IGC2 Element 3 Muscluskeletal

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1

IGC 2 : ELEMENT 3IGC 2 : ELEMENT 3

Musculoskeletal Hazards &

Risk Control



2

Ergonomics;

• the scope of Ergonomics is very wide incorporating the

following areas of study:• ersonal factors! of the worker physical! mental & intellectual

a"ilities! "ody dimensions & competence in the task re#uired$

• %he machine & associated e#uipment dealt with

• nterface "etween worker & the machine'controls! including

seating arrangements! hand tools & control panels$

• Environmental issues affecting the work process( lighting!

temperature! humidity! noise) etc

• nteraction "etween worker & task( production rate! posture &

system of work



3

• %he organization of work( shift working! "reak & supervision$

• %he task*+o"( safe system of work! +o" is not too strenuous or

repetitive & development of suita"le training packages$

• ,nthropometry( study of the physical measurements of human

"ody & the variations of these measurements among people$



4

ILL HEALTH EFFECTS OF POORILL HEALTH EFFECTS OF POOR

ERGONOMICSERGONOMICS

Work R!"#$ %&&r Lim' (isor$rs )WR%L(*+Work R!"#$ %&&r Lim' (isor$rs )WR%L(*+

•-roup of illnesses affecting the neck! shoulders!-roup of illnesses affecting the neck! shoulders!arms! el"ows! wrists! hands & fingers$arms! el"ows! wrists! hands & fingers$

•%he term Repetitive .train n+ury R. is commonly%he term Repetitive .train n+ury R. is commonly

used to descri"e /R012$used to descri"e /R012$

•Cause "y repetitive movements( pulling! pushing!Cause "y repetitive movements( pulling! pushing!reaching! twisting! lifting! s#ueezing & hammering$reaching! twisting! lifting! s#ueezing & hammering$

•Main symptoms( aches in "ack! neck & shoulders!Main symptoms( aches in "ack! neck & shoulders!swollen +oints! muscle fatigue! tingling! soft tissueswollen +oints! muscle fatigue! tingling! soft tissueswelling & restriction to +oint movement$swelling & restriction to +oint movement$



,

Pr-n#"#i- . Prc"/#ion"r0 m"s/rs+• Elimination of repetitive & strenuous actions( perform +o" in a different

way$

• Ensure correct e#uipment is always used

• 0se mechanical aids

• ntroduce +o" rotation( reduced time of e3posure

• Ensure poor posture is eliminated in design phase

• 0ndertake a suita"le & sufficient Risk ,ssessment

• ntroduce a Health .urveillance program

• Ensure employees are given ade#uate training! information & work

nstructions

• Ensure a program of preventative maintenance is introduced

• 4eep up'to'date with advice on e#uipment from manufacturers$

• Refer to Element 5 for more details on Manual Handling Hazards &

Control



Hand Arm Vibration HAV:Hand Arm Vibration HAV:

•Caused by exposure of the hand & arm to externalCaused by exposure of the hand & arm to external

vibrationvibration

•Examples: Pneumatic drills, sanders, grinders, poweredExamples: Pneumatic drills, sanders, grinders, poweredlawn mowers & chain sawslawn mowers & chain saws

•Best known disease is ibration !hite "inger# circulationBest known disease is ibration !hite "inger# circulation

of blood in the hands is adversely affected$of blood in the hands is adversely affected$

•Early symptoms# tingling & numbness after workEarly symptoms# tingling & numbness after work

•%ensory nerves are then affected as well as muscles%ensory nerves are then affected as well as muscles•ate symptoms# pins & needles, loss of grip strength,ate symptoms# pins & needles, loss of grip strength,

Carpal tunnel syndrome & loss of sense of touch$Carpal tunnel syndrome & loss of sense of touch$

