D .. ---- ,opyARI Research Note 90-10

AD-A219 918

Identification of Crew- and Platoon-LevelGunnery Subtasks: Objectives for a

Threat-Based Training Program

John E. Morrison, Glen A. Meade, andRoy C. Campbell

Human Resources Research Organization

for

Contracting Officer's RepresentativeDonald F. Haggard

Field Unit at Fort Knox, KentuckyDonald F. Haggard, Chief

Training Research LaboratoryJack H. Hiller, Director

February 1990 DTIC.S ELECTE

IL MAR 2 9 19900CE D

United States ArmyResearch Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

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11. TITLE (Include Security Classification)Identification of Crew- and Platoon-Level Gunnery Subtasks: Objectives for a Threat-BasedTraining Program12. PERSONAL AUTHOR(S)Morrison, John E.; Meade, Glen A.; and Campbell, Roy C. (HumRRO)

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16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTATION

Donald F. Haggard, Contracting Officer's Representative

17. COSATI CODES 18. SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)FIELD GROUP SUB-GROUP Training objectives Armor training

Gunnery training

19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number)The purpose of this report was to develop and apply methods for identifying training

objectives for threat engagement scenarios derived in previous research (R. Campbell, &C. Campbell, 1989; Doyle, 1989). Rational methods were used to identify a list of crew-and platoon-level subtasks to serve as training objectives. A review against existingtask documentation revealed that the list was a comprehensive collection of gunnery be-haviors. Cluster analyses reduced the numerous crew-level subtasks to eight categoriesthat differed with respect to fidelity requirements, functional subgoal, and skill re-quirements. These subtask categories were named: (a) Manipulation of Gun Controls,(b) Tank Commander Engagement Control Procedures, (c) Target Atquisition, (d) ImmediateAction, (e) Switch Setting Procedures, (f) Fire Commands/Reports, (g) Degraded Modes,and (h) Maneuver Tank. Crossindexing of subtasks to threat engagement scenarios in which

they might be trained revealed a difference between individual/crew and collective sub-

tasks: While most individual and crew subtasks could be trained in all (Continued)

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19. ABSTRACT (Continued)

or nearly all threat engagement scenarios, most collective subtasks wereassociated with some but not other scenarios. The researchers concluded

that the threat scenario conditions were important drivers for collectivesubtasks, whereas nonthreat conditions (e.g., hardware conditions) were

more important for determining whether individual and crew subtasks could

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ii

IDENTIFICATION OF CREW- AND PLATOON-LEVEL GUNNERY SUBTASKS:

OBJECTIVES FOR A THREAT-BASED TRAINING PROGRAM

CONTENTS

Page

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . 1

Military Problem ... . . . . ...............* lResearch Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . 1

Research Objectives and Report Organization ............ 3

CHAPTER 2 CREW-LEVEL OBJECTIVES ... .. . ........ ... .. 5

Analytic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 5Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .*. . .. . . 11

CHAPTER 3 PLATOON LEVEL OBJECTIVES .................. 17

Analytic Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 17Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

CHAPTER 4 RELATIONSHIP OF OBJECTIVES TO THREAT SCENARIOS . . . . . . . 21

Analytic Method . .......... ... ........ . 21Results and Discussion .......... ............. 23

CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .. . .. .. .. .... ..... 27

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 29

APPENDIX A. ANALYSIS OF CREW-LEVEL AND PLATOON LEADER SUBTASKS . . . . A-I

B. RESULTS FROM K-MEANS CLUSTER ANALYSES OF CREW-LEVELSUBTASKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

C. PRE'IMINARY LISTS OF PLATOON COLLECTIVE SUBTASKS . . . . . C-1

D. CROSSWALK OF SUBTASKS TO THREAT SCENARIOS . . . . . . . . D-1

LIST OF TABLES

Table I. Summary of major crew-level subgoals . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2. Subtask descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3. Numbers of subtasks by crewmember performing . . . . . . . . IT

ii

CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

Table 4. Summary of results from cluster analyses of tankcommander, gunner, and loader subtask data . . . . . . . . . 13

5. Categories of subtasks with reference to clusteranalysis results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6. Platoon collective subtasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

7. Summary of threat scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

8. Frequency and percent of subtasks that could be trainedin all, some, or none of the threat engagement scenarios . . 25

iv

IDENTIFICATION OF CREW- AND PLATOON-LEVEL GUNNERY SUBTASKS:OBJECTIVES FOR A THREAT-BASED TRAINING PROGRAM

Chapter 1

Introduction

Military Problem

The Army has a continuing research need to investigate the effects ofand tradeoffs among alternative devices and strategies for training gunneryskills. The present report is one in a series that concerns the developmentof research tools for supporting this research. Previous work in this seriesincluded the development of methods for determining valid threat engagementscenarios for training gunnery skills (R. Campbell, & C. Campbell, 1989), anda detailed description of the scenarios resulting from using these methods(Doyle, 1989). These threat scenarios described key engagements that arelikely to occur within the context of the execution of various red/bluemission combinations. The detailed scenario information included thespecification of the number, type, and range of likely threat vehicles. Thepurpose of the present report is to develop and apply methods for determiningthe objectives for training gunnery skills that are appropriate to thesescenarios.

Research Issues

Perhaps the obvious candidates for training objectives are the gunnerytasks from the Master Task List prepared by the Armor School's Directorate ofTraining and Doctrine. Examination of this list revealed tasks that includedmany complex behaviors, e.g., "Engage Targets with the Main Gun from Gunner'sStation on an Mi/MIAl Tank" (Task No. 171-126-1036). Basing trainingobjectives on such whole tasks is clearly absurd from the standpoint of bothtraining development and skill acquisition. On the other hand, it is equallyabsurd to organize training around individual performance elements that makeup these tasks (e.g., position a particular switch). Instead of eitherextreme, gunnery training objectives should be organized at some intermediatelevel of task organization (Hoffman & Morrison, 1988). In the present report,this intermediate unit of behavioral organization is referred to as the"subtask." One goal of the present research was to more clearly define theconcept of the subtask.

Morrison and Goldberg (1982) provided methods for rationally parsingprocedural tasks into subtasks and their lower level behavioral elements.They described their method as a combination of "top-down" and "bottom-up"analyses. From the top, overall task goals were segmented into subgoals.These subgoals and the behaviors required to accomplish the subgoals definedthe subtask level. Subtasks could be further subdivided into "sub-subtasks"as needed, creating a hierarchical structure. From the bottom, individualbehavioral elements were grouped into meaningful clusters related to some tasksubgoal. The clusters also defined subtasks. The two approaches toidentification of subtasks were complementary and were intended to be mutually

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confirming. Given the extent and complexity of armor gunnery, it was notlikely that the top-down and bottom-up analyses would always generate anidentical list of subtasks. To reconcile those potential differences, it wasnecessary to define more clearly what constitutes a subtask.

Tasks and subtasks are similar concepts in that they both refer togroups of related interrelated behaviors that occur closely in time toaccomplish some task goal or subgoal (Miller, 1967). Therefore, thecharacteristics of a subtask must be the same as that of a task. In thatregard, Fleishman and Quaintance (1984) indicated that applied psychologistshave defined tasks in different ways. For instance, researchers have definedtasks on the basis of characteristics that are external to the performer suchas the stimuli controlling performance (Hackman, 1968). Other researchershave identified tasks in terms of their internal, information processingrequirements (Levine & Teichner, 1973). Still other researchers have usedtype of criterion measurement to distinguish tasks (Teichner & Whitehead,1973). Rather than choosing one of these criteria over the other, the presentanalysis used a combination of criteria to aid in identifying gunnerysubtasks.

The number of identifiable subtasks related to complex performancedomains such as gunnery is likely quite large. This is particularly true atthe crew level of analysis. It is often useful to systematically organizesuch complex domains to conceptually simplify the description and tounderscore relationships among its elements. One approach to organization isto form clusters of related subtasks. In addition to simplifying thedescriptions, the organization of subtasks into clusters may provide anappropriate structure for training. That is, clusters can identify groups ofhomogeneous subtasks that can be trained as separable units of instructionusing a particular training medium or device. With a similar goal in mind,Boldovici, Harris, Osborn, and Heinecke (1977) clustered armor subtasks on thebasis of a set of binary descriptors. A total of 36 descriptors wereorganized into four subsets: (a) initiating and maintaining stimuli;(b) tools, instruments, and controls; (c) learning processes; and (d) overtresponses. The results indicated that the cluster analysis techniques weresuccessful in identifying similarities among subtasks. Boldovici et al.concluded that cluster analysis techniques provided useful input into thetraining design process. Capitalizing on lessons learned from that research,these techniques were modified to cluster gunnery subtasks in the presentresearch.

At a basic level, the gunnery training objectives must address theindividual and crew skills required to operate a tank in a tacticalenvironment. It must also be noted that in a tactical environment tank crewsdo not fire and maneuver on an individual basis; rather, the tank crews act inconcert to execute collective missions. As the smallest tactical maneuverelement, the platoon is the lowest level at which maneuver collectivefunctions are identified. Three key platoon collective functions can beidentified: First, the platoon must perform tactical movement as a unit.Second, it must distribute and control its firepower as a unit. And finally,it must communicate and coordinate both internally and externally. Theplatoon performs these functions by accomplishing a series of interactive or

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collective tasks and subtasks, enabled by the performance of the individualtanks, and directed and controlled by the platoon leadership (i.e., theplatoon leader and the platoon sergeant). The platoon's activities inemploying tactical movement, firepower, and coordination can be specificallydirected by the platoon leadership or can take the form of drills and SOPs,planned and practiced well in advance of their execution. In either case,both the leadership tasks and the platoon collective tasks are essential andcritical complements to the individual and crew gunnery tasks identifiedpreviously. Therefore, the gunnery objectives must also include platoon-levelas well as crew-level subtasks.

Research Objectives and Report Organization

The overall purpose of the present research was to identify gunnerycrew- and platoon-level subtasks to serve as appropriate training objectivesfor threat-based engagement scenarios. The methods for and results from theanalyses of crew- and platoon-level subtasks were quite different; therefore,the two sets of analyses are described separately in the second and thirdchapters of this report. The fourth chapter describes the relationshipbetween the identified objectives and the threat engagement scenarios that hadbeen derived in previous research in this series. This information wasimportant to the specification of appropriate conditions for training as wellas for testing. It was also important to provide a check on thecomprehensiveness of the derived subtasks. A fifth and final chapter providessome brief conclusions.

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Chapter 2

Crew-level Objectives

Crew-level objectives were defined as those pertaining to individual andcrew subtasks that are required to operate a tank in a tactical environment.It is commonly thought that crew-level objectives form the basic skills ofgunnery training.

Analytic Method

The procedure for determining and organizing crew-level subtasksconsisted of three activities, which are described in the following sections.

Identification of Gunnery Subtasks

The process of identifying subtasks may be described as a combination ofa "top-down" analysis of task goals and a "bottom-up" analysis of individualbehaviors (Morrison & Goldberg, 1982). Starting from the top, 13 majorsubgoals were used to organize the domain of crew gunnery behaviors. Thesesubgoals, listed in Table 1, were modifications of the major tactical gunneryactivities identified by Hoffman and Morrison (1988) with the addition ofthree activities that were subsequently identified as missing from theiranalyses: (a) Engage Targets from Loader's Station, (b) Take ImmediateAction, and (c) Employ Smoke. In addition, a separate subgoal related toreporting was abstracted out of the original analyses.

Table 1

Summary of Major Crew-Level Subgoals

Number Title

1. Prepare Tank2. Acquire Target(s)3. Issue Fire Command4. Engage Single Main Gun Target Using Precision Gunnery5. Engage Single Coax Target Using Precision Gunnery6. Engage Single Target Under Degraded Conditions7. Engage Target from TC Position8. Engage Target from Loader's Station9. Engage Multiple Targets10. Adjust Direct Fire11. Take Immediate Action12. Employ Smoke13. Report

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The reader may note in Table 1 that whereas single engagements aredifferentiated with respect to certain conditions (e.g., single main guntargets vs. single machine gun engagements), multiple targets are not sodifferentiated. Following Hoffman and Morrison's rationale, the single targetengagements (subgoals 4-8) were regarded as prototypical in that they requiremost of the subtasks that are performed under more complex (e.g., degraded,multiple target) conditions. Separate subgoals were defined for single-targetengagements for the main gun, coax engagements, and degraded engagements toensure that all the basic engagement subtasks were identified. Then themultiple target subgoal was used to identify only those subtasks that werepeculiar to multiple-target engagements. Given this limited definition, itwas unnecessary to define separate multiple-target subgoals for differingconditions. This schema was designed to identify the different subtasks thatcrews perform, but not necessarily all the conditions under which subtasks areperformed thereby eliminating the redundancy of previous analyses. Forinstance, the subtask related to lasing to a target is not differentiated onthe basis of single target vs. multiple target conditions.

Each subgoal was then examined to reveal appropriate subtasks requiredto accomplish the subgoal. The resulting subtasks were subdivided asnecessary creating a hierarchic organization typical of structured taskanalysis. At the same time, tasN data were taken from previous analyses ofgunnery (Morrison & Hoffman, 1988; Meade, 1989), which provided a detailedspecification of tactical gunnery behaviors. Individual behaviors under eachmajor subgoal were then grouped into subtasks. The lists of subtasks from thetop-down and bottom-up analyses were reconciled as necessary to provide asingle list. To validate the subtasks and to aid in reconciling differencesbetween the two analyses, a list of defining characteristics of tasks (orsubtasks) was compiled from the literature. These characteristics were usedto generate the following five criteria for distinguishing between subtasksand/or determining whether or not a group of behaviors constitute a subtask:

1. A subtask consists of a set of interrelated behaviors that occurclosely in time to accomplish an identifiable task goal or subgoal. The titleof the subtask should, in turn, reflect this goal.

2. Subtasks are normally differentiated on the basis of the person(i.e., crewmember) performing the task. Exceptions to this rule were subtasksthat require the coordinated effort of two crewmembers, e.g., "Employ MultipleReturn Strategies" and "Engage Simultaneous Targets." If such coordination isrequired, tasks should not be subdivided into separate subtasks for eachcrewmember.

