7
8/17/2019 [IEEE] Ground Fault Current Distribution in Sub-station, Tower and Ground Wire [1979] http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ieee-ground-fault-current-distribution-in-sub-station-tower-and-ground-wire 1/7 IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-98, No. 3 May/Jurne 1979 GROUND FAULT CURRENT DISTRIBUTION IN SUB-STATION, TOWERS AND GROUND WIRE R. Verma Member IEEE The Shawinigan Engineering Co. Ltd. Montreal, Quebec Canada D. Mukhedkar Senior Member IEEE Ecole Polytechnique Abstract-An analytical method to determine the ground fault current distribution in substation, towers and ground wire in case of a ground fault near the sub-station is presented, duly taking into account the effect of counterpoise and that of coupling between the phase conductor and the ground wire. 1. INTRODUCTION It is often difficult, at the design stage, to assess the magnitude of fault current flowing in the grounding grid of a sub-station, while an assumption of the total ground fault current flowing in such a grid results in a considerable waste of expenditure. There are several papers written on theoretical considerations for the calculation of ground resistance of sub-station grid and counter- poise and for the coupling effect between the phase and ground wire, but none deals with the complete analysis to calculate the distribution of ground fault current duly taking into account all the system im- pedances and other relevant parameters or effects. A recent paper by Dawalibil and al. has offered some useful contribution in this di- rection. The effect of coupling and that of counterpoise was not detailed in their analysis. This paper is a further step in pinpointing the various values of the network impedances or their evaluation procedure and analyses the ground fault current distribution taking into considera- tion all these parameters and effects. 2. CURRENT DISTRIBUTION DUE TO A FAULT AT THE TERMINAL TOWER OF A LINE Figure 1 below shows the connection of a ground wire connected to earth through the transmission towers, each tower having its own grounding electrode or grid. Ground current due to fault at any tower, apart from traversing through it, will also get diverted in portion to the ground wire and other towers. The current In flowing to ground through the nth tower, counted from the terminal tower where the fault is assumed to take place, is equal to in - in+l. Let Zg be the impedance of ground wire connected between two grounded towers and Rt the ground resistance of each such tower. Rt is assumed equal for all towers and any mutual interference for their overhead phase wire L grotund wire i  rn l tzn tn-it 2 Tower n tn-i Fig. 1. Fault Current Distribution own ground currents is neglected. The node and loop equations for the nth mesh give us the following relations: In =in in+ 1 In  -n -in and, inZg - PIfZg+InRt-I nRt = 0 (1) (2) where, Ins In-l' in, in+l, If etc. are as shown in Figure 1 and ,u is the coupling factor between the overhead phase and ground conductor and is given by the expression2 below: log (b/a) lo 2h log (7t) (3) where, b= distance for the conductor to image of the ground wire, the later being the same distance below the ground surface as the wire is above it (for infmite conductivity earth). a = distance from conductor to ground wire h = height of ground wire above earth r = radius of the ground wire Re-writing the equation (2) yields us: (I n- - In)Rt n - + PIf g similarly, i +l = - in+,)Rt + PI substituting these in (1), we get: (In-( - In)Rt n Zg g I z or, nRg = (I n I ) n n-I (I n  in+ )Rt + PI f - z _ PIf = A2 InX a difference equation which has the following solution3: I = Ae + Ben where, a =g/Rt g (4) Also, by substituting for the values of (1) in (2), we get: inZg - PIfZg + (in - in+) Rt - (in-1 - in) Rt = 0 or, inZg/Rt = A2in + IIfZg/Rt, a difference equation with a constant term and has the following solution: i = ae an+ be + PI n (5) Th e first two terms refer to similar solution (4) if ,u IfZg/Rt were not 0018-9510/79/0500-724$00.75 i 1979 IEEE Paper 78 681-9, recommended and approved by the IEEE Substations Com- mittee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at the IEEE PES Summer Meeting, Los Angeles, CA, July 16.21, 1978. Manuscript submitted February 1, 1978; made available for printing April 25, 1978. 724

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Page 1: [IEEE] Ground Fault Current Distribution in Sub-station, Tower and Ground Wire [1979]

8/17/2019 [IEEE] Ground Fault Current Distribution in Sub-station, Tower and Ground Wire [1979]

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ieee-ground-fault-current-distribution-in-sub-station-tower-and-ground-wire 1/7

I E E E

T r a n s a c t i o n s

on

P o w e r

A p p a r a t u s a n d

S y s t e m s ,

V o l . P A S - 9 8 ,

N o . 3

M a y / J u r n e

1 9 7 9

GROUND

FAULT

CURRENT

DISTRIBUTION

I N

S U B - S T A T I O N ,

TOWERS

AND

GROUND

WIRE

R . Verma

Member

I E E E

T h e

S h a w i n i g a n

E n g i n e e r i n g

C o .

L t d .

M o n t r e a l ,

Q u e b e c

C a n a d a

D .

M u k h e d k a r

S e n i o r

Member I E E E

E c o l e

P o l y t e c h n i q u e

A b s t r a c t - A n

a n a l y t i c a l

m e t h o d t o

d e t e r m i n e t h e

g r o u n d

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

i n

s u b s t a t i o n ,

t o w e r s a n d

g r o u n d

w i r e i n

c a s e

o f a

g r o u n d f a u l t

n e a r t h e s u b - s t a t i o n i s

p r e s e n t e d ,

d u l y t a k i n g i n t o

a c c o u n t

t h e

e f f e c t o f

c o u n t e r p o i s e a n d

t h a t

o f

c o u p l i n g

b e t w e e n t h e

p h a s e

c o n d u c t o r

a n d

t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e .

1 .

INTRODUCTION

I t

i s

o f t e n

d i f f i c u l t ,

a t t h e

d e s i g n

s t a g e ,

t o

a s s e s s

t h e

m a g n i t u d e

o f f a u l t

c u r r e n t

f l o w i n g

i n

t h e

g r o u n d i n g

g r i d

o f a

s u b - s t a t i o n ,

w h i l e a n

a s s u m p t i o n

o f t h e

t o t a l

g r o u n d

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

f l o w i n g

i n

s u c h

a

g r i d

r e s u l t s

i n

a

c o n s i d e r a b l e w a s t e o f

e x p e n d i t u r e .

T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l

p a p e r s

w r i t t e n

o n

t h e o r e t i c a l

c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r

t h e

c a l c u l a t i o n o f

g r o u n d r e s i s t a n c e o f

s u b - s t a t i o n

g r i d

a n d

c o u n t e r -

p o i s e a n d f o r t h e

c o u p l i n g

e f f e c t

b e t w e e n t h e

p h a s e

a n d

g r o u n d

w i r e ,

b u t

n o n e d e a l s w i t h t h e

c o m p l e t e a n a l y s i s

t o

c a l c u l a t e t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f

g r o u n d

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

d u l y

t a k i n g

i n t o a c c o u n t

a l l

t h e

s y s t e m

i m -

p ed an ce s a n d o t h e r r e l e v a n t

p a r a m e t e r s

o r

e f f e c t s .

A r e c e n t

p a p e r b y

D a w a l i b i l a n d a l . h a s

o f f e r e d

s o m e

u s e f u l c o n t r i b u t i o n

i n

t h i s d i -

r e c t i o n .

T h e

e f f e c t o f

c o u p l i n g

a n d

t h a t o f

c o u n t e r p o i s e

w a s

n o t

d e t a i l e d

i n t h e i r

a n a l y s i s .

T h i s

p a p e r

i s a

f u r t h e r

s t e p

i n

p i n p o i n t i n g

t h e

v a r i o u s v a l u e s o f

t h e n e t w o r k

i m p e d a n c e s

o r

t h e i r e v a l u a t i o n

p r o c e d u r e

a n d

a n a l y s e s

t h e

g r o u n d

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

t a k i n g

i n t o c o n s i d e r a -

t i o n

a l l t h e s e

p a r a m e t e r s

a n d

e f f e c t s .

2 .

CURRENT

DISTRIBUTION

DUE

TO

A

FAULT

A T T HE T ERM I NAL

TOWER OF A LINE

F i g u r e

1

b e l o w

s h o w s t h e

c o n n e c t i o n o f a

g r o u n d

w i r e

c o n n e c t e d

t o

e a r t h

t h r o u g h

t h e

t r a n s m i s s i o n

t o w e r s ,

e a c h t o w e r

h a v i n g

i t s own

g r o u n d i n g

e l e c t r o d e o r

g r i d . G r o u n d c u r r e n t

d u e t o f a u l t

a t

a n y t o w e r ,

a p a r t

f r o m

t r a v e r s i n g

t h r o u g h i t ,

w i l l a l s o

g e t

d i v e r t e d

i n

p o r t i o n

t o

t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e a n d o t h e r

t o w e r s .

T h e c u r r e n t

I n f l o w i n g

t o

g r o u n d

t h r o u g h

t h e

n t h

t o w e r ,

c o u n t e d

f r o m

t h e

t e r m i n a l

t o w e r w h e r e

t h e

f a u l t

i s

a s s u m e d

t o

t a k e

p l a c e ,

i s

e q u a l

t o

i n

-

i n + l .

L e t

Z g

b e

t h e

i m p e d a n c e

o f

g r o u n d

w i r e

c o n n e c t e d

b e t w e e n

t w o

g r o u n d e d t o w e r s a n d

R t

t h e

g r o u n d

r e s i s t a n c e o f e a c h

s u c h t o w e r .

R t

i s

a s s u m e d

e q u a l

f o r

a l l

t o w e r s a n d

a n y

m u t u a l

i n t e r f e r e n c e

f o r

t h e i r

o v e r h e a d

p h a s e

w i r e

L

g r o t u n d

w i r e

i

 

r n l t z n

t n - i t

2

T o w e r

n tn-i

F i g .

1 .

F a u l t

C u r r e n t D i s t r i b u t i o n

own

g r o u n d

c u r r e n t s

i s

n e g l e c t e d .

