Immigration. Immigration Waves First and Second Wave Naturalization Law and Race The Case of Puerto...
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Immigration. Immigration Waves First and Second Wave Naturalization Law and Race The Case of Puerto Rico Chinese Exclusion Acts Public opinion Labor leaders’
Immigration Waves First and Second Wave Naturalization Law and
Race The Case of Puerto Rico Chinese Exclusion Acts Public opinion
Labor leaders opinion Legislation Loopholes in Legislation
Construction of Racial Difference Visually Legally Immigration
Restriction Literacy tests and Quotas Act of 1924
Slide 3
Immigration Waves in US History antebellum, 1840-1860largely
northern European, especially England, Ireland and Germanyapprox.
4.5 million late 1890-1920largely Southern and Eastern European,
including Polish and Russian Jews, Italian, Greekapprox. 14.5
million also Asian immigrants in the late 19th-early 20th century,
in much fewer numbers (for example, Chinese immigrants built US
railroads) Immigration Act of 1924 establishes national quotas for
immigration - immigration drops sharply after 1965 immigration act
reform - immigrants from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia
outnumber those from Europe
Slide 4
Immigration Waves > Naturalization Law and Race in US
History 1790 - Congress limits naturalization to white persons 1870
- Congress adds African Americans (naturalization limited to free
white persons and persons of African descent) 1952 - racial
prerequisite for naturalization eliminated
Slide 5
Immigration Waves > The Case of Puerto Rico 1898 - Puerto
Rico acquired as a result of Spanish-American War 1917 - US
Citizenship extended to Puerto Ricans 1950-1951 - Puerto Rico
becomes a Commonwealth, has a right to establish a government with
proper constitution, officially no longer a colony 1953 - The
largest Puerto Rican migration to the mainland US (69,124)
Plebiscites and referendums on the political status of Puerto Rico:
1967 (commonwealth 60%, state 39%, independence 1%), 1993, 1998 -
the commonwealth is reaffirmed each time with increasingly narrower
margins non-binding 1998 referendum: remain a US commonwealth:
0.06% free association between commonwealth and independence: 0.29%
become a state: 46.49% declare independence: 2.54% none of the
above: 50.30% non-binding 2012 referendum: 1. remain a US
commonwealth: No 54% 2 a. statehood: 61% b. sovereign free
associated state 33% c. independence 5%
Slide 6
Immigration Waves > The Godfather, Part II (1974)
Slide 7
Immigration Waves > Alfred Stieglitz, The Steerage,
1907
Slide 8
Chinese Exclusion > Cartoon on the Chinese Exclusion Act of
1882
Slide 9
Chinese Exclusion > The Chinese: Many Handed But Soulless,
The Wasp, 1885
Slide 10
Chinese Exclusion > The Bradys and the Chinese Dwarf, ca.
1907
Slide 11
Chinese Exclusion > Labor leaders opinion Denis Kearney,
Californias Workingmens Party (typical) Chinese laborers are cheap
working slaves who lower white workers standard of living and
should be banished from the U.S. Joseph McDonnell, an Irish-born
socialist Intolerance against the Chinese repeats earlier
intolerant, silly and shameful cry against the Irish. Workers
should learn from this history and unite B.E.G. Jewett, a socialist
Corporate employers-oppressors, money-mongers-are to blame What we
want to fight is not the Chinese nor any other imported stock, be
they Durham bulls or Spanish mulesbe they men, women or babiesbut
we want to fight the importers, persons, who, ministering to their
own greed, to the lust of the flesh and the pride of life, sell (or
contract) into bondage the labor of others, and drive still others
into deeper degradation and poverty. Let our pacific coast friends
fight the wealth mongers, and not their slaves, and they will have
not only justice but right on their side. Not say the Chinese must
go, but that the oppressors, money-mongers, Sharons, et al. must
go.
