revolutions, liberalism and

nationalismHISTORY 4ºB

summary of the unit

-American Revolution

-French Revolution

-Congress of Vienna and Restoration

-Liberalism

-Nationalism

AMERICAN

REVOLUTION

- The reasons for the independence

- Facts of the American Revolution

- American Constitution

The reasons of the independenceThe independence starts because of three different things:

-The English colonists had set on the coast of the Atlantic ocean since the beginning of the XVII century. Among them, the enlightened ideas started to be popular and they wanted to share the division of power with the rest of the citizens.

-The conflict started when Great Britain established new taxes and the people who lived in the colonies didn’t want to pay them.

-In 1773, Great Britain tried to stop the riots with the army, so the war started.

The FactsOn 4 July 1776 the Declaration of Independence of the thirteen colonies was proclaimed in Philadelphia. In this declaration they expressed the principles of the Enlightenment philosophers, such as the right of equality, liberty or happiness, and forms of government based on the popular sovereignty.

The US military, commanded by George Washington, defeated the British army. France and Spain helped the US military to fight against the British army. The peace was signed in 1783 and the UK recognized the independence of the thirteen colonies.They became the United States of America and George Washington became their first president.

American constitutionIn 1787 the United States Constitution was passed and after some amendments, it is still being used. The Constitution came into force in 1789, it has been amended 27 times.In the Constitution, it was established: popular sovereignty, which said that people had the power; the separations of powers: the legislative, consisting on the bicameral Congress; the executive, consisting of the President; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Court and other federal courts.The first ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, offer specific protection of individual liberty and justice and place restrictions on the powers of government. The majority of the seventeen later amendments expand individual civil rights.The Constitution is interpreted, supplemented and implemented by a large body of constitutional law.

the french

revolution Economic

Social

Political/ideologicalThe causes (1789)

PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUT

ION

● The National Assembly and the riots(1789)

● The Constituent Assembly(1789-1791)

● French Republic and the war(1792-1795)

● Directory and Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise(1795-1804)

The Fall of the Bastille The Constituent Assembly Maximilien Robespierre

The execution of Louis XVI

DIRECTORY AND NAPOLEON’S RISE (1795-

1804) -After the fall of Robespierre, the Thermidor Convention ruled, which established a new Constitution(1795).This Constitution represented the interests of the moderate burgeoisie.

Later, this Convention was replaced by a Directory, which was supported by the military, where Napoleon stood.He also cooperated in the coup of 18th Brumaire.As a result of this coup, three consuls took the power.

Napoleonic Empire

Napoleón was getting more and more power into the army, so in 1804 he proclaimed himself emperor of France, there were different changes in politics during the time in which Napoleón had the power and was emperor:

-Local policy: the civil code was made, this means that all the citizens are equal before the law, and the education was renovated to.

-Foreign policy: Napoleon made his empire bigger by conquering most of the countries of Europe.

Napoleonic empire

- Napoleon defeated Austria,Prussia and Russia, but he could not defeat United Kingdom, so France paralyzed UK with the “continental blockade”.

The first defeat of the troops of Napoleon was in Leipzig, in the 1813, the armies that were against Napoleon entered in France in 1814, so Napoleon was exiled and the monarchy of the “borbones” entered in France, later Napoleon returned to France and he recovered the power of France in the “Empire of the 100 days”, later he was defeated in Belgium in the war of Waterloo in 1815, finally he was exiled to Santa Elena, an island in the Atlantic.

Napoleonic empire

Napoleon “emperor” Santa Elena

Napoleon

CONSEQUENCES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE-The Old Regime disappeared and the equality of rights was

established forever.

-The king became a constitutional monarch.From that moment there were no subjects but there were citizens.

-Constitutions were approved and rulers and ruled rights and obligations were defined by hand for the first time in history.

-National sovereignty was recognized.It was controlled by the bourgeoisie.

-The bourgeoisie achieved the political power that it wanted.