•'isk depends on: duration of exposure & the tightness of'isk depends on: duration of exposure & the tightness of

the grip on the tool$the grip on the tool$



Pr-n#"#i- . Prc"/#ion"r0 m"s/rs+• ,void the use of vi"ration e#uipment

• Carry out Risk ,ssessment( estimation of employees6 e3posureto vi"ration

• 2evelop good maintenance & inspection regime for tools &

machinery

• ntroduce work pattern that reduces e3posure to vi"ration

• E( gloves & warming clothes

• Esta"lish & implement a reporting system for the employees so

that any symptoms are recorded & investigated

• Health .urveillance

• 7ollow up & measure 8i"ration e3posure limits & make sure it is

always within international permissi"le limits



(ISPLA SCREEN E5%IPMENT (SE(ISPLA SCREEN E5%IPMENT (SE

16 M/sc/!osk!#"! (isor$rs MS()s*16 M/sc/!osk!#"! (isor$rs MS()s*• %enosynovitis is Commonly caused "y continuous use of a%enosynovitis is Commonly caused "y continuous use of a

key"oard & can "e relieved "y the use of wrist supports$key"oard & can "e relieved "y the use of wrist supports$

• 9ther /R012 resulting from poor posture can cause: pain in9ther /R012 resulting from poor posture can cause: pain in

the "ack! neck! shoulders & arms$the "ack! neck! shoulders & arms$26 7is/"! &ro'!ms26 7is/"! &ro'!ms• Eye strain & visual fatigue around ;<= of 2.E users>Eye strain & visual fatigue around ;<= of 2.E users>• .ore eyes & headaches.ore eyes & headaches• Reflective glare!Reflective glare!

36 Ps0c8o!ogic"! &ro'!ms+36 Ps0c8o!ogic"! &ro'!ms+• .tress related pro"lems.tress related pro"lems• May have environmental causes( noise! heat! humidity or poorMay have environmental causes( noise! heat! humidity or poor

lighting$lighting$



9

RE5%IREMENTS FOR (SERE5%IREMENTS FOR (SE?$?$ ,de#uate lighting & minimum ,de#uate lighting & minimum

noisenoise@$@$ ,de#uate ventilation ,de#uate ventilation

A$A$ Enough leg room under &Enough leg room under &

around the deskaround the desk

B$B$ 0se of "linds! if necessary! to0se of "linds! if necessary! to

avoid reflective screen glareavoid reflective screen glare

$$ 2ocument holder 2ocument holder D$D$ .creen( ad+usta"le! clear! no.creen( ad+usta"le! clear! no

glare! font size at least ?@ &glare! font size at least ?@ &

set in correct alignment withset in correct alignment with

headhead

$$ 4ey"oard( detacha"le! wrist4ey"oard( detacha"le! wrist

pads! ad+usta"le & clear pads! ad+usta"le & clear

5$5$ Chair( ad+usta"le! arms rests!Chair( ad+usta"le! arms rests!

lum"ar support & sta"lelum"ar support & sta"le

;$;$ rovide foot rest if neededrovide foot rest if needed

?<$?<$ Enough work space & use ofEnough work space & use of

headset to answer the phoneheadset to answer the phone



1:

Pr-n#"#i- . Prc"/#ion"r0 m"s/rs or #8 /s o (SE+

• ,de#uate lighting & minimum noise

• ,de#uate ventilation

•Enough leg room under & around the desk

•0se of "linds! if necessary! to avoid reflective screen glare

•2ocument holder

•.creen( ad+usta"le! clear! no glare! font size at least ?@ & set in

correct alignment with head

•4ey"oard( detacha"le! wrist pads! ad+usta"le & clear

•Chair( ad+usta"le! arms rests! lum"ar support & sta"le

•rovide foot rest if needed

•Enough work space & use of headset to answer the phone

•0se appropriate user friendly software$•0se mouse pads with "uilt in wrist pads$



11

MAN%AL HAN(LINGMAN%AL HAN(LING

• FManual handlingF is themovement of a load "y humaneffort alone( transporting orsupporting loads directly orindirectly using bodily force.

