Ideologies and Conflict:

The EarlyCold War

Ideologies and Conflict:

The EarlyCold War

Social 30-2

Chapter Issue

• To what extent can ideological conflict influence international relations?

• Josef Stalin quote:– Page 186

The Yalta Conference

• Ukraine,1945- Post WW II– “The Big Three” (Churchill,

Stalin, and Roosevelt) meet to decide the fate of Europe.

– Ideological Conflict- between the U.S.S.R and the U.S

• Allies could see the war was coming to an end

• The “Big Three” met at Yalta on the Black Sea to plan the rest of the war and the future of post-war Europe

• One task was to redraw the map of Europe

The Yalta Conference• Results:

– Germany divided into four zones• British, American, Soviet, and

French

– Having free elections in the newly liberated countries of Europe.• “the right of all people in

choosing which type of government under which they will live”

Growing Tensions between the USSR and the USA

• Hungary attempt at independence in 1956 was brutally put down by the Soviet military

• 1956 – Stalin was denounced by Nikita Khrushchev, the new Soviet leader

• At the end of WWII the Soviets and Americans no longer had a common enemy – they entered into a war of ideology

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HpYCplyBknI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAngetJA4Jc&feature=related

A Little History• Europe and Asia were

devastated after WWII – leaving the US and USSR with incredible power and influence in the world – the ENTIRE world

• Stronger than when they entered WWII• Resources mobilized for

maximum effect• Weapon manufacturing• More people under their

control• Expanded territorial control

and influence

• Due to the US and USSR:• Influence around

the world• Economic and

military strengths

• Became known as the SUPERPOWERS

The Cold War World

• US and Britain concerned with the growth of Soviet influence

• Soviets concerned with building their influence to protect their borders

• During the conference Truman warned Japan of devastating consequences if they did not surrender. “powerful new weapon” the atomic bomb

• Truman did not share the fact that the US had this capability

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x9lwvImJqT0&feature=related

Potsdam Conference

Their decisions would

determine the course of

the world history

Reparations and

restructuring of Germany

discussed

Major concern was the

political and economic

division between communist

and democratic countries

July 1945, Truman, Stalin, and Churchill Meet

The Potsdam Conference

• Truman and Stalin wanted to avoid another war – but they were rivals over Europe and Asia• Feared resources would come under the other’s control

and become war-making/fighting resources• Feared a loss to traditional markets• Feared that the other side would win the “war of ideas” –

convincing liberal capitalism or communism as the legitimate system of governance

• Cold War was a ideological contest between worldviews extended beyond weapons, territory, and economics

• Both superpowers would agree on various measures for geopolitical stability – permanent settlement was almost conceivable

The Potsdam Conference

• 1945– Seen by many as the beginning of the Cold War.– Chart on page 188

• Spheres of Influence– Areas in Europe that would be politically

influenced by the U.S and the U.S.S.R– Those areas that had been liberated on the West

of Nazi Germany fell under the United States.– Those on the East, fell under Soviet rule.

Stalin’s Goals• Expansionism

– Spread of Communism and Soviet power.– Saw it as a way to “command the world economy”.

• Wanted to keep Germany divided (so that they wouldn’t gain strength once again.

• Wanted to expand to neighboring countries, such as Finland, Poland, and Romania to keep a buffer of safety.

America’s Goals• Containment – The American Cold War foreign

policy of containing the spread of communism by establishing strategic allies around the world through trade and military alliances

Soviet Expansion, Historical and Geographic Reasons

• Keeping Germany divided:• Strong, unified

Germany had gone to war with Russia twice

• Stalin opposed the unification of German zones

• Maintain and expand Soviet influence:• Finland, Poland,

and Romania for a buffer zone for the USSR’s safety

pages 192 - 193

Expansionism• The Truman Doctrine 1947,

• Support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmQD_W8Pcxg&feature=related

As a result of the German invasion, the Soviet Union has irrevocably lost battles with the Germans, and also during the German occupation and through the expulsion of Soviet citizens to German slave labor camps, about 7 000 000 people. In other words, the Soviet Union has lost in men several times more than Britain and the United States together…One can ask therefore, what can be surprising in the fact that the Soviet Union, in a desire to ensure its security for the future, tries to achieve that these countries should have governments whose relations to the Soviet Union are loyal? How can one, without having lost one’s reason, qualify these peaceful aspirations of the Soviet Union as “expansionist tendencies” of our Government?

