Improving Reception

Improving ReceptionEngineering Design 100 – Section 16

Client-Driven Design ProjectTeam 8

The Pennsylvania State University

Presentation Synopsis

Positioning Statement What we want to do and how we’re going to

to it Needs Analysis

What we think our country needs Design Process

› From concepts to the final design Cost Analysis Conclusion Questions

The “Masterminds”Gregory BorzaUndeclaredClass of 2014

Andrew ReiffUndeclaredClass of 2014

Michael BabykB.S. in Chemistry

Graduate WorkElectrical Engr.

Richard ZangUndeclaredClass of 2014

Problem Statement

“The Challenge”› The main problem that us and the other

Engineering Design 100 teams faced was that third-world countries such as Ethiopia really like using their cellular phones, but there is a small to nonexistent power grid. We were charged by GE to find a way to create a telecom base station that is powered by a clean and/or renewable energy source, and that uses GE’s newly produced Durathon battery.

Positioning Statement

Adaptive Energy Management System (AEMS)› For the citizens of Gondar, Ethiopia, the AEMS

is an efficient energy system that can be used to power a telecom base station.

› Unlike a typical base station power system, the AEMS can run on renewable solar energy.

› Our goal was to design a power system that was not only sustainable, but could adapt to changing conditions to get the most efficiency.

Estimated Initial Costs - $153,275

Design TimelineComponent Wk

1Wk 2

Wk 3

Wk 4

Wk 5

Wk 6

Wk 7

Wk 8

Wk 9

Initial Thoughts

Area Choice

Brainstorming

Initial Designs

Specifics

Final Design

Web Page

Presentation

This timeline shows what we’ve been doing on our project, and when we’ve done something.

Customer Analysis

Gondar, Ethiopia

Sou

rce: h

ttp://w

ww

.geog

rap

hicg

uid

e.co

m/p

icture

s/map

s/eth

iop

ia-m

ap

.gif

Customer Analysis

As a country, Ethiopia has the second-least developed cellular phone market in Africa.› In Ethiopia, there are approximately 2.2

million users of cellular phones, as of 2008. So, there’s a lot of room for growth.

Location, location location.› Gondar is located in an area with frequent

windy days and frequent sunny days. Perfect for renewable energy!

Generation of Concepts

There are so many options for renewable energy usage in the city of Gondar, Ethiopia.

We did some research, and narrowed our options down to five.


Solar panels capture the energy from the sun to be able to use in another form. The panels are rather expensive to produce, but once assembled

are rather cheap to maintain. The solar intensity for a region like Gondar, Ethiopia is rather high, so the power output should be adequate.

Solar Panels Only


Wind turbines utilize wind currents to spin a windmill and generate electricity. These turbines are pretty expensive to buy, but they do not

require much maintenance once built. The average wind speed in Gondar, Ethiopia is fairly high which makes wind power a strong

candidate.

Wind Turbine Only


A diesel generator uses fuel to create power. A generator to supply the energy needed would be very cheap to buy. The big downsides are the

maintenance a generator would need and the cost and burden of continuously needing to add more fuel.

Diesel Generator Only


Geothermal uses the heat from inside the earth to create steam from water. This steam is then utilized to spin turbines and produce electricity. This is an effective way to create energy but since we only need 1.2 kW,

a geothermal system will most likely be too expensive.

Geothermal Energy


Wind/Solar CombinationSince neither a wind turbine nor solar panels could supply enough power

to run the tower on their own, a combination of the two could prove effective. The cost of such a system though would be extremely high.