3. Subtasks are differentiated on the basis of stimuli that controlperformance. Two types of stimuli can be identified: First are theinitiating stimuli that cue performance; these correspond to the "conditions"portion of a task statement. For instance, the tank commander's fire commandprovides the initiating stimulus for many of the target engagement subtasks.Second are stimuli or stimulus dimensions that affect the difficulty ofsubtask performance or the required behaviors; these stimuli are "independentvariables" in the sense that they control subtask performance. Target range

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and movement are examples of difficulty factors for target engagementsubtasks.

4. Each subtask must be associated with at least one of the followingthree types of performance measures: speed, accuracy, and outcome. Eachsubtask should have at least one of these types of performance measuresassociated with each.

5. Tasks can be distinguished by the internal informatiun processes(i.e., skills) that are required of the performer. A number of informationprocessing taxonomies have been developed with elaborate categories. Reviewof categories indicated that they may be reduced to a limited number ofcategories (see Table 2) and still capture important between-task differences.

The subtasks were laid out in spreadsheet fashion listing each of thesecriteria per subtask. The process of listing the criteria guided the processof grouping and subdividing tasks. The analysts started by identifyingsubgoals within the subtask. If the subgoals were differentiated on the basisof any of the criteria, a corresponding subtask was created. The analystsnoted that there was a tendency to excessively subdivide subtasks. Theycountered this tendency by the following guidance: A subtask should includeenough substance to stand on its own as a meaningful training objective.However, if there were legitimate arguments for subdividing or notsubdividing, the analysts opted for subdividing because having too manysubtasks was a less serious error than having too few.

To determine the adequacy of domain coverage, the list of subtasks wascompared with tasks in the M1 Operator's Manual (TM 9-2350-255-10), task listsin a recent research publication (Quinkert, 1987), and with doctrinal lists ofarmor tasks. The doctrinal lists included the Master Task List for CareerManagement Field 19 and a draft of the Crew Tasks List, both prepared by theDirectorate of Training and Doctrine. The present analysis covered allcontent areas in these documents. The only inadequacy noted was a lack ofdetail in misfire procedures. The subtasks under this subgoal wereelaborated accordingly.

Development of Binary Descriptors

To cluster subtasks, each was coded with respect to a set of binarydescriptors as shown in Table 2. These descriptors were chosen to representdimensions of similarity with respect to training design and development. Forinstance, Boldovici et al. (1977) suggested that subtasks that are highly timeconstrained should be trained together. In addition to this performancerequirement, three other categories of descriptors were used to describe thesimilarity of objectives on the basis of (a) their fidelity requirements,(b) their functional relation to the whole task, and (c) their informationprocessing/responding requirements. The rationale for each of thesecategories is described in the following paragraphs.

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Table 2

Subtask Descriptors

DESCRIPTOR CATEGORY

Rating instructions

Individual Descriptors

CREW MEMBER PERFORMING

Indicate crewmember performing the task. More than one crewmember may be indicated.

1. TC2. GNR3. LDR4. DVR

FIDELITY REQUIREMENTS: INTERIOR OR APPENDED FUNCTIONAL COMPONENTS

Indicate which of the following types of functional components serve as either initiating or controllingstimuli during subtask performance

5. Continuous controls6. Frequently used switches/rheostats7. "Set & forget" switches/rheostats8. Indicators9. Sights (including periscopes)

10. Weapons11. Ammunition

FIDELITY REQUIREMENTS: EXTRA-TANK VISUAL SCENES

Indicate which of the following visual scenes are required for subtask performance.

12. Varied targets13. Varied terrain14. Target movement15. Owntank movement16. Multiple targets17. Thermal imagery

FIDELITY REQUIREMENTS: MOVEMENT

Indicate which of the following systems are moving during subtask performance or as a result of performance.

18. Platform19. Turret (azimuth)/main gun (elevation)20. Main gun recoil

FIDELITY REQUIREMENTS: SYSTEM FAILURES

Indicate which of the following system failures are initiating conditions for subtask performance.

21. Rangefinder22. Turret power23. Stabilization24. Weapon system

(table continues)

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DESCRIPTOR CATEGORY

Rating instructions

Individual Descriptors

GUNNERY SUBGOALS

Indicate which of the following gunnery "subgoals" the subtask addresses. An individual subtask may addressmore than one subgoal.

25. Prepare tank26. Acquire target(s)27. Engage target(s)28. Maneuver tank29. Communicate externally30. Assess results/sustain

INFORMATION PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS

Indicate which of the list of types of information processing demands are most typical of the subtask. Atask may involve more than one type, but identify the one, or perhaps two, categories that most typify thesubtask.

31. Perception (Detection, Recognition, Classification)32. Cognition (Problem Solving/Decision Making/Rule Using)33. Recall of discrete responses (Procedures)34. Perceptualmator control35. Gross motor control36. Oral communication (sending or receiving)37. Written (text) information

RESPONSE REQUIREMENTS

Indicate which of the following overt response groups are involved in subtask performance.

38. Finger manipulation39. Hand-arm movement40. Foot-leg movement41. Head-shoulder movement

TASK AUTOMATION

Indicate whether or not the subtask speed is an inherent aspect of subtask performance.

42. Requires speeded response

Fidelity requirements. Tasks within clusters should be similar in theirfidelity requirements so that they might be assigned to a single trainingdevice or medium, if appropriate. Four dimensions of fidelity wereconsidered: (a) interior or tank-appended components, (b) exterior visualscene, (c) movement, and (d) system failures. As can be seen in Table 2, eachof these dimensions of fidelity were described by a set of relateddescriptors. Note that the fidelity descriptors were descriptive of tanks ingeneral, not the Mi or MIAl in particular.

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Functional subqoals. Subtasks within clusters should also befunctionally related. Boldovici et al. (1977) noted occasional quirks intheir results brought about by the clustering of functionally dissimilarsubtasks. The solution to this problem is to include descriptors thatindicate the subgoal(s) that an individual subtask addresses. The 13 subgoalsdisplayed in Table 1 were considered too elaborate for these purposes. Theywere reduced to 6 as follows: (a) prepare tank, (b) acquire target(s),(c) engage target(s), (d) maneuver tank, (e) communicate externally, and(f) assess results/sustain.

Skill category. Subtask clusters should be similar with respect toskill category. Gagn6 (1972) argued that tasks may be classified with respectto a limited number of skill categories, and that each category had its ownlearning requirements. Braby, Henry, Parrish, and Swope (1975) took thisreasoning one step further and developed unique training strategies for eachof the skill types. Boldovici et al. (1977) reasoned that if tasks similar inunderlying skills were trained together, economies in training could berealized. Skills can be classified at both the covert, information processinglevel and the overt, response system level. With respect to informationprocessing requirements, Fleishman and Quaintance (1984) reviewed a variety oftask taxonomies based on information processing (e.g., Berliner, Angell, &Shearer, 1964; Levine & Teichner, 1973; Miller, 1973). Five informationrocessing categories of types of tasks appeared common to these schemes:a) perceptual, (b) cognitive, (c) procedural, (d) perceptualmotor, and(e) gross motor control tasks. To these categories were added two additionalinformation processing requirements (oral and written communication) that tapdifferent input/output information processing resources in multiple resourcetheory (e.g., Wickens, 1989). With regard to overt response groups, foursystems identified by Boldovici et al. were used: (a) finger manipulation,(b) hand-arm movement, (c) foot-leg movement, and (d) head-shoulder movement.

Boldovici et al. (1977) argued that the number of descriptors shouldstrike a balance between being comprehensive in including most similarityfactors, yet be manageable to the analysts. The resulting set of 42 binary(yes/no) descriptors, presented in Table 2, met both criteria. Note also thatTable 2 provides a short statement that summarizes the rating instructions.

Cluster Analysis Procedures

Several types of cluster analysis and linkage techniques could have beenapplied to the binary descriptor data. A problem common to most of thesetechniques is that cluster boundaries are difficult to identify from thetypical tree diagrams. An exception is the k-means method of clusteranalysis. This method splits a set of data into k mutually exclusive, notnecessarily hierarchical, clusters by maximizing the between-cluster variancewith respect to the within-cluster variance. Wilkinson (1988) described thek-means solution as follows: "In rough terms, it is like doing a one-wayanalysis of variance where the groups are unknown and the largest F-value issought by reassigning members to each group" (p. 375). The k-means analysisalso provides significance tests for each descriptor to determine whichdifferentiate the clusters. At the beginning of a k-means analysis, the

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number of clusters was specified. Multiple runs of the data were performedsystematically varying this parameter. In general, the number of significantdescriptors increased up to a point and then decreased as the number ofclusters was increased. Also, as Wilkinson noted, unnecessary increases inthis parameter introduces more noise than information about the data. Toattempt to maximize information, the "best" solution was defined as thathaving the greatest number of significant descriptors. In some of the cases,however, there were ties among solutions in the number of significantdescriptors. In that case, the simplest solution (i.e., that requiring thelowest number of clusters) was preferred.

Results and Discussion

The crew-level subtasks are listed under subgoals 1-13 in Appendix Aalong with the criteria that were used to differentiate them. To preventoverlap, subtasks were defined at the lowest subdivision of task subgoals.That is, if a subtask was divided into two subtasks, the two subordinatesubtasks were counted but not the superordinate task from which they werederived. Using this rule, a total of 92 crew-level subtasks were identifiedin Appendix A. Note that if "crewmember performing" is not listed for aparticular subtask, it is understood to be the same as its superordinatesubtask. Subtasks associated with the first gunnery subgoal (Prepare Tank)were judged as only tangentially relevant to the threat scenarios. Thus,subtasks in the "Prepare" subgoal are not considered further in subsequentanalyses. Table 3 provides a breakdown of the number of subtasks identifiedin Appendix A by crew position.

Table 3

Numbers of Subtasks by Crewmember Performing'

Number of Subtasks Performed byCommander Gunner Loader Driver

Including"Prepare" Subtasks 45 37 22 12

Not Including"Prepare" Subtasks 38 25 11 7

'The total number of subtasks is less than the sum of subtasksby crewmember because some subtasks require more than onecrewmember to perform.

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With regard to the spreadsheet entries in Appendix A, it should be notedthat they were intended to be representative of the criteria, not anexhaustive description of each. For instance, the "difficulty factors"provide but a partial listing of representative variables that controlperformance. It should also be noted that the table does not specify theparticular behaviors involved in each subtask. This would have needlesslycomplicated the purpose of the spread sheet, which was to describe the extentof the domain of gunnery training objectives. In other words, somedescriptive detail was sacrificed for the sake of comprehensiveness.

Following the practice of Boldovici et al. (1977), cluster analyses wereperformed for each crew position separately as opposed to clustering acrossall four duty positions. Appendix B presents the detailed results of theanalysis by sorting subtasks into the groups resulting from the k-meanscluster analyses and indicating which of the 42 descriptors significantlydifferentiated the groups. Table 4 summarizes the results of the analyses byillustrating how the clusters differ with respect to the significantdescriptors. Note that results from the driver analysis are not presented inthis table. Whereas the results in Appendix Table B-4 shows a two-clustersolution for the driver analyses, none of the descriptors significantlydifferentiated the clusters. This was probably due to two reasons: Therewere only seven subtasks assigned to the driver, and the tasks were relativelyhomogeneous. For these reasons, the driver subtasks were regarded asconstituting a single cluster.

The results from the analyses were interpreted as identifying eightunique categories of gunnery subtasks, which are summarized in Table 5. Thisinterpretation was based on the similarities and differences among the threeremaining cluster solutions (i.e., tank commander, gunner, and loader). Oneevident similarity is that, for all three analyses, most of the subtasks weregrouped into the first cluster. In the gunner analyses, these subtasksincluded the continuous control procedures related to manipulation of controlhandles in both machine gun and main gun engagements. Most of the subtasks inthis cluster were psychomotor subtasks requiring high fidelity representationof internal tank controls and external visual scenes. Results from the loaderanalysis evidenced a similar cluster of manipulation subtasks related toloader machine gun engagements. However, the loader cluster also includedsubtasks related to loading the weapons which does not require the simulationof external visual scenes. The tank commander cluster contained the subtasksrelated to the manipulation of control handles as well as other, morecognitive subtasks related to controlling the engagement. The latter type ofsubtask appeared to be sufficiently different from the former category titled"Manipulation of Gun Controls" to warrant a separate category that was named"Engagement Control Procedures."

Subtasks related to target acquisition were clustered together as aseparate group for the tank commander (Cluster Number 5) and for the loader(Cluster Number 2). The following similarities were observed between andwithin these two clusters: (a) they require the simulation of the sights andexternal visuals, (b) they require perceptual skills, and (c) they involvehead-shoulder movement, but (d) they are not speeded responses. Although thetarget acquisition subtasks formed separate clusters for the tank commander

12

Table 4

Summary of Results from Cluster Analyses of Tank Commander, Gunner,and Loader Subtask Data

Clusters

Tank Commander Gunner Loader1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 1 2

Number of Subtasks in Cluster 26 1 5 1 5 20 2 2 1 7 4

Descriptorsa

5. Continuous controls 1 - 0 1 0 - -8. Indicators 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 - -9. Sights 1 1 0 0 1 . . . . 0 1

11. Ammunition - 0 0 0 0 1 012. Varied targets 1 1 0 1 1 . . . . . .13. Varied terrain 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 114. Target movement 1 - 0 0 1 0 115. Owntank movement 1 0 0 11 1 0 0 1 0 116. Multiple targets 1 - 0 0 1 0 117. Thermal imagery 1 - 0 0 1 0 021. Rangefinder 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 - -22. Turret power 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 - -23. Stabilization 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 - -24. Weapon system 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 - -26. Acquire target(s) - - ---- --- -0 127. Engage target(s) 1 1 0 1 0 . . . . . .28. Maneuver tank 0 0 0 0 0 . . . . . .30. Assess results/sustain 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 - -

31. Perception 0 0 0 0 1 - 0 133. Recall of discrete responses 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 - -34. Perceptualmotor control - --- -1 0 0 0 - -

35. Gross motor control - 0 0 1 0 - -41. Head-shoulder movement 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 142. Requires speeded response I 1 1 1 0 1 - 0

a0ne (1) indicates the presence of the descriptor characteristic in more than

50% of the subtasks in the cluster, whereas zero (0) indicates its presence ofthe characteristic in 50% or fewer of the subtasks in the cluster. Blank (-)indicates that the descriptor was not significant (p > .05) for the analysis.

