Identify and explain the major revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries, including: political revolutions

(American and French) and the Industrial Revolution (causes, development, reactions and other

consequences, such as social, political and economic globalization)

H.3b.K.b

During this time period, the French were the richest and most powerful nation in all of Europe

The majority of people did not share in the wealth and privilege

Society was divided

First EstateClergy1% of the population Controlled 5-10% of landGot $ from the land’s produce as well as the tithes to the church

Second EstateNobility2% of the population25% of the landSome resided at the Palace at VersaillesMain income from feudal dues

Third EstateEveryone else – peasants, bourgeois, and artisans

97% of the populationOnly estate that paid taxes40% of the landVery poor because they paid tithes, feudal dues, and land tax

Third Estate calls for reform because cost of living increased, but the earned $ didn’t change

France has many fiscal problemsLouis XIV’s warsLouis XV’s extravagant courtsLouis XVI’s American Revolution support

Louis XVI cuts cost, but sees no other solution than to tax the First and Second EstatesBoth groups refuse to pay

1786- Banks refuse to loan $ to government

Crops fail and cause bread shortagesLouis is forced to call the Estates General

Hadn’t met since 1624Only way Louis could obtain additional taxes

Made of delegates from each EstateKing and the Estates have very different goals

King wants to tax 1st and 2nd Estates2nd Estate wants to weaken royal

power and take over government3rd Estate wants additional rights

and equalityKing wants them to meet separately

but the 3rd wants to meet jointlyThey get locked out of the meetings

Third Estate deems themselves the National Assembly and meets at the Royal Tennis Court

Take Tennis Court Oath saying they wouldn’t disband until they had written a Constitution for France

King realizes trouble and orders the 1st and 2nd Estate to join the Third Estate

King calls out troops to keep the peace but people fear it is to stop the Assembly and halt reforms

Mob attacks the Bastille (which they see as a symbol of injustice of the monarchy)Freed the 7 prisoners, soldiers open fire killing 98 rioters, the prison commander and several soldiers

Revolutionary Government forms

Violence spreadsRumors abound

Nobility hiring robbers to kill peasants and seize land

Peasants arm themselves and drives landlords off property and destroy feudal properties

Old ways die – nobles give up feudal dues and tax exemption, all male citizens could hold positions

Goal – to ensure equality of all citizens before the lawDid not grant equal rights to women but did make divorce easier and allowed them to inherit property

People marched to Versailles because they wanted King to move to Paris to show support of the new constitution

King doesn’t accept new reforms or the Declaration of Rights

1789 – Thousands of women march to the palace demanding breadMob surrounds palace and King finally agrees to move to Paris

Political reforms beginVote to sell church land to pay government debt

Passed Civil Constitution of the Clergy and church became under government control

Clergy were elected

Decided to keep the monarchy but limit Royal Power (Constitution Monarchy)

Unicameral LegislatureMembers chosen by voters

Many people still unhappyFor some the reforms had gone too far, for others they hadn’t gone far enough

Louis and Marie Antoinette were aware of the unrest and decided to flee to Austria where the Queen’s brother was emperor

Disguised as ordinary people they fled, were recognized, brought back, and forced to accept the limited monarchy

Some wanted to reinstate his power (which was what Louis was trying to accomplish with Austria)

Others wanted to get rid of him completely – because of the royals family connection with Austria, Revolutionary leaders attack Austria (thought to be aiding the King and Queen)

War causes upheaval September of 1791 the September

Massacres occur – nobles and priests accused of political crimes are killed or imprisoned

Radicals take over the government

National Convention creates a new government

Writes new constitution (with part of the old one)Universal male suffrageReplaced weights & measures with metric system

New government had to decide what to do with Louis XVIUsed the families letters to Austria to discredit him

Was convicted bc he “conspired against the liberty of the nation”

1793 – beheaded by the guillotine

Rejected elaborate clothes and powdered wigs

Jacobins – extreme radicals led by “defenders of the Revolution”Maximilen Robespierre, George-Jacques Danton, Jean-Paul Marat

Girondist – moderates, believed that Revolution had gone far enough

Danton wanted to expand France to its natural borders – The Rhine, The Pyrenees, The Alps and the Mediterranean SeaToo many defeats forced French to retreat

Committee of Public Safety forms to direct the war effortsAdopted conscription (better known as a draft) for all males 18-45

Civil War rages Political battles between the

Jacobins and Girondists

Jacobins set out to crush revoltHunted down suspected traitors and turned them over to the courts

Courts carried out quick trials (bc of pressure)

Victims include Marie Antoinette85% of the executions were of commoners

Set up new schoolsIssued pamphlets to teach

agricultural skillsIntroduced wage and price controls

to combat inflationAbolished slavery in French coloniesEncourage religious tolerance

Danton calls for an end to the terror (executions)

Robespierre accuses him of treason and sends him to the guillotine

Others fear for their safety and turn on Robespierre

With Robespierre’s death the Reign of Terror ends

1795 – new constitution writtenOnly those who owned property could vote

Set up executive council of 5 menRuled with a two house legislature called The Directory

Growing discontent because of food shortages and rising prices

Financial and Moral scandals, government on brink of bankruptcy

People look to military for help

Young general, married into connections

Won control of the French ArmyMade improvements to soldiers lives (and wins their support)

Beat Austria and gained most of Northern Italy for France

Hears there is trouble back home and leaves his army in Egypt

Napoleon arrives home and takes part in a Coup dé tat or seizure of power from the government

1804 – names himself the Emperor Sets up new constitution that in theory forms a republic, but in actuality is a dictatorship with Napoleon the absolute ruler.

Names himself ruler for life and was approved by a plebiscite, or popular vote

Restructures governmentPlaces education under his control

Set up technical schools, universities, and secondary schools

Created Bank of FranceRequired all citizens to pay taxesGradually brought prices and

inflation down

New code of law writtenEquality of all citizens under the lawReligious toleranceAdvancement based on meritPlaced state above the individual

Napoleon has been out commanding armies and taking over territory

Britain remains France’s greatest enemyNapoleon believes he has a good chance

of invading England through the ChannelNever made it that farOn the southern coast of Spain (Trafalgar) British soundly defeated Napoleon removing all possibility of invading GB

Tries to defeat GB by economic meansOrdered all nations he controlled to stop trading with GB

Forbid imports from GBFails - leads to France’s economy

and trade suffering more

People resented having to pay taxes to France

Countries begin reinstating old rulersPeople begin to rebel against France and

NapoleonRussia stops their economic blockade

Napoleon is outraged and marches to Moscow

Russians burn city and force Napoleon to retreat to find shelter in the harsh winter

Russia defeats Napoleon

Allies of France force Napoleon to surrender and abdicate power

Throne restored to Louis XVIII (Louis XVI’s brother)

Napoleon exiled to Elba

Napoleon returns to France and motivates the troops to dessert the King

Regains emperor and declares France wants no more territory (so he could avoid war)

Other nations are scared Napoleon is going to return to powerBattle of Waterloo – ends with a French defeat and Napoleon placed under house arrest

Sets out to calm the waters after Napoleon

Guided by three principles

Compensation – all countries should be repaid for their expenses of fighting France

Legitimacy – power restored to royal family before Napoleon

Balance of Power – no country should dominate the majority of Europe again

Had to give up recently won

territory

Had to pay large indemnity

Land was divided up among other

nations