Joseph Stalin’s reply to Churchill, 1946

Part I:“Reconstruction

& Confrontation”

Part I:“Reconstruction

& Confrontation”

The Ideological StruggleSoviet &

Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron

Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL “Expansionism” spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.

METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

The “Iron Curtain”

From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

Winston ChurchillBritish Prime Minister during

WWII

Delivered a speech at

Fordham University in 1946,

where he coined the term “iron

curtain”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P8_wQ-5uxV4

“Iron Curtain” Speech

From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe.

Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing control from Moscow.

The safety of the world, ladies and gentlemen, requires a unity in Europe, from which no nation should be permanently outcast. It is from the quarrels of the strong parent races in Europe that the world wars we have witnessed, or which occurred in former times, have sprung

Speech given right after WWII

Within the context of the time in which the speech was given, do believe Churchill may have been encouraging conflict with the Soviet Union based on ideology?

What information do you already have that might help inform your response?

Was Churchill a messenger

who is trying to warn the free

world of imminent danger or

was he an alarmist who is

provoking a fight

unnecessarily?

Churchill’s metaphor – iron curtain – could have many

implications on foreign policy. What meanings and

implications might be associated with this term?

Truman Doctrine [1947]Containment Policy:

Can Be Seen Through This Action By Harry S. Truman ( American President):

• Civil War in Greece.

• Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.

1. The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way.

2. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

What beliefs and values are

represented in this cartoon?

Truman wanted to stop Soviet expansionism – wanted to avoid a “hot war”

• US ideological conflict through creating alliance and giving aid

• $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey – help to stabilize their governments and curbed the appeal of communism

• Marshall Plan – (1947 – 1952) $13 billion ($100 billion today) to help Europe, communist or democratic

• 17 countries received funds, technical expertise

Churchill’s words won the war, Marshall’s words won the peace.

Dirk Stikker, Foreign Minister, The Netherlands, 1948 - 1952

Soviet satellite states rejected the Marshall Plan due to diplomatic and political pressure:

• US money required all recipients to submit to a thorough economic assessment and participate in a unified European economy – this was incompatible to Soviet ideology

• Soviets proposed the Molotov Plan for Eastern European countries under its influence• Involved bilateral trade agreements that

helped to consolidate the economies of the socialist countries of Poland, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania

Marshall Plan [1948]

1. “European Recovery Program.”

US made reconstruction of Europe a priority

They believed that a prosperous Europe would find communism less attractive

Began a massive economic aid program for western Europe

2. Secretary of State, George Marshall

3. The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.

4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

Post-War Germany

The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)

CheckpointCharlie

Berlin Wall

Ich bin ein Berliner!

(1963)

President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

Berlin Blockade & Airlift

• Berlin, like Germany, was divided into four parts, even though Berlin was in the Soviet zone of Germany

• The USSR allowed corridors through the occupation zone so that goods and people could move between the non-Soviet zones in Germany and Berlin

• The US unified the American, British, and French zones wanted West Germany to have an anti-communist, democratic government

• USSR viewed this as a threat• In June 1948, Soviet Union shut down the corridors• This trapped “West Berlin” behind the Iron Curtain

Berlin Blockade & Airlift• The Allies decided to fly in supplies to Berlin• The Berlin crisis introduced the idea of

brinkmanship• Brinkmanship:A tactic of meeting threat with threat

until the world teetered on the edge of war• At first, Stalin did nothing figuring that the US

would stop – which they didn’t• USSR contemplated shooting or sending tanks into

Berlin but then the US flew B-29 bombers to Britain (the ones that had dropped A-bombs on Japan)

• Stalin lifted the blockade (having lasted 300 days)• Berlin remained split – a symbol of the deep

division between the two ideologies

The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949.

} Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

United States

Belgium

Britain

Canada

Denmark

France

Iceland

Italy

Luxemburg

Netherlands

Norway

Portugal

1952: Greece & Turkey

1955: West Germany

1983: Spain

Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.

} Albania

} Bulgaria

} Czechoslovakia

} East Germany

} Hungary

} Poland

} Rumania

Escalating International Tensions

• “An Iron Curtain has descended across the continent”- Winston Churchill

• Post-War world clearly divided between East and West.– However, many countries did not choose

sides in this ideological split.• List of Cold War Strategies listed on

page 197.

Premier Nikita Khrushchev

About the capitalist states, it doesn't depend on you whether we (Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvite us to come to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on our side. We will bury you. -- 1956

De-Stalinization

Program

A War of Words

• Heavy use of Propaganda– Acted in ways that

increased tensions severely on each side.

– Direct and Indirect threats used by both sides.

I’m Cooler Than You Are…

• Aspects of prestige were often used between these two countries to show to the other that they were superior in some way.

Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the technological edge!

• Marks the beginning of the rocket age• Before this all delivery of bombs was with

airplanes – USA had an advantage with this high altitude

bombers • U2• USSR better spies

• Space becomes the new focus as technologies mark all other defenses useless– ICBMS

• 1959 USSR landed a probe on the Moon • The USA works to limit the gap between the

USSR’s technological breakthroughs – NASA– Bomb shelters– Own rocket program– Air-Raid shelters

Space Race 1957-1975:

• 1959 – Soviet Probe lands

on the moon• Yuri Gagarin 1961

– First man in space• 1960

– USA claims a space race with the USSR

• July 21st 1969– USA lands on the

moon

Espionage

• Spying– Both governments wanted to know as much about

the other as they could.• James Bond era created

– Igor Gouzenko• Fled the Soviet embassy in Ottawa in 1945 with 109

documents that proved there was a “Soviet Spy Ring” in Canada.

– This form of military intelligence is still very prominent today.• Examples on page 199

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)

Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

What is Deterrence?• A nuclear weapons war

between the U.S and the U.S.S.R would result in not only their two countries being destroyed, but in the entire world being destroyed…– This is called M.A.D.

• Deterrence– The belief that when one

reaches enough nuclear weapons to destroy the other, then they will not want to start a war because it is not winnable.

“Balance of Power”

• This is what was attempted to be reached by each country. Was it attainable?– Nuclear

Weapons Chart on page 200.

Paris, 1961

Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev

thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

Brinkmanship

• Brinkmanship– Pushing a

dangerous conflict to the tipping point, where it is about to end in disaster.

– “A Game Of Chicken”

• Examples– Berlin

Airlift/Blockade– Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile Crisis• Fidel Castro led a

Socialist revolution in Cuba and overthrew the U.S supported government of Fulgencio Batista in 1959.– Joined by famous

revolutionary Ernesto “Che” Guevara.

– Aligned themselves with the Soviet Union.

• Unacceptable from the U.S perspective, a Communist country so close with ability to land weapons on U.S soil.

Khruschev Embraces Castro,1961

Cuban Missile Crisis• Soviet Union ship

spotted bringing in missiles by U.S plane that were capable of reaching every U.S city except Seattle.– Kennedy orders Naval

Blockade around Cuba.– Tensions begin to peak

between the two superpowers.