13

Table 5

Categories of Subtasks with Reference to Cluster Analysis Results

Subtask Category References to Cluster Analysis

Representative subgoals/tasks

Manipulation of Gun Controls Tank Commander Cluster #1Track target Gunner Cluster #1Apply lead to moving target Loader Cluster #1Acquire target (gunner)

Tank Commander Engagement ControlProcedures Tank Commander Clusters #1, #3

Adjust fireControl tank movementsEmploy smoke

Target Acquisition Tank Commander Cluster #5,Acquire target (TC, loader) Loader Cluster #2

Immediate Action Tank Commander Cluster #2Fail-to-fire procedures Gunner Cluster #3React to runaway coax

Switch Setting Procedures Tank Commander Cluster #3Set FCS switches Gunner Cluster #2Index range through CCP

Fire Commands/Report Tank Commander Cluster #3Issue fire commandAnnounce subsequent fire commandReport

Degraded Modes Tank Commander Cluster #4Choose degraded mode technique Gunner Cluster #4Choose appropriate sight

Maneuver Tank All Driver subtasksDrive tacticallySearch--closed hatch

14

and gunner analyses, analogous target acquisition subtasks for the gunner wereincluded in the large cluster entitled "Manipulation of Gun Controls." Thereason for this apparent inconsistency was that the gunner acquires targetsthrough his gun sights. In order to obtain an adequate field of view, he mustrotate the turret using his control handles in much the same way that hetracks targets. Thus, acquiring targets is similar to target engagement forthat duty position.

Two similar clusters of subtasks relating to failure-to-fire procedureswere noted in the tank commander (Cluster Number 2) and gunner analyses(Cluster Number 3). The subtasks in this cluster entitled "Immediate Action"were similar in the following respects: (a) they involved the recall ofdiscrete procedures, (b) they required the simulation of the weapon system,but (c) they did not require elaborate extra-tank visuals. Although theloader performs immediate action type tasks, a similar Immediate Actioncluster was not apparent in the loader analysis. This was probably due to thefact that only two loader subtasks required extra-tank visuals therebyreducing the distinction between immediate action and other tasks. Also, thenumber of loader tasks (11) is quite limited, which in itself makes it moredifficult to support an elaborate cluster structure.

Two other similar clusters pertaining to switch setting were observed inthe results from the tank commander (Cluster Number 3) and gunner (ClusterNumber 2). Subtasks in these clusters had the following commonalities:(a) they do not require continuous controls or sights, (b) they require littlein the way of extra-tank visuals, and (c) they are procedural in nature.However, note that the tank commander cluster includes three subtasks that donot involve switch setting: (a) "Announce Subsequent Fire Command" (Subtask10.2), (b) "Direct Tank Movements" (Subtask 4.2.1), and (c) "Provide SpotReport" (Subtask 13.1). All three are similar to the others in terms of thecriteria described above, but actually pertain more to oral communication thanto the setting of switches. Inclusion of these latter three subtasks in thisswitchology cluster should probably be regarded as an anomaly of thedescriptor scheme rather than an indication that these subtasks should betrained together with switch setting. To reconcile these problems, these oraltank commander subtasks were moved to categories to which they were moreclearly related: The two subtasks related to subsequent fire command and tospot reporting were moved to the fire command category (renamed "FireCommand/Report"), and the subtask related to directing tank movements wasmoved to the category named "TC Engagement Control Procedures."

Two single-subtask clusters in both the tank commander and gunneranalyses were distinguished from the other clusters. The tank commandercluster included the subtask entitled "Choose Degraded Mode Technique,"whereas the gunner cluster contained the subtask entitled "Choose AppropriateSight." These clusters were titled "Degraded Modes" because both requiredcognitive processing (decision making/rule using) related to compensating fordegraded functioning of the sights or fire control system. In addition tobeing cognitive in nature, both subtasks were different from the others on thebasis of their requirement to simulate system failures.

15

Finally, the driver subtasks failed to reveal significant descriptorssuggesting that the subtasks were a homogeneous cluster. Examination of thetask data indicates that, indeed, there were several similarities among driversubtasks. For instance, most of the driver subtasks required the simulationof visual sights and external visual scenes, required perceptual skill, andinvolved some form of oral communication. In short, the driver subtasks wereregarded as a separate cluster.

In general, the clusters were not as differentiated as those derived byBoldovici et al. (1977). One reason for the difference may simply have beenthe use of different clustering techniques. Boldovici et al. used anamalgamative procedure that constructed the clusters from the bottom(individual tasks). Consequently, their structure was more ornate. Anotherreason why the present clusters were less differentiated was that the presentdomain was restricted to gunnery related tasks, whereas Boldovici et al.examined all operational tasks. Despite these differences, both applicationsof the cluster analysis techniques were similar in that they providedinterpretable information that is potentially useful for training design.

16

Chapter 3

Platoon Level Objectives

Platoon level gunnery builds and elaborates on the basics of theindividual and crew level tasks identified in the previous chapter. Theplatoon objectives were defined in terms of two types of subtasks: platooncollective subtasks and platoon leadership subtasks.

Analytic Method

Although, in many situations, it is often impossible to separate anindividual leadership task from the collective task it initiates and controls,the approach used was to treat the two types as distinct categories forpurposes of our analysis. Derivation of both sets of tasks is described inthe following two sections.

Platoon Collective Subtasks

To insure adequate coverage of the domain of collective subtasks, and tostill restrict that domain to those subtasks that were directly related togunnery performance, two separate methods were employed to generateprospective collective tasks. One method involved using a "bottom-up"approach in which existing doctrinal sources (ARTEP 17-37-10-MTP, The ArmorCollective Front End Analysis [CFEA], FC 17-15, FM 17-12-1) were surveyed andselective choices were made of those tasks that supported gunnery and relatedareas. The other approach employed a "top-down" analysis in which the broadtactical functions of movement, position, firepower, and coordination werefirst identified, then supported by gunnery specific tasks appropriate forplatoon level employment.

The first (bottom-up) method produced a candidate list of 14 subtasks,while the second (top-down) approach proposed 23 subtasks. (Both originallists are shown in Appendix C.) After the two lists were preparedindependently, they were compared. While there was considerable congruencebetween the lists, few tasks were exactly duplicated. To arrive at a singlelist, four steps were taken:

1. Subtasks that were alike, or conveyed essentially the same activity,on both lists were combined and adopted.

2. Subtasks that were distinct (i.e., appeared on one list but not theother) were adopted.

3. Because communications, security, and decision making are aninherent component in all armor collective tasks, any specific requirement forany of those three functions was dropped as a separate subtask.

4. The combined and remaining subtasks were restructured and rewordedfor clarity and consistency.

17

Platoon Leadership Subtasks

The specification of the platoon collective subtasks served as the basisfor the identification of the platoon leadership subtasks. Leadershipsubtasks were specified primarily when needed to initiate or control platoonmovement and platoon fires. Because communicating externally is an essentialindividual requirement of collective tasks (and clearly leadership oriented),reporting was added to the primary leadership functions of movement andfirepower. Although not specifically aligned with movement, firepower, orreporting, a fourth area--requesting indirect fire--was found to overlap allthree and so was added as an independent function. The tentative areas offocus were checked against doctrinal task requirements in the Skill Level 4Soldier's Manual (19K) and the Military Qualification Standards (MQS) II forArmor Lieutenants, for compatibility and completeness.

Results and Discussion

Table 6 presents the list of 19 platoon collective subtasks. Many of theperformance requirements of the collective subtasks are described by theindividual subtasks identified earlier. Stripped of their individual taskcomponents, collective tasks become exercises in interactive and coordinativeskills, focusing on the specific eight functional areas identified in thetable. Thus, the previous criteria for distinguishing individual and crew-level tasks were judged to be inappropriate for the collective tasks.Similarly, the cluster analyses were not performed because the individualsubtask descriptors were inappropriate, and because there were too fewcollective subtasks.

The platoon leadership subtasks were incorporated with the otherindividual and crew tasks in Subgoals 13, 14, 15, and 16 of Appendix A. (Thereporting requirement was added to a similar but internal requirement for thetank commander in Subgoal 13; the other areas were added as Subgoals 14, 15,and 16). A total of seven unique platoon leadership subtasks were added tothe analysis. These subtasks were not clustered because they were few innumber and they were homogeneous; i.e., they are cognitive/verbal tasks thatare not dependent on a representation of tank components.

18

Table 6

Platoon Collective Subtasks

1. Travel in Platoon Formation1.1. Execute a Wedge Formation1.2. Execute an Echelon Formation1.3. Execute a Line Formation1.4. Execute a Vee Formation1.5. Execute a Column or Staggered Column

2. Execute Battle Drills2.1. Execute Action Drill2.2. Execute Contact Drill2.3. Execute Air Attack Drill

3. Bound by Section

4. Overwatch a Bounding Platoon

5. Occupy a Battle Position5.1. Occupy Initial Battle Position5.2. Occupy Subsequent Battle Position

6. Maneuver within a Battle Position

7. Employ Fire Patterns7.1. Employ Frontal Fire7.2. Employ Cross Fire7.3. Employ Depth Fire

8. Employ Firing Techniques8.1. Employ Observed Fire8.2. Employ Alternating Fires8.3. Employ Simultaneous Fires

19

Chapter 4

Relationship of Objectives to Threat Scenarios

In the previous sections, the crew- and platoon-level trainingobjectives were identified as a collection of individual and crew subtasks.This final section provides an analysis indicating which of the previouslyderived threat scenarios could support training or performance testing ofthese objectives. The fundamental purpose of this analysis was to examine therelationship between the objectives and the threat scenario conditions. Thisanalysis also serves as input data to parallel research on the development ofan algorithm for selecting threat engagement scenarios for training andtesting (C. Campbell & Hoffman, 1989). The selection algorithm is designed asa research tool for supporting the development of realistic conditions fortraining and testing.

Analytic Method

The threat-based scenarios are summarized briefly in Table 7. As can beseen there are 42 different scenarios differing in the range and mix of threattargets. In addition to these scenarios, seven enhancements were developed tomeet particular training needs. These enhancements were designed such thatthey can be overlaid on (almost) any scenario, yet they are not essential tothe portrayal of any scenario. The following is a list of these enhancementsidentified by letter:

A. Tactical Combat Air SupportB. Attack HelicopterC. Electronic WarfareD. Chemical WarfareE. Obstacles/Barriers/CountermobilityF. Indirect Fire: Cannon/Mortar/RocketG. Smoke/Obscuration

Originally, the method called for analysts to make yes/no judgments asto whether or not an objective could be trained or tested within each of thescenarios. It became obvious that a three-alternative judgment was moreappropriate: (a) that the objective could be trained or tested within thescenario as presently stated, (b) that the objective could not realisticallybe trained or tested within the scenario, and (c) that the objective could betrained or tested within the scenario only if certain additional conditionswere added to the scenario. It was further determined that if an objectivewere judged in the third category, the extra-scenario conditions should bemade explicit for the purpose of future training and test development.

21

Table 7Sumuary of Threat Scenarios

Red/Blue Mission

Scenario Attrition Threat TargetsaNumber Range Rate 1-80 W-P2 2S1 BMP-M1974 BTR-5OFI IMR-2

Attack/Defend

1.0 3000 None 12 281.1 2000 High 10 231.2 1000 High 8 171.3 400 High 7 131.4 2000 LOW 10 271.5 1000 Low 9 251.6 400 LOW 8 24

Meeting Engagement/Defend

2.0 3000 None 4 9 6 22.1 2000 High 3 6 6 22.2 1000 High 3 5 4 12.3 400 High 2 3 42.4 2000 Low 3 g 6 22.5 1000 Low 3 9 52.6 400 Low 2 9 5 1

Meeting Engageent /Attack

3.0 3000 None 4 123.1 2000 High 3 103.2 1000 High 2 83.3 400 High 2 63.4 2000 Low 3 123.5 1000 Low 3 113.6 400 Low 3 10

Defense/Attack

4.0 3000 None 4 124.1 2000 High 4 104.2 1000 High 2 84.3 400 High 2 64.4 2000 Low 4 114.5 1000 Low 4 104.6 400 Low 3 10

UithdraweIl/Attack

5.0 3000 None 1 45.1 2000 High 1 35.2 1000 High 1 25.3 400 High I I5.4 2000 Low 1 45.5 1000 Low 1 45.6 400 Low 1 3

Breakthrough/Defense

6.0 0 None 10 3116.1 400 High 9 216.2 1000 High 7 2116.3 2000 High 3 2116.4 400 Low 10 3114.5 1000 Low 9 3116.6 2000 Low 8 2 1

6T-60 - Main Battle Tank, OW-2 - Armored Infantry Cmat Vehicle, 2S1 12m Howitzer (self-propelled), BIU-NI974Artillery Coind/Control Vehicle, ITR-SOPK - Mine Clearer. I-2 *Armored Engineer Tractor.

22

Results and Discussion

The detailed results from the judgments of whether subtasks can betrained in these scenarios are presented in Appendix D; individual and crewsubtasks (including platoon leadership) are presented in Table 0-1, and theplatoon collective subtasks are presented in Table D-2. In those tables, thesubtasks that can be trained/tested in a scenario were coded as a "2," andthose that cannot be trained/tested were coded as a "0." The third categoryof judgments, where the subtask can be trained/tested only with thespecification of additional conditions, were coded as a "1." With regard tothe third category, the additional conditions are elaborated upon in thecomments that are attached to the tables. In some cases, the extra-scenarioconditions could be fulfilled by a scenario enhancement. If so, theenhancement was identified by letter.

Examination of the tables in Appendix D indicated that most scenarioscould support training on a wide variety of subtasks. Exceptions to thisgeneralization were the initial scenarios for the first five groups of missioncombinations (i.e., 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, and 5.0). The common feature of thesescenarios was that the threat targets were all at an extended range (3000meters). Many of the crew and platoon subtasks were irrelevant to thesescenarios simply because the targets were out of range of direct fire weapons.

