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IAEAInternational Atomic Energy Agency
Using High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors for low grade phosphate rock processing
Nils Haneklaus1 , Ewald Schnug2,Harikrishnan Tulsidas3, Frederik Reitsma1
1 Section of Nuclear Power Technology Development, Division of Nuclear Power, IAEA, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
2 Technical University Braunschweig - Faculty 2 Life Sciences, Pockelsstraße 14, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany
3 Section of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials, Division of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology, IAEA, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
IAEA
Introduction
(1) High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs)
(2) Phosphate rock – overview and uranium content
(3) HTGRs for energy neutral processing of low-grade phosphate rock
(4) Conclusions - outlook
IAEA
High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs)Overview
Structure:
• Thermal reactor• Coolant: Helium• Moderator: Graphite
Characteristics:
• High efficiency• Process heat• Inherent safety
characteristics• Flexible fuel
(Uranium/Thorium)
Helium up to 1000 ˚C
Helium ≈ 250 ˚C
Reactor core (block type)
Reactor core (pebble bed)
Side reflector
IAEA
High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactors (HTGRs)Past experience – current development
DRAGON(1963-1976)
AVR(1967-1988)
PB-1(1967-1974)
FSR(1976-1989)
THTR(1986-1989)
PBMR(1994-2009)
HTTR(since 1998)
HTR-10(since 2000)
HTR-PM(under construction)
HTR-PM(construction side Shandong Province)
IAEA
Phosphate rock – resource that feeds the worldOverview
• Finite resource – presently not recycled
• > 160 million metric tons/yr mined, 90% used for fertilizer production
• No substitute for phosphate rock in fertilizer production
• Lower grade deposits need to be developed
Energy intensive thermal processes/beneficiation methods will have to
be employed
Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5053e/y5053e00.htm#Contents, accessed 2013-07-27
IAEA
Phosphate rockUranium content
• Phosphate rock contains considerable concentrations of ‘valuable’ impurities…
• Uranium (up to 400 ppm*)• Thorium (up to 150 ppm*)
• …making it one of the largest unconventional uranium resource worldwide
*ppm = parts per million
Source: 1IAEA Red Book 2011, 2Ulrich, A.E., Schnug E., Prasser H.-M., Frossard E., Uranium endowments in phosphate rock, Science of the Total Environment 478 (2014) 226-234
Conventional uranium resources worldwide (14.413,7*10 t) 1
Estimated recoverable uranium resources from phosphate rock
worldwide (5.665,97*10 t) 2
IAEA
High temperature gas-cooled reactors for energy neutral processing of low grade phosphate rock
Phosphate Rock
Process Heat for
Phosphate conversion and U/Th recovery
(thermal process)
Phosphate Fertilizer
Uranium/Thorium
Reactor Fuel Manufacturing
High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor
Chemicals for Phosphate
Rock conversion
(wet process)
Relatively Large Amounts of Waste
(≈ 2-3 t P-gypsum per t fertilizer)
Limitations in Processing Low Grad
Phosphate Rock
Source: Nils Haneklaus, Ewald Schnug, Harikrishnan Tulsidas, Bismark Tyobeka: Using high temperature gas-cooled reactors for greenhouse gas reduction and energy neutral production of phosphate fertilizers, Annals of Nuclear Energy, 2014
IAEA
Conclusions - outlook
Phosphate Rock
High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor
Reactor Fuel Manufacturing
Uranium/Thorium
Phosphate Fertilizer
Process Heat for Phosphate
conversion and U/Th recovery
(thermal process)
Low grade phosphate rock may* be processed economically using high temperature gas-cooled reactors to power energy intensive thermal processing/beneficiation enabling…
… recovery of presently lost uranium/thorium, (REE) resources
… strongly reduced uranium/thorium contents in final products
*The technological and economical feasibility of this idea will be elaborated within the next four years as part of a coordinated research project at IAEA
“U/Th fuelled HTGR applications for energy neutral sustainable comprehensive extraction and mineral product developments”