horizontaluri mbrunavi cilindruli doli _frezi (1), mis gare zedapirze xistad damagrebuli calkeuli kbilise-buri saWrisebiT (2).

202

250 sm

118 sm

100 sm

a a

1

2

3

1

2

a - a

4

reduqtori

40 sm

nax. 1 asfaltbetonis safrezo (saRaravi) danadgari1 _ liTonis cilindruli doli _ frezi, 2 _kbiliseburi saWrisebi, 3 _

asfaltbetonis natexebis Casayreli xvimiri, 4 _RreCo.

erTi mbrunavi cilindruli doli-frezi an ori urTierTsawinaaRmdegomimarTulebiT mbrunavi frezebi ganlagebulia Zveli asfaltbetonisnatexebis Casayrel xvimiris (3) qveda nawilSi, sadac frezis zedapirsada xvimiris daboloebas Soris datovebulia grZivi RreCo (4), siganiT25 mm-mde, sadac brunvis frezis Sedegad xdeba masalis daSla dagamocalkeveba (gamoyra). ase daSlili (danawevrebuli) Zveli asfaltbe-tonis RorRismagvari nawilakebi (agregatebi) zomiT 10-25mm.

zemoT mocemuli teqnologiuri procesebis Sedegad miRebulidaqucmacebuli RorRis magvari 10-12 mm. sisqis fraqciis gamoyenebaSesaZlebelia naxevrad xisti safaris mosawyobad.

203



1. v. gogliZe - saavtomobilo gzebis mSenebloba. stu Sromebi.Tbilisi 1989

2. p. nadiraSvili b. gogliZe b. yaWiuri - sagzao safariszedapiruli damuSavebis mcire meqanizacia. saqarTvelosteqnikuri universitetis Sromebi, Tbilisi 2002

3. T. meqanariSvili - civi meTodiT regenerirebuliasfaltobetonis narevis gamoyeneba sagzaomSeneblobaSi, Tbilisi 2005

4. Шкуренко А.Т. - Основы строительства, ремонта и содержания автомобильныхдорог. Москва. «Транспорт» 1987

r e z i u m e

Zveli asfaltbetonis civ mdgomareobaSi regenerirebisstacionaluri danadgari

manuCar SiSinaSvili

am statiaSi ganxilulia qarxnis pirobebSi Zveli asfaltobeto-nis didi da saSualo zomis natexebis civ mdgomareobaSi regeneraciis-Tvis saWiro safrezo (saRaravi) danadgari.Aam danadgaris teqnikurisqema da muSaobis principi.

S U M M A R Y

STATIONARY UNIT OF REGENERATION OF OLD ASPHALTICCONCRETE IN COLD STATE

MANUCHAR SHISHINASHVILI

This article considers a milling machine, which is necessary for regeneration of oldasphaltic concrete of big and average pieces in cold state in factory conditions. Technicalscheme and principles of operation of the unit.

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Р Е З Ю М Е

СТАЦИОНАРНЫЙ АГРЕГАТ ДЛЯ РЕГЕНЕРАЦИИ СТАРОГОАСФАЛЬТОБЕТОНА В ХОЛОДНОМ СОСТОЯНИИ

МАНУЧАР ШИШИНАШВИЛИ

В данной статье рассматривается фрезерный станок, необходимый длярегенерации старого асфальтобетона в холодном состоянии в заводских условиях.Техническая схема и принцип работы станка.

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kompoziciuri betonis damatebiTi armirebaminaboWkos teqstiliT

daviT nozaZe

teqnikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis sruli profesori

paata ejibia

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis qimiuri teqnologiisa dametalurgiis fakultetis magistri

roman xomasuriZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis qimiuri teqnologiisa dametalurgiis fakultetis II kursis magistranti

kompoziciuri betoni aris masala romlis matrica warmoadgenscementis, qviSis, wylis da sxvadasxva Semavseblebis erTobliobas,romelSic gabneulia saarmature mokle boWko (nax.1b). es masalafarTod gamoiyeneba samSeneblo da samoqalaqo mrewvelobaSi. mokleboWkoebiT armireba iwvevs masalis simtkicis zrdas. es masalaZiriTadad gamoiyeneba arastruqturuli konstruqciuli elementebiswarmoebaSi, kerZod fasadebis panelebisaTvis [1], rac minaboWkoTiarmirebuli betonis warmoebis 80%-s Seadgens.

a) boWkovani teqstili

b) mokle boWkonax. 1. boWkovani teqstili da mokle boWko

kompoziciuri betonis warmoebis teqnologiis ganviTarebis pirvelwlebSi problemas warmoadgenda boWkoebis qimiuri medegoba, racgamowveuli iyo cementuri matricis agresiuli tute garemoTi. es

206

problema ukanasknel xanebSi gadaWril iqna axali tipis tutemedegiminaboWkos gamoyenebiT [2].

damzadebis Semdeg daZvelebis Semdeg 80C 200 sT cementis xsnarSi

a) tutemedegi minaboWko

damzadebis Semdeg daZvelebis Semdeg 80C 200 sT cementis xsnarSi

b) E minaboWkonax.2 tute garemos gavlena boWkoze

mokle boWkoTi armirebuli kompoziciuri betonis upiratesobaswarmoadgens misi simsubuqe da maRali simtkice kumSvaze da dartymaze,SedarebiT rkinabetonTan. Runvaze simtkicis kidev ufro gasazrdeladsaWiroa gamoyenebul iqnas damatebiTi armireba. damatebiTi armirebi-saTvis mizanSewonilad migvaCnia matricaSi boWkovani teqstilis dama-teba (nax.1a)

kompoziciuri betonis miRebis teqnologiebi.

arsebobs boWkoebiT armirebuli kompoziciuri betonis miRebisori ZiriTadi teqnologia, CamosxmiT da misxurebiT. rogorc misxure-bis teqnologiisas aseve Camosxmis teqnologiis dros, mokle boWkoTiarmireba xdeba matricis damzadebis, mozelvis periodSi. boWkoebissigrZe rogorc wesi 12 mm-s Seadgens. ufro grZeli boWkoebis gamoye-neba rekomendebuli ar aris, radgan es matricis mozelvadobas gaar-Tulebs. [2]

simtkice kumSvaze.

kumSvaze simtkicis dasadgenad Catarebul iqna cdebi LNEC E397standartis mixedviT. gamocdebis mizans warmoadgenda rogorc misxu-rebiT aseve CamosxmiT damzadebul nimuSebisTvis eqsperimentalurisimtkicis dadgena. agreTve mokle boWkos da boWkovani teqstilismoculobiTi xvedriTi wilis zegavlenis dadgena kumSviT simtkiceze.

Semowmebul iqna nimuSebis eqvsi seria: a – CamosxmiT miRebulinimuSebi (3.5% 12 mm boWko), b_misxurebiT miRebuli nimuSebi (6% 12 mmboWko), g _ misxurebiT miRebuli nimuSebi (5% 12 mm boWko), d _

207

CamosxmiT miRebuli nimuSebi armaturis gareSe, e _ misxurebiTmiRebuli nimuSebi armaturis gareSe, v _ CamosxmiT miRebuli nimuSebi(2,.5% 12 mm mokle boWko+2,5% boWkovani teqstili ujredis zomiT5X5mm, wona 160gr/m2), z _ misxurebiT miRebuli nimuSebi (2,5% 12 mmmokle boWko+2,5% boWkovani teqstili 5X5mm,160gr/m2),

Sedegebi mocemulia cxrilSi:

cxrili 1

araarmirebuli betoni praqtikulad afeTqda rodesac maqsimaluriZala iqna miRweuli wnexze, amavdroulad armirebuli nimuSebi, miuxe-davad bzarebisa, praqtikulad inarCunebdnen pirvandel formas.

gansxvaveba d- da e - seriis nimuSebs Soris SeiZleba aixsnasCamosxmiT miRebuli nimuSebis naklebi simkvriviTa da wylis ufrometi raodenobiT. radgan misxureba xdeba wneviT, am procesis drosabsoluturad gamoricxulia namzadSi haeris buStukebis arseboba damasalis erTgvarovneba da simtkice praqtikulad garantirebulia. e -seriis nimuSebma gvaCvenes naklebi simtkice SedarebiT b - da g -seriis nimuSebTan, rac armirebis efeqtiT aixsneba. b- da g - seriisnimuSebma gvaCvenes rom boWkos kritikuli moculobiTi xvedriTi wiliwarmoadgens 5%-s, romlis zeviT armireba iwvevs kumSvaze simtkicisSemcirebas, v- da z - seriebma gvaCvenes, rom boWkovani qsoviliTdamatebiTi armireba kumSvaze simtkices ar amcirebs.

simtkice Runvaze.

Runvaze simtkicis dasadgenad Catarebul iqna cdebi misxurebisteqnologiiT miRebul nimuSebze EN-1170-5 standartis mixedviT [3].datvirTva modebuli iyo oTx sayrden wertilze Tanaxmad nax. 4.1-zemocemuli datvirTvis epiurisa. nax.5-ze mocemulia Runvaze simtkicisgamocdis grafiki koordinatebSi Zala-deformacia. mocemuli masale-bis analizi gvaCvenebs, rom saukeTeso Sedegs RunviT simtkiceze gvaZ-levs Sereuli armireba 2.5% mokle boWko + 2.5% boWkovani teqstili.

nimuSis tipi simtkicekumSvaze (mpa)

a seria 36.1

b seria 32.6

g seria 51.3

d seria 22.7

e seria 29.3

v seria 48.9

z seria 52.1

208

nax 4. gamocda Runvaze oTxi sayrdeni wertiliT

nax 5. Runvaze datvirTvis grafiki Zala-deformaciis koordinatebSi- - - 5% mokle boWkoTi armirebuli betoni

----- 2.5% mokle boWko + 2.5% minaboWkos teqstili teqstili

Catarebuli samuSaodan SegviZlia gavakeToT Semdegi daskvnebi:1. kompoziciuri betonis miRebisas misxurebiT gamoricxulia

namzadSi haeris buStukebis arseboba da Sesabamisad erTgvarovneba daSedarebiT maRali simtkice garantirebulia;

2. mokle boWkoebiT armirebisas boWkoebis kritikuli moculo-biTi xvedriTi wili Seadgens 5%-s, romlis zeviT armireba ukuefeqtsiZleva;

3. Tu boWkoebis kritikuli moculobiTi wili (5%) Sedgeba 2,5%mokle boWkosa da 2,5% minaboWkos teqstilisagan, es ar iwvevskumSvaze simtkicis Semcirebas;

4. 2,5% minaboWkos teqstiliT mokle boWkos Canacvlebam Sedegadmogvca Runvaze simtkicis mkveTri zrda.

209



1. Specification for the manufacture, curing and testing of GRC products, InternationalGlassfibre Reinforced Concrete Association Third edition 2006;

2. J. G. Ferreira, F. A. Branco, GRC mechanical properties for structural applications.Instituto Superior Portugal 2004;

3. William K. Szaroletta, Nancy L. Danton. Four Point Bending: A New Look. PurdueUniversity www.ni.com/pdf/academic/us/journals/lv02_29.pdf 2002.

r e z i u m e

kompoziciuri betonisdamatebiTi armireba minaboWkos teqstiliT

daviT nozaZe, paata ejibia, roman xomasuriZe

ganxilulia kompoziciuri betonis miRebis ori saxis teqnologia,CamosxmiT da misxurebiT.

Runvaze da kumSvaze simtkicis dasadgenad, gamocdili iqna Semdegisaxis nimuSebi: sufTa betoni, mokle minaboWkoTi armirebuli betonida mokle minaboWko + minaboWkos teqstiliT armirebuli betoni. gamok-vleuli iqna agreTve boWkoebis moculobiTi xvedriTi wilis zegavle-na masalis kumSviT simtkiceze. Ddadgenil iqna, rom minaboWkos teqsti-liT mokle boWkos moculobiTi xvedriTi wilis nawilobrivi Canac-vleba mkveTrad zrdis masalis simtkices Runvaze.

S U M M A R Y

ADDITIONAL REINFOCEMENT OF COMPOSITE CONCRETEWITH FIBERGLASS TEXTILE

DAVID NOZADZE, PAATA EJIBIA, ROMAN KHOMASURIDZE

Two main technologies of development of glassfiber reinforced concrete (GRC) areinvestigated, premix and spray up.

In order to investigate bending and compression strengths of composite concrete, severalmaterials were tested: plain concrete, concrete reinforced with short fibers, and concretereinforced with short and fiberglass textile. Research activities were held in order todetermine effect of quantity of fibers on compression strength of composite concrete. It wasproved, that partiall replacing of short fibers with glassfiber textile lead to drasticallyimprovements of bending strength of material.

http://www.ni.com/pdf/academic/us/journals/lv02_29.pdf

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Р Е З Ю М Е

ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯ АРМИРОВКА КОМПОЗИЦИОННОГО БЕТОНАСТЕКЛОВОЛОКНИСТЫМ ТЕКСТИЛЕМ

ДАВИД НОЗАДЗЕ, ПААТА ЕДЖИБИА, РОМАН ХОМАСУРИДЗЕ

Расмотренны технологии получения композиционного бетона: напылением илитьём.

Для установления прочности на изгиб и сжатие были исследованны следуюшиематериалы: чистый бетон без арматуры, бетон армированный коротким стекловолок-ном, и бетон армированный коротким стекловолокном и текстилем из стекловолокна.Было исследованно влияние удельной доли стекловолокна на прочность на сжатие.Было установлено что частичная замена короткого стекловолокна стекловолокнистымтекстилем резко повышает прочность на изгиб.

211

erTfaza orgragnila transformatoris gantolebebis Sesaxeb

Tengiz museliani

teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis asocirebuli profesori

ivane SavTvaliSvili


nugzar xarSilaZe


aleqs potapovi

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis informatikisa da marTvissistemebis fakultetis doqtoranti

grigol museliani

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis energetikisa da telekomunikaciisfakultetis doqtoranti

eleqtruli energiis farTo da mravalmxrivi gamoyeneba xdebaeleqtruli wredebis saSualebiT, romlebic Tavisi daniSnulebis mi-xedviT iyofian or jgufad: pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba eleqtroenerge-tikaSi eleqtruli energiis gadacemisa da gardaqmnisaTvis gamoyenebu-li wredebi, xolo meore jgufs – kavSirgabmulobaSi, radioteqnikani-kaSi, avtomatikis, telemeqanikis, gamoTvliT teqnikisa da sxva mowyobi-lobebSi informaciis gadacemisa da gardaqmnisaTvis gamoyenebuliwredebi [1].