Closer examination revealed that the subtasks could be sorted into threecategories according to the pattern of scenarios with which they wereassociated. The largest category were subtasks that could be trained in allscenarios, except for the aforementioned initial scenarios. Of the 90 totalsubtasks, 49 (or 54%) fell into this category. For instance, the crew-levelsubtask entitled "Use Cover and Concealment" (Subtask 4.2.4) was applicable toall threat engagement scenarios. Similarly, the platoon-level subtaskentitled "Employ Simultaneous Fires" (Subtask 8.3) was applicable to allscenarios except those where targets are out of direct-fire range (i.e., whererange = 3000). This category also included subtasks that could be trained inall or most scenarios, but only under special conditions (i.e., they wereclassified as "1" subtasks). An example of this type of crew-level subtaskwas "Use Manual Controls" (Subtask 6.1.5). As noted in the Appendix, thespecial conditions required for this subtask to occur was the loss of eitherturret power or some specific electrical or hydraulic power failure. Anotherexample of a platoon-level subtask falling in this category was "Execute AirAttack Drill" (Subtask 2.3). The special condition for this subtask was anair attack, which was not called for in any of the threat engagementscenarios. However, this subtask was appropriate given the employment ofeither one of two scenario enhancements: Enhancement A (Combat Air Support)or Enhancement B (Attack Helicopter).

A second category included subtasks that could be trained in some butnot other scenarios. This category accounted for 38 subtasks or approximately42% of the total. An example crew-level subtask in this category was"Maintain Steady Platform" (Subtask 4.2.3), which was a driver subtaskrelevant to moving engagements. Because this subtask related to firing on themove, it was associated with offensive scenarios only. On the other hand, theplatoon-level subtask entitled "Occupy Battle Position" (Subtask 5.0)

23

described actions related to taking a static battle position. Therefore, itwas appropriate for defensive scenarios only.

The third and smallest category consisted of only three crew-levelsubtasks (3% of the total) that were not associated with any of the scenarios.These crew-level subtasks were (a) "Range to Target Using TC's Weapon"(Subtask 2.3.2), (b) "Mark Target Using TC's Weapon" (Subtask 3.1.3.2), and(c) "Engage Point Target(s) with Loader's M240 Machine Gun" (Subtask 8.1).With regard to the first two subtasks involving the tank commander's weapon,these subtasks represent the last in a series of options for either ranging orspecifying direction. To make this option appropriate would require a highlycontrived situation, which would detract from the point of the scenario. Thelast loader subtask was not relevant to the scenarios for two reasons:(a) the open sights on the loader's machine gun do not allow a precise lay ona point target; and (b) it is more likely that the loader's task would be toprovide suppressive fire, which would normally involve area engagement. Forthese reasons, the three subtasks were not judged relevant to the threatscenarios.

Further examination of the crossindexing of subtasks and scenariosrevealed an important difference between the individual/crew subtasks (i.e.,crew-level and platoon leadership subtasks) and platoon collective subtasks.Table 8 shows that whereas a majority of crew-level subtasks could be trainedin all except the initial scenarios, a majority of platoon-level subtasks wereassociated with some but not other scenarios. The differences between theresults from the individual/crew and collective analyses may be explained byexamining the sorts of conditions that affect performance. In general, theapplicability of platoon collective subtasks was determined by threat-basedconditions such as range to target, force ratio, and Blue mission. Theseconditions affect performance largely by determining whether the platoonassumes either an offensive or defensive posture. In contrast, theseconditions had less of an effect on individual and crew subtasks. Forinstance, target engagement and tactical maneuver subtasks at the individualand crew level apply equally to offensive and defensive missions.

Inspection of the "additional" conditions attached to Table D-1 indicatethat in contrast to platoon collective subtasks,individual and crew subtasksare affected by hardware conditions, i.e., those related to Blue vehicle andweapon systems. Hardware conditions affected the applicability of individualand crew subtasks in three ways. First, the vulnerability of Red (threat)targets to Blue (friendly) weapons affected the weapon selection process.Second, the lethality of Red targets affected blue tactics in both maneuverand in target priority judgments. This conclusion was not readily apparentfrom the present analysis because threat arrays within the scenarios consistedof a mix of Red systems. Third, Blue hardware status conditions affectedchoice of subtask primarily through the specification of degraded conditions.

24

Table 8

Frequency and Percent of Subtasks That Could Be Trained in All, Some,or None of the Threat Engagement Scenarios

Number of Threat Enuaaement ScenariosType of Subtask AllP Some None

Individual/Crew' f 43 25 3M (61%) (35%) (4%)

Platoon Collective f 6 13 0M (32%) (68%) (0%)

'Does not include initial scenarios (i.e., 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0)bIncludes individual and platoon leadership subtasks.

Two general implications were derived from these analyses. First, theresults from the analyses indicated that the threat-based conditions have alarge effect on determining which platoon collective subtasks can be trained.It is likely that the choice of platoon collective subtasks should be theprimary "driver" in selecting a threat-based scenario. Second, blue hardwaremanipulations must be interjected in the scenarios in order to measurespecific individual and crew subtasks.

25

Chapter 5

Summary and Conclusions

The purpose of the present report was to develop and apply methods foridentifying training objectives for threat engagement scenarios that had beenderived in previous research (R. Campbell, & C. Campbell, 1989; Doyle, 1989).Various analyses were performed to address that purpose. The findings may besummarized as follows:

1. Rational methods were used to identify a list of crew- and platoon-level subtasks to serve as those training objectives. Reviewing the resultsagainst existing task documentation revealed that the list provided acomprehensive collection of gunnery behaviors.

2. Cluster analyses reduced the numerous crew-level subtasks to eightcategories of gunnery subtasks that differ with respect to fidelityrequirements, functional subgoal, and skill requirements. These subtaskcategories were named (a) Manipulation of Gun Controls, (b) Tank CommanderEngagement Control Procedures, (c) Target Acquisition, (d) Immediate Action,(e) Switch Setting Procedures, (f) Fire Commands/Reports, (g) Degraded Modes,and (h) Maneuver Tank.

3. Crossindexing of subtasks to threat engagement scenarios in whichthey might be trained revealed a difference between individual/crew andcollective subtasks: Whereas most individual and crew subtasks could betrained in all or nearly all threat engagement scenarios, most collectivesubtasks were associated with some but not other scenarios. It was concludedthat the threat scenario conditions were important drivers for collectivesubtasks. In contrast, other nonthreat conditions (e.g., hardware conditions)were more important for determining whether individual and crew subtasks couldbe trained in a threat engagement scenario.

27

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Appendix A

Analysis of Crew-Level and Platoon Leader Subtasks

I ..................................................................................................II I I PERFORMICE ICASURES

I ICREW I -------------- I...........---I------------ II SItAs IINITIATING CONDITIONS IDIFFICULTY FACTORS IME)SER ISKILLS ISPEED IACCItACY IOUTCOMES I

........................................................................................................................... I

.........................................................................................................

11. PREPARE TANK IC I I I II

,1.1. Prepare stations II CREW II for operation I I1II

(Subtasks are not I IIII sequenced) I ISII

11.1.1. Power up hull jOrders to prepare for Ilnitlal state of hull I OVR jProcedures ITime to IPercent Ipesultingsytm l~t ytm Complete lCorrect Steps Istatus of bullI

I1I I I Isystems-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11.1.2. Start engine lOrders to prepare for jEase of start I DVA IProcedures ITIme to start IPercent lEngineI cmat I II Correct Steps Irunning I

---------------------------- 0------------------------ 0----------------------------- 0--------------------------------------------I111.1.3. Operate UBC systemlOrders to prepare for ISystem mlfunctions I OVR jProcedures I IPercent ISystee I

I (MI: gas particulate. Icomat I I I I ICorrect steps loperating I1 (HIAl: overpressure I IRema ining filter life I I III system) I I 1------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I111.1.4. Install driver's jOrders to prepare for I DR IProcedures ITime to IPercent IViewer II night vision viewer !coat during periods I I Coeplete ICorrect Steps linstalled and I

I of darkness I i IGross motor I I loperatingIiII Iskills I I II

I------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ i11.1.5. Operate intercom O~rders to prepare for llnitial state of I CREW IProcedures ITime to 1percent lintercoe Ii Icobat lintercom systems I I ICoeplete ICorrect Steps loperating III I i i I II

i System malfunctions I i 5 I I

11.1.6. Power up turret :Orders to prepare for :Initial state of TC I TC IProcedures ITime to IPercent ITurret power ON:Icombat Istation I i lCoeplete lCorrect StepsI

:1.1.7. Perform hydraulic fOrders to prepare for I1nitial state of Crew I GNR jProcedures ITime to IPercentI pressure check Icobat :station 1 8(Complete lCorrect Steps f

1111 tw15 rer opeaefr lnitial state of am I LOP G6ross motor ITime to 1% rounds loadedlAll available II ammunition Icmat Istorage I Iskills Icomplete 1per load plan Inanition II I I I Istowed in

* Procedures I I loperational II------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ I:1.1.9. Load M250 smoke jOrders to prepare for llnitial state of I LOR IGross motor ITime to I Percent IAll tubes

I grenade launcher Icmat Igrenede launcher I skills Icomlete ICorrect Steps IloadedI I I I I I I

iII IProceduras I I I I

11.1.10. Install loader's jOrders to prepare for II WAR Gross motor ITime to IPercent IViewerI night vision viewer Icmbt during periods II Iskills ICoqplete ICorrect Steps linstalled avid II lof darkness I I I I I loperating a

II I jProcedures I I I------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ I

Op111 erate radio :Orders to prepare for llnitial radio settings.! LOP IProcedures ITime to jPercent correctlRadio opera-a cobat aI I Coeplete lewitch settingsltional on a

I I I I Ispecified fro- III quency. a

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I11.2. Perform prepare-to-I I CREW I IIII fire checks 1i I I a I

11.2.1. Perform computer 10rders to prepare for IType/extent of FCS I 6W IProcedures ITime to ICorrect ID I'Compensating" II self-test Icomat In lfunctions I I Complete lof melIfunctionsi inputs to FCS I

a I I JDecision makinglII----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I1

:1.2.2. Perform computer lOrders to prepare for IType/extent of FCS I GR jProcedures ITime to ICorrect ID I1Compensating, II data check 1combat Imilfunctions I IIComplete lof me Ifunct Ions,' Inputs to FCS

I I I IDecision makingil Air pressure and temp I I I I I

i estimated or measured? : I I III------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11.2.3. Perform TIS [Orders to prepare for IFCS mlfunctions 1 63 JProcedures ITim to ICorrect ID ITIS operationallI checkout 1combat I I I lCoplate [of melfunctionsland mlfunc- I

III Ivisual I I ItionsIII jPerception i I lidentif led end IaIi I I a Ireported I

I ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

A-i

IIII I I PERFORJANCE MEASURESC IIRE I I----- I------ I ---------

I SUTASK IINITIATING CONDITIONS IDIFFICULTY FACTORS IMEP [SKILLS ISPEED IACCURACY ImamC~s II ..........................................................................11.2.4. Update MRtS lOrders to prepare for lChange in environmentallSlit Procedures ITim to IPercent correctli'is alignedI Icobat Iconditions since last I I ICoplete Isteps I

II IMiS Update I IIIII---------------------------------------------------------------------- 0-------------------------------------------------------11.2.5. Check replenisher I IILCRSNIitII I I I II -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11.2.5.1. Raise/lower IRequirement to check/ 1 1 Slit IFine motor ITim to IDeviatlon from 16un elevationI win gun Ifill/drain replenisher I I Iskills lcouplete lreqld elevation!I ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I

11.2.5.2. Check replan- I likosition of tank I LDR IVisual I ICorrect II isher level I II lPerception I Idecision I

II I I I I Ifill/not fill II ---------------------------------------- 0------------------------------------------------------------------ -------11.2.5.3. Fill/drain re- lReplenisher fluid levellAnount under minimum/ I 'DR tProcedures ITima to laeviatlon from IResulting II plenisher lout of tolerance lover maxil.. operating I I Icoqplete lideal fluid Ireplenisher I

II Ilevel I I I Ilevel. Ifluid level I

11.3. l ore sight Weapons I II TC. GMitI I II Systems I Ii I I I

II II I I II ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 111.3.1. Soresight smin lNew gunner lnitial state of gun- ITC, GHRIlProcedures ITIme to lPercent IResulting

I gun New FCS components [sight alignment I I IComplete ICorrect Steps [state of gun-II IVisual I Isight align-I perception I * eent

11.3.2. Soresight lOrders to prepare for l~nitial state of gun- ITC lProcedures ITime to lPercent iResultingI coemander's weapon Icmat Isight alignment I IComplete lCorrect Steps istate 01' gun-II sight to comander's I II IVisual I I !sight align-1 weaponI I I lperception I I lent

i ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I

11.4. Prepare Battlecerry I III Posture I II

11.4.1. Announce battle- 11mainent threat lExpected threat targets! TC jDecision makingi IAo specified Itattlecarry II carry posture/em lengagements land ranges I I I Icorresponds IannouncinentI I I 1 Verbal I :with predomi-

I IPLT SOP/Order lComunicat ion I I nant threat orI I I I JPLT SOP/order

11.4.2. Index battle- Isttlecarry I GN Slt Procedures ITime to index :Variation from l~attlenightI sight range In CCP lennouncement I I I Iprescribed Irange indexed

I II Verbal IIrange for any/ :for each typel Coaunication 1 lall types em lIejnton

I I I11.4.3. Set FCS switches 3lattlecarry IPrior FCS switch I Slit IProcedures ITime to reset IPercent IResultingI per battlecarry lannouncemnt Isettings I Ilewitches Imeitches in Iswitch settings:I comend I II I I lcorrect posns II -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11.4.4. Load battlecarry 18attlecarry lAmount battlecary I LOW lGross motor lReload time . lCorrect am lResultingI amounition lannouncemient lm remaining and i skills I !loaded (YIN), !status of em

II Iplacament in ready I I I Ipercent ldr's j& ldr's station:* I Irack I lwitches in

II I I i I Icorrect posnsI

11.4.5. Index battlesight Iliattlemcarry amunition I I TC IProdures ITime to index IVariation from IllattlesightI range lloaded and indexed, or I I I I Iprescribed land automatic

I battlesight engagement I I I I Irange for any/l head Indexedl(SPS/TIS or SPSE) in I lall types aain.1IProgress I I

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------t1.4.6. Load coemender's lOrders to prepare for lAmount/location ITC,LDR lProcedures ITime to lPercent lWeaponI weapon lcmat Iremaining asmnition I I ICoeplete ICorrect Steps I loaded

II I I lGross motor I I Isucceesfully III llatch positions I I I III

11.4.7. Load coax lOrders to prepare for l~nuntlocation IGlit.LflRlProcedures ITime to IParcent IWeaponII camt Irem ining aminition I I ICoplete ICorrect Steps Iloaded

I I I I 1ross motor I I successfully

11.4.8. Load loader's M24Ol0rders to prepare for lAMount/location I 'DR lProcedure ITIma to IPercent lWeaponl cobt Irema Ining amunition I I ICoplete lCorrect Steps lloadedII I I lGross motor I I successfullyI IHatch positions I I I

-------------------------- 0---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A-2

II I I PERFORMACE MEASURESCRE I: E I 1 -- -- --- --- --- - --- --- -

1 StSTA( SINITIATING CONDITIONS !DIFFICULTY FACTORS VMEIGE ISKILLS ISPEED 1ACCURACY lOIJTCOKS

.............................. ..... ..... . . a.. .s-. - S....