Selection of Concepts

Criteria of Selection

[A]Solar Panel

s

[B]Wind Turbin

e

[C]Diesel

Generator

[D]Sola

r Win

d

[E]Geo-

thermal

Initial CostMaintenanceProximityYearly CostDependability

-+0+-

-+0+-

00000

-+0+-

-+-+-

Total 0’sTotal +’sTotal -’s

122

122

500

122

023

TotalRanksDecision

01

Combine

01

Combine

01

Yes

01

No

-12

No

Reference

Selection of ConceptsCriteria of Selection

[A]Solar Panel

s

[B]Wind Turbin

e

[C]Diesel

Generator

[D]Sola

r Win

d

[E]Geo-

thermal

Initial CostMaintenanceProximityYearly CostDependability

-+0+-

-+0+-

00000

-+0+-

-+-+-

Total 0’sTotal +’sTotal -’s

122

122

500

122

023

TotalRanksDecision

01

Combine

01

Combine

01

Yes

01

No

-12

NoAfter some initial scoring, we decide to not use geothermal or the combination of solar and wind. Both would be too expensive making

them unrealistic compared to the other choices. Since neither solar or wind would be able to supply sufficient energy all the time, we decided to combine each with a generator that would run only when needed.

Selection of ConceptsSelection Criteria

Weight

Rating

Score

Rating

Score

Rating Score

Initial Cost 15% 2 .3 3 .45 5 .75

Maintenance 20% 4 .8 4 .8 2 .4

Proximity 15% 5 .75 4 .6 5 .75

Yearly Cost 30% 5 1.5 3 .9 1 .3

Dependability 20% 3 .6 2 .4 5 1

Total Score

3.95 3.15 3.2

Ranking First Third Second

Decision Develop No No

Solar/Diesel Wind/Diesel Diesel Only

Selection of ConceptsSelection Criteria

Weight

Rating

Score

Rating

Score

Rating Score

Initial Cost 15% 2 .3 3 .45 5 .75

Maintenance 20% 4 .8 4 .8 2 .4

Proximity 15% 5 .75 4 .6 5 .75

Yearly Cost 30% 5 1.5 3 .9 1 .3

Dependability 20% 3 .6 2 .4 5 1

Total Score

3.95 3.15 3.2

Ranking First Third Second

Decision Develop No No

Our team has selected the combination of solar power with a diesel generator. For a small scale project that needs only 1.2 kW, solar power is the best option. It may be a little more expensive than wind power,

but it is much more dependable. Comparisons of wind and solar energy confirmed for us that solar power with a back up diesel generator, for

times when there is no sun for days, is the best source of energy for this system.

The AEMS

Adaptive Energy Management System› The AEMS uses three different sources of

energy to power the telecom station.› The AEMS is adaptive – it is able to switch

between power sources as the climate or time of day dictate.

› The AEMS can switch between a total of three power modes.

Fuel

Solar Energy Charge

Controller

Generator

Durathon Battery

DC Load

DC/AC Inverter AC Load

ESolar

ECharge Edischarge

EGenerator ECharge

Controller

EDC

EInverter

EAC

Model 1 – Hybrid Mode: No renewable energy, load drawn from

batteries. If batteries empty, use generator.

This mode is engaged when there is little to no solar energy available, such as during the night hours or during a storm.

Base Telecom Station

HVACLighting

Fuel

Solar Energy Charge

Controller

Generator

Durathon Battery

DC Load


ESolar

ECharge Edischarge

EGenerator ECharge

Controller

EDC

EInverter

EAC

Model 2 – Solar Mode: Renewable energy less than loads, deficit drawn from batteries. If batteries empty,

use generator.This mode is engaged the least of the time, because it is essentially

a “transitional” mode.


HVACLighting

Fuel

Solar Energy Charge

Controller

Generator

Durathon Battery

DC Load


ESolar

ECharge Edischarge

EGenerator ECharge

Controller

EDC

EInverter

EAC

Model 3 – Charge Mode: Renewable energy exceeds loads, excess put into batteries. If batteries full, dump excess.This mode is engaged when too much energy is being delivered to

the AC and DC loads. It charges the batteries with the excess energy. When the batteries are full, energy is dumped to assist

Gondar’s already weak grid. This is the ideal mode for our system.


HVACLighting

Typical Daily Battery Cycle

12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 100

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Energy Stored (%)

PM

Mode 1 Mode 3

Char

gin

g

Disch

arg

ing

AM

Mode 2

Mode 3

The AEMS Hut and TowerThe AEMS powers a tall monopole tower. The generator, battery, and wall air conditioning unit are inside the hut. You can’t see the generator that sticks out because of the angle of the image.