Tanamedrove pirobebSi eleqtruli wredebis gaangariSebisaTvisfarTod gamoiyeneba gamoTvliTi teqnika. amitom wredebis gaangariSebisZiriTadi kanonebisa da meTodebis warmosaCenad upiratesad gamoiyenebamatricebi, romelTa elementebis sizuste didad aris damokidebulieleqtruli wredebis maTematikuri modelis Sedgenis sizusteze.

informaciis gadacemisa da gardaqmnis dros zustad unda iqnesgansazRvruli signalis (magaliTad denis an Zabvis) ara marto moduliaramed fazac. amitom saWiroa eleqtruli wredebis TeoriaSi dRemdearsebuli zogierT sakiTxebSi garkveuli dazustebebis Setana.

yvelaze met dazustebas moiTxovs induqciurad dakavSirebuliwredebis maTematikuri modelebi, romlebsac miekuTvneba zemoTxsene-buli erTfaza orgragnila transformatori da romelSic mimdinareprocesebis maTematikur aRweras mieZRvna mravali sadiskusio statia,rogorc respublikur, aseve yofil sakavSiro eleqtroenergetikuliJurnalebis furclebze, magram dResac ar aris miRebuli da damtki-

212

cebuli erTfaza orgragnila transformatoris realuri maTematikurimodeli [2]. induqciurad dakavSirebuli wredebis saWiro parametrebisgansazRvra xdeba eqsperimentulad [3]. umetes SemTxvevaSi teqnikurliteraturaSi [4,5] erTfaza orgragnila transformatoris maTemati-kuri modeli warmodgenilia nax. 1-ze mocemuli saxiT da Sesabamisi (1)diferencialuri gantolebaTa sistemiT:

1 21 1 1 1

2 12 2 2 2

;

0 .

di diu i r L M

dt dtdi di

i r L M udt dt

(1)

nax. 1

eleqtroteqnikosTa saerTaSoriso komisiis moskovis kongreszeprof. a. netuSilis mier ganxiluli iqna induqciurad dakavSirebuliwredebis TeoriaSi arsebuli problemebi [6]. man uCvena, rom literatu-raSi gavrcelebulia erTfaza orgragnila transformatoris 4 maTema-tikuri modeli, rac warmodgenilia nax. 2-ze. aseve 4 maTematikurimodelia warmodgenili prof. v lominaZis naSromSi [7], rac miuTiTebsimaze rom aRniSnuli sakiTxi sabolood ar aris gadawyvetili damoiTxovs damatebiT gamokvlevis Catarebas.

a) b)

g) d)nax. 2

transformatorebis maTematikuri modelebis Sesaxeb gansakuTrebu-li samuSaoebi Caatara saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis mecnier-Ta jgufma prof. a. aburjanias xelmZRvanelobiT da gamoica soliduri

213

naSromi [8], sadac erTsaxela momWerebze dayrdnobiT dawvrilebiTaris gaanalizebuli nax. 2-ze moyvanili oTxive maTematikuri modelida damtkicebulia, rom arcerTi modeli ar aris srulyofili darealuri fizikuri procesebis Sesabamisi. aqve warmodgeniliaaRniSnuli jgufis mier damuSavebuli erTfaza orgragnila transfor-matorSi mimdinare fizikuri procesebis Sesabamisi ori maTematikurimodeli (nax. 3), romlebic arsebiTad gansxvavdebian literaturaSigavrcelebuli modelebisagan.

a) b)nax. 3

nax. 3-ze mocemuli sqemisaTvis kirxhofis II kanonis safuZvelzewarmodgenilia wredis diferencialuri gantoleba saboloo saxiT(Semovlis mimarTuleba emTxveva denebis mimarTulebas):

1 21 1 1

2 12 2 2

;

0 .

di die i r L M

dt dtdi di

i r L Mdt dt

(2)

sadac 1r da 2r - transformatoris pirveladi da meoreuli gragnile-

bis omuri winaRobebia; 1L da 2L - induqciurobebi, xolo M - urTi-

erTinduqciurobaa.naSromSi [6] miRebulia, rom (1) gantolebaTa sistema aris erTfaza

transformatoris erTaderTi zusti maTematikuri modeli, romelicaRar saWiroebs Semdgom revizias.

Cvenis azriT nax. 3-ze warmodgenili maTematikuri modeli sruladSeesabameba erTfaza orgragnila transformatorSi mimdinare fizikurprocesebs, xolo nax. 3a sqemisaTvis kirxhofis meore kanoniT Sedge-nili (2) diferencialur gantolebaTa sistemis meore gantoleba Seesa-

bameba mokled SerTvis reJims 0Z da amitom zogadad gantoleba

unda Cawerili iyos ase:

2 12 2 2 20 .

di dii r L M u

dt dt (3)

winamdebare samuSaos mizania erTfaza orgragnila transfor-matoris maTematikuri modelis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT CagvetarebinakvleviTi samuSaoebi da warmogvedgina Cveni mosazrebebi.

cnobilia, rom arsebobs kirxhofis II kanonis ori varianti:

214

I varianti. Sekrul konturSi emZ-ebis algebruli jami tolia

ZabvaTa vardnis aRmZruli jamis e u .

Tu wredi ar Seicavs emZ-s, maSin viyenebT II variants: Sekrul

konturSi ZabvaTa vardnis algebruli jami nulis tolia 0u . nax.

3-a-ze mocemuli sqemisaTvis (2) gantolebaTa sistema Sedgeniliakirxhofis II kanonis I variantiT:

1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

;

,L M

M L

e e e i r

e e i r u

anu

1 21 1 1

2 22 2 2 2

;

.

di die L M i r

dt dtdi di

M L i r udt dt

(4) diferencialuri gantolebaTa sistemis amosaxsnelad cnobili

sidideebis ;0e cal mxareze dalagebiT miviRebT:

1 21 1 1

2 12 2 2 2

;

0 .

di die i r L M

dt dtdi di

i r L M udt dt

(5)

(5) diferencialuri gantolebaTa sistema SeiZleba gamoviyenoTmxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca mocemulia transformatoris pirveladgragnilze modebuli Zabva (an egZ), transformatoris parametrebi daunda ganisazRvros pirvelad da meoreuli gragnilebSi gamavalidenebi.

aRniSnuli (5) gantolebaTa sistemis gamoyeneba SeuZlebeliasinTezis amocanebis dros, anu roca mocemulia transformatorispirveladi da meoreuli gragnilebis boloebze Zabvebi da undaSeirCes transformatoris optimaluri parametrebi. magaliTad, infor-maciis gadacemisa da gardaqmnis dros saWiroa iseTi parametrebismqone transformatori, romlis pirvelad gragnilze cnobili Zabvismiwodebisas meoreuli gragnilis boloebze miviRebT saWiro modulisada fazis mqone Zabvas.

davubrundeT nax. 1-ze warmodgenil sqemas, sadac naCvenebiamxolod Zabvebi, amitom gantolebaTa sistemis Casawerad unda visargeb-

loT kirxhofis II kanonis meore variantiT 0u da gveqneba:

1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2

0;

0,L M

L M

u u u i r

u u u i r

anu

1 21 1 1 1

2 12 2 2 2

;

.

di diu i r L M

dt dtdi di

u i r L Mdt dt

(6)

(6) gantolebaTa sistemis miReba SeiZleba, Tu (1) da (5) gantolebaa

sistemis meore gantolebaSi 1u Zabvas gadavitanT marjvena nawilidan

marcxenaSi:

1 21 1 1 1

2 12 2 2 2

;

.

di diu i r L M

dt dtdi di

u i r L Mdt dt

(7)

215

amis Semdeg (7) gantolebaTa sistemis meore gantolebis gavamrav-loT (-1)-ze. eleqtroteqnikur literaturaSi xSirad gvxdeba erTfazaorgragnila transformatoris maTematikuri modeli warmodgenili (7)sistemis saxiT, imisaTvis rom gaamarTlon induqciurad dakavSirebuliwredebis sistemis TeoriaSi sayovelTaod miRebuli debulebebi rom

TviTinduqciis koeficientebi 1L da 2L yovelTvis dadebiTi sidideebia,

xolo urTierTinduqciis koeficienti M SeiZleba iyos rogorc dade-biTi (Tanxvedrili SeerTebis dros), aseve uaryofiTi (SemxvedriSeerTebis dros).

naSromSi [9] dadgenilia, rom TviTinduqciisa da urTierTinduq-

ciis koeficientebi 1 2, ,L L M geometriuli parametrebia da isini yovel-

Tvis dadebiTi sidideebia, xolo maT win niSans gansazRvravs lenciswesisa da im sistemis niSani, romel sistemaSic iwereba gantoleba.Cvens SemTxvevaSi aseT sistemad miRebuli gvaqvs jamuri nakadis

mimarTuleba, romelic emTxveva 1 nakadis mimarTulebas. 1 nakadi

Tavis mxriv marjvena burRis wesiT dakavSirebulia 1i denis mimarTu-

lebasTan. aqedan gamomdinare (6) gantolebaTa sistema warmoadgenserTfaza orgragnila transformatoris kidev erT realur maTematikurmodels.

amrigad, Catarebuli gamokvlevebis safuZvelze dadgenili iqna,rom erTfaza orgragnila transformatori SeiZleba warmodgeniliiqnes ori saxis realuri sqemiT: 1) emZ-ebiTa da ZabvebiT da 2) mxolodZabvebiT, romelTa mimarTulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos lenciswesi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi gantolebaTa sistema unda Sesdges kirxhofis

II kanonis I variantiT e u ,xolo meore SemTxvevaSi kirxhofis II

kanonis II variantiT 0u . gantolebebis Sedgenisas aucileblad

pirvel rigSi moniSnuli unda iqnas erTsaxela momWerebi da trans-formatoris moqmedebis principidan gamomdinare pirveladi koWis denimimarTuli unda iqnas erTsaxela momWerisagan, xolo meoreuli koWisa– erTsaxela momWerisagan. konturis Semovlis mimarTuleba unda iyosdenis mimarTulebis Tanxvedrili, rac uzrunvelyofs gantolebTasistemis Sedgenisas aTvlis sistemis niSnis gaTvaliswinebas.

216



1. Теоретические основы электротехники. Т.I. Основы теории линейных цепей.Под ред. П.А.Ионкина. М., «Высшая школа», 1976, -544 стр.

2. Булгаков Н.И. Об устранении несогласованностей в изложении теориитрансформаторов. Ж., Электричество, 1984, №1. С. 64-68.

3. Кольцов А.А. Электрические схемы уравновешивания. М.: Энергия, 1976. С.114-115.

4. Атабеков Г.И. Теоретические основы электротехники. Линейные электрическиецепи. –М.: Энергия, 1979. –С.592.

5. p. merabiSvili, g. xosroSvili, eleqtroteqnikis TeoriulisafuZvlebi. `ganaTleba~, Tbilisi, 1988 w., gv. 312.

6. Нетушил А.В. О системном подходе в преподавании электротехническихдисциплин. Ж., Электричество, 1986, №5, с. 43-47.

7. Ломинадзе В.Г. О векторных диаграммах трансформатороа. Труды ГПИ,Тбилиси, 1986. С. 67-73.

8. a. aburjania, S. naWyebia, T. museliani, l. aburjania, induqciuraddakavSirebuli wredebi, Tbilisi, 2007 w., gv. 250.

9. Муселиани Т.Г. Последовательное соединения индуктивно связанных катушек,GEN №1, 2004, с. 126-130.

r e z i u m e

erTfaza orgragnila transformatoris gantolebebis Sesaxeb

Tengiz museliani, ivane SavTvaliSvili, nugzar xarSilaZe,aleqs potapovi, grigol museliani

Catarebuli gamokvlevebis safuZvelze dadgenili iqna, romerTfaza orgragnila transformatori SeiZleba warmodgenili iqnesori saxis realuri sqemiT: 1) emZ-ebiTa da ZabvebiT da 2) mxolodZabvebiT, romelTa mimarTulebaSi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos lenciswesi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi gantolebaTa sistema unda Sesdges kirxhofis

II kanoniT I variantiT e u ,xolo meore SemTxvevaSi kirxhofis II

kanonis II variantiT 0u gantolebebis Sedgenisas aucileblad

pirvel rigSi moniSnuli unda iqnas erTsaxela momWerebi datransformatoris moqmedebis principidan gamomdinare pirveladi koWisdeni mimarTuli unda iqnas ersaxela momWerisagan, xolo meoradikoWisa – erTsaxela momWerisagan. kenweris Semavali mimarTuleba undaiyos denis mimarTulebis Tanxvedrili, rac uzrunvelyofs gantole-baTa sistemis Sedgenisas aTvlis sistemis niSnis gaTvaliswinebas.

217

Р Е З Ю М Е

ОБ УРАВНЕНИЯХ ОДНОФАЗНОГО ДВУХОБМОТОЧНОГОТРАНСФОРМАТОРА

ТЕНГИЗ МУСЕЛИАНИ, ИВАНЕ ШАВТВАЛИШВИЛИ, НУГЗАРХАРШИЛАДЗЕ, АЛЕКС ПОТАПОВ, ГРИГОЛ МУСЕЛИАНИ

На основе проведенных исследований установлено, что однофазныйдвухобмоточный трансформатор можно представить двумя реальными схемами: 1) сЭДС и напряжениям и 2) только напряжениями, в направлениях которых будет учтеноправило Ленца. В первом случае система уравнений должна составлять I-ым вариантомвторого закона Кирхгоффа e u , а во втором случае – II-ым вариантом второго

закона Кирхгоффа 0u . При составлении уравнений в первую очередь должныобозначить одноименные зажимы и исходя из принципа действия трансформатора токпервичной катушки должен быть направлен к одноименному зажиму, а вторичнойкатушки – от одноименного зажима. Направления обходов контуров должны совпадатьс направлениями токов, что обеспечивает при совпадении системы уравненийпредусмотрению знака систем отсчета.

S U M M A R Y

ABOUT THE EQUATIONS OF SINGLE PHASEDOUBLE-WINDING TRANSFORMER

TENGIZ MUSELIANI, IVANE SHAVTVALISHVILI, NUGZAR KHARSHILADZE,ALEX POTAPOV, GRIGOL MUSELIANI

Based on the conducted research, it has been discovered that single-phase double-winding transformer can be presented in two types of actual diagrams: 1) voltages and 2) onlyvoltages, where Lents Rule is considered in their direction. In the first case, system ofequations should be composed according to the First Version of Second Law of Kirshophe

e u , whereas in the second case - according to the Second Version of Second Law

of Kirshophe 0u . When composing the equations, first of all, single-name clamps

should be highlighted and based on the principle of transformer functioning, direction of thecurrent of primary bar should be towards the single-name clamp, whereas direction of thecurrent of secondary bar should be towards the single-name clamp.

218

СРАВНЕНИЕ ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНОЙ НАДЕЖНОСТИКОММУНИКАЦИОННОЙ CИСТЕМЫ И ИХ ПОДСИСТЕМ

КОГДА ПОСЛЕДНЫЕ ИЗГОТОВЛЯЮТСЯ РАЗНЫМИ ФИРМАМИ

ДЕВИ ДОБОРДЖГИНИДЗЕ

КАНДИДАТ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК, АСОЦИИРОВАННЫЙ ПРОФЕССОРГРУЗИНСКОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА

ЛЕВАН КИКВАДЗЕ

КАНДИДАТ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК, АСИСТЕНТ ПРОФЕССОРГРУЗИНСКОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА

Современные комуникационные системы можно рассматривать как сложние

технические системы, устройства, а также их элементы-структурно неделимые состав-

ные части. Системы, имеющие структуру следует рассматривать как составленные из

подсистем. Подсистемы комуникационных системи могут изготовляться и постав-

ляться разными фирмами из разных стран.

В этих условиях одной из найболее трудных и интересных задач является оценка

надёжности всей системы. Но такие важные показатели надёжности как вероятность

безотказной работы, коэффициент готовности, средняя наработка до отказа системы,

средняя наработка между отказими, средняя интенсивность затрат необходимых для

поддержания работоспособности системы нелзя оценить без сравнительного испитания

надежности изделии разных фирм.