12. ACQUIRE TARGET(S) I 1 1 I I

12.1. Search/Detect I CREII Target(s) I IItI!- S- --- O- ----- -----------S- --- --S- -- -------- --------------- --------------12.1.1. Choose sight for ILikely threat target(s)ISight availability/ I 656 Ioecision I IProper sight IGPS/GPSEI search jin sector jeffectiveness (optics) I inking i Iselectlon per Jdaylight orI I I I I lsystem/externall6AS selected II I I 1 1 1 Iconditions II.----------------------------S----------------------------------- ---- ---- ------- ------------------ -----------------12.1.2. Search using ITargets anticipated In lRange and portion of I GO JIisual I False ITarget acquired!I daylight sight(s) I ector Itarget exposed I Ipercept ion I Ipositives/ lend identified

I I Inegatives lcorrectlyIVISIbility conditions 1 1 1

!HOPP II

:2.1.3. Search using ITargets anticipated in !Range and portion of I 656 IVisual I lFalse 11'arget acquired:I thermal sight(s) Isector :target exposed I perception I :Positives/ land identified

i 11 1 negatives Icorrecti,lReduced visibility Visibility conditions I i I

9 ,~conditions 1 II II0P I I

----------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------

:2.1.4. Search--closed !Targets anticipated In lRange end portion of I TC IVisual ITim to Detect lFalse !Target ficquired!hatch 1 sector Itarget exposed I I.DR Iperception I lpositives/ lend identified f

iiI DYR I I Inegatives lcorrectly*IUBC environment/ IVisibility conditions I I I

liftoming artillery i i I i

:2.1.5. Search--open hatch:Targets anticipated in !Range and portion of T C lVisual ITim to Detect lFalse 11'erget acquired:sector :target exposed L DR !Perception I :Positives/ land identifieC

i DVR 1 , negatives :correctly* :Environmnt permits Visibility conditions19 lopen hatch operations I I

I Ik~!atch position(s) II

l~wn tank movement I I19

12.2. Locate/Recognize lDetected target lRange and portion of I CREW IVisuel Tim to ID lAccuracy of lAcquisitionTarget(s) ! target exposed 1 Ipercept ion Itarget(s) :target 1D Ireport

I I i iIVisibility conditions I Verbal I lAccuracy of ii l comnication l target location:

a ISight availability/ 1

a ~~Hatch position(s) III

:On tank movement 1 11

:2.3. Estimate range : I

:2.3.1. Estimate range :Target detection :Visible portion/target TC ICognition ITim to :Difference fromlEstiveted range:visually 9 Icalculate lactual range

j Visibility II I

*I lAccuracy/range sketch I I I II------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0-----------------------a

12.1.2. Range to target ITarget detection !Visible portion/target I TC JVisual ITim to got fDifference fromlEstimated rangelI with TC's weapon i I Perception ICal .50 on :actual range :

Ivisibility I I Itarget iI IPsychmtor II

9 Actual~ rang 9. 1e 1 Ii

-------------------- 0-----0------------------------------------------------------------ 0--------

A- 3

I I I PERFORMACE MEASURES1 CRE 1 I- - ----- ------- -------

1SIATASK !INITIATING CONDITIONS !DIFFICULTY FACTORS IMEMBER :SKILLS !SPEED IACMtMACY IOUTCOMES

.............................................................................................

:3. ISSUE FIRE COW" I I I I III ...............................................................................................................................................

:3.1. Standard fire T Ccomnd Ig

--- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

:3.1.1. Issue standard lAcquired target Ihype, range, and I IDecision :Tim frou lAccuracy of :Fire comand1 fire command I Imovement of threat tgt I Inking lacquisition Ifire comand I

III~iso I Iea :(report) to eolements I

III lcommunication I II ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------:3.1.2. Lay win gun for Mquired target lAngl. between initial I lPerceptual I lAngular lGnr laidI direction I Slay and target I I I Ideviatlon Ion target

IIII IPsychootor I Ifro. gunner's IsightsI I :1atch positions I Iskil I :aiming point II

:3.1.3. Specify direction I I I : I II ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13.1.3.1. Specify direc- :Acquired target IComnder's power I lVisual :Tim to IContent of IGunner laid II tion verbally I Ihandle inoperative I lperception Igunner's Idirection Ion target I

I I I Ilacquisition lelement IlExistence/visibility I !Verbal IiIlof reference points I Icomunicat ion III

* a a a aI:Angle between initial : aa

a h~~!ay and target aIIa

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I3.1.3.2. Mark target :Acquired target :Commander's power I :Visual :Time to lAna dist. bet. :Gunner laid I

wihiCswepn lhandle inoperative l perception :gunner's :target & Ion targetI I I acquisition lweapon effects II

I lExistence/visibility I :Verbal I II lof reference points I :communication I II I I I

I Ang betee int a I sychomotor I I aa lyadtre I Iskl I I I

:3.1.4. Specify range :Estimted range lTarget exposure, range I :Visual/depth ITime from :Error between !Range element IIIII 'Perception 'acquisition lestimate & fof fire conmand:

I I Visibility I a (report) to lactual range 11a I I 'Cgito ran-e elmnt I I I

IaISlRF/FC malfunction a I I a

:3.2. Issue battlesight :Acquired target :Type, range, and TC 5Decision ITime froe iAccuracy of lFire connmandI fire command I :movement of threat tgt I Inking !acquisition Ifire command I

I LRF Ineffective l I (report) to 5elements aI I Mission lVerbal :fire comend I

I :comunication I

13.3. Specify multiple :Acquired multiple :140.. type, range, I TC IDecision lim from lAccuracy of :Multiple: target engagement :targets Imovement, and classi- I looking lacquisition If ire command !f ireI sequence aification of threat I I :(report) to lelements Icound

a:targets I Verba) !completion of 1a I a :communlication Idescription IProperIa Mission a I :elemnt Isequencing bya a a a atgt class. & aa a a a :range

:3.4. Specify simultaneouslAcquired targets Mo. * type, range, I TC Ioecision ITime from lAccuracy of 5Fire command aengageiment I Imovesent, and classi- I lInking lacquisition Ifire command Ia

I:fication of threat I (report) to lelementsI targets I :Verbal :completion of I I

I I I l~commnication :description II IMission a I lelement I

A-4

I I PERFORMANCE MEASURES

ICREW 1:_ --------I ------------ I--------:SUBTASK !INITIATING CONDITIONS IDIFFICULTY FACTORS 'IMEMBER :SKILLS ISPEED 1ACCURACY jOUTCOMES............................. o ................................................................................................................... B

:4. ENGAGE SINGLE MAIN I CREW 1GUN TARGET USINGPRECISION GUNNERY(NOTE 1)

:4.1. Fire min gun at I I 1 GNR Itarget I I I I

14.1.1. Set FCS switches IFire comand IContent of fire comand: IProcedures 'Tim from FC tolAccuracy :ResultingI per fire comand I I I Iswitch in pos :of switch !switchI I I I Ipositions !positions

14.1.2. Identify speclfiedlFlre comeand INo.. type, range, and I IVisual :Time from FC lConfirm correctiTarget ID1 target(s) I movement of threat tgts! Iperception Ito target ID :fire comand/ announcement

I I I jannouncement Idisconfirm II Portion of target I :Verbal I :incorrect fire I

lexposed I Icommunication I Icomanda I I I I

I IVlsibility conditions I I ICorrect target II I I 1 11 Iselection

ISight availability/ I I Ia leffectiveness (optics) I I

I I I a aI Tnk movement I II

4.1.3. Track target Identifled target Apparent target size I Psychomotor I ITime on track ICorrect angularlageI I Iskill I :velocity input

:Target movement I I :to FCSI a I I I I I ISVisibility conditions I I a

I I I I I I:Tank movement a a

I -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

:4.1.4. Lase to target Maintain track 3 sacs :Apparent target size I :Timing :Tim from FC !Lay error !Correct rangea I :to lase I input to FCS

I Target movement I Psychomotor I II I I askill I IIVisibility conditions I

:Tank movement

14.1.6. Fire at target jLOP announceme of UP :Apparent target size I ITtiling !Tiae from FC ILay error jTarget hit/mlsslII I I Ito fire I I

ITC announement to FIREITarget movement I jPsychoemtor 1 1a I Isk l1 I I I IaVtsibtlity conditions I I II I I I If r ITank mvement I I I II

4.2. Maneuver tank I a eI CREW I a I I

4.2.1. Dirct tank move- IPlt forstlon/movesent !Known/suspected TC I~eclsion tCorrect :Drivinga ent (issue driving Itechnque :threat ICommands) o n :sunit formations:

I :elt OPORDIFRAGO I IVeral I

1 01 Icomnlcat ton 1 Appliteatiton ofI ITerra I movement I aao

I C I Itechnque

4.2.2. Clr terrain TC's movand: PRVER - Engge nt In progress I G g cVisual I ITank exposure :DrivingI nsk d i OVE OUT, GUNNER I tI lprception I Ito threat :coumnd:

ITAKE OVER ITerra1• I DRIVER - STOPI1 II JVerbl j Clear line of

I aI IcomuI rmatns IfireI

14.2.3. Maintain platform/ITC/GNR €omeflds ITerraln DVR :Psychomotor I IVtbrationmve to deflade/stop :skillsa Othrly rI I ISmothness o'

I I I no I IstoP I

-------------- 0--------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- 0----------------------------

A-5

I I PERFORMANCE MEASUR1ESI ICREW I- - -- - -- -I - -- - -- --I - -- - --

:SUBlTASK !INITIATING CONDITIONS IDIFFICULTY FACTRS '.MEMBER [SKCILLS !SPEED :ACCURACY !OUTCMES

4.2.4. u~se cover and ITC commands ITerrain I DYR !Decision I TIme exposed Iconcealment I making IIto threat LOSI

I I I I UI.... I I I

I I I Iskil

I I I I I IIatlcr I Psychomor I 'd-t-f I

anoneetII I I lxin GP/I

1:5. LoGAE SouNdL IFirs Command Ian akmvmn I ID Grs oo Imtooa Icorc rond

PRCSO TECaNIQUE I II

..................................................................................................................

15.1. Engage target with 1IGNR 1C08 coa I

a - - - - - -- - -- - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - -a-- - - - -

:5.1.1. Engage point I Apparent target size :Visual l~pening time INo. oif rounds ITarget hit/miss:Itarget with coax I :perception I Iwithin targetII

I Target movement I I area per totalIII I Psychomotor I !rounds fired IIy:isual conditions I Iskill IaI I I

I ITank movement lVerbal III I !communication

:5.1.2. Engage area I Apparent target size I I :Opening Time lAccuracy of ITarget "effect*:Itarget with coax I a I Ia Inlitial burst I(killing burst

I Target movement I l in target area Ifollowed byI a I I I a leffective

I Visual Conditions I I IlAccuracy of Isuppression) 1a I I I IIsbsqen

a 'Tank mvement ' bursts Sweep

15.2. Monitor coax amn I I I LDR jProcedures I I I UninterruptedIfood a I II asn feed

..............................................................................................

16. ENGAGE SINGLE TARGET a 1I UNDER DEGRADED ICREW: I

CONDITIONS.............................................................................................

:6.1. Choose degraded modelKnown/suspected FCS IThreat situation I TC :Decision asking: !Selection/ :TargetItechnique :me functions I : : application !hit/miss

:Visibility conditions : Verbal I lof appropriateIII I Icomunication I Idegraded mode I

:6.1.2. Manually index I I TC.GHR I I I II range I

I a II I

16.1.2.1. Index range !Ineffective LRF IRange, apparent target I TC IProcedures ITime to index 'Correspondence fRange indexedI using manual battle I Isize I I Irange lot estimated :into FCSI range add/drop toggle I I I I I I(indexed) and

I I lactual range

I------------------------------------------------ I------- 1----------------------------------------------- I--------------- a:6.1.2.2. Index range ITC's Command to index IRange, apparent target I GHN IProcedures ITime to Index lCorrespondence IRange Indexed

1 thru computer control Imangs Isis. I Irange lof announced linto FCSI panel I I I * I& indexed rangel

I I I I I------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16.1.3. Choose :Fire cmnd !Visibility conditions I GNR IDecision IICorrect choice I

I appropriate Sight I I mig osgt I

:6.1.4. Apply range in GASIfange announcement jApparent target size I GNR :Visual I ICorrect IResulting II Perception : Ireticle- Igun tube

II Target movement I I targat jelevationI I I Pychomtor IrelatiohipIa

I ITank movement I Iskill I I

A-6

a . n .•••• •I. o omo geO

i I i PERFORMNCE MEASURES1 CREW 1 1 ---------- - ------- I------------

:SLUTASK |INITIATING CONDITIONS IDIFFICULTY FACTORS |IEMBER ISKILLS ISPEED IACCURACY IOUTCOMES

:6.1.5. Apply lead to IEmargency/manual mode IIving target I GNR IVisual ICorrect IResultingmoving target loperation I i IPerception i :reticle- Igun tube

I II i Itarget IdeflectionI I ICognitlon Irelationshlp !offset

I i I I I

16.1.6. Use manual controlliTurret power failure lApparent target size I GNR IVisual lOpening time ILay error ITarget hit/misslShendles/blasting I I :Perception

machi ne ITarget movement II IPsychomotor

I tVisual conditions :control IITank movement 1Gross motor Ii :control

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

:6.2. Employ muIltiple :Multiple return symol ITC,GN IDecision making! I ICorrect rangereturn strategies lin LRF I I I l Iindexed in FCS

i ': Procedures i * a

i.............................................................................................................................................

