CHAPTER 17 REVOLUTION AND ENLIGHTENMENT 1550-

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I. The Scientific Revolution A big part of the scientific revolution was the changes in the way Europeans looked at themselves and their world.

A. CAUSES OF THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

“Natural philosophers” as medieval scientists were known, did not make observations of the natural world.

Relied on ancient authorities like Aristotle for their scientific knowledge.

1. Impact of the Renaissance

Renaissance humanists had mastered Greek as well as Latin. This allowed them access to newly discovered works by Ptolemy,(TAH luh mee) Archimedes and Plato.

2. New technology and mathematics Technical problems that required careful observation and accurate measurements served to stimulate scientific activity. Invention of new instruments like the telescope and microscope made new discoveries possible. The printing press helped spread new ideas quickly and easily. Mathematics played a key role in the scientific achievements. Modern day, studied olden days, and developed new theories that became

the foundation of the Science Revolution.

B. SCIENTIFIC BREAK THROUGH DISCOVERIES IN ASTRONOMY LED TO A NEW CONCEPTION OF THE UNIVERSE.

Say what !!!!

1. THE PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM

This system is geocentric because it places Earth at the center of the universe.

The tenth sphere is the “prime mover.” Beyond the tenth sphere is heaven, where gods resides. The Church would like this view of the universe.

2. COPERNICUS AND KEPLER

Nicolas Copernicus thought that the universe was heliocentric, or sun centered. He told people the apparent movement of the sun around the Earth was caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis.

Johannes Kepler used detailed astronomical data to arrive

at his laws of planetary motion. Proved that planets orbits were elliptical. (egg shaped)

3. GALILEO’S DISCOVERIES

User of a telescope. Used it to prove sun center and that the heavenly bodies were composed of material

substances just like earth. He found himself in conflict

with church. Church told him to recant his thoughts as

they were against the church doctrines. Most people agreed with Galileo but motion in the universe had

not been explained.

4. NEWTON’S VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE

He defined three laws of motion that governed the

planetary bodies. Crucial was the universal law of gravitation which expands why the planetary bodies continue their elliptical orbits about the sun. Explained by force of gravity. He also talked about the world machine

concept of the universe.

5. BREAKTHROUGHS IN MEDICINE

Galen, Greek physician from Middle Ages, had dominated teachings here. Many ideas are to be proven wrong.

William Harvey showed that the beginning point for the circulation of blood was the heart.

6. BREAKTHROUGHS IN CHEMISTRY

Robert Boyle was one of the first to conduct controlled experiments in chemistry. His work on the properties of gases led to Boyle’s law. Boyle’s law is the volume of gases varies with the pressure exerted on it.

Antoine Lavoisier invented a system for naming chemical elements, still used today, founder of modern chemistry.

C. WOMEN’S CONTRIBUTIONS

1. Margaret CavendishWas especially critical of the

growing belief that humans through science were the masters of nature.

2. Maria WinkelmannFemale astronomer-discovered a

comet.

D. PHILOSOPHY AND REASON

1. DESCARTES AND RATIONALISM

Descartes began by thinking and writing about the doubt and uncertainty that seemed to be everywhere. One fact seemed to him to be beyond doubt-his own existence.

He emphasized the importance of his mind. He would accept only those things that reason said were true. “I think. Therefore I am.”

Was called the father of modern rationalism. This system of thought is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.

2. BACON AND THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Scientific method-systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence. Was crucial to evolution of science in the modern world. Was developed by Francis Bacon.

Francis Bacon believed that scientist should learn about nature by using inductive reasoning-proceeding from the

particular to the general. Was more concerned with practical matters than pure science. Observed natural events, propose a hypotheses (theory), or possible explanation, then do experiments to test theory. This will lead to correct general principle.

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Sun-centered model of the universe Heliocentric He developed laws of planetary motion Kepler His observations suggested that

planets had substance. Galileo

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Francis Bacon, who developed the scientific method, was also what?

PhilosopherThis included a systematic procedure,

based on collecting and analyzing evidence, and crucial to the evolution of science.

Scientific method

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Egg-shaped Elliptical Law of universal attraction Gravity Proceeding from the particular to the

general is called what? Inductive reasoning

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Rene Descartes believed in one absolute truth,

which was? His own existence Rationalism is the belief that reason is

the chief source of what? knowledge