T h e

n o d e

a n d

l o op e q ua ti on s

f o r

t h e

n t h

m e s h

g i v e

u s

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

r e l a t i o n s :

I n

= i n

i n +

1

I n

 

-n

-in

a n d ,

i n Z g

-

P I f Z g + I n R t - I

nRt

= 0

( 1 )

( 2 )

w h e r e ,

I n s I n - l '

i n ,

i n + l ,

I f

e t c .

a r e

a s

s h o w n

i n

F i g u r e

1

a n d

, u

i s

t h e

c o u p l i n g f a c t o r b e t w e e n t h e

o v e rh e ad p h as e

a n d g r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r

a n d

i s

g i v e n

b y

t h e

e x p r e s s i o n 2

b e l o w :

l o g

( b / a )

lo

2 h

l o g

( 7 t )

( 3 )

w h e r e ,

b = d i s t a n c e f o r

t h e

c o n d u c t o r t o

i m a g e o f

t h e g r o u n d

w i r e ,

t h e l a t e r

b e i n g

t h e

s a m e d i s t a n c e

b e l o w

t h e

g r o u n d

s u r f a c e

a s t h e

w i r e

i s

a b o v e i t

( f o r

i n f m i t e

c o n d u c t i v i t y e a r t h ) .

a

= d i s t a n c e

f r o m

c o n d u c t o r

t o g r o u n d w i r e

h

= h e i g h t o f

g r o u n d

w i r e a b o v e

e a r t h

r =

r a d i u s

o f

t h e g r o u n d

w i r e

R e - w r i t i n g t h e

e q u a t i o n

( 2 )

y i e l d s

u s :

( I

n-

-

I n ) R t

n

-

+

P I f

g

s i m i l a r l y ,

i + l =

-

i n + , ) R t

+

P I

s u b s t i t u t i n g

t h e s e i n

( 1 ) , we

g e t :

( I n - (

-

I n ) R t

n

Z g

g

I

z

o r ,

n R g

=

( I

n I

)

n

n - I

( I

n

 

i n +

) R t

+

P I

f

-

z

_

P I f

=

A 2

I n X a

d i f f e r e n c e

e q u a t i o n w h i c h

h a s

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

s o l u t i o n 3 :

I

=

A e

+

Ben

w h e r e , a

=g/Rt

g

( 4 )

A l s o , b y

s u b s t i t u t i n g

f o r

t h e

v a l u e s

o f

( 1 )

i n

( 2 ) ,

we

g e t :

i n Z g

-

P I f Z g

+

( i n

-

i n + )

R t

-

( i n - 1

-

i n )

R t

=

0

o r ,

i n Z g / R t

=

A 2 i n

+

I I f Z g / R t ,

a

d i f f e r e n c e

e q u a t i o n

w i t h a

c o n s t a n t

t e r m a n d

h a s t h e

f o l l o w i n g

s o l u t i o n :

i

=

a e

a n+

b e +

P I

n

( 5 )

Th e

f i r s t

two

t e r m s r e f e r t o s im il ar

s o l u t i o n

( 4 )

i f

, u

I f Z g / R t

w e r e

n o t

0 0 1 8 - 9 5 1 0 / 7 9 / 0 5 0 0 - 7 2 4 $ 0 0 . 7 5 i

1 9 7 9 IEEE

P a p e r

7 8

6 8 1 - 9 ,

r e c o m m e n d e d

a n d

a p p r o v e d b y

t h e I E E E

S u b s t a t i o n s C o m -

m i t t e e o f

t h e

I E E E

P o w e r

E n g i n e e r i n g

S o c i e t y

f o r

p r e s e n t a t i o n

a t

t h e

I E E E P E S

S u m m e r

M e e t i n g ,

L o s

A n g e l e s , C A ,

J u l y

1 6 . 2 1 ,

1 9 7 8 .

M a n u s c r i p t

s u b m i t t e d

F e b r u a r y

1 , 1 9 7 8 ;

m a d e a v a i l a b l e

f o r

p r i n t i n g

A p r i l

2 5 ,

1 9 7 8 .

7 2 4

Page 2: [IEEE] Ground Fault Current Distribution in Sub-station, Tower and Ground Wire [1979]

8/17/2019 [IEEE] Ground Fault Current Distribution in Sub-station, Tower and Ground Wire [1979]

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ieee-ground-fault-current-distribution-in-sub-station-tower-and-ground-wire 2/7

t h e r e

a n d

t h e

t h i r d t e r m

r e f e r s

t o

p a r t i c u l a r

s o l u t i o n

o f

t h e

n o n h o -

m o g e n o u s

e q u a t i o n

o b t a i n e d

t h r o u g h

v a r i a t i o n

o f

p a r a m e t e r s 4

m e t h o d .

On

s u b s t i t u t i n g

t h e

v a l u e s o f

i n

a n d

i n + l

f r o m

( 5 )

i n t o

( 1 ) ,

we

g e t :

A

=

a ( l

-

e a )

a n d B =

b ( l

-

e - a )

i

=

A e a n

M

-

e a )

+

B e - a n / ( , e - a )

+

I

( 6 )

n

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ f

I f t h e l i n e

i s

s u f f i c i e n t l y l o n g

s o

t h a t ,

a f t e r some

d i s t a n c e ,

t h e

v a r y i n g

p o r t i o n

o f

t h e c u r r e n t

e x p o n e n t i a l l y

d e c a y s

t o

z e r o ,

A

= >

0

. - .

I n

Be

- n ( 7 )

a n d , i n B e U n / ( 1

-

e

+

P I

f

( 8 )

I n o r d e r t o

d e t e r m i n e

t h e

c u r r e n t

i n

t h e

t e r m i n a l

t o w e r ,

n =

0 .

. * . I

=

B

( 9 )

0

a r n d ,

i 1

= Be n / ( l

-

e ' )

+

p I f

( 1 0 )

T h e

b o u n d a r y

c o n d i t i o n

a t

t h e

t e r m i n a l t o w e r

o f

F i g .

1

i s :

I f

=

I

+

i l 1

( 1 1 )

S u b s t i t u t i n g

t h e

v a l u e s

f r o m

( 9 )

a n d

( 1 0 )

i n

( 1 1 )

a n d

s i m p l i f y i n g ,

we

g e t :

I

=

B / ( 1

-

e J )

+

p I

B = I f ( 1

-

e J )

( 1

-

p )

=

I O

  1 2

I O

i s

t h e c u r r e n t t h a t t r a v e r s e s

t o

t h e g r o u n d t h r o u g h t he t er mi na l

t o w e r

o f F i g .

1

a n d

i t i s

e v i d e n t t h a t

i t s

m a g n i t u d e g e t s

d e c r e a s e d

on

a c c o u n t o f t h e

c o u p l i n g

f a c t o r

, u .

S u b s t i t u t i n g

f o r

B

i n

( 1 0 )

a f f o r d s

u s w i t h

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

r e s u l t :

i

=

I

[ e -

 

p

( 1

-

e

) ]

( 1 3 )

E x p r e s s i o n ( 1 3 )

s h o w s

t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e c u r r e n t d u e

t o

, u .

T h e

v o l t a g e

r i s e

V

o f

t h e

t e r m i n a l

t o w e r

i s :

V

=

T O R t

-

I f   1

-

e )

( 1

-

A )

R t

=I

Z

f

c o ~

w h e r e

4 -

i s

t h e n e t w o r k

e a r t h

i m p e d a n c e l o o k i n g

b a c k f r o m t h e

f a u l t

a n d

i s :

Z o o = (

1-,

R t

( 1 4 )

_2

t a n h a/21

FWRF

( 1

- F L )

R

( 1 5 )

1 +

/ R

 241

+ Z

9 / R t

7 2 5

3 . CURRENT DISTRIBUTION

DUE TO A

FAULT AT

TERMINAL

TOWER CONNECTED

TO

A SUB-STATION GROUNDING

GRID

I n

s e c t i o n 2

a b o v e ,

w e

h a v e

a n a l y z e d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f g r o u n d

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

b a s e d

o n

f a u l t a t t h e t e r m i n a l

t o w e r ,

w i t h o u t

i t s

c o n -

n ec ti on t o a s u b - s t a t i o n g r o u n d i n g g r i d .

I n a c t u a l

p r a c t i c e ,

t h e

l a t e r

i s

c o n n e c t e d t o

t h e

e a r t h

w i r e

a t

t h e t e r m i n a l

t o w e r .

I n t h i s

c a s e , o n l y

a

p o r t i o n I f o f

t h e

t o t a l

g r o u n d

f a u l t c u r r e n t

I f

w i l l f l o w

t h r o u g h

Z .

a s

t h e

r e s t

w i l l

g e t

d i v e r t e d

t h r o u g h

t h e

s u b - s t a t i o n

g r o u n d

r e s i s t a n c e

R k .

I f

o n e b a s e s

a l l t h e

c a l c u l a t i o n s

on t h e b a s i s

o f I f

f l o w i n g t h r o u g h

e a r t h

n e t w o r k

w i t h e q u i v a l e n t i m p e d a n c e

Z . ,

s t i l l o n e w i l l

g e t

t h e

s a m e

d i f f e r e n c e e q u a t i o n s

a n d t h u s t h e

p r e v i o u s

r e s u l t s w i l l b e

v a l i d

e x c e p t

f o r

r e p l a c e m e n t

o f

I f

b y

I f

a n d

t h u s t h e

v a l u e o f

I o

w i l l

b e :

I=

I f I ( 1

-

e

) ( 1

-

)

( 1 7 )

L e t I k b e t h e c u r r e n t t h r o u g h R k ,

i . e .

t h e

s u b - s t a t i o n

g r o u n d i n g

g r i d

r e s i s t a n c e ,

: . I k

= I f R k

+

Z

( r e f e r t o

F i g u r e

2

b e l o w )

k

 

I f

 

+

a Z ,

( 1 8 )

I n

c a s e

t h e v a l u e s o f

Rk

a n d Z O .

a r e

k n o w n ,

I k

c a n b e f o u n d o u t

f r o m

( 1 8 )

a b o v e .

