MEDICAL

TERMINOLOGY Chapter 19 – 20 – 21 – 22

Saman Esmaeilpour

IN THE NAME OF GOD

integumentary پوششی integument : something that covers or encloses something such as a

shell which covers something else

shield حفظ کردن ، محافظت

کردنto protect something from being harmed or damaged

sebum چربی پوست oily glandular secretion that gives hair and skin its glossy(صاف و براق) appearance

lubricate چرب کردن to make something smooth or slippery

EXAMPLE: sebum and sweat are secreted by the skin ; sebum lubricates and sweat cools

lie واقع شدن to be located in a particular place

EXAMPLE: the dermis , or dermal layer , lies directly under the epidermis

embed جاسازی کردن ، نشاندن ،

دور گرفتن ، کارگذاشتن

to fix into a surrounding mass | to surround tightly or firmly ; envelop or

enclose | EXAMPLE: to embed stones in cement | the bullet embedded itself in the wall

unyielding (unyielding structure)

سختvery hard and not changing in shape or form | an unyielding substance or object does

not bend or break when pressure is put on it | determined | rigid | tough | inflexible

| immovable | not changing or stopping | firm | hard | stiff | solid

underlying (underlying structure)

existing under the surface of something else | basic or fundamental زیرین

insulation عایق EXAMPLE: adipose tissue acts as insulation for the body

delicate (delicate structure)

ظریف ، لطیف ، حساسeasily broken or damaged ; easily injured , hurt , or made sick |

sensitive | EXAMPLE: the sun can easily damage a child’s delicate skin

glossy (glossy appearance)

having a shiny , smooth surface | shiny and smooth براق

odorless بی بو having no smell

viscid چسپنده viscous ; having a high viscosity

viscus viscera احشا one of the organs , as the brain , heart , or stomach , in the great cavities of the body of

an animal ; especially used in the plural , and applied( کاربستن ، استعمال کردن ، اجرا کردنب ) to

the organs contained in the abdomen

perspiration عرق ، تعریق sweat | sweating

subtle (subtle change)

ظریف ، نازک ، ریزnot easy to notice or understand unless you pay careful attention | EXAMPLE: the

pictures are similar , but there are subtle differences between them | EXAMPLE: the

symptoms of the disease are so subtle that they are often ignored

break down تقسیم بندی کردن to separate something into smaller parts so that it is easier to do

or understand

miscellaneous مختلف ، گوناگون ، متفرقه a miscellaneous set of things include many different things that do

not seem to be connected with each other

scab = hard crust اثرزخم a hard layer of dried blood that forms over a cut or wound while it

is getting better

superfluous زائد ، زیادی ،

غیرضروری

more than is needed or wanted | being more than is sufficient or

required | excessive | unnecessary or needless | extravagant

Integumentary System

C H A P T E R 19

Medicine 92

Medical Terminology

1 Medical Terminology CHAPTER NINETEEN Integumentary System

plural

blotch لکه a pink or red mark on the skin | a skin discoloration that may vary in

severity from an area of pigmentation to large pustules or blisters

palpable قابل لمس ، آشکار و

واضحcapable of being touched , felt ; touchable | obvious or easily perceived ; noticeable

scrap scrapping دور انداختن to cancel or get rid of something that is no longer useful

scrape scraping خراشیدن ، خراش to injure or damage by rubbing across a surface | to remove something from a surface

using the edge of a knife | EXAMPLE: she tripped(لغزش خوردن) on a rock and scraped her

knee | EXAMPLE: scrape the carrots and slice them thinly

frostbite سرمازدگی injury to any part of the body after excessive exposure to extreme cold ,

sometimes progressing from initial redness and tingling to gangrene

rub سائیدن ، ساییده شدن apply firm pressure to the surface of something , using a repeated

back and forth motion

eats away فرسودن ، فرساییدن ،

ساییده شدنto reduce or destroy something gradually

infest هجوم کردن to inhabit(ساکن شدن) a place in unpleasantly large numbers | to invade a host animal | if insects