Slide 12
Chinese Exclusion > Acts of 1882, 1884, and 1888 and related
legislation Only Chinese non-laborers and those who were born in
the U.S. can enter Those who resided in the U.S. prior to 1880 can
remain if they dont leave the country If they leave they can come
back if they have at least one thousand dollars worth of property
or debts owned to them The status of wife and child followed that
of a husband No Chinese could be naturalized as U.S. citizen
Slide 13
Chinese Exclusion > Loopholes in Legislation Many Chinese
were able to get into the U.S. by appealing to U.S. Courts even
after the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 The prohibition of judicial
review of immigration decisions did not apply to the Chinese
because unlike other immigrants until 1903 they did not come under
purview of the Bureau of Immigration and immigration law Judges
often ruled in favor of Chinese plaintiffs because they adhered to
Anglo-American common law traditions of habeas corpus and
evidentiary rules of witness testimony (for example, did not
require two white witnesses) Newcomers relied on community groups
and white lawyers to make their case for citizenship based on
witness testimony This continued until 1905 when the Bureau of
Immigration took over Chinese immigration and was granted final
jurisdiction in the question of citizenship
Slide 14
Construction of Racial Difference > Fragment What is this
mans ethnic background?
Slide 15
Construction of Racial Difference > Entire Cartoon, ca.
Civil War
Slide 16
Construction of Racial Difference > Arnold Genthe, An
Unsuspecting Victim, 1908
Slide 17
Construction of Racial Difference > Using photography to
emphasize difference
Slide 18
Construction of Racial Difference > Emphasizing
difference
Slide 19
Slide 20
Progressive Reform Politics Teddy Roosevelt and the rule of
socially-conscious experts End of liberty of contract doctrine Art
and Culture Muckraking journalism Documentary photography
Immigration and Labor Settlement House movement Idea of the melting
pot
Slide 21
Progressive Politics > President Theodore Roosevelt,
1901-1909
Slide 22
Art and Culture > Cartoon about Muckraking Journalism
Slide 23
Art and Culture > Jacob Riis, Bandits Roost, 59 1/2 Mulberry
Street, c. 1888
Slide 24
Art and Culture > Child Labor Poster with Lewis Hines
Photographs
Slide 25
Immigration and Labor > Jane Addams, founder of the Hull
House
Slide 26
Immigration and Labor > Hull House Complex, 1902
Slide 27
Immigration and Labor > Hull House Kindergarten Class,
1902
Slide 28
Immigration and Labor > Hull House Labor Museum, 1902
Slide 29
Immigration and Labor > Cartoon about the Melting Pot,
1889
Slide 30
Construction of Racial Difference > Jacob Riis, Bandits
Roost, 59 1/2 Mulberry Street, c. 1888
Slide 31
Construction of Racial Difference > Jacob Riis, Bandits
Roost, How the Other Half Lives (1890)
Slide 32
Construction of Racial Difference > Jacob Riis, Mullens
Alley, Cherry Hill, 1888
Slide 33
Construction of Racial Difference > Home of an Italian
Ragpicker, 1888
Slide 34
Construction of Racial Difference > One of Four Pedlars Who
Slept in the Cellar of 11 Ludlow Street Rear, c. 1892
Slide 35
Construction of Racial Difference > Supreme Court Decisions
In re Balsara, 1909Asian Indians are probably not
WhiteCongressional intent U.S. v. Dolla, 1910Asian Indians are
WhiteOcular inspection of skin U.S. v. Balsara 1910Asian Indians
are WhiteScientific evidence In re Sadar Bhagwab Singh, 1917Asian
Indians are not WhiteCommon knowledge Congressional intent In re
Mohan Singh, 1919Asian Indians are WhiteScientific evidence In re
Thind, 1920Asian Indians are WhiteLegal precedent U.S. v. Thind,
1923Asian Indians are not WhiteCommon knowledge Congressional
intent In re Najour, 1909Syrians are WhiteScientific evidence In re
Mudarri, 1910Syrians are WhiteScientific evidence Legal precedent
In re Ellis, 1910Syrians are WhiteCommon knowledge Congressional
intent Ex parte Shahid, 1913Syrians are not WhiteCommon knowledge
Ex parte Dow, 1914Syrians are not WhiteCommon knowledge In re Dow,
1914Syrians are not WhiteCommon knowledge Congressional intent Dow
v. U.S., 1915Syrians are WhiteScientific evidence Congressional
intent Legal precedent
Slide 36
Construction of Racial Difference > Supreme Court Decisions
In re Mallari, 1916Filipinos are not WhiteNo explanation In re
Rallos, 1917Filipinos are not WhiteLegal precedent U.S. v. Javier,
1927Filipinos are not WhiteLegal precedent De La Ysla v. U.S.,
1935Filipinos are not WhiteLegal precedent De Cano v. State,
1941Filipinos are not WhiteLegal precedent In re Halladjian,
1909Armenians are WhtieScientific evidence Legal precedent U.S. v.