( 1 9 )

=

f

-

I k

= I

+

F r o m ( 1 7 ) , ( 1 8 ) a n d

( 1 9 ) , o n e

c a n f i n d o u t

t h e

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

I k ,

I o , i l

e t c . H o w e v e r ,

t h i s a n a l y s i s

i s v a l i d

s o

l o n g

a s

A i n e q u a t i o n

( 4 )

c a n b e

n e g l e c t e d .

I f

n o t ,

Z O O

o f

e q u a t i o n ( 1 8 )

w i l l h a v e t o b e

r e p l a c e d

b y Z e q g i v e n

b y t h e

f o l l o w i n g

e x p r e s s i o n 6

( 2 0 )

c o n s i d e r i n g t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e a n d t o w e r n e t w o r k

a s

a

d i s t r i b u t e d l a d d e r :

z e q

Z

eq

 

( 1 - j i ) + R t

e q

t

w h e r e ,

z

t

=

z

[ Z R

c o s h

y - t

-

R s t

+

Z 0

s i n h y t

J

e q

0 °

R

s i n h

y Q

+

Z

c o s h y y t

J

R

~ ~ ~ 0

( 2 0 )

( 2 1 )

H e r e ,

y

i s

t h e

p r o p a g a t i o n

c o n s t a n t

p e r

u n i t

l e n g t h

a n d

Z °

=

Z

( p . u . )

R t ( p . u . ) ,

Z g ( p . u . )

a n d

R t ( p u . )

b e i n g

t h e

p e r

u n i t

l e n g t h

i m p e d a n c e s ,

a n d

ZR

b e i n g

t h e

r e c e i v i n g

e n d

i m p e d a n c e

a n d

i s

e q u a l

t o

R s t

o f

F i g .

2

i f

o n e

n e g l e c t s

t h e

i m -

p e d a n c e

o f a

s m a l l f e e d e r b e t w e e n

t h e a l t e r n a t o r

g r o u n d

t o e a r t h

w i r e .

I f

t h e

l i n e i n t h e d o t t e d

r e c t a n g l e

i s

i n f i n i t e

( r e f e r

t o A p p e n d i x

I ) ,

zQ

> 2

w h e r e

 

=

V / z g ( p . u . ) I r t ( p . u . )

a n d i n t h a t c a s e

Z e q '

=

Z O -

I f

R t > > Z o ,

Z e q

=

Z O ( I - p ) ,

a

r e s u l t

i d e n t i c a l t o (

1 6 ) .

I f s e v e r a l l i n e s

t e r m i n a t i n g

a t

a s t a t i o n h a v e e a r t h w i r e s c o n -

n e c t e d t o

s t r u c t u r a l

f r a m e w o r k s ,

t h e c o nd u ct an c e o f t h e

e a r t h

w i r e s

w i l l a d d

u p

m o r e o r

l e s s

a r i t h m e t i c a l l y .

To

g i v e

a n

i d e a

a s

t o

h ow much

a

l i n e

s ho u ld b e l o n g

t o

b e

r e g a r d -

e d

a s

i n f i n i t e ,

t h e f o l l o w i n g

T a b l e

I

i n d i c a t e s t h e

n e c e s s a r y

l e n g t h b a s e d

o n ' y Q > 2 . I n

t h i s

T a b l e ,

n

i s t h e n t h t o w e r

a s

c o u n t e d f r o m t h e t e r -

m i n a l

t o w e r w h e r e t h e

c u r r e n t

g e t s

r e d u c e d

t o

1

p e r c e n t

t h a n

t h a t

=,/

R

 1

 

A )

if

Z

<<

R

g

t

t

( 1 6 )

T h u s i f

t h e

l i n e i s

s u f f i c i e n t l y

l o n g ,

i t

b e h a v e s

t o w a r d s

t h e s o u r c e

l i k e

a n

e q u i v a l e n t

i m p e d a n c e

Z 4

i n d e p e n d e n t

o f i t s

l e n g t h .

Th e

a b o v e

e x p re ss i on s ( 1 4 )

t o

( 1 6 ) p r o v e

t h e

r e d u c t i o n

o f t h e

e q u i v a l e n t

e a r t h

i m p e d a n c e

d u e

t o

, u .

Th e r e s u l t

( 1 6 ) co mpa r e s

i d e n t i c a l

t o r e s u l t 5 ' 6

i . e .

\ f Z k , R

o b t a i n e d

w i t h o u t t h e

e f f e c t

o f

, ( t o v e r i f y ,

p u t

,

=

i n

( 1 6 ) ) .

F i g .

2 . F a u l t

C u r r e n t D i s t r i b u t i o f

F i g . 2 . F a u l t C u r r e n t D i s t r i b u t i o n

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7 2 6

t r a v e r s i n g t h r o u g h

t h e

t e r m i n a l

t o w e r a s

a p p l i e d t o

F i g .

1 .

T h e

g r o u n d

w i r e i s

a s s u m e d

t o

h a v e

a n

i m p e d a n c e

o f

( 2 . 2 7 + j O . 3 1 )

oh m

p e r

k m

a n d

h a s 4

g r o u n d

c o n n e c t i o n s

p e r k i l o m e t e r

v i a

t h e

t o w e r s .

TABLE

I

L e n g t h

r e q u i r e d f o r

a

s u f f i c i e n t l y

l o n g

l i n e .

R t

1 0 0 0

1 0 0

5 0

2 5

( o h m )

y

0 . 0 2 3 8

0 . 0 7 5 3

0 . l O 6 5

0 . 1 5 0 7

( p e r

s p a n )

n

1 9 3

6 1

4 3

3 0

( k m )

8 4

2 6 . 5

1 8 . 8

1 3 . 2

( k i n )

5 .

VOLTAGE

R I S E OF

THE

S U B - S T A T I O N

I f

Z s

i s

t h e

s y s t e m

i m p e d a n c e

p e r

p h a s e ,

I f

=

V p h / [ Z s

+

Z e q

R k / ( Z e q

+

R k ) ]

( 2 7 )

w h e r e

R k

can b e

c a l c u l a t e d

b y

a n y

o f

t h e

m e t h o d s

o u t l i n e d i n

t h e

a u t h o r ' s

p a p e r 9 .

N o w ,

I k

f=

k

f

Z

q

V p R

V p h

S ( 1 +

RkZeq) +

R h ]

. .

V o l t a g e

r i s e

o f t h e

s u b - s t a t i o n

i s :

( 2 8 )

4 .

EFFECT OF

COUNTERPOISE

I f , i n

a d d i t i o n

t o

g r o u n d w i r e

a n d

t o w e r

g r o u n d i n g ,

t h e r e

e x i s t s

c o u n t e r p o i s e ,

i t

w i l l

r e d u c e

n o t

o n l y

t h e s u r g e

i m p e d a n c e

o f

t h e g r o u n d

c o n n e c t i o n ,

b u t

a l s o

i n c r e a s e t h e

c o u p l i n g

b e t w e e n

t h e

o v e r h e a d

g r o u n d

w i r e

a n d t h e

e a r t h . I n

c a s e

o f

a

c o u n t e r p o i s e

s e r v i n g j u s t

l i k e

a n

a d d i t i o n a l

g r o u n d t o t h e

t o w e r

i n s t e a d o f

s t r e t c h i n g

f r o m

o n e

g r o u n d e d

t o w e r

t o

a n o t h e r ,

i t i s

e n o u g h

o n l y

t o

m o d i f y

t h e

v a l u e o f

R t

a s

f o l -

l o w s :

R Z

T o t a l

t o w e r

g r o u n d

r e s i s t a n c e

=

- t + -

( 2 2 )

R

+ Z

tc

w h e r e

Z c

i s

g i v e n 7

b y

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

e x p r e s s i o n

( 2 3 ) :

Zc=

 

c o t h

( 2 3 )

W h e r e

Z c

a n d

y c

a r e

r e s p e c t i v e l y

t h e s e r i e s

i m p e d a n c e

a n d

l e a k a g e

p e r

u n i t

l e n g t h

o f

t h e

c o u n t e r p o i s e

w i r e

o f

l e n g t h

Q ,

t h e

c o u n t e r p o i s e

b e i n g

r e g a r d e d

a s

a l a d d e r

n e t w o r k 3 ' 6

w i t h

d i s t r i b u t e d

p a r a m e t e r s .

I n

c a s e o f

a

c o u n t e r p o i s e

r u n n i n g

p a r a l l e l

t o

t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e

t h r o u g h o u t

i t s

l e n g t h ,

i t s

e f f e c t

c a n

b e

t a k e n

i n t o a c c o u n t

b y

m o d i f y -

i n g t h e v a l u e o f

Z e q ' i n

( 2 1 )

a s

f o l l o w s :

T h e

r e s i s t a n c e t o

g r o u n d

o f t h e

c o u n t e r p o i s e

i s

a s

g i v e n

b y

t h e

e x p r e s s i o n

( 2 3 )

a n d

i s

a l s o

g i v e n

b y 6 ' 8 :

R

=

l o

( 2 4 )

2

T Q

l o g n

a ,

w h e r e ,

Q

=

l e n g t h o f t h e

w i r e

a

=

r a d i u s o f

t h e

c o n d u c t o r

V k

=

R k I k

V p h R k

[ z s ( 1

+

R k / Z e q )

+

R k J

S p e c i a l

C a s e s :

( i )

I f

Z s

=

,

( i i )

Z

=

0 0

e q

( i i i )

Z s

= R k

( 2 9 )

v k =

V p h

vk=

V p h

L R k / ( Z

S + R k J

V k

=

V p h / 2

A l s o ,

I

=

 ph

( 3 0 )

R +

j X

w h e r e ,

R h

=

A p ,

a n d a

+ 4 -

j B

+

Z

=R

+

j X

e q

e q

e q e q

e q

p

=

r e s i s t i v i t y

o f t h e

s u b - s t a t i o n s o i l .

E x p r e s s i o n

( 3 0 )

s h o w s

t h a t

i n o r d e r

t o

c h a n g e t h e v a l u e

o f

I k ,

t h e

p a r a m e t e r s

A

i s

r e q u i r e d

t o

b e

c h a n g e d

c o n s i d e r i n g t h e

o t h e r

p a r a -

m e t e r s

t o

b e

a l r e a d y

f i x e d .

6 .