Чтобы провести сравнение надёжности, следует использовать три операции, с

помощью которых можно решить поставленные вопросы, принимая экспоненциальное

распределение времени исправной работы (срока служби) разных узлов (элементов).

Для простоты, в рассматриваемых ниже блок-схемах, будем полагать, что A, B,

C,… и. т. д. Изгатовлены разными фирмами.

Первая операция. Действительно ли отношение срока службы блока А к сроку

служби блока В равно X? Предполагаеться, что надежность А выше чем надажность В.

Вторая операция. Дситвительно ли отношение сроков службы двух блоков

равно X?

Здесь не делается никаких предположений, относительно того, какой блок (узел,

элемент) лучше.

219

Третья операция. Действительно ли надежность самого надёжного блока в X

раз больше, чем надёжность второго по надёжнавти блока?

Не было сделано никаких предположений, касающихся того, который из

множества узлов (элементов) самый надёжний. Рассмотрим эти операций по очереди.

Операция 1. Это так называемое одностороннее испытание, в котором должни

быть исследованиа гипотеза (Но):

0

B

A (1)

где A -предполагаемый больший срок службы блока A; B - предполагаемый

меньший срок службы блока В; Фо-наименьшее желаемое отношение, согласующееся с

Но (должно быть больше 1).

При планирований двух испытаний, сравнивающих первые r1 и r2 отказы,

используется следующая статистика:

B

ArrF

ˆˆ

)2,2( 21(2)

где A -рассчитанный средний срок службы блока A; B -рассчитанный средний срок

службы блока B; r1-число отказов A; r2 - число отказов В; F(2r1,2r2) –табличная

величина F для 2r1 и 2r2 степений свободы, согласующаяся с выбранным уровнем.

Также принимаем:

-вероятность отклонения гипотезы Но, когда, отношение реальных средных

сроков службы равно Фо (некоторое число, большее 1);

–вероятность принятия гипотезы Но, когда отношение средних сроков службы

А и В равно Ф1=1;

–верхный предел интеграла нормального закона распределения для

вероятности ;

–верхный предел интеграла нормального закона распределения для

вероятности ;

0

1

(3)

где Фо было определено выше, а Ф1 выражается отношением реального средного

срока службы А к реальному среднему сроку службы В и равно 1.

220

2

21 2

1

nrr

(4)

где r1, r2, ,, и уже были определены.

Уравнение (4) являеться первым приближением к реальным величинам r1 и r2.

Затем 2r1+2r2 используются для состовления таблицы распределения отношений F, из

которой можно получить реальные степени свободы 2r1 и 2r2 необходимые для

удовлетворения соотношения

),(),( 212

211 ffFffF (5)

где , и были определены выше, а F1- и F - это табличные значения

фишеровского F распределения c f1=2r степенями свободы в числителе и f2=2r2

степенями свободы в знаменителе.

Операция 2 подобна операций 1, только с той разницей, что «двустороннее»

испытание более предпочтительно, чем «одностороннее», так как здесь не делаеться

никаких Допущений о том, что узел А надежнее В.

Операция 3 используется когда речь едет о надежности элементов и задача

состоит в определении обьема выборки, что дасть возможность выбрать элемент с

найбольшим действительным (по неизвестным) средним сроком службы. В этом случае

когда испитания пройсходит с заменой элементов дополнительно имеем:

r1A=n1T1 (6)

r2B=n2T2 (7)

nT1=n1+r1 (8)

nT2=n2+r2 (9)

где n1 – размер первоначальной выборки элементов А; n2 – размер первоначальной

выборки элементов В; nT1-полное число испытываемых элементов A; nT2 полное число

испитываемых элементов B; Т1 – ожидаемое время испытаний элемента A; Т2 –

ожидаемое время испытаний элемента B.

На рис 1 показана блок - схема устройств с узлами с различной надежностью

устроиство 1 рис. 1 устроиство 2

A C

DB

X1

A C

DB

X2

221

Проведем сравнение надёжности двух устройств показанных на рис. 1. В этих

схемах последовательное соединение блоков означает, что все они должны работать

исправно чтобы работала вся система. Паралельное соединение блоков или ветвей

показывает, что если один или более блоков работают, то работа всей системы будет

проходит удовлетворительно. Для рассматриваемого случая обозначим функций рабо-

тоспособности через Х1 и Х2 и оговорим, что работа блоков независима.

Для верхней ветви устройства 1 имеем

X1(B)=AC

для нижней ветви

X1(H)=BD

X1=AC+BD= X1(B)+ X1(H)

необходимо заместить, что АС включает случай соединения ACBD и т.д., так

как

AC+ACBD=AC(1+BD)=AC

для устройства 2

X2=(A+B)(C+D)=AC+BC+AD+BD=(AC+BD)+BC+AD=X1+ BC+BD

Из равенства ясно, что устройство 2 имеет больше возможностей исправно

работать, поскольку если работают только B и C или A и D, то оно будет работать, а

устройство 1 нет. Для простой конфигурации, подобной рассмотренной в этом приме-

ре, решение оказывается очевидным, но для более сложных систем использование

булевой алгеебры приводит к значительному уменьшению выбора возможных комби-

нации блоков устройства.

Когда две событии независимы т.е. событие А не влечет собой появления B то

P(B)=P(B/A)

P(A)=P(A/B)

следовательно

P(AB)=P(A)+P(B) (10)

тогда, при более сложных схемах, т. е. Если допустить, что A1, A2, …An

обозначают n признаков, то вероятность появления одного из них (в любой последова-

тельности) определяеться выражением

n

jim

ji

Lji

mn

kjikji

kji

n

jiji

ji

n

iin AAAPAAAAAPAPилиАилиAAP

...

.........2

1

32

12

1121 ...,)...()1(...)()()....( (11)

222

Из этого выражения очевидно, что только простая сумма, выраженная первым

членом в уравнении, может представлять собой вероятность появления либо одного,

либо другого признака в случае, когда все признаки являются взаимоисключающими.

Принимая во внимание (10) и (11) для выведенных виражении X1 и X2 получим:

т.к. X1=AС+BD

то P(X1)=P(AC+BD)=P(AC)+P(BD)-P(ACBD)=

= P(A) P(C) + P(B) P(D) -P(A)P(B)P(C)P(D),

и P(X2)=P(A+B)(C+D)=[P(A)+P(B) - P(A)P(B)][P(C)+P(D) - P(C)P(D)]

Равенство (11) может быть использовано для вычисления вероятности исправ-

ной работы сложной коммуникацыонной системы состоящий из подсистем различных

фирм. Выражение позволяющее вычислить вероятность исправной работы системы:

n

jiji

jiij

n

iin отказалииAAPдругиенетотказалAPAAAPP

211

21 ...)(),()....(

)...,(

...

........2

1..., отказалиAAAP ji

n

jim

ji

eji

(12)

где P(A1A2…An) –вероятность исправной работы всего оборудования (A1A2 и

т.д.); n-полное число частей в системе; P(AiAj…и A отказали) – вероятность того, что

элементы AiAj…и A отказали, в то время как другое оборудование работает исправно;

ωi,j,…, – вероятность исправной работы системы при отказе елементов i,j,…e.

Для большинства электронных систем нужно сделать два предположения:

1) отказы частей системы независимы;

2) Часть системы может находиться только в одном из двух несовместных

состояний: отказа или исправной работы.

Основываясь на этих предположениях, выражение (12) можно переписать в

следующем виде:

n

ii

ii AP

AP

PPP

1 )

00 )](1[

(

....)](1)][((1[)((

21 )

0n

jiji

jiji

ji APAPAPAP

P

223

n

jim

ji ji

jiji APAPAP

APAPAPP

...

.

.

.2

1 )

0,... )()....((

)](1)]....[(1)][(1[, (13)

где

n

iiAPP

10 )(



1. Барлоу Р., Прошин Ф. Математические теория надёжности. Пер. С. Анг. –1969г.

2. Arndt, K., Kirstein, B. M.: An Importance ranking for components of highlyreliable systems. – 1983.

3. Bufer, D. A.: Bounding the reliabity of multistate systems.-19824. Фю Байхельт, П. Франкен: Надежност и техническое обслуживание –

математический подход. -1981

r e z i u m e

sxvadasxva firmebis mier damzadebuli kvanZebiT Sedgenilisakomunikacio sistemebis fardobiTi saimedoobis Sefaseba

devi doborjginiZe, levan kikvaZe

bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis radioteqni-kis kaTedris TanamSromlebis mier, bevr sawarmoSi Tu organisaziebSidainerga Tanamedrove sakomunikacio sistemebi, romlebic sxvadasxvaqveynebSi, sxvadasxva firmebis mier warmoebuli kvanZebisagan Sedgeba.bunebrivia wina planze wamoiwia mTeli sistemis fardobiTi saimedoo-bis Sefasebis aucileblobam.

statiaSi ganxilulia aseTi sistemebis saimedoobis Sefasebisanalizi proeqtirebis, danergvis da eqspluataciis pirobebSi. ganxilu-lia sami aucilebeli operaciis Tanmimdevroba da mocemulia formu-lebi, romelTA saSualebiTac gaiangariSeba rTuli sistemis gamarTu-lad muSaobis albaTobis sidide roca misi qvesistemebis gamarTuladmuSaobis albaTobebis sidideebi gansxvavebulia.

224

S U M M A R Y

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM’S RATIO RELIABILITY WHEN ITSVARIOUS PARTS ARE DESIGNED BY DIFFERENT FIRMS

DEVI DOBORDJGINIDZE, LEVAN KIKVADZE

Modern communication systems were installed on many Georgian enterprises andorganizations (Batumi and Poti ports, Enguri hydro-electric power station and so on) byengineers of radio department of Georgian Technical University. At all times problems ofreliability were raised as the systems contain some subsystems supplied by firms of variouscountries.

The article presents methods of analysis of communication system’s reliability andreviews sequence of the necessary operations which are to be used to solve the problem.

The article demonstrates the formulas with which it is possible to calculate the designratio reliability as well as the individual-part reliability.

Р Е З Ю М Е

СРАВНЕНИЕ ОТНОСИТЕЛЬНОЙ НАДЕЖНОСТИСИСТЕМЫ И ПОДСИСТЕМ КОГДА ПОСЛЕДНЫЕ

ИЗГОТОВЛЯЮТСЯ РАЗНЫМИ ФИРМАМИ

ДЕВИ ДОБОРДЖГИНИДЗЕ, ЛЕВАН КИКВАДЗЕ

Сотрудниками кафедры радиотехники Грузинского Технического университатаза последные годы на разных предпиятиях и в организациях Грузии (Порты Батуми иПоти, Ингури ГЭС и т.д.) былы внедрены коммуникационные системы, конструкциякоторых состоит из подсистем поставляемые разными формами и в каждом случаенейзменно вставал вопрос об оценке надиежности таких систем.

В статье рассматриваются методы анализа надежновти таких систем в процессепроектирования, установки и эксплуатации. Рассматривается последовательность техоперации, которые следует использовать при решении поставленных задач и даетсяосновные формулы для вычисления вероятности исправной работы сложнойкоммуникационной системы состоящая из подсситем разных фирм.

225

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ НАДЕЖНОСТИ И ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ЗАТРАТВ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИИ И СОЗДАНИИ КОММУНИКАЦИОННЫХ

СИСТЕМ ПРИ ИНГУРИ ГЭС И БАЗАЛЕТСКОГОТУРИСТИЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА

ДЕВИ ДОБОРДЖГИНИДЗЕ

КАНДИДАТ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК, АСОЦИИРОВАННЫЙ ПРОФЕССОРГРУЗИНСКОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА

ЛЕВАН КИКВАДЗЕ

КАНДИДАТ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ НАУК, АСИСТЕНТ ПРОФЕССОРГРУЗИНСКОГО ТЕХНИЧЕСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА

В последние годы учеными кафедры Радиотехники Грузиснкого Технического

Университета осуществлена несколько удачных проектов внедрения коммуника-

ционных систем на разных предприятиях и организациях. При разработке двух

последных проектов (Базалетский комплекс и Енгури ГЭС), из – за экономического

кризиса, встал вопрос о необходимости не только удовлетворить требования к задан-

ным показателям надежности, но и выполнить эти требования при минимальных затра-

тах. Эта задача может ставиться двояко: а) при минимальных затратах удовлетворить

требования к заданным показателям надежности; б) при затратах, не превышющих

заданной величины, максимизировать показатель надежности.

Коммуникационная система внедренная и в Базалети и на Ингури ГЭС состоят

из подсистем, включающих различное число последовательных и параллельных

элементов. Рассмотрим систему n последовательно соединенных независимых элемен-

тов, которые отличаются друг от друга надежностью и стоймостью. Предположим, что

на заданном интервале времени (0, t) вероятность безотказном работы i-го элемента

равна Pi(t) и что для этого элемента имеется mi-1 резервных (i=1, …, n). Вероятность

P(t) безотказной работы резервированной системы на заданном интервале времени (0, t)

зависит от величин P(t)=[P1(t), ...., Pn(t)], m=(m1,…,mn):

P(t)=P[p(t),m] (1)

Обозначим через ci стоимост i –го элемента рассматриваемой системы.

Стоимость резервированной системы равна

C(c,m) = m c =

n

iiicm

1

226

где с-вектор стоимостей элементов

c=(c1,…., cn)

Задачи оптимального резервирования можно теперь сформулировать следую-

щим образом.

Первая задача. При заданных P(t) и с найти такой вектор m, которому

соответствует нижняя грань стоимосты системы C(c,m) в области значений m, удовлет-

воряющих условию P[p(t),m]P.

Вторая задача. При заданных P(t) и с найти такой вектор m, которому

соответствует верхняя грань вероятности безотказной работы системы P[p(t),m] в

области значений m, удовлетворяющих условию C(c,m)С.

Заметим, что в качестве показателя надежности могут быть использованы сред-

нее время безотказной работы или коэффициент готовности и для решения сформули-

рованных задач ограничимся приближенными решениями, полученными методом

неопределенных множителей Лагранжа и методом найскорейщего спуска. Для высоко-

надежных систем эти приближенные решения получаются достаточно точными и не

связаны с использованием специальной вычислительной техники.

При решений первой задачи методом неопределенных множителей, в случае

постоянного резервирования, вероятность безотказной работы системы равна

])1(1[),(1

imn

iipmpp

(2)

необходимо найти такой вектор m= (m1,…., mn) при котором стоймость системы.

n

i

n

iiiii cmcmmcC

1 1

),( (3)

для всех mi , удовлетворяющих неравенству

PpmpP imn

ii

])1(1[),(1

(4)

Воспользуемся методом неопределенных множителей Лагранжа для определе-

ния условного экстремума функции C(c,m) переменных m1,….mn пренебрегая дискрет-

ностью этих переменных.

Введем обозначенияii Pp m

i )1(1 (5)

227

т.е. введем новые переменные i вместо переменных mi и запишем формулу для

нижней границы вероятности безотказной работы резервированной системы в виде

n

ii

i PPPn

i

1

1

(6)

или

n

ii

1

1 (7)

причем 0<i<1, i=1,…, n.