-Independence ideas began to emerge in Latin American colonies.

-The nationalist movements and democratic ideas that had triumphed in France were spread.

-Napoleon´s fall didn´t mean the end of the Revolution because after that there were revolutionary waves which affected a big part of Europe.

Congress of Vienna and restoration.After Napoleon had been defeated, the winners met to restructure the map of Europe and to restore the Ancient Regime. The UK, Austria, Prussia, Russia and France met in the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815).

The agreements they took are:

-Principle of legitimacy; each territory has a certain king from a certain dynasty.

-Principle of patrimony; each country has its own territories.

-Principle of balance; there shouldn’t be any force bigger or stronger than others, they must be balanced.

-Principle of intervention; some countries promised they were going to protect the Absolutism against the Liberalism. For this they formed different alliances:

-The Holy Alliance, formed by Russia, Prussia and Austria.

-The quadruple alliance, formed by Russia, Prussia, Austria and the UK.

-The quintuple alliance, formed by Russia, Prussia, Austria, the UK and France.

A new map was designed with these characteristics: -Belgium and Holland were together in the same kingdom, called the Netherlands. -Italy was divided and Austria still had presence in the kingdom of Lombardía-Veneto. -France returned to its borders of 1792. -The Germanic confederation was formed by 39 German states. -Renania joined Prussia.

The liberalismThe liberalism is a political thinking that was developed in the XIX century, its objective was to defend the liberty of the person, which means that the power of the king was limited and the people had the power. The liberalism defended the class society. This thinking was based on the principle of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, proclaimed in 1776 in the USA and in 1791 in France.

Liberal Principles:-National sovereignty. The power resides in the people, who delegate their representatives in Parliament through an electoral system. Elections must be held by census suffrage.

-Separation of powers. The legislative, executive and judicial powers may not be held by the same person or group of people.

-Promulgation of a constitution. It is the document in which are reflected the fundamental principles by which a country is governed, and where freedoms and rights of citizens are collected.

-Freedoms. There are certain rights that citizens must have, including freedom of conscience, of expression, of pray, of assembly, of association, etc.

-Natural rights. They are possessed by every human being by virtue of being. The most important ones are the right of property, life, liberty, equality before the law and tolerance.

liberal revolutions

Luis Felipe de OrleanS, new king; independence of Belgium from Netherlands (1830)

NationalismNationalism is the belonging feeling towards a community or nation with the same past, language and culture.There are two types:

-Separatist nationalism: Places that aren't joined to its nation.

-unionist nationalism: Places that are separated but they want to be joined to a nation.

The revolutions of 1848In 1848 there were some new revolutions characterized by their democratic ideals and, sometimes, nationalism ones. In France (1848) there was a new revolutionary movement that joined the low bourgeoisie’s interests and the interests of the workers. This caused the abdication of the king, the 2nd French republic and the general male suffrage.

Unification of ItalyItaly was divided into Piamonte-Cerdeña, Lombardo-Véneto and Dos sicilias kingdoms and Parma-Módena-Tuscany and Pontifical States duchies.

In Piamonte-Cerdeña Víctor Manuel II was the king and Cavour was the prime minister. Piamonte and France managed the expulsion of Austria from Lombardía. The central states were joined to Piamonte and thanks to Garibaldi, some years later, Naples and Sicily were incorporated. In 1861, V.M II was proclaimed the Italian king. Finally, in 1871, Italy was unified thanks to Germany because of the wars between Austria and France. So, Rome was the capital of Italy.

unification of germanyGermany was formed by 39 states, each one with it own government. In 1834 the Zollverein (customs union) was established among the northern states.

Austria and Prussia were the most powerful states. Otto von Bismarck was the leader of this unification. In 1886 there was a war between Austria and Prussia that provided the Northern German Confederation. Bismarck forced a war against France where Prussia won in 1870; in the Sedan battle they obtained Alsacia and Lorena.