EXAMPLE

I n

o r d e r t o

i l l u s t r a t e

t h e

t h e o r e t i c a l

a p p r o a c h o u t l i n e d i n

s e c -

t i o n s

2 ,

3

a n d

4 ,

c o n s i d e r a

g e n e r a t i n g

s t a t i o n

d e l i v e r i n g

p o w e r

t o

a

d i s t r i b u t i o n

s u b - s t a t i o n v i a a

g r o u n d e d

t r a n s m i s s i o n

l i n e .

L e t t h e r e

b e

4

e a r t h

c o n n e c t i o n s

p e r k i l o m e t e r

v i a

t o w e r s a n d a s s u m e

t h e

l i n e t o

b e

s u f f i c i e n t l y

l o n g .

p

=

r e s i s t i v i t y

o f

t h e

e a r t h

s o i l

a n d

a s

e x p l a i n e d 6 ,

Y c

c a n

b e

d e t e r m i n e d

b y

e q u a t i n g

d R 2

d Z c

2 r

=

( 2 5 )

w h i c h ,

on

s i m p l i f i c a t i o n

( s e e

A p p e n d i x

I I ) , y i e l d s

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

r e s u l t s

f o r

y c :

Y c ( p

l o g

t / a )

c

T t 2

n

 26)

N o w ,

I / y c

c a n

b e

comb ined

i n

p a r a l l e l

w i t h

R t ( p . u . )

t o

g e t

R t ' ( p

u

a n d

Zc

c o m b i n e d

i n

p a r a l l e l

w i t h

Z g ( p . u . )

t o

g e t

Z g ' ( p . u . ) .

Then

f o r

Z o

o f

t h e

e q u i v a l e n t

i m p e d a n c e

Z e q '

O f

e q u a t i o n

( 2 1 ) ,

s i m p l y r e p l a c e

R t ( p u . )

b y

R t ' ( p . u . )

and

Z g ( p . u . )

b y

Z g ' ( p . u . ) .

L e t

Z g

=

( 2 . 2 7 +

j O . 3 1 )

Q / k m

I f

=

1 0 , 0 0 0

A m p e r e s

R k

=

0 . 5

Q

R

=

5 0

Q

a n d a

=

3 . 0 4 8

m

]

b

=

4 5 . 7 2

m i

r e f e r

t o e q u a t i o n

( 3 )

h

=

2 4 . 3 8 4

m

r

=

0 . 4 7 3

c m

2

( c o r r e s p o n d s

t o

7 0

m m

c r o s s - s e c t i o n )

. . , u

=

0 . 2 9 2 r f r o m

e q u a t i o n

( 3 )

J

Z

3 . 8 Q

[ f r o m e q u a t i o n

( 1 6 ) ]

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7 2 7

I k

=

8 8 3 7

A m p e r e s

[ f r o m

e q u a t i o n

( 1 8 ) )

I

=

1 1 6 3

A m p e r e s

[ f r o m

e q u a t i o n

( 1 9 ) ]

a

pe r

s p a n

=

. 1 0 7

I o

=

8 2 . 5

A m p e r e s

V k

=

4 4 1 8 . 4

V o l t s

I f

-

=0,

Z

=5.35Q

Ik=

9 1 4 5

A m p e r e s

I t

=

8 5 5

A m p e r e s

I o

=

8 5 . 5

A m p e r e s

Vk

=

4 5 7 2 . 5

V o l t s

E f f e c t o f

C o u n t e r p o i s e

U s i n g

  2

Cu w i r e ,

h a v i n g

d i a m e t e r

o f

6 . 5 4

m m ,

r e s i s t a n c e

o f

0 . 1

5 9

Q 2

p e r

1 0 0 0

f e e t

i . e .

0 . 5 2 4 7

Q 2 / k m ,

a n d

s o i l

r e s i s t i v i t y

p o f

1 0 0 0

Q 2 - m a n d

a p p l y i n g

e q u a t i o n

( 2 5 ) ,

we

g e t :

Y e

= 0 . 3 2 4 6 m h o / k m

. , . l / Y C

=

3 0 . 8 0

Q / k m

. * . R t I

( p . u )

=

1 2 . 5

x

3 0 . 8 0

8 . 8 9

Q / k m

( . U .

= 1 2 . 5

+

3 0 . 1 1 0

=

8

2k

Z guI

=

2 . 2 7

547 =

. 4 2 6 2

Q / k m

g

( p . u . )

-

2 . 7 9 4 7

-

. Z %

=

(

.89x.426 1-

. 2 9 )

e q

=

1 . 3 8

I k

=

7 3 4 0

A m p e r e s

I f

I

=

2 6 6 0

A m p e r e s

c a

per

s p a n - =

4

. 0 5 4

I

=

1 3 9 . 8 A m p e r e s

V k

=

3 6 7 0

V o l t s

T h e

e x a m p l e

a b o v e

c l e a r l y

s h o w s t h e

r e d u c t i o n

o f

f a u l t c u r r e n t

t r a v e r s i n g t h r o u g h

t h e s u b - s t a t i o n g r i d

t o

8 8 3 7

A m p s .

d u e

t o

c o u p l i n g

a l o n e

a n d

f u r t h e r

t o 7 3 4 0

A m p s .

d u e

t o

c o u p l i n g

a n d

c o u n t e r p o i s e

b o t h ,

a

s u b s t a n t i a l

d i f f e r e n c e

f r o m t h e t o t a l

f a u l t c u r r e n t

o f

1 0 , 0 0 0

A m p e r e s

h a d i t b e e n

a s s u m e d

t o

p a s s

f u l l y

t h r o u g h

t h e

s u b - s t a t i o n

g r o u n d i n g

g r i d .

I t

a l s o

s h o w s

a

s i g n i f i c a n t

r e d u c t i o n

o f

t h e v o l t a g e

r i s e o f t h i s g r i d

r e s u l t i n g

i n economy

t o c a t e r

f o r s a f e t ou ch a nd s t e p

p o t e n t i a l s .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

M r . V e r m a ,

wh o

i s a

r e g i s t e r e d

D o c t o r a l

s t u d e n t ,

w i s h e s t o

t h a n k

C o n c o r d i a

U n i v e r s i t y

o f

M o n t r e a l

f o r

t h e f a c i l i t i e s

p r o v i d e d

a n d

t h e

m a n a g e m e n t

o f S h a w i n i g a n

E n g i n e e r i n g

C o m p a n y

L i m i t e d

f o r

t h e i r

c o - o p e r a t i o n .

APPENDIX

I

IMPEDANCE OF

AN

I N F I N I T E L I N E

I n c a s e o f

a

l i n e

w i t h d i s t r i b u t e d

l a d d e r n e t w o r k ,

i f r

a n d

s

s u f f i c e s

r e f e r

t o

t h e r e c e i v i n g

a n d

s e n d i n g

e n d r e s p e c t i v e l y ,

Z o

i s

t h e

c h a r -

a c t e r i s t i c i m p e d a n c e ,

y

t h e p r o p a g a t i o n

c o n s t a n t ,

t h e n :

V

=

Vcosh

y

d -

I

Z

s i n h

y t

I s

=

Ir c o s h

Y g

d 4 -

z

s i n h

Y

0

I f

t h e

c i r c u i t

i s

o p e n

a t

t h e r e c e i v i n g

s i d e ,

I

=0

r

*

' - Z

c o t h y t

f ~

0

s

I f

t h e

l i n e

l e n g t h

i s i n f i n i t e ,

V

I

=

Z

=

c c o t h

y t

-1

=yt

2

5

APPENDIX

I I

ADMITTANCE

OF COUNTERPOISE

Z

=

c

c o t h ( t

.

|

y

)

z c

c o t h

( t

|Z.c

J Y C . S D

 ,

d Z

c

2

i n h 2

  t

J 7

) -

c o s h

2

  t ,

,T

s i n h

2 ( t , .

=

Z c

[

-

c o t h 2

( t

| Z c

)

R

=t~1

2

=

T

lOgna

. . R

2

If

d R 2 p

( 1

 

l o g n t / a )

d R 2

d Z

S i n c e

 

Z c

- c c t h 2

  t ,

.

I

-y

=;

[-

l o g n

a }

CONCLUSIONS

T h i s

paper

d e s c r i b e s

a n

a n a l y t i c a l

p r o c e d u r e

a s

t o

h o w t o d e t e r -

m i n e t h e

g r o u n d

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

i n case

o f

a

f a u l t a t

t h e

t e r m i n a l

t o w e r

a t

w h i c h

t h e

g r o u n d i n g

g r i d

o f

a

s u b - s t a t i o n

i s c o n -

n e c t e d

t o

t h e

e a r t h w i r e .

Th e

paper

o u t l i n e s

t h e

e f f e c t s

o f

c o u p l i n g

a n d

c o u n t e r p o i s e

on

t h e

c u r r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n

and

shows

a

q u a n t i t a t i v e

r e d u c t i o n

o f

t h e

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

t r a v e r s i n g

t h r o u g h

t h e

s u b - s t a t i o n

g r i d

a n d

o f

t h e

g r i d

v o l t a g e

t o

remote

e a r t h .

Th e v a r i o u s

e x p r e s s i o n s

or

f o r -

m u l a e

n e e d e d

f o r

t h e

a n a l y s i s

h a v e

e i t h e r

b e e n

c o m p i l e d

from

t h e

r e f e r e n c e s

o r

a r r i v e d

a t

a n a l y t i c a l l y .

. ' . c o t h (

*

c

C J 2 ) = | 1

-

2 . .

[ i

l o g

/ ]

c

s i n c e

Z

=

R 2 c o t h ( t

z

R

z

~ ~ ~ p

.P l o g n

t / a

=

f

1

( 1

-

l o g n

t / a )

= p l g r t /

. z

.C

  p l o g n

/ a - )

2

 

P 2 ( 1

-

l o g h

t / a ) ]

Page 5: [IEEE] Ground Fault Current Distribution in Sub-station, Tower and Ground Wire [1979]

8/17/2019 [IEEE] Ground Fault Current Distribution in Sub-station, Tower and Ground Wire [1979]

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ieee-ground-fault-current-distribution-in-sub-station-tower-and-ground-wire 5/7

7 2 8

REFERENCES

[ 1 ]

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D i n k a r . M u k h e d k a r ,

  G r o u n d

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D i s t r i b u t i o n i n

P o w e r

S y s t e m s ,

T h e

N e c e s s a r y L i n k , P a p e r

 

A 7 7

7 5 4 - 5

p r e s e n t e d

a t I E E E

S u m m e r

M e e t i n g , 1 9 7 7 ,

M e x i c o

C i t y .