, rats infest a place , there are a lot of them and they usually cause damage

lice شپش ها (plural form of louse) | louse : a small insect that lives on the hair or skin of human or animals

bulla bullae تاول بزرگ a large blister containing serous fluid

shed ریختن ، پوست انداختن

، پوست ریختن

to let something fall ; to drop something | if an animal sheds its skin ,

or plant sheds leaves , it loses them naturally

bran سبوس the outer covering of grain which is left when the grain is made into

flour

circumscribed محدود ، محیطی restricted | limited

burrow سوراخ کردن ، پنهان

شدن ، لانه کردنto dig a tunnel or hole

signify دلالت کردن بر ، معنی

دادن ، حاکی بودن ازto mean | signal | denote | designate | represent

bump برآمدگی an area of skin that is raised | a swelling on the skin caused by

illness or injury

pluck چیدن ، کندن to pull the feathers off a dead chicken or other bird before cooking it

lump توده a small hard swollen area that sticks out from someone’s skin or grow

in their body , usually because of an illness

birthmark خال مادرزادی a red or brown mark on a person’s skin that has been there since they were born

mole خال a small dark brown mark on the skin , sometimes slightly higher than

the skin around it |

dilate بزرگ کردن ، اتساع

دادنto become larger or wider | to enlarge | to make bigger | to expand

persistent مداوم منپایا ، مز ، continuous | constant | steady | sustained(پایدار)

intense قوی ، شدید extreme in degree | excessive | very severe

pale کم رنگ ، بی نور ،

رنگ پریدهlight in color

2 Medical Terminology CHAPTER NINETEEN Integumentary System

plural

shaggy دراز و درهم ، یمو

پرمو و پشمالوshaggy hair or fur is long and untidy(درهم و برهم ، نامرتب) | hirsute

abundance وفور ، فراوانی a large quantity that is more than enough | frequency

restrain جلوگیری کردن از ،

مانع شدن

prevent | stop | to restrict or limit | hinder(مانع شدن) | hamper(مانع شدن) |

prohibit(منع و ممنوع کردن) | proscribe(ممنوع ساختن) | contain(خودداری کردن و بازداشتن) |

suppress(مانع شدن) | repress(سرکوب کردن) | impede(مانع شدن)

liquefy تبدیل به مایع کردن to become liquid , or make something become liquid

cutis root word meaning skin

(cutis anserina)

onych root word meaning nail

(onychomycosis | paronychial)

pilus root word meaning hair

(pilonidal cyst) onyx root word meaning nail

tricho root word meaning hair

(hypertrichosis) ungual root word meaning nail

hidr root word meaning sweat

(hyperhidrosis | hidradenitis)

pruritus root word meaning itchiness

(antipruritic drugs)

true skin = dermis melanocytes

cells responsible for the relatively dark color of skin

adipose tissue tissue containing fat , or section of subcutaneous tissue that contains fat

subcutaneous (زیرین) unyielding(سخت) layer of tissue connecting the skin with the underlying structures

arrector pili muscle allows the hair to stand on end (attached to the hair follicle)

on end remarkably long ; continuously | upright(راست و عمودی) ; erect

cilia = eyelashes hairs on the edge of the eyelids(پلک ها)

eyebrow hair on the ridge of the forehead | hair on the ridge over the eye

hair follicle small cavity in which the hair grows

hair shaft long polelike(میله مانند) portion of hair

lanugo(موی کرک مانندی که جنین را می پوشاند) fine hair on the body of a newborn baby

perspiration = sweat

eccrine glands glands found over most of the body , especially the hands and feet

eccrine sweat gland ordinary sweat gland that produce sweat from most of the surface of the skin , they function to cool

the body ; it produces odorless sweat

apocrine glands glands found in armpits(زیربغل) and pubic area

apocrine sweat glands connected to hair follicles in the armpits and pubic area

lunula small , white , moon-shaped area at the base of the nail

sebaceous glands glands that open into hair follicles or directly onto the surface of the skin

subungual

the area under the nail cuticle

small area of dead skin around the edge of the nail

paronychial the area around the nail

axillary hair

hair in the armpit

ecthyma = ulcerative impetigo skin condition in which fluid rushes out of affected skin | skin

condition in which fluid rushes out of sores in the skin

(a shallowly(کم عمق و سطحی) ulcerative form of impetigo)

erosion (سایش)

skin condition in which there is loss of surface of skin (superficial destruction of a surface by friction(اصطکاک) , pressure ,

ulceration(زخم) , or trauma)

eschar = hard crust = scab hard crust or scab that forms over injured skin | hard crust

over injured skin

ichthyosis condition in which the skin is dry and scaly like the skin

of a fish | dry , and scaly skin , resembling fish skin (a disease which gives the sufferer a dry , scaly(فلس مانند) skin)