Cartozian, 1925Armenians are WhiteScientific evidence Common
knowledge Legal precedent In re Feroz Din, 1928Afghanis are not
WhiteCommon knowledge In re Ahmed Hassan, 1942Arabians are not
WhiteCommon knowledge Ex parte Mohriez, 1944Arabians are not White
Legal precedent
Slide 37
Construction of Racial Difference > U.S. v Bhagat Singh
Thind, 1923
Slide 38
U.S. in World War I > Typical Questions on the IQ test
Garnets are usually A. yellow B. blue C. green D. red Soap is made
by A. B. T. Babbitt B. Smith & Wesson C. W. L. Douglas D. Swift
& Co. Laura Jean Libby is known as a A. singer B. suffragist C.
writer D. army nurse If you are lost in a forest in the daytime,
what is the thing to do? A.Hurry to the nearest house you know of
B.Look for something to eat C.Use the sun or a compass for a
guide
Slide 39
U.S. in World War I > US Army Intelligence Test Results
Slide 40
Klan in the 1920s > Timeline of Klan History founded during
Reconstruction, collapsed in 1870s revived in 1915 (in part because
of the movie Birth of a Nation) resurgence of popularity in the
1920s, but collapsed again by the 1930s again reappears in the
1950s
Slide 41
Klan in the 1920s > Poster for the Film The Birth of a
Nation by W.G. Griffith (1915). This film contributed to the
revival of Klans popularity after WW I
Slide 42
Klan in the 1920s > Social Movements Supported by the Klan
prohibition anti-immigrant sentiments anti-radicalism religious
fundamentalism morality and family values
Slide 43
Klan in the 1920s > Washington, D.C. Parade against
immigration
Slide 44
Immigration Restriction > Cartoon on the Literacy Test,
1917
Slide 45
Immigration Restriction > Cartoon on the Quota Act of
1921
Slide 46
Immigration Restriction > Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act)
Based ceilings on the number of immigrants from any particular
nation on 2 percent of each nationality recorded in the 1890 census
Was directed against immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe
who arrived in large numbers after 1890 Barred all immigrants
ineligible for citizenship on racial grounds, including all south
and east Asians (including Indians, Japanese, and Chinese) 1965
Hart-Celler Act abandones the national origins quota system
Immigration Restriction > Map of Europe, Literary Digest,
1924
Slide 49
McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 Left the system of quotas by
nationality intact: European immigrants 149,667 Asian immigrants
2,990 African immigrants 1,400
Slide 50
Immigration Act of 1965 allowed more people from non-Western
countries to enter admittance based on professional skill or family
unification a separate quota for refugees (at the time, mostly from
Communist countries or the Middle East) was not considered
revolutionary at the time but in the end it was president Lyndon
Johnson signed politicians favored it, many constituents opposed as
a result, immigrants from Latin America, the Caribbean, and Asia
outnumber those from Europe