[ 2 ]

E l e c t r i c a l

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R e f e r e n c e

B o o k ,

E a s t

P i t t s b u r g h ,

P a :

W e s t i n g h o u s e

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C o . , 1 9 5 0 , p .

5 9 2 .

[ 3 ]

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R u d e n b e r g ,

  T r a n s i e n t

P e r f o r m a n c e

o f

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t e m s ,

N . Y .

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p p .

3 5 7 - 3 6 6 .

[ 4 ]

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W . ,

  O r d i n a r y

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A d d i s o n

W e s l e y

P u b l i s h i n g

C o .

I n c . , p p .

1 4 5 - 1 4 7 .

[ 5 ]

  G u i d e

f o r

S a f e t y

i n A . C .

S u b s t a t i o n s

G r o u n d i n g ,

I E E E S t a n -

d a r d

# 8 0 ,

1 9 6 1 ,

p a g e

8 6 .

[ 6 ]

J a n o s

E n d r e n y i ,   A n a l y s i s

o f T o w e r

P o t e n t i a l s

D u r i n g

G r o u n d

F a u l t s ,

I E E E

T r a n s a c t i o n s

i n

P A S ,

V o l .

P A S - 8 6 ,

N o .

1 0 ,

O c t .

1 9 6 7 .

[ 7 ]

P h i l i p

L .

A l g e r ,

  M a t h e m a t i c s

f o r

S c i e n c e

a n d

E n g i n e e r i n g ,

M c G r a w - H i l l

B o o k C o .

I n c . ,

1 9 5 7 ,

N . Y .

[ 8 ]

E .

D .

S u n d e ,

  E a r t h C o n d u c t i o n

E f f e c t s

i n

T r a n s m i s s i o n s

S y s -

t e m s ,

N . Y .

V a n

N o s t r a n d ,

1 9 4 9 ,

p p .

6 6 - 7 3 .

[ 9 ]

R .

V e r m a ,

A .

M e r a n d ,

P .

B a r b e a u ,   D e s i g n

o f

a

Lo w R e s i s t a n c e

G r o u n d i n g

S y s t e m

f o r a

H y d r o - E l e c t r i c

P l a n t

L o c a t e d on

H i g h l y

R e s i s t i v e

S o i l s ,

I E E E

T r a n s a c t i o n s

PAS

P a p e r

 

F 7 7 - 7 3 1 - 3 ,

p r e s e n t e d

a t

IEEE

Summer

M e e t i n g ,

1 9 7 7 i n

M e x i c o

C i t y .

D i n k a r

M u k h e d k a r

wa s

b o r n

i n

H y d e r a b a d ,

I n d i a ,

on

F e b r u a r y

2 ,

1 9 3 6 .

H e

r e c e i v e d

t h e

B . - E

d e g r e e

f r o m

O s m a n i a

U n i v e r s i t y ,

H y d e r a -

b a d ,

A n d h r a

P r a d e s h ,

I n d i a ,

i n

1 9 5 7 ,

a n d t h e

D o c t o r ' s

d e g r e e

f r o m

U n i v e r s i t y

o f

N a n c y ,

N a n c y ,

F r a n c e ,

i n

1 9 6 2 .

B e f o r e

j o i n i n g

E c o l e

P o l y t e c h n i q u e

i n

1 9 6 8 ,

h e u s e d

t o

w o r k

f o r

l e a d i n g

C a n a d i a n

c o n s u l t a n t s .

P r e s e n t l y ,

h e

h o l d s

t h e

r a n k

o f

P r o f e s s o r ,

a n d a c t s

a s

C o n s u l t a n t

t o

s o m e

i n -

i n d u s t r i e s .

D r .

M u k h e d k a r

i s

a

member

o f

t h e

C a n a d i a n

E l e c t r i c a l

A s s o c i a -

t i o n ,

t h e

E n g i n e e r i n g

I n s t i t u t e o f

C a n a d a ,

a n d

t h e F r e n c h

S o c i e t y

o f

E l e c t r i c a l

E n g i n e e r s ,

a n d i s

a

R e g i s t e r e d

P r o f e s s i o n a l

E n g i n e e r

i n

t h e

P ro v i nc e o f

Q u e b e c .

R a j i n d r a

V e r m a

wa s

b o r n

i n

P u n j a b ,

I n d i a o n

J u n e

1 5 ,

1 9 4 0 . He

r e c e i v e d t h e B . S c .

E n g g .

d e g r e e

i n

E l e c t r i c a l

E n g i n e e r i n g

f r o m

P u n j a b

d E n g i n e e r i n g

C o l l e g e ,

C h a n d i g a r h ,

I n d i a

i n

1 9 6 2

a n d wo n a G o l d M e d a l

w i t h

H o n o r s ,

a n d

t h e

M .

E n g g .

d e g r e e

f r o m t h e

N o v a

S c o t i a T e c h n i c a l

C o l l e g e , H a l i f a x ,

N o v a

S c o t i a ,

C a n a d a i n

1 9 7 1 .

He

w o r k e d a s L e c t u r e r

a n d

t h e n A s s i s t a n t

P r o f e s s o r

f r o m 1 9 6 2

t o

1 9 6 4

i n t h e

E l e c t r i c a l

E n g g .

D e p a r t m e n t

o f

t h e

P u n j a b

E n g i n e e r i n g

C o l l e g e ,

C h a n d i g a r h ,

a n d

s i n c e

1 9 6 4

w o r k e d

a s

A s s i s t a n t , S e n i o r ,

P r o j e c t

E n g i n e e r

a n d

D e p u t y

D i r e c t o r on I n d i a n

R a i l -

w a y s .

S i n c e

1 9 7 4 ,

h e h a d

b e e n w it h R . S. W.

I n c . ,

C o n s u l t a n t s

a n d

i s

p r e s e n t l y

w i t h

S h a w i n i g a n

E n g g .

C o .

L t d . , M o n t r e a l ,

a n d

i s

a

R e g i s t e r e d

D o c t o r a l

S t u d e n t a t C o n c o r d i a

U n i v e r s i t y ,

M o n t r e a l .

He

i s

a l s o

a

R e g i s t e r e d

member

o f

t h e

O r d e r

o f

E n g i n e e r s

o f

Q u e b e c .

D I S C U S S I O N

S t e p h e n

A .

S e b o

( T h e

O h i o

S t a t e

U n i v e r s i t y ,

C o lu m bu s , O H ) :

T h e

a u t h o r s

d e v e l o p e d

a n

a n a l y t i c a l

m e t h o d t o

d e t e r m i n e

t h e

g r o u n d

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

i n

s u b s t a t i o n s ,

t r a n s m i s s i o n l i n e

t o w e r s

a n d

g r o u n d c o n d u c t o r s ,

i n

c a s e

o f

r a d i a l

s y s t e m s .

T h e

g r o u n d

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

a n d

z e r o

s e q u e n c e

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

h a v e

l o n g

b e e n

c h a l l e n g i n g

t o p i c s

f o r

p o w e r s y s t e m s e n g i n e e r s .

T h e

m o s t

e x t e n s i v e

l i s t

o f

r e f e r e n c e s

p u b l i s h e d

b e f o r e

1 9 5 8

c a n

b e

f o u n d

i n

[ 1 ] .

H o w e v e r ,

t h e

n u m b e r o f

p u b l i s h e d

t e s t

r e s u l t s

i s

r a t h e r l i m i t e d .

T h e r e

were

o n l y

5 - 6

e x p e r i m e n t s

i n

w h i c h

t h e

a c t u a l

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i -

b u t i o n

b e t w e e n

g r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r

a n d

g r o u n d

wa s

s t u d i e d

a l o n g

a c t u a l

t r a n s m i s s i o n

l i n e s .

S u c h

e x p e r i m e n t s

w e r e

p u b l i s h e d , e . g . ,

i n

1 9 3 1

[ 2 ] ,

1 9 3 4

[ 3 ] ,

1 9 3 7

[ 4 ] ,

a n d

1 9 5 9

[ 5 ] .

E v e n i n

some o f

t h e s e

c a s e s ,

e s -

s e n t i a l

d a t a

h a v e

n o t b ee n

p r o v i d e d .

T h e a u t h o r

o f

t h i s

d i s c u s s i o n

r e p o r t e d

a

f i e l d

t e s t

i n 1 9 6 3

[ 6 ] .

A s f o r t h e c o m p u t a t i o n a l

m e t h o d s ,

s o m e

p u b l i c a t i o n s

n e g l e c t e d

t h e i n d u c t i v e

c o m p o n e n t s

o f

i m p e d a n c e s ,

a n d

t h a t

a s s u m p t i o n i s

o b v i o u s l y

i n c o r r e c t .

O t h e r

s t u d i e s a s s u m e d

d i s t r i b u t e d

c o n d u c t a n c e

b e t w e e n

g r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r

a n d

g r o u n d

a n d

i n t r o d u c e d

h y p e r b o l i c

f u n c t i o n s , e . g . ,

i n

1 9 3 7

[ 4 ] ,

1 9 5 8

[ 7 ] ,

1 9 5 9

[ 5 ] ,

1 9 5 9

[ 8 ] , a n d

1 9 7 0

[ 9 ] .

G r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r - t o w e r - g r o u n d l o o p s

a r e e x a m i n e d

b y

a n o t h e r

g r o u p

o f

p u b l i c a t i o n s ,

a n d

t h e

c u r r e n t s

i n t h e

i - t h

l o o p

c a n b e

c o m p u t -

e d ,

e . g . , [ 1 0 ] ,

[ 1 1 ] .