Из (5) следует

)1ln(/)1ln( ii pPm i (8)

Задача теперь сводится к следующей: найти оптимальные значения чисел i

которые минимизируют стоимость

),...,()1ln(

)1ln(1

11n

i

n

ii

n

iii f

p

Pccm

i

(9)

при условии (7). Для определения экстремума запишем функцию Лагранжа

)1(),...,(),...,(1

11

n

iinn fF (10)

где -неопределенный множитель Лагранжа, и составим систему уравнений

njF

j

n ,...,1,0),...,( 1

(11)

Подставляя (9) и (10) в (11), получим систему уравнений относительно

неизвестных j:

njP

PP

p

c

j

j

j

j ,...,1,1

ln

)1ln(

(12)

в которой множитель определяется из условия (7). Каждое из уравнений

системы (12) содержит только одно неизвестное, которое находится элементарными

алгебраическими преобразованиями:

njp

Pc

j

jj ,...,1,

)1ln(

ln1ln

(13)

Условие (7) запишется теперь сделующим образом:

228

nn

j j

j

p

Pc)1(

)1ln(

ln1ln

1

(14)

откуда получить величину неопределенного множителья в явном виде не

удается.

Приближенное решение для высоконадежных систем. Введем дополнитель-

ное условие, состоящее втом, что вероятность безотказной работы резервированной

системы должна бить близка к единице, т.е.

P=1-Q, Q<<1 (15)

Условие (15) с практической точки зрения представляет наибольший интерес. Из

этого условия следует

)(1)1( QoQQP kkk (16)

lnP=ln(1-Q)= - Q+o(Q) (17)

Подставляя (16) в (12), получаем

,)]1ln(/[ jjj pc

откуда

)]1ln(/[ jjj pc

Неопределенный множитель находим из условия (7):

n

j j

j

p

c

1

1)1ln(

1

Следовательно, оптимальные значения чисел j при условии (15) равны

njuun

jjjj ,...,1,/

1

(18)

где

)1ln(/ jjj pcu (19)

Подставляя (18) в (8) и учитывая (15), находим оптимальные числа элементов:

)1ln(

lnln

)1ln(

)1ln(

)1ln(

)1ln(ln 1

j

n

jjj

jj

jj p

uu

p

P

p

Pm

(20)

Первое слагаемое в (20), зависящее только от P и pj, представляет число

параллельных элементов j –го вида, обеспечивающих заданную надежность P изолиро-

ванной системы параллельных элементов этого вида. Дополнительное (положительное)

229

слагаемое, зависящее от числа n последовательных элементов и их стоимостей, необхо-

димо для обеспечения заданной надежности системы последовательных элементов всех

n видов.

Рассмотрим частные случаи фоомулы(20). Пусть все элементы имеют

одинаковую надежность (pj=p), но различные стоимости. Тогда из (18) следует

,// 01

Cccc j

n

jjjj

(21)

где C0 -стоимость нерезервированной системы. Из

(20) при (21) имеем

)]1ln(/[)1ln(/)1ln( pCcpPm ojj (22)

Если стоимости всех элементов одинаковы (cj=c), а надежности различны, то

jj

n

j jjj pq

qq

1,

ln

1ln

1

1

(23)

1

1

2

ln

1ln

)1ln(

)1ln(

n

j jjj q

qp

Pm (24)

При pj=p и cj=c из (18) следует j=1/n, и

)1ln(/)1ln( /1 pPm nj (25)

Решение второй задачи методом неопределеных множителей. Пусть теперь

задано ограничение на стоимость системы и необходимо найти такой вектор m=(m1,…,

mn), при котором вероятность безотказной работы системы с постоянным

резервированием

])1(1[])1(1[),(11

n

i

mi

n

i

mi

ii ppmpP (26)

для всех mi удовлетворяющих неравенству

Ccm ii

n

i

1

(27)

Так как логарифм – монотонная функция, то сформулированная задача равно-

сильна определению условного экстремума функции lnP(p,m) переменных m1,…,mn

При условии

Ccm ii

n

i

1

(28)

Учитывая, что

230

])1(1ln[),(ln1

imn

iipmpP

(29)

запишем функцию Лагранжа

n

iii

mn

iin cmpmmF

i

111 ])1(1ln[),...,( (30)

и составим систему уравнений

njm

mmF

j

n ,...,1,0),...,( 1

(31)

предполагая, что аргументы функции F(m1,…,mn) представляют любые действительные

(положительные) числа.

Подставив (30) в (31), получим систему уравнений относительно неисзвестных

mi

0)1ln()1(1

)1(

jjm

j

mi cpp

pj

j

(32)

откуда находим

njpc

c

pm

jj

j

jj ,....,1,

)1ln(ln

)1ln(

1

(33)

Условие (28) запишется теперь в виде

Cp

pccc

j

jjjn

jj

)1ln(

)]1ln(ln[ln

1

(34)

Формула (34) позволяет определить неопределенный множитель в зависимости от

заданных величин P1,…,Pn, c1,…, cn.

Приближенное рещение для высоконадежных систем. В этом случае в (29)

логарифмы можно заменить их линейным членом разложения в ряд Тейлора, т.е.

n

i

mi

ipmpP1

)1(),(ln (35)

и тогда вместо (32) получаем более простое уравнение

njp

cp

j

jmj

j ,...,1,0)1ln(

)1(

(36)

Используя обозначение uj= - cj/ln(1-pj), совпадающее с точностью до знака с (19)

запишем решение уравнения (36) в виде

mj=ln(uj)/ln(1-pj) (37)

231

Подставляя (37) в (28), находим

n

i i

iin

i i

i Cp

uc

p

c

11 )1ln(

ln

)1ln(ln

откуда получаем выражение для ln

n

ii

n

iii uuuC

11

/)ln(ln (38)

Подставляя (38) в (37), находим оптимальные числа элементов каждого типа

)1ln(//)ln(ln11

j

n

ii

n

iiijj puuuCum

(39)

j=1,….,n

Рассмотрим частные случаи формулы (39). Если все элементы имеют

одинаковую надежность pj=p но различные стоимости, то

)1ln(

ln)1ln(

ln)1ln(

10

100 p

cC

p

cc

pCC

Cm i

n

i

iij , (40)

где

n

iicC

10 (41)

- стоимость нерезервированной системы.

Если и надежности, и стоимости всех элементом одинаковы, то полагая в (40)

cj=c получаем

mj=m=C/C0 (42)

Метод наискорейшего спуска (подъема). Возможность получения решения

рассмотренных выше задач в замкнутой форме методом неопределенных множителей

Лагранжа была достигнута ценою ряда упрощающих предположений.

Решение методом наискорейшего спука (подъема) задач, приводится к

следующему многошаговому процессу вычислений: На каждом шаге отыскивается

такой участок резервируемой системы, прибавление к которому одного резервного

элемента дает наибольшее увеличение вероятности безотказной работы системы в

целом на единицу затрат.

Обозначим через Pi(mi) вероятность безотказной работы за фиксированное время

i-го участка системы при наличии mi-1 резервных элементов, а через ci, как и прежде,

стоимост i-го элемента. Для каждого участка системы определяются Pi(mi), mi=1,2,…;

i=1,…n, и затем вычисляются величины

232

gi(mi)=[Pi(mi+1) - Pi(mi)]/ciPi(mi) (43)

На первом шаге определяется такой участок с номером k, для которого

gk(1)=maxgi (1) максимальна. 1in

К этому k-му участку добавляется один элемент и вычисляются значения

)1(/)2()0()1(kk PPPP (44)

kcCC )0()1( (45)

где )0(P и )0(C - вероятность безотказной работы и стоимость нерезервированной

системы, равные

n

iii

n

i

cCPP1

)0(

1

)0( );1( (46)

На втором шаге определяется максимальная из величин gi(1), ik и gk (2).

Добавляется один элемент к участку j, для которого

gi(1)=maxgi(1), gj(1)>gk (2)

1in, ik

или снова к k-му участку, если gk(2)>gj(1). Вычисляются значения

)1(/)2( )1()2(jj PPPP , если gj(1) > gk(2) (47)

или

)2(/)3( )1()2(kk PPPP если gk(2)>gj(1) (48)

а также

jcCC )1()2( , если gj(1)>gk(2) (49)

или

kcCC )1()2( если gk(2)>gj(1) (50)

Многошаговый процесс останавливается на таком шаге N, на котором выполня-

ется условие)()1( NN PPP (51)

при решении первой задачи, или условие)1()( NN CCC (52)

при решении второй задачи.

233



1. Барлоу Р., Прошан Ф. Математическая теория надёжности.Пер. с англ. – 1969 г.

2. Б.Р. Левин, Теория надёжновти радиотехнический систем – 1988г.3. Андре Анго. Математика для электро и радиоинженеров изд.

«Наука»-1967 г.4. Richard H. Myers, Harold M. Gordy, Reliability engineering for electronic

systems – London, 1998.

r e z i u m e

engurhesze da bazaleTis turistul kompleqsSidanergili sakomunikacio sistemebis saimedoobisada mis misaRwevad saWiro danaxarjebis optimizacia

devi dobojginiZe, levan kikvaZe

ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi SezRudulia drois, adamianebisSromis da gansakuTrebiT dasaxarji Tanxis resursebi. saWiroa moiZeb-nos saukeTeso meTodebi, romlebic saSualebas mogvcems SevamciroTdanaxarjebi ise, rom sistemebis saimedoobis maxasiaTeblebi ar Sem-cirdes.

statiaSi am amocanis gadawyveta ganixileba ori gziT: 1) minima-luri danaxarjebiT vuzrunvelyoT sistemis saimedoobis moTxovnilisidide; 2) danaxarjebiT, romlebsac ar aRemateba mocemul sidides,mivaRwioT saimedoobis rac SeiZleba maRal maCvenebels.

statiaSi naCvenebia am amocanebis gadawyvetis ori axali meTodi:1) ganusazRvreli mamravlebis (koeficientebis) meTodi da 2) gamoTvle-bis mravalbijiani procesis Catarebis meTodi. moyvanilia oriveamocanis, orive meTodiT gaangariSebisaTvis saWiro formulebi.

statia did daxmarebas gauwevs radioteqnikuri sistemebisdamproeqtebel inJener-teqnikur personals.

234

S U M M A R Y

THE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM TRUSTWORTHINESS, WHICH WASESTABLISHED ON ENGURI AND BAZALETI TOURIST COMPLEX AND

NECESSARY PLURAL EXPENSES OPTIMIZATION FOR ITS ACHIEVEMENT

DEVI DOBORDJGINIDZE, LEVAN KIKVADZE

At this time of economic crisis the resources of time, expenses and human labour arelimited. Therefore it is imperative to find best methods of reducing money expenses and at thesame time keeping save the reliability of the system.

The article provides for arriving at a decision by two ways: 1) to provide for theestablished reliability by minimizing the expenses; 2) not exceeding the fixed expenses we tryto maximize the design liability.

The problem is solved by two methods. By methods of indeterminate multipliers andmulti-pitched process of calculation, and there are all the formulas for these purposes. Thearticles should be useful to communications and radio engineers.

Р Е З Ю М Е

ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ НАДЁЖНОСТИ И ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ЗАТРАТВ ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЙ И СОЗДАНИЙ КОММУНИКАЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМПРИ ИНГУРИ ГЭС И БАЗАЛЕТСКОГО ТУРИСТИЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА

ДЕВИ ДОБОРДЖГИНИДЗЕ, ЛЕВАН КИКВАДЗЕ

Во времена экономического кризиса ресурсы времени, денег и людского трудаограничены. Следует найти найлучшие методы позволяющие найболее сократитьстоимость не снижая надёжность внедряемых коммуникационных систем.

В статье эта задача рассматривается двояко: 1) при минимальных затратахудовлетворить требования к заданным показателям надёжности; 2) при затратах, непревышающих заданной величины, максимизоровать показатели надежности. Задачирешаются методами неопределенных множителей и многошагового процессавычислении. Приводятся формулы для решения обойх задач обойми методами.

Статья рассчитана на инженеров – разработчиков радиотехнических систем.

235

zogi ram ekosferoSi anTropogenuri CarevisSedegebis Sesaxeb

murad garuCava

biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis


guram tyemalaZe

biologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis

sruli profesori

amrosi Wkuaseli

soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa kandidati,saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis


ekosferoze bunebrivi da anTropogenuri zemoqmedebis Sedegebzemsjelobisas, TavisTavad gvebadeba kiTxvebi: unda gvafiqrebdes Tu ara,garemoSi mimdinare bunebrivi procesebis fonze, anTropogenuri Care-viT gamowveuli cvlilebebis potenciuri safrTxe? SeiZleba Tu ara,rom bunebaSi adamianis Carevam iq mimdinare TviTregulirebisa daganaxlebis meqanizmebis funqcionirebis Sewyveta gamoiwvios? amkiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemisas aucilebelia, rom Sejerebuli iqnasbunebrivi da adamianis moRvaweobiT gamowveuli garemos cvlilebaTaSedegebi. amisaTvis, Cveulebriv, sam kriteriums iyeneben – raodenobrivfaqtors, drois faqtorsa da anTropogenurad warmoebuli produqtistoqsikurobas. adamianis moRvaweobis Sedegad bunebrivi garemos cvli-lebebi globalur masStabSi raodenobrivad jer kidev umniSvneloa,magram mimdinareobis intensivobiT bunebrivi cvlilebebisagan mkveT-rad gansxvavdeba. bunebrivi cvlilebebi adamianis sicocxlis xangr-ZlivobasTan SedarebiT ukiduresad nela mimdinareobs da garegnuladTiTqos SeumCnevelia. anTropogenuri Careva piriqiT, swrafad vlindeba,rac gansakuTrebiT Cvens saukunes axasiaTebs. gaeros gamoTvlebiT,msoflioSi samasi zonaa sadac wylis resursebis gamo SesaZloa kon-fliqti gaRvivdes. kidev ufro SemaSfoTebelia is rom, wylis dabin-Zureba Tu ase gagrZelda 2020 wlisTvis mTel msoflioSi 76 milioniadamiani daiRupeba wylis dabinZurebiT gamowveuli daavadebebisagan.xmeleTis cocxali organizmebis arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli mtknariwyali planetis uxvi wylis resursebis Zalian mcire nawils – 0.014 %-s Seadgens. misi racionaluri moxmareba da dabinZurebisagan dacvamTel msoflioSi gansakuTrebuli problemaa. arc saqarTveloSiasaxarbielo mdgomareoba. dResdReobiT saqarTveloSi wylis dabinZu-reba erTerT mniSvnelovan garemosdacviT problemas warmoadgens. ze-dapiruli wylebis xarisxi, iseve rogorc sasmeli wylis xarisxi, xSir