/...............................................................................................................................................:7. ENGAGE TARGET FROM IGNR Is unable to engagel I TC I I I I

1C POSITION Itarget i i I..............................................................................................

:7.1. Engage min gun IMain gun targettarget from TC's jacquiredposition. i

7.1.1. Set FCS switches IThree-mn crew I IProcedures ITim from FC tolAccuracy :Resultingper fire c01and 5(Ho gunner) I Iswitch in pos lof switch !switch

I I i i Ipositions Ipositions i

17.1.2. Track target 5Apparent target size jPsychomotor 1 Time on track :Correct angularli fskill I Ivelocity inputITarget movement I I to FCSI I 1V4s.. I

1Visibility conditions IperceptionjTnk mementI

7.1.3. Lase to target Iftintain track 3 secs lApparent target size I Timing ITim from FC ILay error jCorrect range: I 1 Ito lase I Iinput to FCS I

'Target movement ' Psychomtor Ii Iski11 I

I IVisibility conditions I i II I IVlsaa I

* ITank movement I :perception I

17.1.4. Fire at target ILD announcement of UP :Apparent target size I Timing ITime from FC ILay error :Target hit/missli i !to fire

ITC announcement to FIREITarget movement IPsychomotor i I! kI I 1 I I

IVisibility conditions I II i VsualITank movement i 1percept ion i

:7.2. Engage coax target IGNR Is unable to engage: I i I i ifrom TC's position Itarget I I I

:Coax target acquired 5 I III I I I I

:7.2.1. Engage point 5 Apparent target size I !Visual 1Opening tim INo. of rounds ITarget hitlmissl1 target with coax i I lpercoption I Iwithin target 1

I ITarget movement I I jare per total Ii IPsychomotor I Irounds fired I

5 IVisual conditions I Iskill I II I I I II Tank movement I :Verbal II I I Iooaunication I I

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1:7.2.2. Engage area I !Apparent target size I I lOpening Tim !Accuracy of ITarget "effect'l

target with coax I I I I linitial burst !(killing burst* Target movement i: lin target area :followed bya: I I I !effectiveI IVisual conditions j a jAccuracy of Isuppression)*Ii I Isubsequent I

ITank movement I * Ibursts sweep

A-7

i PERFRM[ACE MEASURESI a CREW i --------------- t --------------- i ---------------

:SUBTASX JINITIATING COIITIONS DOIFFICULTY FACTORS ifEMER !SKILLS :SPEED fACCURACY JOUTCOMES

:7.3. Engage target with :Cal .50 targetcaliber .50 jacquired

a7.3.1. Apply range In I aApparent target size aVsual jCorrect IResulttng

TC's lpn station sightl i jPerception :reticle- ;gun tubeI Target movement a a target Ielevation

i j PsychomOtor 1 relat ionship

j Tank movement :skill i.......... ............. .... ........ ..... ....... .. ....... ..... ..................................................................... ... ............:7.3.2. Lead Moving targetj jMoving target :Visual :Correact lResulting

: : :Perception Iret tcle- :gun tubeI target : deflction

: : :Cognition :re lationship :offset

:7.3.3. Engage target i i i: -- ---........---....... -.-.......... . ---.................................. ........... --.. --..................... ......................................:7.3.1. Engage point !Apparent target size iSee 4.1 0ening tim :No. of rounds ITarget hit/miss:

target with Cal .50 tetwithin target t:Target movement a area per total e i

: ( frounds firedsVIsual conditionsratnip

ITank movement i a a

:7.3.3.2. Engage area tApparent target size uapening Time IAccuracy of !Target -effect';

S target with Cal .50 i linitlal burst :(killing burstt:Target movement gin target area :followd by

* : aa teffective:Visual conditions oAccuracy of p Suppressor)

', : Isubseouent

: :Tank movement 1bursts sweep

................................................................................................................................................./

:8. ENGAG TARGET FROM !see 5.1

LOR'S STATION1(

aLa I I

:8.1. Engage point JTC's fire commnd jApparent target size i See 4.1 :Opening time INo. of rounds :Target hit/miss:target with Coa .0: a within target

:Target movement area per total:S a a Irounds fired I

: [Visual conditions

* .:Tank movement a a

.............................................................................................. a

38.2. Eng age area :TC's fire comand :Apparent target size I 1Opening Tim lAccuracy of :Target "effect':target with coax : : Initial burst :(killing burst

:(Target movement lin target area :followed by:effective

IVisual conditions ;Accuracy of ;suppression)a a a :subsequent a

a aank movement 1bursts sweep--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------......................... . . .. .....

A-8

I II PERFORMNCE MEASURES1CREW I I------I-------- I ---------

:SIUTASK IINITIATING CONDITIONS !DIFFICULTY FACTORS !MEMBER :SKCILLS !SPEED !ACCURACY IOUTCOMES

19. ENGAGE MULTIPLEI TARGETS II

I*............................................................................................

:9.1. Engage mltiple mini 1CREWI gun/coax targets * aIIII

(sequential)

:9.1.1. Engage mltiple I[hiltiple target array Ikumber and type of I 6901 Iecision making:Dpenlng/closlnglCorrect IHit/miss for 1main gun/coax targets I targets I Itimes lengagement leach targetfrom gunner's station I I I sequence II

IITarget range and I I I I II Iclassification I : 1

:9.1.2. Engage mltiple l~ultiple target array INumber and type of 1 TC IDecision makinglapening/closingICorrect 1Iit/hiss for Imain gun/coax targets I Itargets I I Itimes lengagement leach target I

I from TC's station a1 1 1 1 Isequence II Target range and I a a a

IIIclasslfication I I Ia.............................................................................................................................................---19.2. Engage muIltiple ISimulItaneous target Target range and ITC. GNRlDecision [Openlng/closinglWeapon/auso lHit/miss for I

I mwin gun/coax & larray Iclassification I Imaking Itimes (each :selection leach target II machinegun targets I a a lapn a I I

I simultaneous I a a a a a............... a...........................a...........................a......

...............................................................................................................................................

:10. ADJUST DIRECT FIRE I I :Ia.......................................... o.....................................................................................................a

110.1. Observe fall of IRound fired IRound velocity I.CKEW !Visual l Relationship lObservation Iround I i Perception I between stated lannouncement I

I fObscuration a I jobservation andllCognition I lactual fall of I

a Sensors/optics used I 1 around with II a Irespect to Ia! Parallax (NOTE 2) a a atarget I

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I

110.2. Announce IGunner's observation/ :System status I TC IDecision ITIme from lAccuracy of FC ISubsequent a1 subsequent fire lintended correction 1 f aking 'observation to lelements ifire command II commnd, REENGAGE, I? :Observation reliabilityl I Isubsequent FC I1I or CEASE FIRE:VraII I

a communacaataon a a a a------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ I

110.3. Employ reengagewent:TC's fire command !System status I 6901 IProcedures [Time from sub- ILay error of ITarget hit/miss:I or standard adjustmentl I a IsquntF I(subsequent :Sbeun

a a a a Ito firing Iround) Iround) 1Ia..................... a.....................a.....................a.........

Ia..............................................................................................................................................

Ill. TAKCE IMMEDIATE [ Procedural I Correct :Successful aI ACTION I Iprocedure Ifiring or

I a' Decision m akig a !isolation of 1I a a a a aImlfunction I

Ia..............................................................................................................................................

111.1. Perform min gun I ICE

1 misfire procedure 1111.1.1. Perform min gun Iiain gun failure to :Nature of malfunction I 6901 :Procedures ITime to fire :Attempted ISuccessful II misfire procedure Ifire I I I lafter misfire Iprior to IfiringI (attempt to fire with I I I I I lother misfire I II alternate triggers andi I IGross motor I lactionsI

manual firing device) I I a silIII I III

111.1.2. erform min gun lUnresolved min gun fiature of malfunction I TC iProcedures ITime to fire lAttempted lSuccessful II misfire procedure Ifailure following 1 I I latter misfire latter gtr's IfiringII (attempt to fire with Igunner's initial I I I I lectionsII TC's power control lactions (1I.. 1 1 Gross motor 11 handle) a1 1 1 I(1115

A-9

.................................................................................................................................................

: I I PERFORMANCE MEASURES1 CREW 1 1 --------------- I --------------- I ---------------

:SUBTASK INITIATING CONDITIONS !DIFFICULTY FACTORS IMEMBER :SKILLS !SPEED IACCURACY !OUTCOMESoo .................................................................................................................................................

11.1.3. Perform min gun jUnresolved min gun 1 I LOR Imisfire procedure Ifailure following I(rotate round) Igunner's and TC's I I I

linitlal actions I1(11.1.1. and 11.1.2.) 1

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

11.1.3.1. Unload maIn gunlRequireant to remove :Tactical situation I LR lGross motor Time to remove I IBreech empty'current round from :(Time pressure) I Iskills land store round: IIbreech I I I I

:11.1.3.2. Perform win IMisfired round lodged ITactical situation 1 LOR lGross Motor :Time required IBreech emptygun manual extraction lin breech (extractor I I Iskills Ito remove and I

Imalffunction) IPrior physical activityl !store roundI :(fatigue) I II I I

I How tightly round is I :I Ilodged I I

111.2. Perform machine gunlCoax failure to fire :Nature of malfunction GNR :Procedures :Time to fire I !SuccessfulI failure to fire l , lafter misfire 1 IfiringI procedure (coax) I Gross motor I I I

I :Skills I I II . .........-- ........ . .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ---.. ...

111.3. React to runaway I'Runaway' gun I GNR IProcedures :Time to correctl IRunaway haltedfiring (coax) I I Iproblem I

I IGross motor I I

II Isklls I .---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

111.4. Perform machine gunlCal .50 machine gun Iature of malfunction I TC IProcedures ITime to correct! ISuccessfulgun failure to fire Ifailure to fire I I Iproblem i Ifiringprocedure (Cal .50) 1 !Threat activity (return: lGross motor I I

I IIfire. artillery) I Iskills I I I

11.5. Perform machine gunlLoader's M240 machine :Nature of malfunction I LDR jProcedures Time to correctl :Successfulfailure to fire Igun failure to fire II I IprobleI :firing

I procedure (loader's : :Threat activity (return lGross motor I II40) I Ifire, artillery) : :skills : I

I .............................................................................................

112. EMPLOY SMOKE I I ITC, OVRI I

112.1. Employ smke ITank exposure to threat:Wind direction/speed ITC I;eclson mkin I IScreeningI renades Itank/AT systems I I I I leffet

I :Own tank orientation/ I prcdures I I ISaspect I I I I I

112.2. Employ vehilcle ITC's commnd to Imke lWind direction/sped IDVR !Procedures IIScreentngI exhaust smoke I ske I Ieffect

I screening system I lOwn tank orientation/ I III I spectI I II ........ .... ...... e........i..... .................................................................

:1...............smo ..e ....an ...exposure ...to .......at....n...direction/speed..............e......n.............S ..reeni ..g

I13. REPORT t Ist I I Ie I

13.1. Provide spot reportlChanoe in own tank/ lCommunictians ITC lCogitton ITtw on radio lAdhernce to lReportieney situation/status :effectveness n ttork IRT prcdures

I I I II :Threat activity-- lVerbal Correct assess-I cttie available to comunecateon IeImrnt of situ- r11 Isusn t report lo n, accuracylSI IIof reported I I

1cat0n(s) I I

..................................................................... ................................... ...............................113.2. Issu/receive Report frm TC in IComuncations IPl ICognition ITime on radio lAdherence to IReport

ereport ptoon or fr Co CDR effectiveness I Inetwork IRT procedures I

I I i Verbal 1 I II IThreat activity-- I Conuntcatton IT1• between ICorrespondence II Itime available to I I coron tnal and Iof originaluI Isubmit report I Irelayed report land relayedI I I I I Ispot port iI :Comrehensibility I I I

:of to-be-relayed reportl i I I

A-10

SI I I PERFORMANCE MEASURES1 CRi EW I I --------------- I --------------- I ---------------

1SUBTASK !INITIATING CONDITIONS IDIFFICULTY FACTORS IMEMBER :SKILLS ISPEED IACCURACY SOUiCOGES

114. ISSUE PLATOON FIRE WObservation or report IType, range, and I PL IDecislon Time from lAccuracy of IPlatoon fire 1COMAND lof threat target(s) Imovement of threat tgtsl Inking ltgt exposure tolplatoon fire lcommand

I I I I Ifire command Icomand IIMission I lVerbal 1 lelements I

SI I lComunicat1on I I I.............................................................................................

.............................................................................................

115. REQUEST INDIRECT FIREI I PL I I I II...............................................................................................

:15.1. Request Initial lExpected or actual ITactical situation-- I lCognitlon lTime on radio 1Carrect Ilnitial iOFindirect fire lenemy contact Itime avoid, enemy I 1 Inetwork lelements in Irequest

I laction I IVerbal I Irequest for WDFII I I lComuncation 1 1 1

:15.2. Shift/lift fire lHovement into threat ITactical situation-- !Visual lTime on radio I 'No lOF on!position Itime avoid, enemy :Perception :network !threat position!I !acti on I I II Iu-',onIt£on I II I I ogiP...*4.. I

...................................................................................................

............................................................................................ I

116. SPECIFY MOVEMENT I 1 I PL 1 1 1 I: ....................................................................... o....................