T h e r e

a r e

p a p e r s

w h i c h d e s c r i b e

c o m p u t a t i o n a l

m e t h o d s

t o

d e t e r m i n e

t h e

v o l t a g e

d i s t r i b u t i o n

a l o n g

g r o u n d c o n d u c -

t o r s ,

s u c h a s

[

1 2 ] , [ 1 3 ]

.

A new c a l c u l a t i o n

m e t h o d

u s i n g c ha in m at ri ce s w a s

p u b l i s h e d

b y

t h e a u t h o r

o f t h i s d i s c u s s i o n

i n 1 9 6 9

[ 1 4 ] .

T h e

e s s e n c e

o f

t h e

c a l c u l a t i o n

m e t h o d

i s

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

m a t r i x

e q u a t i o n :

[ R n ]

=

[ I n l ]

[S

2 ]

n 2 1 . . . . .

[ S 2 ]

[ S l ]

[ R I ]

w h e r e

S k

i s

t h e m a t r i x

o f t h e c o n s t a n t s

r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e k - t h

s p a n ,

R I

i s

t h e

m at ri x o f

b o u n d a r y

c o n d i t i o n s

a t

t h e

f a u l t ,

a n d

R n

i s t h e

m a t r i x o f

b o u n d a r y

c o n d i t i o n s a t

t h e

f e e d i n g p o i n t .

T h e c a l c u l a t i o n

m e t h o d

w a s

a p p l i e d

t o

t h e

c a s e o f

t r a n s m i s s i o n

l i n e

s i n g l e - l i n e - t o - g r o u n d

f a u l t s

s u p p l i e d

f r o m

e i t h e r

o n e

o r

b o t h

s i d e s .

T h e m e t h o d

t a k e s i n t o

a c c o u n t

a l l t h e

s e l f -

a n d

m u t u a l

i m p e -

d a n c e s ,

t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f t h e

l i n e ,

t h e

f a u l t ,

a n d t h e

f e e d i n g

p o i n t s ,

t h e

i n h o m o g e n e o u s

p a r a m e t e r s

( n u m b e r , s i z e ,

a n d

m a t e r i a l

o f

g r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r s ,

t o w e r

f o o t i n g r e s i s t a n c e ,

s o i l

r e s i s t i v i t y , e t c . )

a n d

t h e

d i s t a n c e

b e t w e e n t h e

f e e d i n g

p o i n t

a n d

t h e f a u l t .

T h e

p a p e r

d e s c r i b e d

t h e e n d

e f f e c t

g r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e

d e v i a t i o n s

b e t w e e n

t h e m e a s u r e d

[ 6 ]

a n d

c o m p u t e d

[ 1 4 ]

v a l u e s

w e r e

f o u n d

t o

b e l e s s t h a n 1 5

p e r c e n t .

T h e

m e t h o d o f

[

1 4 ]

i s

a p p l i c a b l e

f o r

s i n g l e -

c i r c u i t

o r

d o u b l e - c i r c u i t

t h r e e - p h a s e

o v e r h e a d

t r a n s m i s s i o n

l i n e s

w i t h

o n e

o r t w o

g r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r s

o r

f o r

u n d e r g r o u n d c a b l e s .

I t

i s

o b v i o u s f r o m t h i s

r a t h e r

s k e t c h y

r e v i e w t h a t

c o n t r a r y

t o

t h e

s t a t e m e n t

o f

t h e a u t h o r s

i n t h e i r

i n t r o d u c t i o n ,

t h e r e

h a v e b e e n

p a p e r s

t h a t d e a l

w i t h

t h e

a n a l y s i s

o f t h e

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n i n

q u e s t i o n ,

t a k i n g

i n t o a c c o u n t

s y s t e m i m p e d a n c e s

a n d

o t h e r

r e l e v a n t

p a r a m e t e r s

a n d e f f e c t s .

T h e

d i s c u s s o r

w o u l d

l i k e

t o a s k

t h e a u t h o r s '

comments

o n

t h e

f o l l o w i n g

p o i n t s :

1 . I t

a p p e a r s

t h a t t h e u s e o f

t h e

s c r e e n i n g

f a c t o r ,

a s d e f i n e d

b y

t h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g

CCITT

d i r e c t i v e s ,

i s more

a d v i s a b l e

t h a n

t h e

c o u p l i n g

f a c t o r ,

g i v e n

i n

E q . ( 3 )

o f

t h e

p a p e r .

T h e

s c r e e n i n g

f a c t o r i s

t h e

r a t i o

o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n

t h e f a u l t

c u r r e n t i n

t h e

p h a s e

c o n d u c t o r

( I p )

a n d

t h e c u r r e n t

f l o w i n g

i n t h e

c o m p e n s a t i n g

c o n d u c t o r

( i . e . ,

g r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r ; I c )

t o t h e

f a u l t

c u r r e n t :

k I = P - I c

I p

A n o t h e r

e x p r e s s i o n

o f

t h e

s c r e e n i n g

f a c t o r

i s

Z o m

k 5 = 1 -

ks

I - Z o c

w h e r e

Z o m

i s

t h e

z e r o

s e q u e n c e

m u t u a l

i m p e d a n c e

b e t w e e n p h a s e

c o n d u c t o r

a n d

g r o u n d c o n d u c t o r ,

a n d

Z o c

i s

t h e

z e r o

s e q u e n c e

s e l f

i m p e d a n c e

o f t h e

g r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r .

2 .

T h e

q u a n t i t y

t h a t

i s

t o

b e

u s e d i n

s c r e e n i n g

f a c t o r

( a n d

s e l f

i m p e d a n c e )

c o m p u t a t i o n s

i s

t h e GM R

a n d n o t t h e r a d i u s

o f t h e

c o n -

d u c t o r .

W o u l d t h e

a u t h o r s

com m e nt

o n t h e i r

u s e o f t h e r a d i u s

o f

t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e i n

E q . ( 3 )

o f t h e

p a p e r ?

3 . I s i t

p o s s i b l e

t o

c o m p u t e

t h e

e n d

e f f e c t a t t h e

f e e d i n g p o i n t

w i t h t h e a u t h o r s '

m e t h o d ?

4 .

I s

i t

p o s s i b l e

t o

c o m p u t e

t h e c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h

t h e

a u t h o r s ' m e t h o d i f

t h e

f a u l t

i s b e t w e e n

tw o s t a t i o n s ?

5 .

C a n a

c o m p u t a t i o n a l

a t t e m p t

b e

m a d e t o u se a u t h o r s '

m e t h o d

i f

t h e

i n d i v i d u a l t o w e r

r e s i s t a n c e s

a r e

d i f f e r e n t

a l o n g

t h e

l i n e ?

6 . I s

t h e r e

a n y

i n f o r m a t i o n

a v a i l a b l e

t o

c o m p a r e

t h e

n u m e r i c a l

r e s u l t s

p r e s c r i b e d

i n

t h e

p a p e r

t o

p r e v i o u s l y p u b l i s h e d

p a p e r s d e s c r i b -

i n g

c o m p u t a t i o n a l

m e t h o d s

a n d

t e s t

r e s u l t s ?

7 .

W h a t

a r e

t h e l i m i t a t i o n s

o f

t h e

m e t h o d

i n

t e r m s

o f

t h e

l e n g t h

o f t h e

l i n e ?

T h e

a u t h o r s

h a v e

p u b l i s h e d

a

t h o u g h t - p r o v o k i n g p a p e r ,

a n d

t h e i r

a n s w e r s w i l l

b e

a p p r e c i a t e d .

Page 6: [IEEE] Ground Fault Current Distribution in Sub-station, Tower and Ground Wire [1979]

8/17/2019 [IEEE] Ground Fault Current Distribution in Sub-station, Tower and Ground Wire [1979]

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ieee-ground-fault-current-distribution-in-sub-station-tower-and-ground-wire 6/7

7 2 9

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t h e

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o f

z e r o

s e q u e n c e

i m p e d a n c e s

o f

p o w e r

l i n e s

a n d

c a b l e s ,

J o i n t

S u b c o m m i t t e e o n

D e v e l o p m e n t

a n d

R e s e a r c h

o f

t h e

E d i s o n

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t h e B e l l

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S c h u t z w i r k u n g

d e s E r d s e i l e s

i m

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u n d

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o f t h e z e r o

s e q u e n c e

c u r r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n

on

a t r a n s m i s s i o n

l i n e ,

P e r i o d i c a

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t e c h n i c a ,

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E r d e r s p a n n u n g

g e e r d e t e r

S t r o m d u r c h f l o s s e n e r

L e i t e r

b e i

W e c h s e l s t r o m

n i e d r i g e r

F r e q u e n z

u n d i h r

e l e k t r i s c h e s

S t r o m u n g f e l d

i m

E r d r e i c h ,

D o c t o r a l

D i s s e r t a t i o n ,

T e c h n i s c h e

H o c h s c h u l e ,

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[ 8 ]

P . D en z e l a nd

B .

G e r d s o r f f , U n t e r s u c h u n g e n

i O b e r

d i e

M o g l i c h -

k e i t

d e r

S e l e k t i v e n

E r d s c h l u s s e r f a s s u n g

d u r c h

M e s s u n g

d e s

i m

E r d s e i l

v o n

F r e i l e i t u n g e n

f l i e s s e n d e n

N u l l s t r o m s .

C o l o g n e ,

G e r m a n y :

W e s t d e u t s c h e r

V e r l a g ,

1 9 5 9 .

[ 9 ]

C . F .

D e S i e n o ,

P . P .

M a r c h e n k o ,

a n d

G .

S . V a s s e l l :

  G e n e r a l

e q u a t i o n s

f o r

f a u l t

c u r r e n t s

i n

t r a n s m i s s i o n

l i n e

g r o u n d

w i r e s ,

IEEE

T r a n s a c t i o n s

on

P o w e r

A p p a r a t u s

a n d

S y s t e m s ,

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P A S - 8 9 ,

p p . 1 8 9 1 - 1 9 0 0 , N o v . / D e c .

1 9 7 0 .

[ 1 0 ]

S .

B u t t e r w o r t h ,

E l e c t r i c a l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

o f

O v e r h e a d

L i n e s .