Common M"n/"! H"n$!ingH"<"r$s+

• %oo Heavy loads & oorposture during lifting$

•2ropping load$

• .harp edged or hot loads$



12

MAN%AL HAN(LING IN=%RIESMAN%AL HAN(LING IN=%RIES

• M/sc/!"r S&r"ins . S#r"ins>

• ?"ck in@/ris; c/m/!"#i-in@/ris rs/!#ing in &ro!"&s$in#r -r#'r"! $iscs>

• Fr"c#/rs . Hrni"s>

• C/#s 'r/iss . "'r"sions>

• Work R!"#$ %&&r Lim'(isor$rs )WR%L(S*; Bi$

r"ng o m/sc/!osk!#"!$isor$rs>



13

The

Spine

Cervical (7)

Thoraci

c (12)Lumber(

)

Protection of the spinal columnProvide point of attachment for ligaments,

Tendons, Muscles

Supports the skeletal framework



14

G/i$!in Fi!#r %here is no such thing as a completely Gsafe manual handling operation$

Iut working within the following guidelines will cut the risk and reduce theneed for a more detailed assessment$



1,

MAN%AL HAN(LINGMAN%AL HAN(LING

ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

1> LOA(; heavy! difficult to grasp!

hot! cold! fragile) etc

2> IN(I7I(%AL+ capa"ility! strength!

fitness! training) etc

3> TAS; fre#uency! stretching!

pushing! pulling) etc

4> EN7IRONMENT+ lighting! slippery

floors! uneven ground) etcRemem"er 1%E

/,REH90.E/,REH90.E



1

16 Lo"$+

• /eight( H.E recommends no more than @< J @ kgfor adult males & ?A J ?D kg for adult females$

• .hape e$g$ "ulky dimensions>$

• 2ifficulty to grasp$

• .harp edges! very hot! very cold) etc$• 0nsta"le! unsecured) etc$

• Content e$g$ hazardous materials! e3plosives) etc$



1

Con#ro!s+ Lo"$+• Reduce the weight( divide the load to more than one

package if possi"le$

• rovide "etter grasp e$g$ use handles$

• .ecure the loads properly & ensued "alance$

• ,void too hot! cold! sharp edges or hazardous

materials$

• rovide information & instruction on the package e$g$

7ragile$



1

26 In$i-i$/"!+• Capa"ility! .trength & 7itness$

• Heart disease! High Ilood ressure) etc$

• History of "ack pain or in+ury! hernia) etc$

• regnancy in women$

• roper E to "e used( -loves! safety "oots) etc$

• Competency( proper manual handling training!

nformation! e3perience of the task & attitude$



19

Con#ro!s+ In$i-i$/"!+

• .elect right person for the task( competent$

roper training! information & e3perience>$

• 0se proper E & warm up prior to start

manual handling$• 2o not lift heavy o"+ects in cases of:

pregnancy! hernia! "ack in+ury! heart

disease) etc$



2:

36 T"sk+• 1oad distance from the trunk( the farther the load is held from

the trunk the more the stress on the back muscles & vertebrae.

• %wisting! reaching out! stretching! s#ueezing) etc$

• 7re#uency of the task done & the duration of handling$

• E3cessive carrying distance$

• ushing or pulling$• %he num"er of people involved in the manual handling( the

importance of team work & planning$

• Rest & recovery periods as appropriate$



21

Con#ro!s+ T"sk+• 0se mechanical lifting mechanisms$

• 2o not lift while seated( "est to lift at waist height$

• Ensure ade#uate recovery time "etween tasks$

• %eam lifting! no "ending! twisting or stretching) etc$

• Reduce travel distance & lifting duration$• ,void awkward postures$

• mplement proper lifting techni#ues see "elow>



22

46 En-ironmn#+• 1ight! ventilation! dust! noise! vi"ration!

hot or cold weather) etc$

• /alking & working surfaces( uneven!slippery! tripping hazards) etc$



23

Con#ro!s+ En-ironmn#+

• -ood House 4eeping$

• Clean up spills & avoid loose carpets! rugs)