236

SemTxvevaSi, aradamakmayofilebelia. saqarTvelos arsebuli kanonmdeb-loba ver uzrunvelyofs wylis obieqtebSi mavne nivTierebaTa CaSvebissaTanado regulirebas. aseve, ar arsebobs waxalisebis meqanizmebidabinZurebis Sesamcireblad. 2004 wlis sagadasaxado kodeqsidanamoRebuli iqna gadasaxadebi mavne nivTierebebiT garemos dabinZurebi-saTvis, wylis obieqtebSi CaSvebuli mavne nivTierebebisaTvis. atmosfe-ruli haeris, wylisa da niadagis Zlieri dabinZurebis erTerT mniSvne-lovan wyaros plasmasebisa da sxva polimeruli masalebis narCenebiwarmoadgens magaliTad: aTasobiT cali celofnis parki saboloodnagavsayrelebze iyris Tavs. polieTilenis parkebis problema dResmTel msoflioSi Zalian mwvaved dgas. yovel wliurad 500 miliardiparki vrceldeba da aqedan mxolod 3%-ze naklebi gadamuSavdeba damzaddeba meoradi gamoyenebisaTvis. polieTilenis biodegradirebas1000 weli sWirdebad da misi biodegradirebis process mavne saTburisgazebis gamoyofa axlavs Tan aseve saSiSroebas warmoadgens plastma-sebisa da sxva polimeruli masalebis TviTgadamuSavebac. es procesididi raodenobiT toqsikuri nivTierebebis gamoyofiT xasiaTdeba. bune-baze sakmaod uaryofiT gavlenas axdens sunamoebisa da egreTwo-debuli dezodorantis moqmedeba maTma gamoyenebam didi davidarabamoutana msoflios sakmaod didi xnis ganmoavlobaSi mimdinareobdamiTqma-moTqma freonis mier miyenebuli zianisa da ozonis Srissavalalo mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. erTi xanoba aerozolebis gamoSvebaakirZala (Tumca raTqmaunda yvelgan ara), magram macivrebi da kondici-onerebi kvlav safrTxes uqmnida ozonis Sres. iyo bevri dava da bWoba.1987 wlis 16 seqtembers xeli moewera monrealis protokols ozonisSrisTvis safrTxis warmomqmneli nivTierebebis warmoebis Sesaxeb. mon-realis protokoliT gansazRvrulia ozonisTvis saSiSi nivTierebebi,romlebic Seicavs qlors an broms, da maTi moxmareba 50%-iT arisSemcirebuli. monrealis protokols saqarTvelo 1996 wlis martSimiuerTda. samwuxaroa magram faqtia, rom adamianebma gvian, Zalze gvianSeityves im mavne Sedegebis Sesaxeb, rac bunebasTan maTma usulgulodamokidebulebam warmoSva. saqme iqamde mivida, rom metis moTmena SeuZ-lebelia. Tu gadamWreli RonisZiebebi ar gatarda, Tu kvlav usul-gulod movekideT bunebas, kacobrioba katastrofis winaSe aRmoCndeba.dRes soflis meurneobaSi farTod ixmareba sxvadasxva daniSnulebisherbicidebi, pesticidebi, fungicidebi, saSiSi sawamlavebi, romelTaumravlesoba sarwyav wyalsa da wvimis wyals Caaqvs mdinareSi, tbebSi,wyaroebSi. xdeba wylis dabinZureba romelic saSiSia aramartoadamianebisaTvis, aramed igi wamlavs da spobs wylis faunas, Tevzebs,yvela cocxal arsebas. aucilebelia aRniSnuli – damabinZurebelinivTierebebis dadgenili normebis mkacrad gamoyeneba. Tanamedrovemrewveloba mavne zegavlenas axdens haeris Semadgenlobaze. Tbilisissxvadasxva ubanSi, sxva qalaqebSic haeris mavne nivTierebebis Semcve-lobam adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis saSiS zRvars miaRwia. amdenad,haeris dacvis problema Cveni respublikis erTerT udides problemaswarmoadgens da saWiroa am mimarTulebiT gadaidgas praqtikuli nabi-jebi. garemos dacva TiToeuli CvenTaganis valia. bunebrivia ismiskiTxva – rogor vicxovroT ise, rom garemo minimalurad davabinZuroT.

237

migvaCnia rom amisaTvis aucilebelia davzogoT eleqtroenergia,gamoviyenoT ekonomiuri macivrebi da eleqtronaTurebi, viaroT fexiTmokle manZilze, ufro xSirad visargebloT sazogadoebrivi transpor-tiT, SevamciroT nagavis raodenoba da movSaloT usargeblo nivTebisSeZenis mavne Cveva, visargebloT qaRaldis, minis, liTonis gadamamuSa-vebeli punqtebiT, ekonomiurad gamoviyenoT qaRaldi. adamianis moRva-weobis Sedegad, globalur cvlilebaTa sazRvrebi sul ufro naTelixdeba. es gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba axlad warmoebuli organuli qseno-biotikebis gamoyenebis Sedegad es ukanaskneli, CvenTvis jer kidevucnob, axal “bunebriv” situaciebs gvpirdeba.

mosaxlebis zrda, misi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba, mrewve-lobisa da soflis meurneobis intensiur ganviTarebas moiTxovs. samec-niero-teqnikuri progresis SeCereba SeuZlebelia. amdenad, absolutu-rad arasworia arsebuli Sexeduleba imis Sesaxeb, rom dadga dro,raTa civilizaciis ganviTareba damuxruWdes da samrewvelo warmo-ebebis ricxvi mniSvnelovnad Semcirdes. Zneli ar aris imis SemCneva,rom ekologiuri krizisebis mizezia ara mecnierebisa da teqnikisganviTareba, aramed teqnologiebisa da warmoebebis ekologiuri ara-srulfasovneba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, uadgilo ar iqneba gavixsenoT d.mendeleevis gamonaTqvami, rom qimiaSi ar arsebobs narCenebi, aris mxo-lod gamouyenebeli nedleuli. SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom erTi dar-gis narCenebi SesaZloa sxva dargis potenciur nedleuls warmoadgen-des. qimiasa da bioteqnologias gadamwyveti roli ekisreba bunebisdacvis iseTi arsebiTi problemebis gadaWraSi, rogoricaa nedleuliskompleqsuri gamoyeneba da narCenebis sruli utilizacia. adamianmaunda gaiTviTcnobieros rom igi bunebis nawilia, da, rogorac ar undamoixmaros igi sakuTari miznebisaTvis, mainc iZulebulia Tavisi zemoq-medeba Seuguos mis kanonebs. aucilebelia ara bunebaze anTropogenurizemoqmedeba, aramed aucilebelia bunebisa da sazogadeobis erTobliviharmoniuli ganviTareba.



1. mwvane alternativa, Tb., 2007w.2. bunebis dacvis sakiTxebze saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi,

dokumentebis krebuli, moskovi, 19863. v. papuniZe da sxv. mcenare janmrTeli garemosaTvis. gam. aWara,

20054. Двали Р.Р. Автомобиль и проблемы загрязнения воздуха, Тб. Мецниереба

19815. Zhemchuzhin S. G. Biodegradation of the Pesticides and Related Congaminates of

the Environment. (Agricultural Chemistry) Agrokhimia, 2002, # 9.

238

r e z i u m e

zogi ram ekosferoSi anTropogenuri Carevis Sedegebis Sesaxeb

murad garuCava, guram tyemalaZe, amrosi Wkuaseli

naCvenebia, rom bunebaze adamianis anTropogenurma Carevam gaamwvavaadamiansa da bunebas Soris damokidebuleba. adamianis mier samecnieroteqnikuri progresisadmi umizno da mtaceblurma damokidebulebamwaSala yovelgvari saRvrebi, ris Sedegadac ganadgurda an ganadgure-bis piras imyofeba flora da fauna, dabinZurda haeri da wyali. migvaC-nia rom am situaciidan gamosavali aris sazogadoebisa da bunebis har-moniuli ganviTareba

S U M M A R Y

ABOUT RESULTS IN ECOSPHERE AFTER SOMEANTHROPOGENIC INTERFERENCE

MURAD GARUCHAVA, GURAM TKEMALADZE, AMROSI CHKUASELI

It is shown that interference into nature deepened contradiction between the nature and ahuman. Balance between nature and a man has been violated as a result of predatory use oftechnical progress. Flora and fauna are extinct or on the brink of extinction, the air and waterare polluted. Joint harmonic development of nature and society is the only way of salvation.

Р Е З Ю М Е

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ИТОГИ О АНТРОПОГЕННОГОВМЕШАТЕЛЬСТВА В ЭКОСФЕРУ

МУРАД ГАРУЧАВА, ГУРАМ ТКЕМАЛАДЗЕ, АМРОСИ ЧКУАСЕЛИ

Показанно, что антропогенное вмешательство человека в природу углубилосопротивление между человеком и природой. В результате бесцельного ихищнического использования научно-технического прогресса нарушилась всякая грань,что вызвало исчезновение или поставило на грань исчезновения флору и фауну,загрязнились воздух и вода. Считаем, что выходом из данной ситуации являетсягармоническое развитие общества и природы.

239

fenoqsiZmarmJavas warmoebulebis gavlenaJangviT fosforilirebaze

murad garuCava

biologiur mecnierebata doqtori,saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis


guram tyemalaZe

biologiur mecnierebata doqtori,saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis

sruli profesori

lia WiaberaSvili

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis maswavlebeli

dali dgebuaZe

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sasoflo-sameurneo universitetis maswavlebeli

fenoqsiZmarmJavas warmoebuli herbicidebis moqmedebis meqanizmisgarkvevis dros didi mniSvneloba eniWeba JangviTi fosforilirebisSeswavlas. JangviTi fosforilireba da SedarebiT naklebad aris Ses-wavlili, igi herbicides moqmedebis fiziologiur maCvenebels warmo-adgens. dReisaTvis arsebuli monacemebi JangviTi fosforilirebisSesaxeb ZiriTadad exeba herbicidisadmi mgrZnobiare da mdgrad mcena-reebSi energetikul cvlas. rac Seexeba seleqciuri moqmedebis bunebismqone fenoqsiZmarmJavas warmoebuli herbicidebis moqmedebis meqanizmiJangviTi da fosforilirebis procesebze mTlianad ar aris dadgenili.mravali mecnieris mier aRiniSneba rom zrdis stimulatorebi iwvevenerTwlian mcenareebSi sakvebi nivTierebebis gadanawilebas da zrdiansunTqvis energias. sunTqvis energiis mateba mimdinareobs auqsinebisfermentebze urTierTqmedebis xarjze, kerZod ki fosfatazebze [1]. fe-noqsiZmarmJavas warmoebuli herbicidebidan moqmedebis seleqtiurobiTxasiaTdeba 2-meTil-4-qlorfenoqsiZmarmJavas (2-m-4-q) natriumis marili.garda seleqtiurobisa, es herbicidi xasiaTdeba wyalSi kargad xsnado-biT da naklebtqosikurobiT.

miznad davisaxeT Segveswavla 2-m-4-q –is sxvadasxva koncentra-ciebis moqmedeba erTwlian sarevela da kulturul mcenareebSi Jangvi-Ti da fosforilirebis procesebze.

kvlevis obieqti da meTodika kvlevis obieqtad gamoviyeneT erT-wliani kulturuli mcenare simindi (jiSi- ajameTis TeTra) dasarevela mcenare – birka Cveulebrivi. gamoviyeneT 2-meTil-4-qlorfe-noqsiZmarmJavas natriumis marilis sxvadasxva koncentraciis xsnarebi:2,1 * 10-3 moli/l; 2,2 * 10-3 moli/l – ze 2,6 * 10-3 moli/l – ze; savelepirobebSi gamoyenebuli herbiociduli koncentraciebidan 3-4kg/heqtar-ze gadaangariSebiT, moqmedi nivTierebis gaTvaliswinebiT. sakvlevi

240

mcenareebis 2-3-dRiani nazardebi fesvebit movaTavseT aRniSnuli herbi-cidis sxvadasxva koncentraciis xsnarSi. eqspozicia-24-72saaTi. garkve-uli eqspoziciis gavlis Semdeg gamoxdili wyliT ramdenjerme gavrec-xeT mcenareebis fesvebi, davacileT isini nazardebs da gamoviyeneTsaanalizod. mitoqondriebis gamoyofa da JangviTi fosforilireba mo-vaxdineT [2] mixedviT. mcenareebi movsriseT faifuris jamSi organulminasTan erTad. faifuris jamSi davumateT saqarozis 0,3 moli/lxsnari, tris – marilmJavas – buferi (0,2 moli; PH = 0,7) da eTilendi-aminotetraZmarmJavas (0,005moluri) xsnarebi. Cvens cdebSi TvalyursvadevnebdiT homogenatSi PH-is mniSvnelobas. vinarCunebdiT PH-is 7,3mniSvnelobas, tris- buferis saSvalebiT. PH-is Semcirebis dros mito-qondriebis aqtivoba mkveTrad ecemoda. miRebuli homogenati gavwureTramodenime fena kapronis marlaSi. pirveli centrifugireba CavatareT4000 g – ze (10 wuTi). meore 10 000 g–ze. miRebuli mitoqondriisfraqcia Zlier iyo dabinZurebuli qloroplastebiT. amitom preparatierTjeradad gavrecxeT saqarozis 0,3moli/l –ze da tris –buferis (0,1;PH = 7,3) xsnarebiT. Semdeg isev gavukeTeT centrifugireba 10 000 g–zeda mitoqondriis Semcveli fraqcia movaTavseT manometrSi SemdegikvlevisaTvis. yvela cdebi CavatreT civ oTaxSi 0 -30 –ze. fosforili-rebas vsazRvravdiT araorganuli fosfatis sxvaobiT cdis dawyebidaneqspoziciis damTavrebis Semdeg. fosfori ganvsazRvreT skuCevis miermodificirebuli lourisa da loposis meTodiT[3]. mitoqondriis cilaganvsazRvreT louris meTodiT. atf da atf-aza ganvsazRvreT skuCevismodificirebuli meTodebiT.

Sedegebis gansja. gamokvlevebma gviCvenes rom erTwliani mcenaree-bidan gamoyofili mitoqondriebi avlenen sust aqtiurobas kontrol-Tan SedarebiT. cxrili 1-dan sCans rom herbicidisadmi mgrZnobiaremcenare birka Cveulebrivis rogorc fesvebSi aseve nazardebSi 24-sT-iani eqspoziciis Sedegad adgili aqvs P/O Tanafardobis vardnas TiT-qmis orjer, maSin rodesac amave herbicidisadmi mdgrad mcenareSi si-mindSi es Tanafardoba mcirdeba 1,3-1,4-jer.

cxrili1. 2-meTil-4-qlorfenoqsiZmarmJavas sxvadasxva koncentraciebis gavlenaJangvisa da fosforilirebis procesebze erTwilan mcenareebSi

variantebi birka Cveulebrivi simindi

fesvi foToli fesvi foToli

O P P/O O P P/O O P P/O O P P/O

eqspozicia 24 sT.

1,02 1,98 1,94 1,00 1,79 1,79 1,16 2,37 2,04 0,76 1,50 1,98

1,04 2,00 1,90 1,02 1,81 1,77 1,17 2,39 2,04 1,78 1,51 0,85

1,18 1,21 1,02 1,04 1,01 0,97 1,10 1,69 1,54 1,02 1,40 1,38

eqspozicia 72 sT.