3 Medical Terminology CHAPTER NINETEEN Integumentary System

icterus = jaundice = yellow = و یرقان زردی

condition in which the skin becomes yellow (a morbid condition(حالت مرضی) characterized by yellowness of the eyes , skin

and urine , whiteness of the feces , constipation(یبوست) , queasiness( عحالت تهو ) ,

loss of appetite(اشتها) , and general languor(سستی) , and lassitude(بی حالی))

keloid (برآمدگی که در محل التیام زخم پدید می آید) scar formation that is elevated and looks like a tumor (a red , raised formation of fibrous scar tissue caused by excessive

tissue repair in response to trauma or incision)

lichen

papular skin eruption that is sometimes flat (any of various skin diseases in which the lesions are

typically small , firm papules set close together)

lichen planus

flat papules (an inflammatory skin disease with wide , flat , violaceous(بنفش) ,

shiny papules in circumscribed(محدود و مشخص) patches)

macule

small spot or a blotch(لکه) on the skin (a discolored spot on the skin that is not raised above the surface | a small ,

discolored patch or spot on the skin , neither elevated above nor depressed

below the skins surface)

nodule

small , palpable node (a small node which is solid and can be detected by touch | a small node ,

bump , swelling , protuberance | a small mass of tissue or aggregation of cells)

papule

small , pointed lesion not filled with pus (a small , solid , usually inflammatory elevation of the skin

that does not contain pus)

petechia small hemorrhage under the skin that appears as a small spot

(a minute(کوچک) , round , nonraised hemorrhage in the skin or in a mucous or

serous membrane)

scar

mark left on the skin by a healed wound (a mark remaining after the healing of a wound | the fibrous tissue

that replaces normal tissue destroyed by injury or disease | a mark

that is left on the skin after a wound has healed)

purpura condition characterized by purple spots under the skin or mucous membranes

(a condition characterized by hemorrhages in the skin and mucous membranes

that result in the appearance of purplish spots or patches | a large , purplish-red

circle on the skin and mucous membrane , caused by the leakage of blood out of

a vessel and under the skin)

suppuration

process by which pus is produced (the formation or discharge(تخلیه و ترشح) of pus , also called pyesis ,

pyopoiesis , and pyosis)

ulcer open wound of the skin

(an open sore of the skin or mucous membrane , often caused by an

initial abrasion(خراش و ساییدگی) and generally maintained by an

inflammation and/or an infection)

vesicle = blister = تاول

small raised area of skin that contains fluid (a small circumscribed(محدود و مشخص) elevation of the

epidermis containing a serous fluid)

wheal(hive)

appearance of very itchy , raised patches (a localized area of edema on the body surface , often attended with severe itching and usually

evanescent(ناپایدار ، محو شونده) ; it is the typical lesion of urticaria)

abrasion

scraping away of the surface of the skin (a superficial wound caused by scraping ; an area of skin where the cells on the surface have

been scraped or worn away | superficial injury to skin or mucous membrane from scraping or

rubbing | an excoriation or circumscribed removal of the superficial layers of skin or mucous

membrane | the rubbing away of the skin surface by friction against another rough surface)

contusion tissue beneath the skin is injured , but skin is not broken

(an injury of a part without a break in the skin | a wound , such as a bruise( کبود

in which the skin is not broken ; often having broken blood vessels and , (شدگی

discoloration | an injury in which the skin is not broken , often characterized by

ruptured blood vessels and discolorations ; a bruise) decubitus ulcer = bed sore

sore on the skin of a person that is caused by prolonged lying down

in one position

(injury to skin and underlying tissue resulting from prolonged pressure on the

skin | focal(موضعی) ischemic necrosis of skin and underlying tissues at sites of

pressure or friction in patients confined to bed or immobilized by illness)

excoriation process in which there is removal of or loss of skin by trauma ,

burns and other causes | removal of a layer of skin by trauma

(an injury to a surface of the body caused by trauma , such as the scratching ,

abrasion , or a chemical or thermal burn)

frostbite condition of the skin caused by excessive cold , in which it

appears that the skin has been bitten (a condition in which skin and the tissue just below the skin freeze | injury to

tissues due to exposure to cold | skin and subcutaneous tissue damage caused

by prolonged exposure to extreme cold)

laceration injury characterized by an irregular tear

(an irregular open wound caused by a blunt impact to soft tissue | a

deep cut or tear in skin or flesh | EXAMPLE: the doctor sewed up(دوختن)

the laceration in his arm)

miliarea = heat rash = prickly heat rash with eruptions the size of very small millet seeds | rash the size

of small seeds ; prickly heat rash (an inflammatory skin condition caused by obstruction of the ducts of the sweat glands , resulting

from exposure to high heat and humidity and characterized by the eruption of small , red papules

accompanied by an itching or prickling sensation)

acne disease condition of the skin in which the lesions are pointed

(a skin condition , usually of the face , that is common in adolescents

; it is characterized by red pimples(جوش) , and is caused by the

inflammation of sebaceous glands through bacterial infection)

