Immunology Mnemonics

Hypersensitivity reactions: Gell and Goombs nomenclature

ACID

· From I to IV: Anaphylactic type: type I

Cytotoxic type: type II Immune complex disease: type III Delayed hypersensitivity (cell mediated): type IV

MHC I vs. II: T cell interaction

The "=8" equation: 2x4=8, and 1x8=8. MHC II goes with CD4.

MHC I goes with CD8.

Immunoglobulin (Ig) types: the important ones worth remembering, in order

of appearance

MAGDE (a egyptian’s name): IgM

IgA IgG IgD

IgE · Magde tells you the order they usually appear: M first, then A or G.

· Alternatively: IgM is IMmediate.

Acute inflammation features

SLIPR:

Swelling Loss of function Increased heat

Pain Redness

· "What a cute pair of slippers" can be used to tie acute inflammation to SLIPR.

Lupus signs and symptoms

SOAP BRAIN: Serositis [pleuritis, pericarditis]

Oral ulcers Arthritis

Photosensitivity

Blood [all are low - anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia] Renal [protein]

ANA Immunologic [DS DNA, etc.]

Neurologic [psych, seizures]

Goodpasture's Syndrome components

GoodPasture is Glomerulonephritis and Pnuemonitits.

· From autoantibodies attacking Glomerular and Pulmonary basement membranes.

Complement: function of C3a versus C3b

C3a: Activates Acute [inflammation]. C3b: Bonds Bacteria [to macrophages--easier digestion].

· If wish to know more than just C3: C3a, C4a, C5a activate acute.

C3b, C4b bind bacteria.

MHC I vs. MHC II properties

"Immunity helps to exterminate fun for bacteria"

· See attached chart.

HLA-DR genetic predisposition immune disease examples

HLA-DR: Hashimoto's disease

Leukemia/ Lupus Autoimmune adrenalitis/ Anemia (pernicious)

Diabetes insipidous Rheumatoid arthritis

Complement cascade initiating items: alternative vs. classic

Classic: Combined Complexes. Alternative: Activators Alone, or IgA. · Complexes are made of Ab and Ag combined together.

· Examples of activators: endotoxin, microbial surface.

Microbiology Mnemonics

Hepatitis: transmission routes

"Vowels are bowels":

Hepatitis A and E transmitted by fecal-oral route.

RNA viruses: negative stranded

"Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication":

Arena Bunya

Paramyxo Orthomyxo Filo

Rhabdo · Note: Negative RNA viruses need there own polymerase.

RNA viruses: negative stranded

"Orthodox Rhabbi's Party Around Fine Bunnies": Orthomyxo

Rhabdo Paramyxo

Arena Filo Bunya

Endocarditis: indications for surgery

PUS RIVER: Prosthetic valve endocarditis (most cases)

Uncontrolled infection Supporative local complications with conduction abnormalities

Resection of mycotic aneurysm Ineffective antimicrobial therapy (eg Vs fungi) Valvular damage (significant)

Embolization (repeated systemic) Refractory congestive heart failure

Teratogens: placenta-crossing organisms

ToRCHeS: Toxoplasma

Rubella CMV

Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster (varicella), Hepatitis B,C,E Syphilis · Alternatively: TORCHES: with Others (parvo, listeria), add HIV to H's,

Enteroviruses.

Streptococcus pyogenes: diseases caused

NIPPLES:

Necrotising fasciitis and myositis

Impetigo Pharyngitis

Pneumonia Lymphangitis

Erysipelas and cellulitis Scarlet fever/ Streptococcal TSS

Endotoxin features

ENDOTOXIN: Endothelial cells/ Edema

Negative (gram- bacteria) DIC/ Death Outer membrane

TNF O-antigen

X-tremely heat stable IL-1 Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil chemotaxis

Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: classic presentation

"Sore throat, Face bloat, Pi$$ coke":

Sore throat: 1 week ago Face bloat: facial edema Pi$$ coke: coke-coloured urine

· Alternatively, short version: "Throat, bloat and coke".

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused

SOFT PAINS:

Skin infections Osteomyelitis

Food poisoning Toxic shock syndrome Pneumonia

Acute endocarditis Infective arthritis

Necrotizing fasciitis Sepsis

Picornavirus: features

PICORNAvirus: Positive sense

ICOsahedral

RNA virus

AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression) worth knowing

"The Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell Collapse":

Toxoplasma gondii M. avium intracellulare Pneumocystis carinii

Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans

Tuberculosis CMV Cryptosporidium parvum

Gram+: bacterial cell wall

· Gram+ has: +hick pepidoglycan layer.

+eichoic acid in wall.

Streptococci: classification by hemolytic ability

Gamma: Garbage (no hemolytic activity). Alpha: Almost (almost lyse, but incomplete). Beta: Best (complete lysis).

