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ImperialismDefinition: The policy of a stronger nation of taking
economic, political, and social control of weaker nations.
Reasons for Expansion• Economic Interests: Economic leaders argued that expansion
would increase U.S. financial prosperity.• Military Interests: Foreign policy experts urged U.S. leaders
to establish a military presence overseas.• Competition: to keep the British and French out of the
Americas.• Cultural Beliefs: Many Americans believed that their
government, religion, and even race, were superior to other societies.
“The White Man’s Burden”Take up the White Man’s Burden---Send forth the best ye breed---Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captive’s need;
Your new caught sullen people,Half devil and half child.Take up the White Man’s burden---In patience to abide,To veil the threat of terrorAnd check the show of pride;
Rudyard Kipling
Social Darwinism
• This term is used to describe how Darwin’s theories of natural selection can be applied to human social situations.
1. It is often used to justify social inequality.2. It has been used to justify racism.3. It was used to justify imperialism.
Examples of American Imperialism
• Hawaii• Alaska• Cuba• Puerto Rico• China• Japan• Panama Canal
Hawaii• Hawaii gave the U.S. use
of Pearl Harbor as a naval base.
• Useful for trade in a new market.
• Stopping point for merchants heading toward Asia.
What was Seward’s Folly?
Alaska
• Seward was a strong backer of expansion.• He was Secretary of State under Lincoln and
Johnson.• In 1867 he arranged the purchase of Alaska
from Russia.• At the time the 7.2 million dollar deal was
highly criticized.
“Seward’s Folly” “Seward’s Icebox”
• Seward’s purchase ended up being the bargain of the century.
Spanish American War
1898
The Spanish American War of 1898 began after Americans became angry over the Spanish policies in Cuba.
The Spanish became increasingly more brutal against the Cuban people.
Cuban rebels began to attack Spanish soldiers and bring the battleground onto American sugar plantations.
Events Leading to War
Two Events:• Insulting letter from Spain.• The sinking of the Maine.
Crew aboard the U.S.S. Maine.
Dupuy de Lôme Letter•This letter, written by the Spanish Ambassador to the United States, Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, criticized
American President William McKinley by calling him weak and concerned only with obtaining the favor of the
public.
•Publication of the letter helped generate public support for a war
between America and Spain.
•. Cuban revolutionaries intercepted the letter from the mail and released
it to the Hearst press.
•Americans were outraged. Spain apologized and the minister was fired.
“Remember the Maine”• The explosion was blamed on Spain. Americans used
the incident as a rally cry to go to war.
War Rally Cries
• Mexican War• Spanish American War• World War I• World War II• War on Terror
Through the use of yellow
journalism the war began.
Yellow Journalism• Yellow Journalism is a form of writing that developed
during the late 1800’s as a result of the competition between Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst.
• This type of journalism uses exaggeration of the truth in order to sell more papers.
“Yellow Journalism”“You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war William Randolph Hearst
Declaration of War• With a little help from the press, the American people began to
clamor for war.• On April 25, 1898 the United States declared war on Spain.
Can you think of any examples of modern day yellow journalism?
Teller Amendment
At the same time as McKinley’s request for war, Congress passed the Teller Amendment.
The amendment stated that once the war was over the United States would leave control of Cuba to its people.
The Rough Riders• Americans were
unhappy with the draft during the Civil War so as a consequence the Spanish American War was fought entirely by a volunteer army.
Rough Riders
The Rough Riders consisted of tough men who were former football players, boxers, cowboys, and ranchers.
Roosevelt
• Teddy Roosevelt brought his own photographer to document the trip.
• He will later use the photos when he runs as Vice President.
The Philippines
• The first battle of the Spanish American War took place in the Philippines.
• Dewey engaged the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay.
• Steel- and iron-hulled U.S. ships helped to defeat the Spaniards.
• Filipino rebels, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, had already been fighting Spain.
• Surrounded by Dewey (at sea) and Aguinaldo (on land), Spanish forces surrendered.
• The surprise naval attack sunk the crumbling Spanish Navy.
• Traditionally the Spanish and English had the most powerful navies in the world.
Unprepared for War
• U.S. War Department was unprepared for war in Cuba.
• The America army was not prepared for a war in Cuba. They were not properly trained and were issued woolen uniforms.
• The climate in Cuba is very hot and humid.• Soldiers were also not prepared for the
consequences from the mosquitoes.
Yellow Fever• Yellow fever was first reported in Cuba in 1649, when
one-third of Havana residents died from the disease. • From 1856 to 1879, the disease struck the city nearly
every month. • Foreign occupiers were particularly susceptible: an
estimated 16,000 Spanish troops died from yellow fever between 1895 and 1898.
• Despite knowing that yellow fever was most likely to strike in the summer rainy season, the U.S. invaded Cuba on June 22nd.