16.1. Specify movement lRequirement to move IMission I Decision I :Appropriate- :Specificationformation Itactically I I leaking i ness of choice lof movement

Known/suspected I Ifometiooff:threat

:Co OP01DFR A

* I II ITerrailn , I

:16.2. Specify movement IRequirement to move 'Mission Ilecision I lAppropriate- ISpecificationtechnique Itactically :making I Iness of choice :of movement

IKnown/suspected I "techniqueSIthreat I I I

I It1 11

I ICo OPOID/FRAGO I II I

I ITerrin I I

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

:16.3. Specify direction :Requirement to move :Mission IDecision I lAppropriate- ISpecification I,tactically I I leaking I ness of choice !of movementI IKnown/suspected I I I !direction

:threat I !Visual I I

I I Iperception I IICo OPORD/FRAGO I I

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Appendix C

Preliminary Lists of Platoon Collective Subtasks

Table C-1

Subtasks Identified Through Analysis of Doctrinal Data

1. Move Tactically Using the Wingman Concept2. Execute Action Drill3. Execute Contact Drill4. Engage Multiple Targets5. Form a Platoon Line6. Form a Platoon Wedge7. Form an Echelon8. Move Using Bounding Overwatch9. Move into an Initial Battle Position

10. Manuever Within a Battle Position11. Manuever to a Subsequent/Alternate Battle Position12. Assault an Enemy Position13. Conduct an Attack by Fire14. Establish Security

C-i

Table C-2

Subtasks Identified Through Analysis of Platoon Functions

1.1. Establish/Change Platoon Movement Technique in Accordance with METT-T1.2. Establish/Change Platoon Formation in Accordance with METT-T/Movement

Technique1.3. Move in Platoon Formation (Traveling, Traveling Overwatch)1.4. Move by Section/Platoon (Bounding Overwatch, Fire and Manuever)1.5. Select/Modify Platoon Route of Movement (Axis) in Accordance with METT-T1.6. Establish Sectors of Observation in Accordance with Company-Team/Platoon

Movement Technique and Formation

2.1. Select Modify Platoon Position in Accordance with METT-T2.2. Occupy Platoon Position from Flank or Rear2.3. Improve Platoon Position2.4. Establish/Change Sectors of Observation in Accordance with METT-T2.5. Search in Sector/Overwatch Bounding Element2.6. Move Out of Platoon Position

3.1. Establish/Adjust Platoon Fire Technique in Accordance with METT-T3.2. Engage and Observe Platoon Fires3.3. Establish/Adjust Platoon Fire Pattern in Accordance with METT-T3.4. Engage Targets in Accordance with Platoon Fire Pattern3.5. Engage on Movement (Action on Contact, Battle Drill, Assault)

4.1. Signal Movement Progress4.2. Coordinate Movement With Adjacent/Supporting Units4.3. Request/Adjust Indirect Fires4.4. Report Contact4.5. Transmit SPOTREP4.6. Report Status

C-2

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4C. 4C 40 In4>- 00 (A = > UW C 00 S- 0) 4 i 1CO .000 C'-% ~-)44Jf .04. 09U~ *- = *

X~ >I-) U0 0=4504- D r 01- = 4a J X 4-30 Uo C A -C) I- U . r 0 M -0 XC Co CJ (D- 4-0)""M0 4C

w =olo 4)C 4 0 )V 0 M--0. 4.30I3 4-J4C CCCL0 r- 0) 04- 0 IMr~)nf

to L -a =- @U 0 1- S-C 0--4 41 -4M 4J U-

0C = = = O4C 0 4CtJ . a)- I n L-~ LA 4J CA -J

4.) .n"- c- c) <).~ =~- >% Q))04C LA0 S-5

Cn(0 -00 4- )4- 4n0 Ur- . 0 0 WO - r -. C-CLC00CEMr r- C4J Or- 0 0 -'~ 0) 41 C o

M 4J W4- 33 00 . 0 Cn.00CD 4C.' 4n- % CO%a 00 =n C 4-L U 4.1 W .0 4J o -0 -= 01 Lii(A

.0 00 OrC %- CL +- = 4J -4.10 1. 4 44.1 0 L. "- 041r1~- 0-0 -C- 31 .0% 0 ~ - - 4

o0" C0-0. = 4J J CJ 0- I 4- c = Cr 00 =AA5 4.10 . 0 L C4.1 0 E4J 3D (A -P-""--- U EV 4.1A

IA0 -0= 4- =n% - cO c 4-0)0t4-' 0"- (L) (L)< 1 O=0 0 () c Oldn "-0C ' L) *t)0- 4 n 4.1D 0%0 )"-%>OcmIm

00 4.A C") 4-14-i 4-lO) - 0 " V) 0) 0-4-Ol0)I 0.Cx t 0 to >s4 In 0 In U - 0I o > 4)0 >#4C 4J U 040) L = ' %- "0 0 c 1 d) .0 00%-U CML a-oCOD c0 a to-(

>-00 = 0 S .. 0 r.0.0 .CO C m 4) to (D19 0 -- 00r' CD. In. 0 a0 14-101S 1- u4 4) 0.to-WO 1- 4 1 - 0 I-.0

o ) 0 - S- c.J4J 4 3 )c 4

=. 'A .. 4- 0 4 )C - o -4 A--Q.A cm 0f to UU a S ( 1 t0 .0)-S l 4

0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~D 5L 1- - JL -C )==*- ( )WL -o )w C

oCA

>" 0 .,- 4I 4

oC -- 4 4 a ,1 o0 3>J 0 0 ea- >i t- 4J ) -' -

• -o 0 4' tO .- Q) S 0 cc -C* N -4 c'O 01 c >1 0 x4-' m - L- C-

0 "' E 'a = - ) a 1- ) $- m = ig 0(A - 1- 0C 44 u-,- -4 i 4 C to to _ -- -

-- 0J 0" M L-= C 0 40 > Ln C- 4 CM (A 0 4.J .4)to e L t 4- 04)6 6 -0> 4J 0 s- 0C- 0 cn - 0)6 L. L- C d. (1)-'- W -C 4 C "I 0.0 .-. ,- 0---

co 90 1- 40 VI L: 41" 1 04 a- n '.)n 4- 004o0-- 0 .I 0 a) -4-C 4 =)- M &0 4-'0

0j C> .4) *4-)n 0 x u.,-- -V (fl 4 U-0~ >'0 0 -CC - 05 4)- 0C 6"-0.) - - " -- E 0 C0- 16-I

-D CA S- 0 4- 10 .0c 000S0I 0 40I 1- 0CLC.0 C C -- ) C C s- + 0f

4-- 0 4 0 CU 0 U0 0 41 0 .0 - 0 = "• - W- . 4- - 'D l C U . - 41 * (1 4J(A

- - 0 t-o- .- 0 C .-) " "-0 W c 0 -41l 4)- A & 0 &A-0U2* 4 > f - -J0 -0= C 0)0 4n 4. C4 000 to0 +j

CA 4J .CO S-J0S =-0..-0.(A " c.fa

: 0 c Ce o) "0 - - 1-E' = t 0 u -"- C04- C - 4- > -4s--b L0 4 4 0 V( A0 C UCO)

r- (D -=. 6- -- * LI LI -L = V)- ( "6 >t = * 31 0 S IA CD U 4-24- S-C

4 - .,- 4 - S- ) c C0n',- - l -i '- f 4) it

(A d =3: L) J U U = E -- =O 4) -:t e 4 -= EE c' " nu t > -

.-.- -- CD m I C-0a 4-'-.='0 ()4-" 00t 0-)(a 4-0 M = 0 C.,-0 L0 'n4&+ a =EO 6-(A. CL - 0 - C x -- %"c 41 4-. 00 .6 "- 0 S- . 0 0 0 .. 4 . 'CO 0 0 ", I0

M 004' 6-C 0 41 m0 W0 C64J -4.J =. 04- t o 0 - =0 4) V 0 A lC

C >% *e- 0 0 0>1 S-..0-3: CL.00C 4-'. 0f 04-J C- ) 0 4 - U 00.. -. -- J -0 r' -0

C . -', = 0 - . . 0- 0 w -= f. 3: S- 3)-(D40U 0 C " " 0.0 4) .- - - 0 = = A'' 6-al IAt w 4 to -= 0 .C- 0 00 iv L 0

00 iv - S-6- .0 +-+'41to Q) u- 0to E) 0 o 00 -ro C 0 =C 6- 0*-'0 0 00CC.0

c- C .-- 0> 0C 4- 0 0Cn -4J W L = ' o - toS4- 0 00W- > >0 4-C M - S- - 4 .- Cr4- 0

o 6 4 ' 0 - . >,.-,-D 0 0 W D = 0 m 0 -

W 0 l '0 3: 0 *-- 64- C 4f>I. C-. U (0 +-i 0) leCO 0>6-- a) U)- 0> + 0- U nI-00 S00- -

CM (D Co C00 S- 0 = r 2 W.0 0-C > 0 m 0 0 W0 4- d0

0v0 0) 04 C 4) (A c C L I.-LIUCC O 0 -6%- -a)6- ' 6- 0 (a0b. 0= 4)>-, 41'e- 0 41 a &AL.0

4-1 .C.=C 6-- m 4i 90 0..- >w 0) u - j =- 0 =to0 4J 4Jl A ~ S -. - - L.-0 (L)4 0) Q4-' 0- 4

M A o v4 to to = CU) 00 0 C n Ln0 C0C LA 0 o41 1 0~ U Ur-4- 0o 0 to

4J a) C6 (D 6-41 4J4- to '- *e-%.0 (Ua U)14007g S- >- s0- 4 J 02 00 -~ = C0.-

4) u cr m V&A = #+C 6-2 C- )- 2 c ) C O 6-4)- MC- 0 -0 * C4 0 0 to 4) J 00M C

00.000 C.CU=)) 0C 0 0.c 20c'04J0 4C.) m* 41 60) 0) = - 4)iC .U)

0)( U 0 a-a = 0 020)0= C0~ U 4r- U

>i 4 u-00=S =, 0m COm S- Ix 4J CC.D 0 >U=

3 . ) 0 0 (L)" =.O6' 0 Q) 4J00 (D 4- u0S- M (L).S- >- U)0 L- a 41 c ir- -- Cr Ct

3: o4 ) C W to * ) 84- 0 - 0 d) u 4 (V 64-0 0CO Y 4JU '0 -0 4 OJW 0)fa - C O- .r L 0 -000

4-a 0),- -C o0 0. 4 Q)- U = Q) 04- )CU6-.. 90)6 - >6- u6 =- d) = $- 41 0 0 0

0 MC Afl >,0 CL =4-'4-O0c 4104--IA00 Q) 0 6'> Ch E r0.- 4- 40 W Wif.*-

6-6- nU>00 COCO -60 0 0 >

to0 LaJ.0 0 l4j >,-. u S0- 0 M.00 w -m WE 4--

-~ ,- CJ -

ID-

c 0 0 Q- 0f-r. 0fOJ*e 0 41 0 040 4- 4)01 to0C' C

"0 to #A La. u (D - 4.j COV41~. 4.L a). *1 W)

4 0 0 C 0- C r =4 0 Z0~ ~4 4J 4-J O=0 -I 0 )S- - -6- on3: -) >C 0

W C = f = 1- 00.0 CL i-n :0 ) o3: cm >

o-.n~ U 'a =4 LU -to M O $A- S 04jOI 00 4-u t Q= D >)-.C d) .C 4J t7

W nr J >. 0a 0 Q I= I- 4. 3: S--'~3- LJ'C 0 M 4 r- -'u 1-. '4- 1 ea in u UO

to >= O.0 00Wr C3~ 4JOfS 0e GnL ) 0 Cin >' to -I- *-C = - M ~ OCL 4) 0. 0 w

W E 0 *4 X4-J 4-'n0 0 00cn>CD0 CL CD &6- S- 4JCL J ' CO = '- = 0 0n *C S- 'U S-

4J 0 +JQ) 0 0 r-4J 0) in. cc . O=C v*--0 L 0 S1- to > -j 4- = (a 0r F -

to *0n. 4L' 04J 4-' >A 1=- 4 Q ) :C A

iz c CC =~. * in S- E-c L( oa'a 041CA = C 0 tvL'a to =n (3 DC V 1 0 C .E W4J --4i4J M C 4J U 0 $ c C. 4. c - 'C C V)fla

S-O ) 4 o o0)0 0 4) (A C 41JQ CL O cc S)-0 0 -. 0 SO S-00(L ()C 0C" 00 = .41

- - CMi4-' = go 4J 4U 44-' .C CC to 4 " >- 4-) t-

0 J 4 -0'- 4 .J' S- 4J U r- =4- r- =I C 0 cr-'0 IAW4J4J c '- fV(L SC U. -. 05 0 4 J UI- -

='a 0 C fa +jC'4- - fa P-. = 0 ' .~ -*'4- D0 4-'*- - 3: CM 0 a.0 i CC 0>1 'a

to 41) 0 "L 4 -0 C 0i i.- 0 ) OL C= S-L4-- %D = ' C 0C- 4J~ C O c C0 U"' to cOO

. .- ' 0 .0 'a -Q.0 0 .. C.='4- *r L0 = C = 'a 3L-..W0) ' - C to . 0. = - cm 0 -4- CA 10(70 SO 0=== 3C -- - U CA .. 6-- .0L (f^ C a " - C L

4J -j 4J~ 'a '0 4J 4JQUJ ~ 4A COL. CM0 -cc -L.41J 44-.--

'4.0- S- 4 i- > x 3 =. ;mu rwn 1~0 4 J *,- I in4J m (DI 0 CL)0"- -0 ' 4)CDto 4(A60' < .5. S- V) 0 A)-i L.5.41 3 4 14 - uC U C LAJ '4--0 -m. =.~f in

0 0 fa 005 cm' 4'a <n. CD 04J0dL )) 0.CMn W a' "-0 "CDC AA-0. O VQ- 0-L O4

>% *4j 0 L.O0V) C>i4'(D 4)..C 00 W 'a .5

OC 4 =-.0. '-= b . = -'-. 4.84J = . -in 0 4aW e-4050- fa cm0O 0..e-1. 0 41 " 41) to iW L4J

S.-0. 4) = a ) 1a0 S- *- 4J . -0 *00 >) 4- u 0 t 0o0 a) a4-) '4- =C ~ 0)WC n U L.4)C.C S-- L. Q) 4.Ln k'a 4 0 4' c =..- c o 0 4-A CO ) m L 50)

0in O- fa M (D4.J MaX-- 'a *-U 0 > C41 4'4-5 L -O) >-* S)EC 0cO '-)- 0j cc' '- 4J00 4)(L)(D - (0.*A 4.2 MC"0 4-0 (L) Ma ' '- 04 1.0.4 C0W .0 0 CMW' 'C (D0C '-0 3:C.. " -

0) 04OU (A . C . = "a M #006OC 3-.c 4-4- 3C

030. IV. - ' 4-'r' IV.C Mn -=I 0 W =(D E CO40 1 4-' 1. tE c 41 U L. iv 5.. LnI5~U

CU D & L) 0 S- tA in -- C "-0. 0) * 4OV - 0' MU %0CCOI - m- OiV)>.c ( 4-' r- C' 0> ' U -