etc$

• rovide ade#uate lighting! ventilation! avoiddust! noise & vi"ration

• ,void working in e3tremes of weather

conditions! dust storms) etc$



24

Pr"c#ic"! M"s/rs #o A-oi$ M"n/"! H"n$!ing

In@/ris

• ,void Manual Handling

• Risk Reduction

• ,utomation & mechanisation

• %eam handling

• %raining

• .maller! lighter load

• .election )in$i-i$/"! "n$ mc8"nic"! "i$*

• -ood Environment )s&"cing; !ooring; #m&; !ig8#*



2,

"> A-oi$ M"n/"! H"n$!ing

• Manual handling should "e avoided if possi"le e$g$

can a treatment "e taken to the patient rather than thepatient taken to the treatment$

'> Risk R$/c#ion

• mmediate implementation of control measures to

reduce or eliminate risk from manual handling needsto "e taken as soon as risk is identified$ lanning!

control and effective supervision are key elements in

the reduction and elimination of in+uries from manual

handling$



2

c> A/#om"#ion . Mc8"nis"#ion• /herever possi"le manual handling should "e

replaced or reduced "y the use of mechanicalhandling aids$ 7or e3ample powders or li#uids can "e

transferred from large containers and "ig "ags "y

gravity feed! avoiding "ag or container handling$

$> T"m H"n$!ing• /here loads are too heavy for one person the

organization should have procedures in place to

properly organize team handling$



2

> Tr"ining

%raining programmes for employees on manual handling should

include the following:

• Manual handling risk factors and how in+uries occur

• 0nderstanding of organizations manual handling risk

assessment

• How to carry out safe manual handling and good handling

techni#ue

• How to recognize and deal with potentially hazardous loads

• %he correct use of mechanical aids

> Sm"!!r Lig8#r Lo"$s

• Reducing the weight of o"+ects can o"viously reduce manualhandling pro"lems e$g$ replacing <kg "ags "y @kg "ags$



2

g> S!c#ion

• .uita"le selection processes should "e used when selecting

employees to carry out manual handling$ ,lso attempt to get

employees to recognize and admit their own limitations

8> Goo$ En-ironmn# Working Con$i#ions

%o reduce the risk of manual handling in+ury from the environmental

conditions there should "e:

• ,de#uate space and headroom provided

• 7loors kept clear of o"structions and maintained in good

condition

• ,voidance of variations in floor level

• Controls introduced regarding e3tremes of temperature• ,de#uate lighting provided



29

Goo$ 8"n$!ing #c8niD/ c8ck!is#+

?$ Ensure appropriate clothing is worn when performing manual

handling@$ ,ssess the !o"$

A$ 4eep # "&"r# 'n$ #8 kns and lower the "ody to the

load! k&ing #8 '"ck straight

4> Gri& #8 !o"$ firmly and closely to the "ody

$ .moothly !i# the load first to knee level! then to waist level$

D$ Make sure you can see where the load is to "e moved to$

> Wi#8o/# #Bis#ing #8 'o$0 #/rn '0 # mo-mn#! move the

load to the desired location$ ,t all times keep the load c!os #o

#8 B"is#> S# $oBn the load at the desired location first from waist level!

then to the knee level and then floor



3:

Correc! "an#lin$

Techni%ue

1) Appropriateclothing

2) Assess oad!) Position of feet") #rip the load$) ift load

%) A&le to seewhere

load is to &emoved to

') Avoid twisting&od(

) Set down load



31

PROPER LIFTING TECHNI5%EPROPER LIFTING TECHNI5%E

• 0se proper0se proper PPE PPE !! check the load check the load !!clear the routeclear the route

• Get as close as possible to theGet as close as possible to theload.load.

• Bend your knees & get a firm gripBend your knees & get a firm gripof the load.of the load.

