Important Industrial ChemicalsAmmoniaPhosphoric acidSulfuric acid

Ammonia Synthesis: Haber ProcessN2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)

Conditions: 300 atm, 500 oC

Hf(NH3) = -46.1 kJ/mol

So(N2) = 191.6 J/Kmol

So(H2) = 130.7 J/Kmol

So(NH3) = 192.5 J/Kmol

Hrxn =

Srxn =

2 Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6 SiO2(s) + 10 C(s) 6 CaSiO3(l) + 10 CO(g) + P4(g)

P4(g) + 5 O2(g) P4O10(g)

P4O10 + 6 H2O(l) 4 H3PO4(l)

Phosphoric Acid

Ca5(PO4)3F + 5 H2SO4 + 10 H2O 3 H3PO4 + 5 CaSO42H2O + HF

OR

Phosphate Esters!

S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)

2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g) uses V2O5 catalyst

SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

Why it’s so popular: H = -436 kJ/mol

Sulfuric Acid: # 1 Chemical

S(s) + O2(g) SO2(g)2 SO2(g) + O2(g) 2 SO3(g) uses V2O5 catalystSO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

Where have you seen this chemistry before?

Important Industrial ChemicalsGroup 1A

LiAlH4, LiBH4: reducing agentsLi2CO3: treating schizophreniaNaHCO3: Baking powderNa2CO3: Baking sodaNaOH: detergents, oven cleaner, paperNaCN:NaClO3, KClO3:

Cool things about Group 1A metals

1. When dissolved in ammonia, they give a “solvated electron”

M(s) M+(amm) + e-(amm)

2. Self-contained breathing apparatus

4 KO2(s) + 2 H2O(l) 3 O2(g) + 4 KOH(s)

KOH(s) + CO2(g) KHCO3(s)

Important Industrial Group 2A Chemicals

MgSO47H2O: Epsom salt

CaCO3: limestone (antacid)

CaO: 3rd ranked chemical- steel productionCa(OH)2: “Slaked lime” in cement

CaSO4½H2O: plaster of Paris

CaSO42H2O: Gypsum

CaMg3(SiO3)4: Asbestos

BaCO3: rat posion

Important Industrial Group 3A Chemicals

B2O3: Pyrex

B4C: abrasive

AlOHCl2(s): antiperspirant

GaAs: III-V Semiconductors

Nitric Acid: Ostwald Process

4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)

2 NO(g) + O2(g) 2 NO2(g)

3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g)

Phosphorus!

Phosphorus pentoxide: P4O10 dehydrating agent

P4O10 + 6 H2O 4 H3PO4

Hydrochloric Acid

1. Classic Salt-Cake Process:2 NaCl + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2 HCl

2. Hargreaves Process: 2 NaCl + SO3 + ½ O2 + H2O Na2SO4 + 2 HCl

3. Direct Process (only when high purity is needed):H2 + Cl2 2 HCl

4. By-product of organic syntheses: most HCl comes from this