L e a t h e r h e a d ,

E n g l a n d :

E . R .

A . ,

1 9 5 4 .

[ 1 1 ]

  C u r r e n t s

i n e a r t h w i r e s

a t

t h e

t o p

o f

p y l o n s

a n d

t h e i r e f f e c t

o n t h e

p o t e n t i a l s

o f t h e

p y l o n s

a n d

s t a t i o n s i n

t h e

n e i g h b o r -

h o o d o f

a

p o i n t

o f

s h o r t - c i r c u i t

t o

e a r t h ,

C o n t r i b u t i o n

N o .

7 8 ,

C C I TT , S tu dy

G r o u p

V ,

N o v .

1 9 6 3 .

[ 1 2 ]

J .

E n d r e n y i ,   A n a l y s i s

o f t r a n s m i s s i o n

t o w e r

p o t e n t i a l s d u r i n g

g r o u n d f a u l t s ,

IEEE

T r a n s a c t i o n s

on P o w e r

A p p a r a t u s

a n d

S y s t e m s ,

V o l .

P A S - 8 6 , p p .

1 2 7 4 - 1 2 8 3 ,

O c t .

1 9 6 7 .

[ 1 3 ]

G .

F u n k ,   B e r e c h n u n g

d e r

N u l l s t r o m v e r t e i l u n g

b e i

E r d k u r z -

s c h l u s s

e i n e r

F r e i l e i t u n g ,

E l e k t r o t e c h n i s c h e

Z e i t s c h r i f t - A ,

V o l .

9 2 ,

p p . 7 4 - 8 0 ,

1 9 7

1 .

[ 1 4 ]

S .

A .

S e b o ,

  Z e r o

s e q u e n c e

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

a l o n g

t r a n s -

m i s s i o n

l i n e s ,

I E E E

T r a n s a c t i o n s

on P o w e r

A p p a r a t u s

a n d

S y s t e m s ,

V o l .

P A S - 8 8 ,

p p . 9 1 0 - 9 1 9 ,

J u n e

1 9 6 9 .

M a n u s c r i p t

r e c e i v e d

A u g u s t 1 4 ,

1 9 7 8 .

J . M .

Nahman

( E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g F a c u l t y , B e l g r a d e ,

Y u g o s l a v i a ) :

T h e

a u t h o r s a r e t o

b e

c o m p l i m e n t e d

f o r

h a v i n g

p r e s e n t e d

a

v e r y

u s e -

f u l a n d

t i m e l y

p a p e r .

S u c h

i n v e s t i g a t i o n s

w i l l

b e

v e r y h e l p f u l

t o t h e

s u b s t a t i o n

d e s i g n e r s .

I w o u l d l i k e

t o

m a k e c e r t a i n

c o n t r i b u t i o n

t o

t h e

p a p e r

r e l a t e d

t o

t h e e v a l u a t i o n

o f t h e

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

d u e

t o a

f a u l t

a t

t e r m i n a l

t o w e r c o n n e c t e d

t o a s u b s t a t i o n

g r o u n d i n g

g r i d ,

i f

t h e

l i n e

c a n n o t b e

r e g a r d e d

a s

i n f i n i t e .

E q n s .

( 2 0 )

a n d

( 2 1 )

a r e

a p p r o x i m a t e

s i n c e

g r o u n d

w i r e a n d t o w e r

n e t w o r k

i s c o n s i d e r e d

a s

a d i s t r i b u t e d

l a d d e r .

T h e

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

f o r

t h e

c a s e

m e n t i o n e d

can

b e

e v a l u a t e d

a c c u r a t e l y

e m p l o y i n g

( 4 )

a n d

( 5 ) .

T h e

b o u n d a r y

c o n d i t i o n

a t

t h e

r e c e i v i n g

e nd o f

t h e

l i n e i s

( F i g . 2 )

I f

=

i 1

+

l o

+

( R t / R k ) I o .

( I )

A t

t h e

s e n d i n g

e n d

o f t h e

l i n e

we

h a v e

i N

=

I f

+

' N

+

( R t / R s t ) I N

( I I )

N

b e i n g

t h e

n u m b e r o f l i n e

s p a n s .

S u b s t i t u t i n g

i I ,

I o ,

I N

a n d

i N

i n t o

( I )

a n d

( I I ) a c c o r d i n g

t o

( 4 )

a n d

( 5 ) ,

one

o b t a i n s

two

l i n e a r

e q u a t i o n s

w i t h

r e s p e c t

t o

a

a n d

b

w h i c h

g i v e

a

=

( I

- g i ) I f ( b 2

-

b 1 ) / ( a l b 2

 

a 2 b 1 )

b

=

 1p )

I f ( a ,

-

a 2 ) / ( a l b 2

-a2b1)

w h e r e

a ,

=

1

+

( R t / R k )

(

e < a )

1

- V 2 g R i / R k

b

I

=

1

+

( R t / R k ) ( l

-e ) 1

+ x f Z / P C i / R k

a 2

=

e a N

[ e a

-

( R t / R s t )

( 1

 

e a ) ]

e t N

e M t R s t

+

1

+/7)

b 2

=

e - a N

[ e a

-

( R t / R s t )

  1

-

e . a ) ]

-

e l N

( V f Z g R / R s t

-

1

+

r g - / R )

.

T h e

a p p r o x i m a t e

f o r m u l a s

p r e s e n t e d

h a v e

b e e n d e r i v e d

b y

s u b s t i t u t -

i n g

e t

a n d

e - ° t

w i t h t h e

f i r s t

two

t e r m s

o f

c o r r e s p o n d i n g

p o w e r - s e r i e s

e x p a n s i o n s .

T h e

t e r m

/

c a n b e

u s u a l l y n e g l e c t e d .

I n

m a ny

p r a c t i c a l

c a s e s

we

h a v e

a l s o

x

R t

/ R k

> > »

a n d

/ f Z R t / R s t

> > »

s o t h a t

f u r t h e r

s i m p l i f i c a t i o n s

c a n

b e

m a d e .

W i t h

a a n l b

e v a l u a t e d ,

c u r r e n t s

i l ,

i N

l ,

IN

can

b e d e t e r m i n e d

e m p l o y i n g

( 4 )

a n d

( 5 ) .

B y

m e a n s o f

( 1 9 )

we

ca n

f i n d

t h e n l j

a n d

I k

a s w e l l a s

o t h e r

q u a n t i t i e s

o f

i n t e r e s t .

M a n u s c r i p t

r e c e i v e d

A u g u s t

1 1 ,

1 9 7 8 .

L u k e

Yu

( T h e

R a l p h

M .

P e r s o n s

C o m p a n y ,

P a s a d e n a , C A ) :

T h e

a u t h o r s

h a v e

p r e s e n t e d

a n

i n t e r e s t i n g p a p e r

w h i c h

h a s

s i g n i f i c a n t

v a l u e

f o r

e n g i n e e r i n g

d e s i g n

a n d

a p p l i c a t i o n .

T h e

a u t h o r s

h a v e

a d o p t e d

t h e

c o u p l i n g

f a c t o r

p

t o

d e t e r m i n e

t h e

g r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r

p o t e n t i a l

b y

i n t r o d u c i n g

u

I f Z g

a s

s h o w n i n

E q u a t i o n

( 2 ) .

I t s e e m s t o

me t h e

a p -

p l i c a t i o n

o f

c o u p l i n g

f a c t o r i s v a l i d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e

i n d u c e d

v o l t a g e

o f a

c o n d u c t o r

d u e t o t h e

e f f e c t o f t h e

s u r g e

a t a

n e a r b y

c o n d u c t o r ,

c h a r a c t e r i z e d

w i t h

w a v e

p r o p a g a t i o n

s u c h a s

i n t h e

case

o f

l i g h t n i n g .

A

c o u p l e

o f

y e a r s

a g o ,

I

s t u d i e d

i n d u c e d

v o l t a g e s

a n d c u r r e n t s

i n t h e

g r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r s

b y

t h e

M u l t i c o n d u c t o r

A p p r o a c h

w h i c h

t a k e s

t h e

g r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r s

a s a n

i n t e g r a l

p a r t

o f

t h e

s y s t e m

i n

t h e

a n a l y s i s .

[

1 ] T h e

a u t h o r ' s

e x p l a n a t i o n

o n

t h e

v a l i d i t y

o f

i n t r o d u c i n g

M

I f

Z

i s

h i g h l y

a p p r e c i a t e d .

l P u r t h e r m o r e ,

I

t h i n k a

r i g o r o u s

a p p r o a c h

s ho u ld d et e rm i ne

t h e

g r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r

p o t e n t i a l

a n d o t h e r

unknowns

s i m u l t a n e o u s l y

a s t h e

g r o u n d

c o n d u c t o r a n d o t h e r

e l e m e n t s a r e

a l l

l i n k e d

t o g e t h e r p h y s i c a l l y

a n d

e l e c t r i c a l l y

a n d

f o r m t h e

s y s t e m

u n d e r

s t u d y .

REFERENCE

[ 1 1

L u k e

Y u ,

  D e t e r m i n a t i o n

o f I n d u c e d c u r r e n t s

a n d

V o l t a g e s

i n

E a r t h

W i r e s

D u r i n g

F a u l t s ,

P r o c .

I E E ,

V o l u m e

1 2 0 ,

N o .

6

J u n e

1 9 7 3

p p

6 8 9 - 6 9 2 .

M a n u s c r i p t

r e c e i v e d

A u g u s t

1 0 ,

1 9 7 8 .

R . V e r m a

a n d

D .

M u k h e d k a r :

We

w i s h

t o t h a n k t h e d i s c u s s e r s

f o r

t h e i r

comments

a n d v a l u a b l e

c o n t r i b u t i o n s

t o t h i s

s t u d y .

W i t h

r e g a r d

t o

L u k e

Y u ' s

c o m m e n t s ,

t h e

c o u p l i n g

f a c t o r t o b e

u s e d

i n

e q u a t i o n

( 2 )

o f

t h e

p a p e r

i s

t h e

r a t i o o f

t h e

m u t u a l

i m p e d a n c e

( Z m )

b e t w e e n

t h e

f a u l t e d

p h a s e

c o n d u c t o r a n d

t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e a n d t h e

s e l f

i m p e d a n c e

( Z )

o f t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e w i t h

common

e a r t h

r e t u r n .