1,11 1,22 1,11 1,09 1,21 1,11 1,22 1,31 1,07 1,15 1,40 1,22

kontroli

2,1*10-3m;2m-4-q

2,6*10-3m;2m-4-q

kontroli2,1*10-3m;2m-4-q 1,12 1,23 1,00 1,11 1,11 1,00 1,20 1,30 1,08 1,15 1,40 1,22

241

2,6*10-3m;2m-4-q

1,34 -0,62 -0,46 1,28 -0,19 -0,15 1,11 0,61 0,55 1,38 1,31 0,95

eqspoziciis gazrdasTan erTad Jangvisa da fosforilirebisprocesebis gancalkaveba herbicidisadmi mdgrad simindis kulturaSigaZlierda, maSin rodesac mgrZnobiare birkaSi fosforilireba gamoi-saxeba uaryofiTi sididiTac ki cxrili 1.

JangviTi fosforilirebis cvlileba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuliherbicidis fitotoqsikurobasTan. Cvens cdebSi 2meTil 4qlorfeno-qsiZmarmJavas natriumis marili ar axdenda mavne zegavlenas simindismcenareze. ar aferxebda mis zrda ganviTarebas rodesac igive herbici-di sarevela mcenare birkaze axdenda fitotoqsikur moqmedebas. cxri-li 1 –is monacemebi adastureben igive faqts, rom Seswavlili herbici-di naklebad moqmedebs mdgrad mcenare – simindSi mimdinare JangvaaRdgeniT procesebze. maSin rodesac igive herbicidi mgrZnobiaremcenare – birka CveulebrivSic iwvevs Jangva aRdgeniTi procesebismkveTr daqveiTebas (gvaqvs uaryofiTi sididec ki). amgvarad herbicidisgavleniTY simindisa da birka Cveulebrivis mitoqondriebis aqtivobaicvleba herbicidis mimarT mcenaris da fitotoqsikurobis xarisxismixedviT. radganac Cvens mier Catarebulma gamokvlevebma gviCvena romsarevela mcenare birka- CveulebrivSi adgili qonda JangviTi fosfo-rilirebis uaryofiT mniSvnelobas. cxrili 1. gamomdinare aqedanmigvaCvnia rom am konkretul SemTxvevaSi Warbobs fosfororganulinaerTebis hidrolizis procesi vidre maTi sinTezi, ris Sedegadacizrdeba araorganuli fosfatebis raodenoba. amaze metyveleben Cvensmier miRebuli Sedegebi atf-is Semcvelobisa da atf-azas aqtivobisSesaxeb cxrili 2.

cxrili 2. 2-m-4-q gavlena atf-azas aqtivobasa da atf-s Semcvelobaze simindisa dabirka Cveulebrivis fesvebsa da nazardebSi

# mcenare variantebi atf-azas aqtivoba,mkgP/mg. cilaze

atf-is Semcveloba,mgP,1gr. nedlmasaze

simindi kontrolifesvi 0,93 0,369

1.

foToli 1,43 0,424simindi herbicidi

fesvi 1,08 0,3292.

foToli 1,43 0,380birkaCveulebrivi

kontroli 1,58 0,2263.

herbicidi 1,56 0,224

is faqti rom, herbicidis gavleniT xdeba hidrolizuriprocesebis gaZliereba Cvens mier damtkicebuli iqna mitoqondriebSicilis Semcvelobis gansazRvriT Sedegebi mocemulia cxrili 3-ze.

242

cxrili 3. herbicidis gavlena simindisa da birkis mitoqondriebSi cilisSemcvelobaze. %-i, kontrolTan SedarebiT

variantebi simindi birkafesvi foToli

2-m-4-q*10-3m 80,2 93,5 61,32-m-4-q*10-3m 91,1 104,5 75,1

miRebuli Sedegebi gvaZleven saSualebas vTqvaT rom Cvens mierSeswavlili herbicidi 2-m-4-q –s sxvadasxva koncentraciebi asrulebenganmacalkevebel rols, sayovelTaod cnobili dinitrofenolis msgav-sad. es ukanaskneli xSirad axdens fosforilirebis inhibirebas, aqvei-Tebs atf-is gacvliT reaqciebs da aatqiurebs adenozintrifosfatazasda sxva [4]. cdis Sedegebi mocemulia naxazi 1. naxazidan Cans rom,aRniSnuli herbicidebis moqmedebiT mgrZnobiare da mdgrad mcenarezegvaqvs gansxvavebuli suraTi kerZod inhibireba mimdinareobs oriveSemTxvevaSi, magram es sidide ufro maRalia sarevela mcenaris Sem-TxvevaSi. ase rom Seswavlili herbicidi axdens Jangva aRdgeniT proce-sebis gancalkavebas rogorc sarevela, aseve kulturul, herbicidi-sadmi mdgrad mcenareSic. Seswavlili herbicidi nakleb mainhibirebelgavlenas axdens simindSi mimdinare Jangva aRdgeniT procesebze. esukanaskneli kidev erTxel miuTiTebs Seswavlili herbicidis da saer-Tod ariloqsialkilkarbonmJavebis warmoebuli herbicidebis specifi-kuri moqmedebiebis Sesaxeb.

radganac Cvens mier Seswavlili herbicidi dnf-is msgavsad ax-dens mgrZnobiare mcenareebSi Jangva aRdgeniTi procesebis inhibirebas,amitom igi SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT ganmacalkevebel agentebs [5,6].

migvaCnia rom kulturul da sarevela mcenareebze Seswavliliherbicidis gansxvavebuli moqmedeba ganpirobebulia amave mcenareebisujredis organelebis biologiuri membranebis gansxvavebuli SeRweva-dobiT. nivTierebebis SeRwevadoba biologiuri membranebiT ki ganpiro-bebulia mTeli rigi fiziko-qimiuri meqanizmebiT.

herbicidisadmi mdgrad da mgrZnobiare mcenareebSi JangviTi fos-forilirebis procesebze herbicidis gavlena Cveni SexedulebiT SeiZ-leba aixsnas igive herbicidebis moqmedebiT im fermentebze, romlebicakatalizeben fosforilirebas. radganac aseTi fermentebi moTavsebu-li arian membranis SeigniT, amitom migvaCnia rom zemoT aRniSnul pro-cesebSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs mitoqondrialur membranebSi her-bicidis SeWris siCqare.

Cvens mier Catarebulma adreulma gamokvlevebma [7] gviCvenes rom,rogroc kulturul aseve sarevela mcenareebSi 2-m-4-q metabolizmisZiriTadi gza aris aromatuli birTvis hidroqsilireba da Sedegad 2,4-diqlorfenolis warmoqmna. cnobilia rom [8] 2,4diqlorfenoli moqme-debs JangviT fosforilirebaze 20-jer ufro metad vidre TviT 2,4-diqlorfenoqsiZmarmJava.

243

mkat

omi

Oda

P

nax. 1. simindisa (a) da birka (b) Cveulebrivis JangviT fosforilirebaze 2-m-4-q da

dinitrofenolis gavlena. 1-kontroli, 2-dnf, 3-2-m-4-q

Cvens mier agreTve dadgenili iyo rom [9] fenoqsiZmarmJavaswarmoebulebi mgrZnobiare mcenare birka CveulebrivSi iwvevdnenamiakis dagrovebas. cnobilia agreTve rom [10] amiaki axdens nad-H-isdaJangvis inhibirebas, rac aferxebs fosforilirebis process, kerZodmcirdeba saTadarigo energia.

kvlevis Sedegebidan SegviZlia gamovitanoT Semdegi daskvnebi:1. dadgenilia 2-meTil-4-qlorfenoqsiZmarmJavas natriumis mari-

lis gansxvavebuli moqmedeba sarevela mcenare birka Cveu-lebrivisa da kulturuli mcenare-simindis magaliTze.

2. herbicidis sxvadasxva koncentraciebiT damuSavebuli mcena-reebidan gamoyofil mitoqondriebSi JangviTi fosforilire-ba damokidebulia herbicidis mimarT am mcenareebis mdgrado-baze.

3. mgrZnobiare mcenareebSi P/O Tanafardoba xSirad RebulobsuaryofiT mniSvnelobas, rac migvaniSnebs energiiT mdidari

244

fosfororganuli naerTebis hidrolizis gaZlierebiT, mine-raluri fosfatebis warmoqmnamde.

4. dadgenilia, rom herbicidisadmi mgrZnobiare mcenareSi, gan-sxvavebiT mdgradi mcenareebisagan adgili aqvs mcire raode-nobiT atf-sa da cilovani nivTierebebis dagrovebas. mgrZno-biare mcenareebSi fosforilirebis inhibireba Cveni azriTganpirobebulia biologiuri membranebis maRali SeRwevado-biT, fenoluri naerTebisa da amiakis dagrovebiT.



1. Бихари Ф. ;Химические средства борьбы с сорняками. Пер. с венг. КуренногоИ.Ф; под ред. и с предисл. Жирмунской И.М; М; Агропромиздат,1996, стр. 81-97.

2. Мосолова И.М; Сисакян Н.М. Об условиях выделения митохондрий израстительной клетки. М.; Боихимия, 26, 1961, стр. 249.

3. Скучаев В.П. Соотношение окисления и фофорилирования в дыхательной цепи.Изд. АН СССР, 1982; стр. 97.

4. Connelly S.L. Lardi H.A. Biol. Chem.,239,306,1964.5. Stenlid G.,Saddik K. Physiol. plant.,15, 369,1982.6. Wedding R.T., Blak M. K. Plant Physiol., 37, 364, 19627. Гаручава М.В. и др. Микробиологическое разложение 2, 4- Д актиномицетами.

Агрохимия, 2002, № 3, стр.50.8. Luckwill L., C. Lloyd-Jones. Ann. Appl. Biol., 48, 613, 19809. m. garuCava, fenoqsiZmarmJavas warmoebuli herbicidebis

transformacia agroboicenozSi. sadoqt. disertacia, boil. mec.doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad, Tbilisi, 2003, 202 gv.

10. Туркова Н.С. Дыхание растений. Изд. МГУ, 1963,стр. 55

r e z i u m e

fenoqsiZmarmJavas warmoebulebis gavlenaJangviT fosforilirebaze

murad garuCava, guram tyemalaZe,lia WiaberaSvili, dali dgebuaZe

Seswavlilia 2-meTil-4-qlorfenoqsiZmarmJavas natriumis marilissxvadasxva koncentraciebis gavlena erTwlian mcenareebSi simindisa(jiSi, ajameTis TeTra) da birka CveulebrivSi mimdinare JangviTifosforilirebis procesebze. dadgenilia herbicidebis araerTgvarova-ni moqmedeba Seswavlili mcenareebis zrdaganviTarebaze da JangviT-fosforilirebaze. dadgenilia mgrZnobiare mcenareebSi P/O Tanafar-dobis uaryofiTi mniSvneloba, rac migvaniSnebs energiiT mdidari fos-fororganuli naerTebis hidrolizis gaZlierebiT, mineraluri fosfa-

245

tebis warmoqmnamde. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom fosforilirebisinhibireba ganpirobebulia biologiuri membranebis maRali SeRweva-dobiT, fenoluri naerTebisa da amiakis dagrovebiT.

S U M M A R Y

THE IMPACT OF PHENOXY ACETIC ACID ON THE PROCESSES OFOXIDATIVE PHOSPHORILATION

MURAD GARUCHAVA, GURAM TKEMALADZE,LIA CHIABERASHVILI, DALI DGEBUADZE

The affect of different concentrations of sodium 2-methyl-4-clorophen hydroxyl aceticacid on the processes of oxidative phosphorylation in annual maize plants (Ajametis tetra) andweeds was studied.

Ascertain dissimilar activity of herbicides on the development and oxidativephosphorylation in plants was established.

Negative value of P/O was determined in sensitive plants, that indicates the increase ofhydrolysis in energetically rich phosphor organic compounds before formation of mineralphosphate.

It was suggested, that inhibition of phosphorylation is determined with highpenetrability of biological membranes and accumulation of phenol compounds and ammonia.

Р Е З Ю М Е

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ ФЕНОКСИУКСУСНОЙ КИСЛОТ НА ПРОЦЕССЫОКИСЛИТЕЛЬНОГО ФОСФОРИЛИРОВАНИЯ

МУРАД ГАРУЧАВА, ГУРАМ ТКЕМАЛАДЗЕ,ЛИА ЧИАБЕРАШВИЛИ, ДАЛИ ДГЕБУАДЗЕ

Изученно влияние разных концентраций натриевой соли 2-метил-4-хлорфенок-сиуксусной кислоты на процессы окислительного фосфорилирования происходящие воднолетних растениях кукурузы (сорт Аджаметис тетра) и в дурнишнике обыкновен-ном.

Установленно неоднородное действие гербецидов на развитие и на окислитель-ное фосфорилирование в изучаемых растениях. В чувствительных растениях установ-ленно отрицательное значение Р/О отношения, что указывает на усиление гидролизабогатых энергией фосфорорганических соединений до образования минеральногофосфата.

Высказанно мнение, что ингибирование фосфорилирования определяется высо-кой проницаемостью биологических мембран и накоплением фенольных соединений иамиака.

246

nanoteqnologiebi medicinasa da farmaciaSi

mineda Wanturia

qimiis mecnierebaTa kandidati,soxumis universitetis asocirebuli profesori

antonina msxilaZe

qimiis mecnierebaTa kandidati,soxumis universitetis asocirebuli profesori

nanoqimiaze dafuZnebuli nanoteqnologia erT-erTi ganviTarebadimimarTulebaa Tanamedrove medicinasa da farmaciaSi. nanomedicinissferoSi momuSave farmacevtuli kompaniebis 50%-ze meti iyenebs sam-kurnalo saSualebebis samizne organoebTan da qsovilebTan miwodebisnanoteqnologiur sistemebs, romelTa gamoyenebis erT-erTi wamyvanidargia onkologia [2].

nanoqimia 10-9 m rigis (atomTa klasterebi, makromolekulebi)obieqtTa qimia da teqnologiaa. `nanometri” aris metris memiliardedinawili. ”mikro“-dan “nano” ganzomilebaze gadasvla aris Tvisobrivinaxtomi naerTebiT manipulirebidan atomebis calkeuli jgufebiTmanipulirebamde. msoflio mecnierTa sazogadoebis mier nanoteqnolo-giebi aRiarebulia XXI saukunis perspeqtiul mimarTulebad, romelTaganviTarebaze wamyvani ekonomiurad Zlieri saxelmwifoebi xarjavenmiliardobiT dolars. 1992 wels doqtorma erik drekslerma aSSkongresis komisiis winaSe daxata virtualuri momavlis suraTi, rode-sac nanoteqnologia gardaqmnis Cvens samyaros. moxdeba SimSilis,avadmyofobis, gabinZurebuli garemos da kacobriobis winaSe arsebulimniSvnelovani globaluri problemebis likvidacia.

nanoganzomilebis nawilakebis Seswavlis Tanamedrove tendenciiTikveTeba 3 ZiriTadi mimarTuleba [1,3]:

ramdenime atomisagan Semdgari eleqtronuli sqemebis damzadeba;

nanomanqanebis_molekulis zomis robotebisa da meqanizmebisSeqmna;

atomebiTa da molekulebiT manipulacia da maTgan farmacevtulipreparatebis, qsovilebisa da organoebis awyoba.