Gondar, Ethiopia’s latitude is 12.6

degrees. Therefore, the solar panels are

angled at 12.6 degrees from the

horizontal, and they face north.

Cost AnalysisInitial Costs

Life Expectancy

Expected Revenue

Diesel Generator 300 10K-15K hours 0

Durathon Battery 600 15 years 0

Solar Panels 21,000 20-30 years 0

Diesel Fuel 275 N/A 0

Tower & Components 150,000 10-25 years 96,000 yearly

TOTALS 172,175 VARIES 96,000/yearSalvage Value

Maint. Costs

Diesel Generator 50 125/year

Durathon Battery 200 0

Solar Panels 10,000 100/year

Diesel Fuel 0 175/year

Tower & Components 55,000 4,100/year

TOTALS 65,250 4,500/year

ALL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED – IN USD ($)


Life Expectancy

Expected Revenue






TOTALS 172,175 VARIES 96,000/year



Life Expectancy

Expected Revenue






TOTALS 172,175 VARIES 96,000/year

The cost of diesel fuel is considering an average price of about $3.20 per gallon over a year. In the fuel’s case, we are considering the initial cost to be the first year’s cost, consuming an average of 86 gallons per year.

The life expectancy varies depending on the specific part.

Our revenue is considering that four cellular phone companies are given use of our telecom tower for the price of $24,000 per year per company.


Cost Analysis

Salvage Value

Maint. Costs

Diesel Generator 50 125/year

Durathon Battery 200 0

Solar Panels 10,000 100/year

Diesel Fuel 0 175/year

Tower & Components 55,000 4,100/year

TOTALS 65,250 4,500/year



Expected Revenue

Maint. Costs

Diesel Generator 300 0 125/year

Durathon Battery 600 0 0

Solar Panels 21,000 0 100/year

Diesel Fuel 275 0 175/year

Tower & Components 150,000 96,000 yearly 4,100/year

TOTALS 172,175 96,000/year 4,500/year



Expected Revenue

Maint. Costs

Diesel Generator 300 0 125/year

Durathon Battery 600 0 0

Solar Panels 21,000 0 100/year

Diesel Fuel 275 0 175/year

Tower & Components 150,000 96,000 yearly 4,100/year

TOTALS 172,175 96,000/year 4,500/year

Initial Profit - $172,175Profit after Year One - $ 61,650Profit after Year Two $ 29,975Profit after Year Three $121,600Profit after Year Four $213,225Average Yearly Profit $ 91,625


Calculations of AW and NPVBe patient, this could get boring…Calculations are assumed based on the first-year cost of $172175, which is the initial cost, cost for fuel, and maintenance cost.Calculations are assumed using an MARR of .13.

AW 172175.13(1 .13)20

(1 .13)20 1

9150063350

.13

(1 .13)20 1

AW 172175(.14)9150063350(.012)AW 68155.7

NPV 68155.7.13(1 .13)20

(1 .13)20 1

NPV 68155.7(7.025)NPV 478,776.86

So, our average worth is 68155.7, and our net present value is $478,776.86.

Cash Flow Diagram

$96,000/year

$4,500/year

$63,350

$172,175

0 20

Once again…Calculations are assumed based on the first-

year cost of $172175.Calculations are assumed using an MARR

of .13.

Conclusion

The AEMS is an efficient, renewable way to power a telecom base station in the country of Ethiopia.› Using a mix of a diesel generator, a solar

panel array, and GE’s Durathon battery, the AEMS adaptively adjusts energy flow modes depending on the situation.

The AEMS can become profitable in as little as two years of operation. Receive

Works Cited

There are too many sources to list on one – or even two – slides!

Our sources in MLA format can be found on this web page:› http://www.personal.psu.edu/rfz5006/Work

s%20Cited.html› This web page is the central hub for our

project.

http://www.personal.psu.edu/rfz5006/Works%20Cited.html

http://www.personal.psu.edu/rfz5006/Works%20Cited.html

Any Questions?

Documents

Improving Reception