T h e r e f o r e ,

t h e

v o f t a g e

i n d u c e d

b y

t h e

f a u l t y

c o n d u c t o r

i n

t h e

s p a n

o f

t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e

b e t w e e n

tw o

a d j a c e n t

t o w e r s

i s

I f Z m

or

I f

  i u

Z g ) .

T h e u s e o f t h i s

f a c t o r

i s

a l s o

s u p p o r t e d

b y

an

e a r l i e r

p a p e r b y

E n d r e y n i

[ 6 ] .

H o w e v e r ,

t h e

e v a l u a t i o n o f t h i s f a c t o r a s

g i v e n b y

e q u a t i o n ( 3 )

i s

a p p l i c a b l e o n l y

f o r

a

p e r f e c t l y

c o n d u c t i n g

e a r t h .

I n

p r a c t i c e ,

e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e

i s

n o t

a

p e r f e c t

c o n d u c t o r

a n d a

p e r f e c t l y c o n d u c t i n g

p l a n e

e l e c t r i c a l l y e q u i v a l e n t

t o

t h e e a r t h

w o u l d ,

i n

g e n e r a l ,

b e s i t u a t e d

s o m e

d i s t a n c e

b e l o w t h e

e a r t h ' s

a c t u a l s u r f a c e a n d

a c c o r d i n g l y

t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n

t h e

c o n d u c t o r

a n d

i t s

i m a g e

( t h e

l a t t e r s i t u a t e d a t t h e

s a m e d i s t a n c e

b e l o w t h i s f a c t i t i o u s

p l a n e

a s t h e c o n d u c t o r

i s

a b o v e

i t )

w i l l

i n c r e a s e ,

t h u s

i n c r e a s i n g

b o t h

2 h

a n d

b

o f

( 3 ) .

S i n c e t h i s f a c t o r

i s

a

r a t i o ,

t h e n e t

r e s u l t w i l l n o t

b e m u c h

d i f f e r e n t .

T h e

e x a c t

v a l u e

o f

t h e

c o u p l i n g

f a c t o r ,

h o w e v e r ,

i s r e c o m -

m e n d e d

t o

b e o b t a i n e d

t h r o u g h

d i v i s i o n

o f

e x p r e s s i o n

o f m u t u a l

i m -

p e d a n c e b y

s e l f

i m p e d a n c e

o f

t h e

g r o u n d

w i r e w i t h

e a r t h r e t u r n

a p p e a r -

i n g

on

p a g e

4 1

o f r e f e r e n c e

[ 2 ] ,

b a s e d

o n C a r s o n ' s

f o r m u l a s ,

w h i c h

t a k e

i n t o a c c o u n t

t h e e f f e c t

o f e a r t h

r e s i s t i v i t y

a n d

f r e q u e n c y

t h r o u g h

D e ,

a n

e q u i v a l e n t d e p t h

o f e a r t h

r e t u r n t o

d e t e r m i n e

t h e

d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n

t h e

c o n d u c t o r

a n d

i t s

i m a g e .

Page 7: [IEEE] Ground Fault Current Distribution in Sub-station, Tower and Ground Wire [1979]

8/17/2019 [IEEE] Ground Fault Current Distribution in Sub-station, Tower and Ground Wire [1979]

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/ieee-ground-fault-current-distribution-in-sub-station-tower-and-ground-wire 7/7

7 3 0

We

s i n c e r e l y

t h a n k J . M .

Nahman

f o r

h i s

e f f o r t s

t o

g i v e a n

a l t e r -

n a t i v e

a p p r o a c h

t o

d e t e r m i n e

t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f

c u r r e n t s

i n

c a s e t h e

l i n e

c a n n o t b e

r e g a r d e d

a s

i n f i n i t e .

T h e

u s e o f

e x p r e s s i o n s

( 2 0 ) a n d ( 2

1 )

a p p l i c a b l e f o r s u c h

a

c a s e

a f f o r d s

u s w i t h

a n

a c c u r a t e a n a l y s i s

a s o u t l i n -

e d i n

s e c t i o n 3

o f o u r

p a p e r .

A s

p o i n t e d o u t

b y

E n d r e y n i

[ 6 ] ,

r e -

p r e s e n t a t i o n

o f a l i n e

a s a

l a d d e r

n e t w o r k

w h e t h e r

t h r o u g h

d i s t r i b u t e d

p a r a m e t e r s o r

l u m p e d p a r a m e t e r s

l e a d s

t o

t h e

s a m e

r e s u l t s

s o

l o n g

a s

c o r r e c t i o n

f a c t o r

X Z g

( a s s u m e

X =

0 . 5 ) t o

e x p r e s s i o n

  2 1

i s

a d d e d .

H o w e v e r ,

t h i s

w i l l

r e s u l t

i n

a n

i n s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e

a n d ,

o u r

a n a l y s i s

i s

c o n s i d e r e d

f a i r l y

a c c u r a t e f o r

p r a c t i c a l

p u r p o s e s . I n

r e f e r e n c e

t o

b o u n d -

a r y

c o n d i t i o n

( I I )

s u g g e s t e d

i n

t h e

d i s c u s s i o n ,

i t

w i l l

c h a n g e

i n c a s e

t h e

i m p e d a n c e

b e t w e e n

t h e

a l t e r n a t o r

g r o u n d

t o

e a r t h

w i r e

i s

c o n s i d e r e d .

A l s o ,

t h e

d i r e c t i o n o f

t h e

c u r r e n t

t r a v e r s i n g

t h r o u g h

R s t

s h o u l d b e

t o -

w a r d s t h e

n o d e

p o i n t a s

m a j o r

p o r t i o n o f

t h e

f a u l t

c u r r e n t m u s t

r e t u r n

t h r o u g h

R s t

t o

t h e

s o u r c e .

W i t h

r e g a r d t o S . A .

S e b o ' s

c o m m e n t s ,

w e m ay

p o i n t

o u t

t h a t

o u r

a n a l y s i s l e n d s

i t s e l f t o

c o n v e n i e n t l y

c o m p u t a b l e

e x p r e s s i o n s

( 1 7 ) , ( 1 8 )

a n d

( 1 9 ) t o

d e t e r m i n e

t h e

a m o u n t

o f

g r o u n d

f a u l t

c u r r e n t

t r a v e r s i n g

t h r o u g h a

s u b - s t a t i o n

i n

r e l a t i o n t o

t h a t

i n

t o w e r s

a n d

g r o u n d

w i r e .

F o l l o w i n g

c o m m e n t s a r e

o f f e r e d o n

t h e

v a r i o u s

q u e r i e s r a i s e d :

1 .

T h e u s e

o f

s c r e e n i n g

f a c t o r

s h o u l d

b e

r e s o r t e d t o

i f

a t h i r d

c o n d u c t o r

( l i k e a

n e i g h b o u r i n g p a r a l l e l

t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n

c i r c u i t )

i s

i n v o l v e d .

A s

a m a t t e r

o f

f a c t o r ,

t h e

c o u p l i n g

f a c t o r

, u

=

1 - k s ,

w h e r e

k s

i s

t h e

s c r e e n i n g

f a c t o r .

2 .

I n

r e f e r e n c e t o

o u r

r e p l y

t o

d i s c u s s i o n

b y

L u k e

Y u ,

t h e cor-

r e c t

e x p r e s s i o n

f o r

i t

s h o u l d

b e

o b t a i n e d

t h r o u g h

p a g e

4 1

o f r e f e r e n c e

[ 2 ] ,

a n d use

o f GMR

w o u l d

b e

m o r e

a p p r o p r i a t e .

3 .

I n t e r e s t

i n

o u r

a n a l y s i s

i s

f o r

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i b u t i o n

a t t h e f a u l t

ne a r

t o a

s u b - s t a t i o n .

4 . T h e

m e t h o d

c a n b e

e x t e n d e d

t o

c o m p u t e

t h e

c u r r e n t

d i s t r i -

b u t i o n

i f t h e f a u l t

i s

b e t w e e n

t w o

s t a t i o n s ,

d u l y

t a k i n g

i n t o

c o n s i d e r a -

t i o n

t h e

b o u n d a r y

c o n d i t i o n a t

t h i s

p o i n t

a n d t h e

a p p r o p r i a t e

v a l u e

o f

e q u i v a l e n t

i m p e d a n c e

f r o m

( 1 6 )

or

( 2 0 ) p e r t a i n i n g

t o

e a c h

s u b - s e c t i o n

o f

t h e

l i n e .

5 .

O u r

m e t h o d

u t i l i s e s

a n

a v e r a g e

v a l u e

o f t h e

t o w e r

g r o u n d

r e s i s t a n c e

w h i c h

f o r

p r a c t i c a l

p u r p o s e s

i s

c o n s i d e r e d

f a i r l y

a c c u r a t e .

6 . No

c o m m e n t s .

7 .

T h e r e

i s

n o

l i m i t a t i o n

i n

t e r m s

o f t h e

l e n g t h

o f t h e

l i n e . E x -

p r e s s i o n s

( 1 7 ) , ( 1 8 )

a n d

( 1 9 )

a r e

a p p l i c a b l e

f o r a n

i n f i n i t e

l i n e . I n c a s e

i t i s

n o t

i n f i n i t e ,

a s

a l r e a d y

e x p l a i n e d

i n

s e c t i o n

3

o f

t h e

p a p e r ,

r e p l a c e

Z O O

a p p e a r i n g

i n

e x p r e s s i o n ( 1 8 )

b y Z e q a p p e a r i n g

i n

e x p r e s s i o n

( 2 0 )

t o

d e t e r m i n e

t h e f a u l t

c u r r e n t

t r a v e r s i n g

t h r o u g h

t h e

s u b - s t a t i o n

e a r t h -

i n g

g r i d .

M a n u s c r i p t

r e c e i v e d

D e c e m b e r

1 4 ,

1 9 7 8 .