Tanamedrove medicina iyenebs nanoteqnologiebis realur saSuale-bebs, rogoricaa eqspress-analizatorebi – “laboratoriebi Cipze”, 1Cipis zomaa 4x4sm da cvlis laboratoriis mTel kompleqss, SeuZliadnm/rnm analizi, naTesaobis dadgena, onkologiuri daavadebebis adre-uli diagnostika, cilebisa da sxvaTa raodenobrivi gansazRvra, genmo-dificirebuli organizmebis identificireba. es juja-laboratoriaasrulebs erTdroulad 12 sxvadasxva nimuSis analizs 15-30 wuTSi,rasac adre ramdenime dRe sWirdeboda. kaliforniis universitetis mec-nierebma Seqmnes kosmonavtebisaTvis mobiluri telefonis zomis minia-turuli eqspress-laboratoria, romlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia 1 wve-Ti sisxliT sruli analizis miReba 2 wuTSi.

247

nanoganzomilebis biosensorebi gamoiyeneba onkologiuri daavade-bebis diagnostikisaTvis adreul stadiaze [2]. nanoqimiis meTodebisgamoyenebiT Seiqmna farTo speqtris mqone axali nanokatalizatorebiqimiuri warmoebisa da laboratoriuli praqtikisaTvis, nanosamkur-nalwamlo saSualebebi Terapiasa da qirurgiaSi, stomatologiurpraqtikaSi.

cocxal ujredebSi mimdinare procesebis Seswavla moiTxovs kvle-vis axali meTodebis DdamuSavebas, romlis drosac ujredi ar ganic-dis cvlilebas. Tanamedrove ujredul kvlevebSi farTod gamoyene-buli kvantur wertilovani klasis nanonawilakebi (QDs) warmoadgenenflourescentul zondebsa da kapsulebs wamlebis mimarTuli miwode-bisaTvis [5]. kvanturi wertilebis umravlesoba toqsikuria. am naklisaRmofxvra xdeba damcavi safariT, romelic, erTi mxriv, icavs kvanturwertilebs fermentebisa da organizmis sxva biologiuri molekulebi-sagan, meore mxriv – ar aZlevs toqsikur nivTierebebs organizmSimoxvedris saSualebas, rac metad mniSvnelovania daavadebis diagnosti-kisaTvis. aqtiurad viTardeba muSaoba ujredebisaTvis, qsovilebisaT-vis, baqteriebisa da virusebisaTvis sxvadasxva tipis kvanturi werti-lebis niSnulis saxiT gamoyenebis mimarTulebiT. mecnierebis mier miRe-bulia gansxvavebuli Seferilobis unikaluri fluorescentuli kvan-turi wertilebi, romlebic iZlevian Suqis ufro mZlavr anarekls,vidre tradiciuli saRebavebi, axasiaTebT gansakuTrebuli bioiner-tuloba (ar axdenen gavlenas biologiur obieqtebze) [7,8].

nanonawilakebis meSveobiT wyalbadis peroqsidi aris organizmSiarsebuli daavadebis indikatori [3,4]. Seqmnilia nanonawilakebi [5],romelTac SeuZliaT organizmSi anTebiTi procesis dros warmoqmniliwyalbadis peroqsidis aRmoCena da raodenobrivi gansazRvra. nanonawi-lakebi SesaZlebelia gamoiyenon, rogorc martivi, universaluri diag-nostikuri instrumenti adreul stadiaze nebismieri daavadebis aRmosa-Cenad: simsivnisa da alcgeimeris daavadebidan gulisa da arTritisdaavadebamde. iTvleba, rom daavadebuli ujredebis umravlesobaadreul stadiaze gamoyofs wyalbadis peroqsids [4,5]. sinTezirebulnanonawilakebs SeuZliaT wyalbadis peroqsidis nanomolaruli koncen-traciebis aRmoCena. nanonawilakis Seyvana SesaZlebelia nemsiT sxeu-lis gansazRvrul ubanze. wyalbadis peroqsidTan Sejaxebisas is afr-qvevs Suqs. Tu eqimi SeniSnavs mniSvnelovan naTebas gamosakvlev ubanSi,ecodineba, rom es aris daavadebis adreuli niSnebi. nanonawilakisgarsi damzadebulia peroqsalatis eTeris polimerisagan, Sedgebafluorescentuli saRebavis – pentacenisagan. rodesac nanonawilakiSeejaxeba wyalbadis peroqsids, saRebavi gadadis agznebul mdgoma-reobaSi da afrqvevs fotonebs (Suqs), romelTa aRmoCena SesaZlebeliaubralo deteqtoriT. polimeruli garsi axdens moreagire nivTie-rebebis (pentaceni da wyalbadis peroqsidi) izolirebas bunebriv gare-moSi, magram aTavsebs maT ramdenime nanometris dacilebiT erTmane-Tisagan. maRali qimiuri stabilurobis, fluorescentuli TvisebebisvarirebiTa da biologiurad aqtiuri molekulebis koniugirebis SesaZ-leblobiT samizne obiqtTan es nanonawilakebi gamoiyeneba ujredisSigniT mimdinare procesebis Sesaswavlad [5-7].

248

nanoteqnologiebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia vizualizacia _ orga-noebisa da qsovilebis cvlilebebis danaxva avadmyofobis diagnozisdasasmelad. magnituri rezonansi da kompiuteruli tomografia _ Sesa-niSnavi meTodebia, magram nanoteqnologia Seqmnis ufro mgrZnobiare dauzustess instrumentebs diagnostikisaTvis, romlis ZiriTadi mizanimdgomareobs imaSi, rom eqimebma avadmyofobis identificireba moaxdi-non adreul stadiaze.

nanostruqtuirebuli samkurnalwamlo preparatebi mcire dozebiTmaRali efeqturobiT gamoyenebis saSualebas iZleva. Catarebulia ga-mocda nanostruqtuirebul aspirinze [3], polifunqcionaluri ujeriimidazolis warmoebulebze, nanovitaminur kompleqsebze da sxva. Seiq-mna axali baqteriociduli da virussawinaaRmdego saSualebebi _ ver-cxlis nanonawilakebi ceoliTebis forebSi Wrilobebis efeqturi Se-xorcebisaTvis [1,3], vercxlis nanonawilakebis da baqteriofagebis kom-binirebuli gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba mniSvnelovania baqteriologiasada virusologiaSi arsebuli mravali problemis gadasawyvetad [7].

magnituri nanonawilakebi gamoiyeneba sisxlis gasasufTavebladtoqsikuri nivTierebebisagan [7], onkologiuri daavadebebis winaaRmdeg;imunonanosferoebi - SerCeviTi fotoTermuli, kombinirebuli Terapi-isaTvis, onkologiuri warmonaqmnebis aRmosaCenad da samkurnalod.

Svedi mecnierebis mier Seqmnilia axali tipis Sidaujredulinanosensori pH – is gasazomad, romlis saSualebiTac advilad dginde-ba daavadebulia Tu ara ujredi. nanosensoris rols asrulebs TuTiisoqsidisagan (ZnO) damzadebuli nanoisari, romelic imdenad mgrZnobi-area, rom SesaZloa gansazRvros calkeuli qimiuri nivTiereba cocxa-li ujredis sxvadasxva ubanSi [2].

nanomasalebis, nanoeleqtronikisa da nanoteqnologiebis sferoSimiRweuli warmatebebis Sedegad nobelis premiebi mieniWaT:

1973 weli. l. esaki, i. geveri, b. jefersoni _ gvirabulimovlenebis Teoriuli winaswarmetyveleba da eqsperimentuliaRmoCena;

1985 weli. k. fon klitcingi _ Hholis kvanturi efeqtis aRmoCena; 1986 weli. e. ruska _ pirveli eleqtronuli mikroskopis Seqmna, g.

binigi, g. poreri _ skanirebadi gvirabuli mikroskopis Seqmna; 1996 weli. r. smoli, r. kurli, g. kroto _ fulerenebis aRmoCena; 1998 weli. r. laflini, x. Stermeri, d, tsui _ holis wiladuri

kvanturi efeqtis aRmoCena; 2000 weli. J. alferovi, g. kremeri, d. kilbi _ integraluri

sqemebisa da naxevargamtaruli heterostruqturebis Seqmna.

nanonawilakebis Seswavlis Tanamedrove tendenciebi fizikaSi,qimiasa da biologiaSi amtkicebs, rom XXI saukunis mecniereba dateqnologiebi iqneba angstremuli, nanoganzomilebiTi xasiaTis.

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1. Сергеев Г. Б. «Нанохимия» М., КДУ, 2007, 336с2. Боченков В., Сергеев Г. Б., «Наноматериалы для сенсоров», Успехи химии, 76,

(11) 2007, с. 1084-10933. http://www.nanojournal.ru4. http://www.nanonewsnet.ru)5. NanoWeek » 6 - 12 октября 2008, No. 38; NanoWeek » 29 сентября - 5 октября

2008, No. 376. Нанотехнология в ближайшем десятилетии/Под ред. М. К. Роко/. М., 20027. www.innocentive.com8. www.sciam.com/nanotech

r e z i u m e

nanoteqnologiebi medicinasa da farmaciaSi

mineda Wanturia, antonina msxilaZe

ganzogadoebulia literaturuli monacemebi Tanamedrove medicina-sa da farmaciaSi nanoteqnologiebis realuri saSualebebis gamoye-nebis Sesaxeb, rogoricaa eqspress-analizatorebi – `laboratoriebiCipze”, romlis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia 1 wveTi sisxliT sruli anali-zis miReba 2 wuTSi. nanoganzomilebis biosensorebi gamoiyeneba onko-logiuri daavadebebis diagnostikisaTvis adreul stadiaze. kvanturiwertilebi _ nanokristalebi mecnierebs aZleven saSualebas Seiswav-lon ujreduli procesebi calkeuli molekulebis doneze, rac sagr-Znoblad aumjobesebs diagnozis dasmis xarisxs da simsivnuri warmo-naqmnebis mkurnalobas, nanostruqtuirebuli samkurnalwamlo saSu-alebebis mizanmimarTul miwodebas samizne obieqtTan.

http://www.nanojournal.ru/

http://www.nanonewsnet.ru/

http://www.nanonewsnet.ru/nanoweek

http://www.nanonewsnet.ru/nanoweek/38

http://www.nanonewsnet.ru/nanoweek



http://www.sciam.com/nanotech

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S U M M A R Y

NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICINE AND PHARMACY

MINEDA CHANTURIA, ANTONINA MSKHILADZE

Literatural data in modern medicine and pharmacy regarding utilization of real facilitiesof nanotechnologies, such as express-analisers, which are “laboratories in chip” are beinganalysed. This makes possible to carry out complete blood analysis with one drop of blood intwo minutes. Nanodimensional biosenseors are used to diagnose oncological diseases at earlystages. Quantum points – nano-crystals allow researchers to study cell processes at a separatemolecular level that can considerably improve the quality of diagnostics and treatment ofcancer formations, purposeful delivery of nano-structural medicinal means to the target.

Р Е З Ю М Е

НАНОТЕХНОЛОГИИ В МЕДИЦИНЕ И В ФАРМАЦИИ

МИНЕДА ЧАНТУРИЯ, АНТОНИНА МСХИЛАДЗЕ

Обобщены литературнные данные о использовании в современной медицинереальных средств нанотехнологий, например, экспресс-анализаторы - «лаборатории начипе» дают полный анализ 1 капли крови в течении 2 минут. Квантовые точки -нанокристаллы позволяют исследователям изучить процессы в клетке на уровнеотдельной молекулы, что может значительно улучшить качество постановки диагноза илечение раковых образований, точную адресную доставку наноструктуированныхлекарственных средств к мищеням, визуализация - возможность с помощьюнанотехнологий приборов видеть изменения органов и тканей - стала решающиминструментом в постановке диагноза болезни.

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sportsmenTa fizikuri Sromisunarianoba da adaptaciuriSesaZleblobebi momzadebis wliuri ciklis

sxvadasxva sezonze

eduard feroiani

biologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati,Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino universitetis

fizikuri medicinisa da reabilitaciis fakultetis laboranti

lali kokaia

medicinis mecnierebaTa kandidati,Tbilisis saxelmwifo samedicino universitetis

fizikuri medicinisa da reabilitaciis fakulteti pedagogi

garemos sezonuri cvlilebebi adamianis organizmis bioritmebisregulaciaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen [5,7]. naCvenebia [1,5,6,7,10],rom organizmis doneze bioritmebis cvlileba ganpirobebulia orga-nizmSi mimdinare fiziologiuri, bioqimiuri da imunologiuri proce-sebis sezonuri dinamikiT. amasTanave, xorcieldeba garemo pirobebissezonuri cvlilebebis mamodulirebeli gavlena funqciur mdgomareo-baze [11], fizikuri Sromisunarianobis doneze [1,3], organizmis adapta-ciur SesaZleblobebsa da rezistentobaze [1,4,18], daavadebis simZimeze[12], samkurnalo [5,7], gamajansaRebeli [13] da sawvrTno [17] RonisZi-ebebis efeqturobaze.

sportsmenTa funqciuri mdgomareobis cvlilebaze moqmed ZiriTadfaqtorebs warmoadgenen moZraobiTi aqtiurobis saxeoba da xarisxi, dakerZod misi energomomaragebis wamyvani meqanizmi: aerobuli da anaero-buli. organizmis funqciuri mdgomareobis regulaciis Taviseburebe-bis sakiTxi misi sistemaTaSoris doneze fizikuri datvirTvebis aero-buli da anaerobuli mimarTulebebis mimarT adaptaciis procesSiintegraciis Sesaxeb jer sakmarisad Seswavlili ar aris [15]. Tanamed-rove warmodgenebiT, organizmis funqciuri mdgomareobis regulaciaSiaqtiur monawileobas iRebs imunuri sistema, romlis ujredebsac aramarto efeqturi funqciebis farTo speqtris Sesruleba SeuZliaT,aramed isini gamoxatuli sekretoruli da receptoruli unariswyalobiT ujredSoris urTierTkavSiris aqtiur monawileebsac warmo-adgenen [8]. amasTan, imunuri sistemis mdgomareobaze sagrZnob zegav-lenas axdens garemo pirobebis cvlileba [5].

amitom, SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom garemos faqtorebis cvlile-bebisa da sawvrTno zemoqmedebebis dinamikis Serwyma mniSvnelovanzemoqmedebas moaxdens adaptaciuri meqanizmebis daZabulobis xarisxze,riTac gansazRvravs àdaptaciis fass” [15]. amasTan, sawvrTno procesisefeqturoba mniSvnelovan wilad iqneba damokidebuli sawvrTnozemoqmedebis aerobuli da anaerobuli mimarTulebebis ritmo-diagnos-tikuri struqturebis Sesabamisobaze garemos zemoqmedebiT organizmis

252

endogenuri ritmebis mdgomareobis kanonzomier cvlilebebTan. xelmi-sawvdomi publikaciebis Seswavla sportsmenis organizmis mdgomareo-bis kanonzomieri dinamikis pirobebSi sxvadasxva mimarTulebis sawvr-Tno procesis racionaluri organizaciis biologiuri dasabuTebisaqtualobaze miuTiTebs [1,2,13,16].