• 1ift using your1ift using your lower limb muscleslower limb muscles$$



32

MECHANICAL LIFTINGMECHANICAL LIFTING

CON7EOR SSTEM HAAR(S+

• %rapping of hands "etween rotating

rollers & "elt( in running nip$

• Entanglement e$g$ of hair or loose

clothing$

CONTROL+

• -uards! edge protection & restricted access$

• Complete enclosure of conveyors & E$

• /arning signs! emergency stop

''%R,K- K K%R,K- K K

9K%9K%''



33

Ta&': 1kg and 2kg packs containing glass *ars of +nished product were manuall(lifted from a conve(or &elt and placed on apallet

Scissor lift andturnta&le

rac!ical

Mea&ure& (1)



34

Ta&': Pallets of +nished product wereshrinkwrapped manuall( using shrink+lmand a shrink+lm holder- .suall(, oneoperator would shrinkwrap !/0"/ palletsper da(-

Automatic shrinkwrapping machine

rac!ical

Mea&ure& (2)



3,

Paving sla&lifter

Manhole lifter

Suction pads

Panel lifter

Manual "an#lin$

i#& (1)



3

(draulic sacktruck

onventional sacktrucks

Stair clim&er sacktrucks

Manual "an#lin$ i#&

(2) Truc'&



3

la!*orm!ruc'

alle!!ruc'

Manual "an#lin$ i#& (3)

Truc'&



3

Manual "an#lin$ i#&

(+)



39

"oi&!&

"oi&! an#,oll

anelLi*!er

Manual "an#lin$

i#& ()



4:

-rum!rolle.

-rum $rip

Manual "an#lin$

i#& (/)



41

"o##i

La##erhoi&!

Manual "an#lin$

i#& (7)



42

0loor crane Mobile $an!r.

Manual "an#lin$

i#& () Li*!in$-evice&



43

,oller !able Shi*!in$ &'a!e&

Manual "an#lin$

i#& ()



44

Manual "an#lin$

i#& (1)



4,

S"#0 in #8 /s o Mc8"nic"! Li#ing .

8"n$!ing ED/i&mn#+

-eneral Re#uirements:

• .trong! sta"le! inspected & suita"le lifting e#uipment$

• E#uipment to "e installed & positioned correctly$

• .ecure the load & position it in "alance$

• E#uipment to "e marked for .afe /orking 1oad$

• 1ifting operations to "e planned! assessed! supervised

& performed in a safe manner "y competent personnel$



4

Con-0or s0s#ms H"<"r$s+belt conveyors, roller conveyors… etc

• %rapping of hands "etween rotating rollers & "elt( inrunning nip$

• Entanglement e$g$ of hair or loose clothing$

• 1oads falling from conveyor$

• mpact against overhead system( people ridingconveyors

• Contact with sharp edges! "urns! cuts) etc$

• Manual Handling hazards! noise! vi"ration &

electrical hazards) etc$



4

Con-0or s0s#ms Con#ro!s+• -uards! edge protection & restricted access$

• Complete enclosure of conveyors & E$

• /arning signs! emergency stop controls!

nformation & Clear nstructions$

• Mechanical aids! grounding or "onding!maintenance system in place & proper training(

Mechanical lifting! first aid! emergency

response)etc$



4

CR,KE. & H9.%. H,L,R2.CR,KE. & H9.%. H,L,R2.

• 9ver turning! 9ver loading & poorslinging$

• nsecure & un"alanced load(falling load$

• Collision with overhead structure!striking a pedestrian) etc$

• 9perator6s error! lack of training &competence$

• 1ack of maintenance! Regularinspection & reporting$



MECHANICAL LIFTING CONTROLMECHANICAL LIFTING CONTROL

• Competent operators(proper training!instructions! e3perience &supervision$

• -ood visi"ility & ,de#uatelighting & assessing

distance to of movement$

• .afe drive ways & weatherconditions$

• 0se of safety signs!audi"le & visual warnings$

• Regular planned preventiveinspections & maintenance$

• Ensure ade#uatecommunication

• Kever e3ceed the ./1$ .ecure

the load & conduct thoroughnspection prior to each use$

• 9perators to report any unsafecondition immediately$

• Iarriers to stop any pedestrians

from entering a crane operationarea( E$

Documents

IGC2 Element 3 Muscluskeletal