• Fewer than 400 American soldiers were killed in combat during the war. But more than 2,000 contracted yellow fever during the campaign.
Battle of San Juan Hill
• In Santiago, Teddy Roosevelt’s Rough Riders, captured San Juan Hill and fortified positions around the city.
• The battle was fought with the 10th Negro Cavalry. The Spanish were outnumbered 10 to 1.
Battle of San Juan Hill
After the War
• The U.S. and Spain agreed to stop fighting on August 12th, 1898.
• As a result of the Spanish American war the United States acquired control of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
• The acquisition of the Philippines brought up the heaviest debate over imperialism.
Annexing the Philippines
For Annexation
• Believed the United States had a duty to spread its values overseas.
• Philippines had economic and strategic value that should not fall into the hands of other countries.
Controversy raged in the United States over whether to annex the Philippines.
Against Annexation
• Believed annexation would violate the ideal of self-government
• Did not want oppression to occur; The United States should not export racism and violence
• Some Americans believed annexation would increase immigration to the United States.
The PhilippinesArguments in favor of annexation:1. New Markets, investments, naval bases.2. Take over and “Christianize” the islands.3. Other countries would take it if we didn’t.
Anti-Imperialist League
• This league formed to help re-affirm that people of all races, religions, and ethnic backgrounds had the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
• Many anti-imperialists believed that the U.S. was as bad as the Spanish were against the Cubans.
Anti-Imperialism
• There were many people who spoke out against imperialism including:
-Mark Twain-Andrew Carnegie-Jane Addams-Samuel Gompers
Platt Amendment
• This agreement gave the U.S. the right to intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary.
McKinley was well like by the American people.
He helped the U.S. to gain victory over Spain in the Spanish American War.
Theodore Roosevelt was selected as his vice president by the Republicans to keep him in a back seat position in the government.
President McKinley’s House in Canton• After winning the nomination for President,
McKinley went home and conducted his famous "front porch campaign."
McKinley Goes to New York
• McKinley arriving at the Pan-American Exhibition in Buffalo, New York on September 4, 1901.
• He was to give a speech on Sept. 6th.
McKinley’s Last Speech
The Assassination
• After the president’s speech he stood in the entrance of a building to greet people and shake their hands.
• People filed in two by two and narrowed down single file when they reached the president.
• A man in a plain gray suit approached the president. Noticing that the man had his right hand wrapped McKinley reached out to shake his left.
Assassination• The man sprang forward and fired two shots
• A group of men began to beat the gunman severely.
• McKinley called out “Don’t hurt him”.
Leon Czolgosz
• As McKinley laid dying he told his security people to be careful how the told his wife.
• The gunman was a proclaimed “anarchist”.
• Since 1894, anarchists had taken responsibility for killing the leaders of France, Italy, and Austria. Five months before McKinley’s assassination Britain’s Prince of Wales narrowly escaped an anarchist’s bullet.
McKinley Memorials
The youngest American to become President of the United States.
The Secret Service• The Secret Service was created after
Abraham Lincoln was assassinated.• Theodore Roosevelt will become the first
president fully protected by the Secret Service.
• In 1968 the role of the Secret Service will extend to the protection of the presidential candidates.
• This took place after the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy who was killed after an acceptance speech during the primaries.
Theodore Roosevelt, Jr.
He was the 26th President of the United States.
He was the leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive
Movement.
He was a trustbuster, conservationist, and progressive reformer.
Presidential firstsIn the sphere of race relations, Booker T.
Washington became the first black man to dine as a guest at the White House in 1901.
Roosevelt and the Teddy Bear
“BIG STICK DIPLOMACY”
Theodore Roosevelt had two main goals when he became president in 1901:
1. To build a canal across Central America.
2. To keep the European powers from interfering in Latin American countries.
“Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far.”
• This was a West African proverb that was often quoted by Roosevelt. It described his policy of using diplomacy and a firm hand as a leader.
Policing Latin America
• Monroe Doctrine: this doctrine asserted that the Americas would not be considered subjects of colonization by any European country.
Crazy Horse Monument
Roosevelt Corollary
• Roosevelt Corollary: this policy stated that the U.S. would intervene in any Latin American country whose stability was in question.
Dollar Diplomacy: American banks and businesses were urged to invest in Latin America.
It was believed that investing in Latin America would stabilize the weak nations.
THE PANAMA CANAL
Why Build the Canal?Two Reasons:
1. The Gold Rush
2. The Oregon
Building the Canal• The first attempt of building the canal was done by
the French headed by Ferdinand De Lesseps.
• The building of the canal was plagued by problems, including disease (particularly malaria and yellow fever) and landslides.
• As many as 27,500 workers are estimated to have died during construction of the canal.