40 -. C 0. - C'-.COO') iv W= 0CL. C- S- .CD"d -)oi

'04 C=4J M o 05 c. C U 0-0 0h'0 t '4- CL5-= C'V *C4-' '- CM L X x t toa' '-U 0 0 4 C O 4J

0 ' 0 0 >44. 5- L4) L. 0nC >-,- 'aa f4 - .C- 5- 0) 0 CC-

Q) O >,a C (L)- WCO () - 4- =.C= %- 4-' *C 3 a fa t10 4.C- =..J '- LJ" 0 C W - .0 (L).9 - 0 '4-

0.4'--4)g 5 '> 3: rC_ .00cu5- =.4.) C

C >CD-0 CC' = C3:4JCD = 0 ) C4- I- $.- c =4- 4J (D"-W = ) to 'a ~4J5-O 0 r- UA .. 'a 0 -

o CC) -OU CD U % ) e A 0 C"( U.- 0 c'., U& = S- = v (0OCOa)"-4J = - o 4v - .OC 5rC W-. 4J =.4JS-

1-04- -C w C1 C) in'' .Cu' WC 4) 4-'5- ( 4 10 w 0- m- 0 = 4 ==-'S =00 04-O> C' < 4- 4 > 0

CO 4O M0.C 40 3C 4JCM.CSM0 .. C".C I 0- .4 0C4

* -- 4

0 * . .D-7

.0 00 0 to 4-' C4.3J 0 S-. S- 4 . C

0O 4A 4- 4) W C. " I-. 0 GJo ) XL..In ' o U = C 4 •0 a) CL = -c

Q) 0'-- c -- cm.C (V 0 4J Q .ACn IV4J 4-J 10 4JQ)" 413 3c 4.3 L..4+-3to +j'C_ ut Ur_ CC 4 /CA c c S CA0nx Ch cu ttu > ) u t '0 -. S-0 0 (a -4/ CMC 0 c .1e c c e4) (m

L-t -- u S. u41 "u to r 0 &A-4-3 = c 0*- 0 C S..4

C...0 m4- c LL. r- C. + a)0 'M t4

J3 U - M -

- 0C - 4 . z D 4" =- Q)" '"- D t C "'- 4-' 4 " W = - '-= (A " 0-c a) c ,'U' - to u. = C 4-$- c 'a CL- .4J -% (,L).. 0 = s- E- 41 41 s- go U CD_ S- a- =l to 1

9'0 * .41' C -+j3Q) w )E 'S-.4-J f C a0 4JE r-44Af ea .L C 4J C 0 t = c S-C0 ~414) M "- 0Uee 'tvt- 0 0- U s 0 "

4- - CC S- .. V) 4- .0 -

0:)4) 41 4- 't .- =.9- CA34JC0 4 -= -0 + "- 4---3 4.J CM to e= ( 39- - 4) =C03E 0 a, 4--

&A x c 4 4) )m 0= 4)C 0. 4 " () 4) U a)' 4)V /)'U4-. D -4)S r U S- u 0) --e 04c0 .: .0) 0 #V -=u 0= -

0 : 4 ,J S. 0 . c.- Ju Cr) Cl 0. 4J'0Jd -. S' 4 -

4.S- (D (D .4 w C " A =M0 4- - "- 4. 4-.e0 0- U

... S ,,- o , -4- a) - ( ) V' C C L.) 0 0- 0 VU4)4-o CL 9.-'C E- = 0 . I- = ) 0 .0 U

4.W-0 0 C 0 -4J . C . U > 0 .4- -0)-a)- -(L - .4J > O 3 0- D' 4 S =-. 0 - S- )

W )0 4.a= > a 4- c S ( =.U eaC' -,%. 0) 4.= M C.S>""- 30. w -. 4) Q) L) (,) ) C 4 4) - =' W > Uto eato =U'U w .0 'COm> (A 0 (A 4)53 . 4) 0 - C

c . ,--- 6= S. 4 0 - " (D "--- S- 3 -4- - U 04- " S 0C o c _.. -= S- aE 4- -0 4-J >-, 0' M 0 -- -

= ). 1 w .0 L. to 4J U .- 4 0 . )- '- > 4= >4-'4- 4)

.- 4- o-cm U S-U4 w0 r-)4)C- W- 4. 3CS.. V

o0=41- 0 . 4-- = .- U .. C - UDo 4 '4-o. . 0 -W U4J U 0 4- tfA ) - () 4-J r CM C01..W0 V)

-+3W40 4->C 0i 0" 0- u-. = 4) to 0 .- M .U "to 4) m 0 (M w t xfO . CL) 4)0 cm =.0 4) I- ) = 4-3 S tO () 0'

4 C -ICC-m +U 0 4- ) $-- ="J ro4-' CD4- 'Uc A4 4) 0) wO wp34 w 'U C 40 fl.CL 9 (..) --AG Lt4C W 1-4)W-C r-. C- 4)4)C)4S-

tv tz(D CU ) +3 41 4.34 0 /> 41 00 (D 4J 4J 04w4+j= (4) >1 C= W .4J s- 50 "-'U '4 3 4/1 C auC='U

0 4 ., M4 C = C.- 4 t '.) 4- .u ,-41 0 D>1 -0 0=L.) 4. 4J t 0 t ,o L) A w 4-- 0 o 4 1 CO 0 (C o - 0 3: " +

4)4 430.4-0 fL) .- . = S-. .) -" . U.4.J5-4-4j .94- . 0 CL-3 C .04-0 , 4.3'U LA4X E (-4- 4 4 4- W 4- .,- &A.Luno ,C () M >v- ' U- C C . + -- C- C 0 (A 4- r-- = '-

5 U .0 4+3 (nA 0 t CA 0 () 0U14)w0 41 4-D W40 cm

(A u (D 4-1 (DJ 0). (L) >-, u= .C u., *,, u S .r - i o r= r-L ' ..,-

C- (L 4) o0 1 ( n% to) o.44 4 > UC C0L-) U 4 M- 4 E to L.OC= c)0. 1 = ( ) (D..v-- tC 0 o to c r= CD.- 0 CD M ( >

4J >C0 (',-A L > C -. 0 C4-A 0 . 4 1 " 0 0 1 C 3 ", J - = to 4. . toU CL 0 '-- 4J -u 7% c a

i ) 'S- 0 (C U4JV) U -0 4 1 4) M C) 0 - - ->- 4.- -L.- 5- U .C 4-)1 t 0U L. 0-) - I- Cm 4.3 4J 4J' ~4j

a)4).--4)a) - ' -m 0 tA S- 0 -- 5- - C =)- -. 9-> 4/,(D - .= * -Q," C 3>9 -- - 4) - (L) ,. 4 CM) +' U cm-

+4 4'- U .0 mu 0 4E0 .4,''-" - I-.E O_ s U L- .- 4 3---'" - C3La.. 4) 6 5.= =.-4 6 4 - 4 J G) +J 0 =0 = >1 tO.0 - 4- -ix - a) = " a A ) i . 'Uto S- m 0 S- 0 - CA M "S- fl eV M-U 3' 4-5 Q

c j .. +j 1 -330 'U(u o s- = 4)L) c.. 0. 4-) ~Ln r5 ea CL-e '- -- U C 4- -4)- U >( U>. U"- ._ C-- W a.#3'M4- 4-

cu4.0 4) S- 4 Ca ' Cto _ 4-)&A ) 4- 0 0 =W - 04)C -00 CM &A W W 4) 0 W t C 'U -1- 0 4j~9 Wo (a~' -543C= U*- C =C>O 0)0. C .C = .4)( 4.-1 4 4.3 "0 C n r_

-5> U - &- s-.. c.5 (LUa~0 > S. ))Ca CU' to W m w a m4- Z d)0 W'hU'U o .a0. .C.C4)4.3V 3:4-)3 ( Sf'U-.C 0

-J 0C= 4. 4-J 4 4J 3U - )4J .' U"4/ 4- .- Ca4 D 4)4. 'Uo 4)5 E ) D ) *cm C .4-) C 04

413 V)' SU-1 S- 0 w S-4) vi w )3 34.3 0 - 4.3S- '0 4- ca0) (AlU M4- LO eV* C %-. U 'U(a .4) 4Jr-CO>%4) (D9r- - .- = 0 - =>

54) Cm 4)- '-04) X4) 4~- U 0 -'4-J 'U M .- U14)C 41 t-04.3 <. U9 0..J ea1. m.). C)0 4-4. Q)C V)~ ,) --. to431~

0U4J CLCZ ')=0 4 *9'0CL - CD 4 -0)C M3 " 0) 4) *-4)+ L ) V) (U JL=.DCh .4 - C*.S34 -. CO)- 0 C a- CU ( -/0 '0)' = .34

CCL' . to A= U (D UE C O -C.CA L4 + JCC* )t .D S . 0 U 04)A".~E-- L.0E0 I-.) 41rn u4/0i(A 0 +j 0') ~4- ~4J .. 0- SC

0

CJ C14

ID-8

4.10 0 C- . I a~J -

3 0 4.' C w. 00.0 ~ ~ I C19 I1

Lfl4-4J C0 4U0JC' 9-CD C C0tl = 0 1-CCL 1S-0

C 4 .) €c. . 0 )-- 44 0 to ' W ,) 4.-'U= e0,, - I- '0 0to- .- do.

1w 00 0- = L.. toEI- S- =0.-, 50

) .. 'c0 - "0 4J. 1= 4 " 0 .-

a. '€ .0'U= U

"0 0 C0 a) -4) n C- M.. 4- IV Co

'"- - C - : 0 UIP- 0 >- .,. -' 44J LA 054-w 0 C -1 01 to . C to a) 0 o

o - 0 4.) . 0 r-- 0 C

C -. V)o ".' o. ev ' 0- C a)toc0 CL =~ I CA 4-1 00 C oji 4J fl*9 O

r- .d) .,-) = s. o -. = s- = V) i CJ ...

4) 0) .-L M 0 0 -000 (0 CL W-0

4.' C0,- -0.)"'-CL4-i ", 4,,,u -oJ W4' .0,'--..1=to cn.C -u = =1 4J CD0 M%

4 - 4.1J C-) 0 C - 0 .o' 6V' Q0)~ 0J .4. C =z )*-0 -~

W 4J >= MLC .U-- -,-0 C 0 00- = 4J 1-0 0 aC =-C 1 0

iv 4 ,= C -- 04 - L,--E ) -0

S' 0 . -> C CI > -'-* C9 g "0,0 4C01. .- 0 2- = , o ,0.

1 = S- 0-4- 0 41 .0 .' 0S C 00. 0 aA - 6- C* 0 4- . 00 0 4 1 CO-O C-

0 = . . n (D,- fa (D : S - 0= (L S- C - C= = C - S-

O . SC 0CM." C CA 4 E S- tc + ,- C 0 0 *- to

04 - 4. - + 4- (.'4.'.-1.4 .. = 4JC ='O .UC4J

' C ).04-- CA > - .- ) = .C

C 1- 0~ 0- o oW 1- .0- ~U.'0 .0

00."- 1- 0 4-C 4 o4q_9-1-- .-.

.C L4. ',. U 00 14-' U' 4= > >C 0 1-O I-S.- 4J) 4/ J 4J Vl. ) 4.. 4J -, * 41 4" C".' t =%-' "

to L)= "41>,o.- -o >1-. C, 4"

S. * '0 ") 0 c-- S- S. 0 J 4 M M -

. .- t- 0u 04- 4 - ,=.') 0 4J - : 4J 0-LnC 0 0nf44- C .fU =-. (a~l1 C 4C.'0 g r ( Js 0 0-

> 41 0-- ..- C * [- -1- 00 M- 4 ---0=>. C ) r- 4J L. 9CC M =A- 9 ) W A S CA 0 = -

LnS = >o 9-->4. 4.J 0 41 0' 4) == -M Lf

41 C'- CA4- '0& U 0 0 0 S1-U4 r - LCo5 m.000 04.' w41 00 M'0' 0- 4) go4- WC

4A 0 >,t W 0.4. CA 004. E- U go W0-. 4-m UIL LA.C 4 4 () a 0 to 4'CO.0

4J >,C4000 9' - 1- C L .0 - C 0 4J.'0 0 ( -- cm 0... O 1 - =-> 4L0 =,- 0 00 .-U to > A CL- 0= 41L. =0 '0 )0~ .0 *r-M 0V

0-4 V u t 0to 01 01 CU0M 03 1- "A1 0 <-' CC

00 Wto (L . O -'= C> 4-C COIA'UU4-= I L>r .(L r.4- 0) =040 0' 0 M C4 4.to w

L. 1- 4 0 n -0 4AOC 4J - 0 C 1 C 0 *- C 4) C'-Cto 0 r 4 -J .p 4UJA = 0 4 1 4 W) a),-1-90 IA-0O='C4J04 0. to- to0 4-0L ( 0. > 0C 41 = C

00)a 0 - .c a L40 e "a .1 1 0, C 4J W -CC .0

to 0 . 0.O.0l. r- U- 4)*, v3 L 40 C . > 14 0 = tME DS. LA z S > J4 l 4 ) C 1U4JU C C . .0l M -. 0- = 0 .-D4-L 1- = >0-- 0 0 = =0>j - = = =-to0 to W

=- 4 Ca 1-1 501- 4D-Il 0 a 0 4 4 "0 90 =4>110- (D0 0 .0 010 C ulOS OC 'A .0 C 06 C-

4Jt C *0 0m w-.1 0-1 C '0 4J S- * .-'0093: 0 4

00119 E 0044-0M=>- C0 C 4-J1 (L)CL . 10 C0- - 0L .0.=C40 UOL.4 4 00 'V O00.9CC 0 0

L. 4J 0A9 .... L-4'4 I 0'- 0) 0.Cd C 0- . . 0> 'U to C'

C be S- c1%JD1A C 104- ) :% )W4

. ) CA 0 1 . U * 0000 = 0

to S-. E- m - 41 -cn- 0( a' 941--

4.1 0 E. J S-0 LUU ( V4J' -4 --) '.0 r- e 04

CL U% 4)4 t ) )%JC0 to 8 L

41 0 J Wa Ca C10 go L. L 0D0- 4

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.. CC (A dcc * ) 4- 4.) 0 dic

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