Syphilis vs. H. ducreyi (chancroid): which ulcer is painful

"In du-crey-i, you do cry (because it is painful)":

In H. ducreyi, the ulcer is painful, in syphilis the ulcer is painless.

Influenza infection: clinical manifestations

"Having Flu Symptoms Can Make Moaning Children A Nightmare":

Headache Fever

Sore throat Chills Myalgias

Malaise Cough

Anorexia Nasal congestion

IgA protease-producing bacteria

"Nice Strip of Ham":

Neisseria Streptococcus pneumonia

Haemophilus influenza

Catalase positive organims

SPACE:

Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas

Aspergillus Candida Enterobacter

Neisseria: fermentation of N. gonorrhoeae vs. N. meningitidis

Gonorrhoeae: Glucose fermenter only.

MeninGitidis: Maltose and Glucose fermenter. · Maltose fermentation is a useful property to know, since it's the classic test to distinguish the Neisseria types.

UTI-causing microorganisms

KEEPS:

Klebsiella Enterococcus faecalis/ Enterobacter cloacae E. coli

Pseudomonas aeroginosa/ Proteus mirabilis Staphylococcus saprophyticcus/ Serratia marcescens

E. coli: diseases caused in presence of virulence factors

DUNG:

Diarrhea UTI Neonatal meningitis

Gram negative sepsis · Dung, since contract E. coli from dung-contaminated water.

Hepatitis: oral-fecal transmitted types

"A$$ Eaters": · Types A and E by oral-fecal route.

E. coli: major subtypes, key point of each

"HIT by E. coli outbreak":

EnteroHemorrhagic:

· HUS from Hamburgers EnteroInvasive:

· Immune-mediated Inflammation EnteroToxigenic:

· Traveller's diarrhea

Meningitis: risk factors

"Can Induce Severe Attacks Of Head PAINS": Cancer

Immunocompromised state Sinusitis Age extremes

Otitis Head trauma

Parameningeal infection Alcoholism Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)

Neurosurgical procedures Splenectomy

Streptococcus pyogenes: virulence factors

SMASHED: Streptolysins

M protein Anti-C5a peptidase

Streptokinase Hyaluronidase Exotoxin

DNAses

Capsulated bacteria

"Some Bacteria Have An Effective Paste Surrounding Membrane Yielding Pseudo

Fort, Bypassing Killing": Strep pneumonia

Bacteroides H. influenza Anthrax (B. anthracis)

E. coli Pasteurella

Salmonella Menigitidis (N. Menigitidis) Yersinia pestis

Pseudomonas

Francisella Brucella

Klebsiella

DNA viruses: morphology rule of thumb

DNA:

Double-stranded Nuclear replication

'Anhedral symmetry · Rule breakers: pox (cytoplasmic), parvo (single-stranded).

Obligate anaerobes: members worth knowing

ABC: Actinomyces

Bacteroides Clostridium

Urease positive organisms

PUNCH: Proteus (leads to alkaline urine) Ureaplasma (renal calculi)

Nocardia Cryptoccocus (the fungus)

Helicobacter pylori

Food poisoning: bugs inducing

"Eating Contaminated Stuff Causes Very Big Smelly Vomit":

E. coli O157-H7 [undercooked meat, esp. hamburgers] Clostridium botulinum [canned foods] Salmonella [poultry, meat, eggs]

Vibrio parahaemolyticus [seafood] Bacillus cereus [reheated rice]

Staphylococcus aureus [meats, mayo, custard] Clostridium perfringens [reheated meat] Vibrio vulnificus [seafood]

Listeria: motility

Istanbul sounds like Listambul = list + tumble. Listeria has tumbling motility.

RNA enveloped viruses

FORT ABC, Puerto Rico:

Flavivirus/ Filo Orthomyxo

Retro Toga Arena

Bunya Corona

Paramyxo Rhabdo

Tetanus: treatment for infection

SAD RAT: Sedation Antitoxin

Debridement Relaxant

Antibiotic Tracheostomy

Trichomaniasis: features

· 5 F's: Flagella Frothy discharge

Fishy odor (sometimes) Fornication (STD)

Flagyl (metronidazole) Rx

Endocarditis: causes of culture negative endocarditis

"With Negative Tests, Investigators Should Focus Attention Somewhere

Meaningful": Wrong diagnosis Noninfectious endocarditis

Timing (cultures drawn at end of chronic course) obligate Intracellular organisms

Slow growing fastidious organisms Fungal infection Antibiotic used previously

Subacute right-sided endocarditis Mural endocarditis

Streptococcus pneumoniae: diseases caused

COMPS:

Conjunctivitis Otitis media

Meningitis Pneumonia

Sinusitis