Cuban Missile Crisis• Kennedy’s Speech

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OOGA-xrLyg

• Krushchev agrees to remove weapons if the U.S promised not to invade Cuba, and if they withdrew their weapons from Turkey

Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

Cuban Missile Crisis 1962:

• History of Cuba– Revolt in 1959 against a

Pro-USA government– USA embargo from 1960

forward– American supported

invasion April 17, 1962• Bay of Pigs

– Failed invasion

– 1961 USSR and Cuba become allies and Cuba formally joins the Warsaw Pact

Crisis Looms…and is Avoided:• October 1962 USA find proof of USSR’s

military assistance – Nuclear Missiles in Cuba

• USA demands the removal of the missiles– USSR denies that there are missiles

• USA establishes a Quarantine around Cuba to prevent any further USSR assistance to Cuba– Soviet Ships sail towards the quarantine

line – USA says they will sink any ships that

are headed to Cuba • Brinkmanship

• US pilot shot down over Cuba looking for evidence of missiles

• October 28th Both sides agree to remove missiles from each others ‘backyard’ (sphere of influence)– USA from Turkey and USSR from Cuba

A Collective Sigh of Relief:

• The world was so very close to a nuclear war over the Cuban Missile Crisis nether the USA and USSR wanted this to happen again

• New Developments:– Direct Telephone line– Test Ban Treaty 1963

• This led to a short term understanding between both powers and a lessening of tension

• This will change with the Death of JFK and the resignation of Khrushchev

Duck and Cover

• …because we all know that all you have to do is duck and cover to protect yourself from a nuclear attack

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhTWH1kvIOk&feature=related

•

Proxy Wars

• If not physical violence between the U.S and the U.S.S.R, then who?

• Proxy War– A war that results when two countries use

third parties or countries as an alternative to fighting each other directly.

The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-

1953)

Syngman Rhee

Kim Il-Sung

“Domino Theory”

Page 203-204

Korean War 1950-1953:

• History of Region– Japan had controlled

part of Korea and at the end of WWII Korea was partitioned North (communist) South (democratic)• Tehran 1943• Thirty-Eighth Parallel

– 1949 Soviet and American troops have withdrawn from Korea

Invasion:• North Korea invades South Korea

– This was fully supported by both China as well as the USSR

– This was a shock for the USA • The expectation was with

tensions high in Germany that the crisis would involve Western Europe not Asia

• The USA utilizes the USSR’s boycott of the UN and passes a resolution for military intervention in Korea

• USSR will never Boycott the UN again

– This will be one of the few times that the UN is able to do this within the context of the Cold War• Veto

International Involvement:

• With the UN resolution the USA gets involved and begin to push the North Koreans back– General MacArthur

• China feels threatened and invades – Invasion successful and pushes

the Americans back • MacArthur wants to use

nuclear weapons against China

– This heightens the Cold War • BY 1953, both the USA/USSR do not

want the war to continue so they settle on the agreement of the 38th Parallel and stop fighting

• UN patrols this area and establishes the DMZ

Vietnam War: 1965-1973

Ho Chi Minh

Page 204-205

Counter Culture:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okd3hLlvvLw

For what it’s worth• There's something happening

here What it is ain't exactly clear There's a man with a gun over there Telling me I got to beware I think it's time we stop, children, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down

• There's battle lines being drawn Nobody's right if everybody's wrong Young people speaking their minds Getting so much resistance from behind

• I think it's time we stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down

• What a field-day for the heat A thousand people in the street Singing songs and carrying signs Mostly say, hooray for our side It's time we stop, hey,

• what's that sound Everybody look what's going down

• Paranoia strikes deep Into your life it will creep It starts when you're always afraid You step out of line, the man come and take you away

• We better stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Stop, now, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Stop, children, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down

Feel Like I'm Fixing To Die Rag (Next Stop Vietnam)

• Come on all of you big strong menUncle Sam needs your help againhe's got himself in a terrible jamway down yonder in Viet Nam soput down your books and pick up a gun we'regonna have a whole lotta fun

• (CHORUS)And it's one, two, three, what are we fighting fordon't ask me I don't give a damn, next stop is Viet NamAnd it's five, six, seven, open up the pearly gatesain't no time to wonder why, whoopee we're all gonna die