Roosevelt Intervenes• There were many
obstacles to overcome in order to start building the canal. One of the largest obstacles was Colombia.
Revolution in Panama
• Initial plans were made to build the canal in Nicaragua but the area was much wider.
• Colombia had control of Panama and wanted the U.S. to pay for rights to build the canal.
• In 1903 a revolt broke out when Panamanians, inspired by the U.S., showed their unhappiness with Colombian rule.
Roosevelt and the Canal
• The United States, under Theodore Roosevelt, bought out the French equipment and excavations, and began work in 1904.
• With the diseases under control, and after significant work on preparing the infrastructure, construction of an elevated canal with locks began.
Manhandling Columbia
Importance of the Panama Canal• A canal across Panama
would save incalculable miles and man-hours.
• A boat traveling from New York to San Francisco saves 7,872 miles by using the Panama Canal instead of going around Cape Horn.
The Locks
Building the Locks
Panama, November, 1904 President Theodore Roosevelt made history today when he became the first President to travel outside the continental United states while in office.
President Roosevelt spent a number of days inspecting the canal’s construction.
It appears the President himself would like to be directly involved in the building as he seen here on his last day of inspection behind the controls of a steam shovel.
ROOSEVELT VISITS THE CANAL PROJECT
Roosevelt in Panama
Canal Facts
43,000 workers from all over the world worked on the project.
5,000 workers died during the project.
61 million pounds of dynamite was used.
The trip through the canal takes 12 hours.
12,000 ships pass through the canal each year.
The Toll
• The highest toll paid for a transit through the Panama Canal until 1995 paid by the Crown Princess on
• May 2, 1993; it was US$141,349.97.
Lowest Toll
• The lowest toll paid was US$ 0.36 and was paid by Richard Halliburton who crossed the Canal swimming
in 1928.
Palindrome
A man, a plan, a canal, Panama!
Involvement in China• Trade with China began in
1784 when goods such as tea, silk, and other items were being sold for profit in the U.S.
• The Chinese feared Western trade would interfere with the Chinese way of life.
• During the 1800’s the most significant trade between the U.S. and China was people.
Spheres of Influence
• A sphere of influence is an area or region over which an organization or state exercises cultural, economic, military or political domination.
Open Door Policy
• As a specific policy with regard to China, it was first advanced by the United States in the Open Door Notes of September-November 1899.
• Under the Open Door Policy all nations would have equal trading rights in China.
• European nations did not agree with the policy, but did not flatly reject it either.
The Boxers • In the early months of 1900,
thousands of Boxers roamed the countryside.
• They attacked Christian missions, slaughtering foreign missionaries and Chinese converts.
• Then they moved toward the cities, attracting more and more followers as they came.
• Nervous foreign ministers insisted that the Chinese government stop the Boxers.
Boxer Rebellion• In 1900, Chinese patriots known as Boxers demanded
that all foreigners be expelled from the country.• The started a rebellion by murdering several foreign
missionaries.• The United States and several other nations sent
military forces to put down the rebellion.
Russo-Japanese War• The Russo-Japanese War or the Manchurian
Campaign in some English sources, was a conflict that grew out of the rival imperialist ambitions of the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over Manchuria and Korea.
Japan Attacks Russia
• Western influence caused China to become weakened.
• Japan adopted Western ideas and became stronger.
• The Japanese became eager to test their new power and launched a surprise attack against Russia in Manchuria.
Roosevelt Intervenes1. He wanted both Japan and
Russia to uphold the Open Door Policy.
2. He feared if Japan won the war, they might become too strong. He was worried there may be a struggle between the U.S. and Japan in the future.
Treaty of Portsmouth
• United States President Theodore Roosevelt offered to mediate, and earned a Nobel Peace Prize for his effort.
• The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed on 5 September 1905 in the U.S. naval station in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
Japanese Immigration• In 1854, trade with Japan was
opened by Matthew C. Perry.• Soon after, ports were opened
to the U.S. and the emperor allowed people to emigrate from Japan.
• Many Japanese went to the Hawaiian Islands which would soon be annexed to the U.S.
Japanese and Korean Exclusion League
• The Chinese Exclusion Act be extended to include Japanese and Koreans
• That the action of the School Board in adopting policy of segregating Japanese from white children, be urged.
Anti-Japanese Sentiment
• Segregation and discrimination began to grow on the West Coast as the population of Japanese Americans grew.
• In 1906, the mayor of San Francisco ordered the segregation of all Chinese, Japanese, and Korean children from the rest of the children in the schools.
• People in Japan were insulted and Anti-American riots.
The Gentlemen’s Agreement
• In this agreement Japan would restrict immigration if the ruling to segregate the schools in San Francisco was lifted.
Roosevelt dramatically increased the size of the navy, forming the Great White Fleet, which toured the world in 1907.