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, miznad davisaxeT: sportsmenebisSromisunarianobisa da adaptaciuri SesaZleblobebis donis dinamikisSeswavla, romlebic Tavis momzadebaSi upiratesad iyeneben anaerobulian aerobuli momarTulebis varjiSebs sawvrTno datvirTvebis garemosezonur pirobebTan sxvadasxva SesabamisobiT.

gamokvlevis meTodebi. garemo pirobebis sezonuri cvlilebebispirobebSi organizmze sxvadasxva formis moZraobiTi aqtiurobiszemoqmedebis Sesaswavlad Cvens mier SerCeuli iqna sportis orisaxeobis sportsmenebi (Widaoba–Ziudo da curva), romlebic erTmaneTi-sgan energetikuli metabolizmis (aerobuli da anaerobuli) xasiaTiTgansxvavdebian. dakvirvebis erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi dinamikaSi gamok-vleul iqna 16-24 wlis asakis 39 vaJi sportsmeni (27 moWidave da 12mocurave). gamokvleulebs saSualo da maRali sportuli kvalifikaciagaaCndaT. dakvirvebebi warmoebda wliuri ciklis sxvadasxva sezonebzeSejibrebebisTvis sportsmenTa momzadebis programasTan SesabamisobaSi.

sportsmenTa mdgomareobis maCveneblebis interpretaciis drosgaTvaliswinebuli iyo ara mxolod makrociklSi sawvrTno datvirTvisxasiaTi, aramed bunebrivi ganaTebis pirobebis yovelwliuri dinamika.amisaTvis dRis naTeli monakveTis xangrZlivobis dinamikisa da momza-debis yovelwliur makrociklSi fotoperiodis dRe–Ramuri cvlilebe-bis Tanaxmad gamoyofil iqna Tvisobrivad Taviseburi da xangrZli-vobis mixedviT gansxvavebuli rva periodi. pirveli da mexuTe peri-odebi (Sesabamisad dekemberi da ivnisi) xasiaTdebian dRe–Ramis naTelimonakveTis xangrZlivobis minimaluri da maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebiTnaTeli monakveTis dRe–Ramuri cvlilebebis minimaluri mniSvnelobe-bis dros. meore da meeqvse periodebi (ianvari-Tebervlis dasawyisi daivlisi-agvistos pirveli naxevari) xasiaTdebian, Sesabamisad, dRis xan-grZlivobis progresiuli zrdiTa da SemcirebiT. mesame da meSvide pe-riodebs (Tebervlis Sua nawili-aprilis bolo da agvistos bolo-oq-tomberi) axasiaTebTEdRe–Ramis naTeli monakveTis xangrZlivobis sta-biluri zrda an Semcireba. meoTxe da merve periodebi (maisi da noembe-ri) xasiaTdebian dRis xangrZlivobis regresiuli momatebiTa daSemcirebiT.

Cveni gamokvlevebi moicavda Svid sezonur intervals, romlebicerTmaneTisgan fotoperiodis dRe–Ramuri dinamikis doniT gansxvavde-boda, meeqvse periodis dRe–Ramis naTeli monakveTis xangrZlivobisprogresuli Semcirebis (ivlisi-agvisto) gamoklebiT.

yovel sportsmens momzadebis sxvadasxva etapze damaxasiaTebelisawvrTno datvirTvis garda [17] pirdapiri meTodiT (gazoanalizatoris”Spyrolit” gamoyenebiT) safexureobrivad mzardi veloergometruli dat-virTvisas vusazRvravdiT Jangbadis (VO2 max) maqsimaluri moxmarebisdones. VO2 max individualuri mniSvnelobebis validobas vsazRvravdiTgulis cemis sixSiresa da datvirTvis bolo safexurze sunTqvis

253

koeficientTan mimarTebaSi [9]. gamokvlevis Sedegebi damuSavebul iqnavariaciuli statistikis sayovelTaod miRebuli meTodebiT korelaci-uri da dispersiuli analizebis meTodebis gamoyenebiT [14].

gamokvlevis Sedegebi. 22,2% SemTxvevebisa moWidaveebs VO2 max

aReniSnebodaT – dabali da Zalian dabali, 44,4% SemTxvevebSi –saSualo da 33,3% SemTxvevaSi – maRali da Zalian maRali mniSvnelobe-bi. mocuraveTa sportuli specializaciis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiTgamokvleulTa 16,7% hqonda dabali, 58,3% – saSualo da 33,3% – maRalida Zalian maRali VO2 max maCveneblebi. aqedan gamomdinare, sportsmenTaurTierTSesadarebel jgufebs maTi moZraobiTi aqtivobis specifikisgaTvaliswinebiT VO2 max maRali, saSualo da dabali maCveneblebis ga-nawilebis xasiaTSi aSkara sxvaoba ar gaaCndaT.

kargadaa cnobili [9], rom VO2 max done sportuli varjiSisgavleniT SesaZloa mniSvnelovnad icvlebodes. amitom, Cven moWidaveeb-sa da mocuraveebSi sawvrTno varjiSis parametrebsa da VO2 max donesSoris korelaciuri kavSirebis Seswavla CavatareT. miRebuli Sedegebiimaze metyvelebda, rom moWidaveebSi sawvrTno datvirTvis parametreb-sa da VO2 max Soris korelaciuri kavSiri mxolod im SemTxvevaSi vlin-deboda, roca maT sawvrTno procesSi specializirebuli momzadebismoculoba SedarebiT mcire hqondaT. amasTanave, SejibrebisaTvis moWi-daveTa momzadebis daskvniT etapze korelacia datvirTvis odenobasada VO2 max Soris mniSvnelovan sidides ar aRwevda. Cveni SexedulebiT,organizmis aerobuli Sromisunarianoba, romlis dones asaxavs VO2 max

maCvenebeli, sportis mocemul saxeobaSi efeqturi moZraobiTi moqmede-bebisa da zogadad moZraobiTi moqmdebebis uzrunvelsayofad mniSvne-lovan, magram ara gadamwyvet faqtors warmoadgens.

mocuravTa sawvrTno programebis analizma saSualeba mogvcadagvedgina, rom sawvrTno datvirTvis sxavasxva Semadgenlebsa da VO2

max dones Soris statistikurad sagrZnobi korelaciuri kavSirebiarsebobs. kerZod, cikluri datvirTvis sadReRamiso moculobis saSua-lo sididesa da VO2 max dones Soris pirdapiri damokidebuleba aRiniS-neboda (p<0,01). korelaciis koeficientis mniSvnelobis sidide da donedrois intervalis cvlilebiT varirebda VO2 max registraciis momentsada im periods Soris, roca es datvirTvebi gamoiyeneboda. ase, mocura-veebSi regularuli wvrTnebis dros VO2 max done korelirebda aramxolod uaxloesi mecadineobebis datvirTvis parametrebTan, aramed,agreTve gamokvlevamde erTi TviT adre gamoyenebul datvirTvebissididesTan. wliuri ciklis sxvadasxva periodebSi moWidaveTa da mo-curaveTa VO2 max donis dinamikis maCveneblebi wamodgenilia suraTze.

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1 2 3 4 5 7 8პერიოდები

- მოცურავეები

- ძიუდოისტები

მლ.წუთ

.-1კგ

.-1

suraTi. wliuri ciklis sxvadasxva periodSi ZiudoistebSi damocuraveebSi VO2 max donis cvlileba.

masze Cans, rom dRe-Ramuri ganaTebis 2, 3, 4 da 7 sezonurperiodebSi gamokvlevebis dros mocuraveebs VO2 max saSualo donegacilebiT maRali hqondaT, vidre moWidaveebs. damaxasiaTebelia, rommoWidaveebsa da mocuraveebSi VO2 max donis gansxvavebis sididemaqsimaluria progresuli da minimaluria fotoperiodis dRe-RamurimniSvnelobebis regresiuli dinamikis dros (2-e da 4-e periodebzeSesabamisad) romelic modis mocuraveebis momzadebis makrociklisSejibrebisa da gardamaval periodebze maTi fizikuri kondiciismaqsimaluri da minimaluri doneebis Sesabamisad.

moWidaveebSi VO2 max done ufro metad maRali iyo dRe–RamuriganTebis minimaluri da maqsimaluri mniSvnelobebis periodSi(Sesabamisad 1-li da 5-e periodebi). aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom oriveSemTxvevaSi sportsmenebis gamokvleva tardeboda maTi SejibrebaSimonawileobidan 24-48 saaTis gasvlis Semdeg. aqedan gamomdinare, fizi-kuri datvirTvebis swored SejibrebiT xasiaTs maTi Sesrulebis peri-odSi dRe–Ramuri ganaTebis donisgan damoukideblad mivyavdiT moWi-daveTa aerobuli Sromisunarianobis donis mniSvnelovan gazrdamde, daigi mocuraveebSi analogiuri maCveneblebis mniSvnelobebs aRwevda.mocuraveebSi mniSvnelobebis ufro metad maRali done aseve aRiniSne-boda Sejibrebis periodSi da mTlianad moicavda dRis xangrZlivobisprogresul periodsa da stabiluri zrdis periodis dasawyiss (Sesaba-misad me-2 da me-3 periodebi). SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom Sejibrebisdros Sejibrebis saxeobis, saSualebis da agreTve wliuri ciklis

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periodisgan damoukideblad sportsmenebSi aRiniSneba VO2 max donismomateba.

dRis naTeli monakveTis xangrZlivobis stabiluri zrdis dros (3-e periodi) VO2 max maCveneblis saSualo doneebSi gansxvaveba moWidave-ebsa da mocuraveebs Soris iseTive iyo, rogoric dRis xangrZlivobisstabiluri Semcirebis dros (7-e periodi). agreTve, aprilidan oqtom-bramde mimdinare gamokvlevebisas moWidaveebSi VO2 max saSualo donekorelirebda (r=0,687;p<0,01) mocuraveebSi VO2 max saSualo mniSvnelobeb-Tan gamokvlevebis Sesabamis vadebSi. (gamokvlevebs Soris intervali 10dRe-Rames ar aRemateba). moWidaveebsa da mocuraveebSi VO2 max doneebsSoris korelaciuri kavSiri ar vlindeboda im monacemebis Sedarebisdros, romlebic miRebuli iyo noembridan aprilamde, an mTeliwliuri ciklis monacemTa analizis dros. am korelaciuri kavSirisaraSemTxveviTi xasiaTi imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom korelaciurianalizi ganicada ramdenime makrociklis ganmavlobaSi miRebulmamonacemebma. amasTan, miuxedavad imisa, rom organizmze zemoqmedebissistema, kerZod sportuli momzadebis sistema, rogorc moWidaveebis,iseve mocuraveebisa, yovelwliurad garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdida,moWidaveebsa da mocuraveebSi aprilidan oqtombramde periodSi VO2 max

maCveneblebis saSualo doneebs Soris korelaciuri kavSiri statisti-kurad mniSvnelovani iyo. Cveni azriT, es korelacia warmoadgens gamo-sakvlevi jgufebisTvis saerTo faqtorebis gamovlinebas, romlebicmniSvnelovnad zemoqmedeben aprilidan oqtombramde sportsmenTaAVO2 max

doneze.zemoaRniSnulis ganzogadebiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom daZabuli

saSejibro datvirTvebis ararsebobis pirobebSi wvrTnebis meTodikebisefeqturoba sportsmenTaAVO2 max maCvenebelze zemoqmedebasTan Sefarde-biT mniSvnelovanwilad ganicdis mzis ganaTebis sezonuri dinamikismamodulirebel zemoqmedebas. amasTan, Sejibrebis saxeobisa da saSua-lebebis, aseve wliuri ciklisgan damoukideblad Sejibrebas Tan sdevssportsmenebSi VO2 max donis momateba. wliuri ciklis ganmavlobaSiSesadarebeli specializaciis sportsmenTa VO2 max donis sxvaobismeryeoba ZiriTadad mocuraveTaAsawvrTno procesis daZabulobis cvli-lebiTaa ganpirobebuli.

daskvnebi:1. rogorc moWidaveebSi ise mocuraveebSi Sejibrebebis dros

maTi Catarebis vadebisgan damoukideblad vlindeboda VO2 max donismomateba maSin, roca am maCveneblis dinamika mosamzadebel periodSi(aprili-oqtomberi) mniSvnelovanwilad iyo ganpirobebuli garemopirobebis sezonuri cvlilebebis organizmze mamodulirebelimoqmedebiT.

2. mocuraveebSi gamovlinda rogorc uSualo, aseve organizmisadaptaciuri SesaZleblobebiT ganpirobebuli korelaciuri kavSirisawvrTno datvirTvasa da VO2 max Soris. moWidaveebSi sawvrTnodatvirTvebis parametrebsa da VO2 max dones Soris kavSiri vlindebodamxolod organizmis adaptaciuri SesaZleblobebis maCveneblebissaSualebiT.

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r e z i u m e

sportsmenTa fizikuri Sromisunarianoba da adaptaciuriZleblobebi momzadebis wliuri ciklis sxcvadasxva sezonze

Eeduard feroiani, lali kokaia

gamokvlevis mizans warmoadgenda Sromisunarianobisa da adaptaci-uri SesaZleblobebis Seswavla moWidaveebsa da mocuraveebSi, romle-bic TavianT momzadebaSi iyenebdnen upiratesad aerobul da anaerobu-li mimarTulebis varjiSebs sawvrTno datvirTvebis garemo pirobebissezonur cvlilebebTan sxvadasxva SesabamisobiT. gamokvlevebis Sede-gebma aCvena, rom Sejibrebis dros misi Catarebis vadebTan damouki-deblad vlindeboda VO2 max donis mateba rogorc moWidaveebSi, isemocuraveebSimaSi, roca mosamzadebel periodSi am maCveneblis dinamikamniSvnelovanwilad iyo ganpirobebuli garemo pirobebis sezonuricvlilebebis organizmze mamodulirebeli moqmedebiT.

S U M M A R Y

PHYSICAL WORKING CAPACITY AND ADAPTABLE POSSIBILITY OFSPORTSMEN DURING VARIOUS SEASONS OF THE YEAR

CYCLE OF PREPARATION

EDUARD FEROYAN, LALI KOKAIA

The article deals with the studying of level dynamics of working capacity and adaptablepossibilities of fighters and swimmers using in the preparation of exercises, mainly ananaerobic and aerobic orientation at various combinations of training loadings during seasonalchanges of conditions of environment. The research results have shown that competitiveactivity despite the terms of carrying out of competitions is accompanied by increase of levelVO2 max both at fighters and swimmers while dynamics of this indicator in the preparatoryperiod has been appreciably caused by modulating influence on a body of seasonal changes ofenvironmental conditions.

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Р Е З Ю М Е

ФИЗИЧЕСКАЯ РАБОТОСПОСОБНОСТЬ И АДАПТАЦИОННАЯВОЗМОЖНОСТЬ СПОРТСМЕНОВ В РАЗЛИЧНЫЕ СЕЗОНЫ

ГОДИЧНОГО ЦИКЛА ПОДГОТОВКИ

ЭДУАРД ФЕРОЯН, ЛАЛИ КОКАИА

Целью исследования было изучение динамики уровня работоспособности иадаптационных возможностей борцов и пловцов, использующих в своей подготовкеупражнения преимущественно анаэробной или аэробной направленности, приразличных сочетаниях тренировочных нагрузок с сезонными изменениями условийсреды. Результаты исследования показали что, соревновательная деятельность внезависимости от сроков проведения соревнований сопровождалась повышением уровняVO2 max как у борцов, так и у пловцов, в то время как динамика этого показателя вподготовительном периоде в значительной мере была обусловлена модулирующимвлиянием на организм сезонных изменений условий среды.

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