• Come on wall street don't be slowwhy man this war is a go-gothere's plenty good money to be made bysupplying the army with the tools of its tradelet's hope and pray that if they drop the bomb,they drop it on the Viet Cong

• Come on generals, let's move fastyour big chance has come at lastnow you can go out and get those redscos the only good commie is the one that's dead andyou know that peace can only be won when we'veblown 'em all to kingdom come

• Come on mothers throughout the landpack your boys off to Viet Namcome on fathers don't hesitatesend your sons off before it's too lateand you can be the first ones on your blockto have your boy come home in a box

Counter Culture:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=okd3hLlvvLw

For what it’s worth• There's something happening

here What it is ain't exactly clear There's a man with a gun over there Telling me I got to beware I think it's time we stop, children, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down

• There's battle lines being drawn Nobody's right if everybody's wrong Young people speaking their minds Getting so much resistance from behind

• I think it's time we stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down

• What a field-day for the heat A thousand people in the street Singing songs and carrying signs Mostly say, hooray for our side It's time we stop, hey,

• what's that sound Everybody look what's going down

• Paranoia strikes deep Into your life it will creep It starts when you're always afraid You step out of line, the man come and take you away

• We better stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Stop, hey, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Stop, now, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down Stop, children, what's that sound Everybody look what's going down

Feel Like I'm Fixing To Die Rag (Next Stop Vietnam)

• Come on all of you big strong menUncle Sam needs your help againhe's got himself in a terrible jamway down yonder in Viet Nam soput down your books and pick up a gun we'regonna have a whole lotta fun

• (CHORUS)And it's one, two, three, what are we fighting fordon't ask me I don't give a damn, next stop is Viet NamAnd it's five, six, seven, open up the pearly gatesain't no time to wonder why, whoopee we're all gonna die

• Come on generals, let's move fastyour big chance has come at lastnow you can go out and get those redscos the only good commie is the one that's dead andyou know that peace can only be won when we'veblown 'em all to kingdom come

• Come on wall street don't be slowwhy man this war is a go-gothere's plenty good money to be made bysupplying the army with the tools of its tradelet's hope and pray that if they drop the bomb,they drop it on the Viet Cong

• Come on mothers throughout the landpack your boys off to Viet Namcome on fathers don't hesitatesend your sons off before it's too lateand you can be the first ones on your blockto have your boy come home in a box

Vietnam:• Background:

– North Vietnam was communist and supported by both China and USSR

– South Vietnam was ‘Democratic’ and was supported by the USA (post French withdrawal)

• The conflict become an issue when South Vietnamese communists (Vietcong VC) began a guerilla war against the South’s Government– This was directly supported by China and indirectly by

USSR• This made the American Government concerned about

what might happen if the North was victories over the South– Domino Theory

• If one nation falls to communism all nations in that region will become communist

• By the early 1960’s America had advisors and was sending both money and military hardware to Southern Vietnam

• However it was clear that this was not enough and that Southern Vietnam would eventually fall to the north and be unified under Ho Chi Mihn’s Communist government

Escalation in Vietnam: A ‘New’ American Foreign Policy:

• Gulf of Tonkin Incident – Staged attack on an American

Destroyer which was used to show that the North Vietnamese wanted to attack American forces in Vietnam

– Results:• Massive bombing of North Vietnam• Huge influx of American troops at

the height of the war the USA had 500 000 troops and was spending 2 billion dollars per month

• USSR and China supported the North but did not send troops

Vietnam: America in Crisis• The USA could not win this war for

the same reasons that the French were not able to defeat the North in the 1950’s

• Social effects of this war:– American public demanded a

withdrawal of troops and in ending of the draft

– This war became a rallying cry for the ‘hippy’ counter culture as they pointed to Vietnam as everything that was wrong with capitalism

– This was also the first war on TV• By 1969 Nixon made the decision to

start bringing home the American army public announcement– In secret he began to bomb

Cambodia and Laos • American troops will not be fully

withdrawn from Vietnam until 1973• The civil war will rage for the next 2

years until the North finally wins the war

• Interestingly: the dominos do not fall

Vietnam:• Background:

– North Vietnam was communist and supported by both China and USSR

– South Vietnam was ‘Democratic’ and was supported by the USA (post French withdrawal)

• The conflict become an issue when South Vietnamese communists (Vietcong VC) began a guerilla war against the South’s Government– This was directly supported by China and indirectly by USSR

• This made the American Government concerned about what might happen if the North was victories over the South– Domino Theory

• If one nation falls to communism all nations in that region will become communist

• By the early 1960’s America had advisors and was sending both money and military hardware to Southern Vietnam

• However it was clear that this was not enough and that Southern Vietnam would eventually fall to the north and be unified under Ho Chi Mihn’s Communist government

Escalation in Vietnam: A ‘New’ American Foreign Policy:

• Gulf of Tonkin Incident – Staged attack on an American

Destroyer which was used to show that the North Vietnamese wanted to attack American forces in Vietnam

– Results:• Massive bombing of North Vietnam• Huge influx of American troops at

the height of the war the USA had 500 000 troops and was spending 2 billion dollars per month

• USSR and China supported the North but did not send troops

Vietnam: America in Crisis• The USA could not win this war for the

same reasons that the French were not able to defeat the North in the 1950’s

• Social effects of this war:– American public demanded a

withdrawal of troops and in ending of the draft

– This war became a rallying cry for the ‘hippy’ counter culture as they pointed to Vietnam as everything that was wrong with capitalism

– This was also the first war on TV• By 1969 Nixon made the decision to

start bringing home the American army public announcement– In secret he began to bomb

Cambodia and Laos • American troops will not be fully

withdrawn from Vietnam until 1973• The civil war will rage for the next 2

years until the North finally wins the war• Interestingly: the dominos do not fall

Reducing International Tension

• How did these countries refrain from blowing each other up???

• Diplomacy• Détente and Treaties

The Soviet War in Afghanistan

U.S supplied conflict against the Soviet Union

Page 205-206

Diplomacy• Reaching an

agreement through diplomatic means.– Not every country

“chose one side” in this conflict.

– Some chose a policy of non-alignment.• Side with neither of

the United States, or with the U.S.S.R

• One such country was Communist China.

Nixon-Khrushchev“Kitchen Debate”

(1959)

Cold War ---> Tensions

<--- Technology

& Affluence

Détente and Treaties• Détente

– French for “relaxing”

– A period of decreasing tensions between 1960 and 1979.

– Diplomatic methods such as peace treaties and a reduction in arms and spending on military.

Détente and Treaties

• S.A.L.T I– Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty– Nixon travels to Moscow to sign treaty.– Listed on page 212

• S.A.L.T II– The second of these treaties.– Listed on page 212

Liberation Movements

• Some countries decided to remove themselves from Communist rule.

• Once they did, they let their citizens choose their representatives.– Democracy

The Hungarian Uprising: 1956

Imre Nagy, Hungarian

Prime Minister} Promised free

elections.

} This could lead to the end of communist rule in Hungary.

Hungarian Uprising 1956:

• October 1956 marked the beginning of this uprising which started with university students demanding democratic government and a guarantee of rights and freedoms– Soon the Soviet style

government is over thrown

• Khrushchev does nothing initially…– When Hungary

declares its neutrality in the cold war and withdraws from the Warsaw Pact Khrushchev has no choice but to quell the rebellion

– Red Army invades

• Despite pleas from the Hungarian Government the West does nothing…Why– Suez Crisis– Spheres of influence

• Results– 35 000 arrests

– 300 executions

“Prague Spring” (1968)

Former Czech President, Alexander Dubček

Communism with a human face!

Page 210

The Berlin Wall• The wall was a political, economic, and

cultural iron curtain between communist East and the democratic West.

• East Germany, 1989– Pro-Democracy Movements

• Borders opened, and the wall fell.• Signified the end of the Cold War