acne rosacea form of acne in which the nose , forehead , and the cheeks appear to be rose

colored | pointed lesions on the face that are rose colored

acne vulgaris common form of acne

(vulgaris : ordinary ; common)

flat papule

4 Medical Terminology CHAPTER NINETEEN Integumentary System

blackhead discolored plug at the opening of a sebaceous gland

(a small plug of sebum blocking the duct of a sebaceous gland especially on the

face | a plug of keratin and sebum within a hair follicle that is blackened at the

surface | a plug of sebum in a hair follicle , darkened by oxidation)

carbuncle small , painful inflammation of the skin , usually containing pus that is red , similar

to burning coal | small . painful eruption that is red like burning coal

(a painful local purulent inflammation of the skin and deeper tissues with multiple openings for the

discharge of pus and usually necrosis and sloughing of dead tissue)

cellulitis inflammation of the cells of the skin | inflammation of the cells under the skin

(an inflammation of subcutaneous or connective tissue caused by a bacterial infection | skin

and subcutaneous tissue infection that causes redness , swelling , local heat , and pain |

inflammation of the soft or connective tissue , in which a thin , watery exudate spreads through

the cleavage planes of interstitial and tissue spaces ; it may lead to ulceration and abscess)

dermatitis (plural dermatitides) general term meaning inflammation of the skin

(dermatitis is a general term used to describe inflammation of the skin)

eczema condition in which there is flowing out of fluid from the affected skin

(an inflammatory condition of the skin attended with itching and the exudation of

serous matter | an acute or chronic noncontagious inflammation of the skin ,

characterized chiefly by redness , itching , and the outbreak of lesions that may

discharge serous matter and become encrusted and scaly)

ecthyma = ulcerative impetigo skin condition in which fluid rushes out of affected skin |

skin condition in which fluid rushes out of sores in the skin

(a shallowly ulcerative form of impetigo)

furuncle = boil (a painful , pus-filled bump under the skin caused by infected , inflamed hair follicles | boils start

as red , tender lumps ; these fill with pus , grow , then rupture and drain | a painful skin lesion

caused by infection of a hair follicle , characterized by a central core surrounded by inflamed

tissue | a painful nodule formed in the skin by circumscribed inflammation of the dermis and

subcutaneous tissue , enclosing a central slough or core)

impetigo condition in which the skin is invaded by bacteria

(a bacterial skin infection marked by vesicles or bullae that becomes pustular ,

rupture , and form yellow crusts | a contagious skin infection caused by

staphylococcal or streptococcal bacteria and characterized by the eruption of

superficial pustules that rupture and form thick yellow crusts) intertrigo = chafing

superficial inflammation between the folds of skin , usually caused by rubbing |

inflammation between the folds of skin

(chafing or dermatitis occurring between two folds of skin | an erythematous skin eruption

occurring on opposed skin surfaces | dermatitis occurring between folds or juxtaposed

surfaces of the skin and caused by sweat retention , moisture(رطوبت) , warmth , and the

overgrowth of resident(مقیم ، مستقر) microorganisms | inflammation caused by the rubbing of one

area of skin on another)

lupus vulgaris tuberculosis of the skin ; a common condition that eats away

the skin in a wolf like manner | tuberculosis of the skin

pediculosis condition in which there is infestation of lice in body hair | infestation of lice

(an infestation with blood-sucking lice ; pediculosis capitis is infestation of the

scalp with lice ; pediculosis corporis is infestation of the skin of the body with lice

; pediculosis pubis is infestation of the pubic hair region with lice)

pediculosis pubis lice in the pubic hair

(infestation of the pubic hair region with lice)

pediculosis capitis lice in the hair on the head

(infestation of the scalp by head lice)

pediculosis corporis lice in the hair of the body

(infestation of body skin with lice)

pityriasis rosea skin disease marked by shedding of reddish branlike scales of epidermis

(pityriasis : any of various skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine ,

branny scales | any of various skin diseases characterized by epidermal

shedding of flaky scales)

pustule small circumscribed elevation of the skin containing pus | small ,

circumscribed lesion with pus

(a small , elevated , circumscribed , pus-containing lesion of the skin)

scabies skin disease caused by parasitic mites that burrow under the skin and cause a

severe itchiness | infestation of parasitic mites

(an infestation of parasitic mites , Sarcoptes scabiei , causing intense itching caused by the

mites burrowing into the skin of humans and other animals | a contagious disease caused by

Sarcoptes scabiei , the human itch mite , characterized by intense itching of the skin and

excoriation from scratching | a contagious , intensely itchy skin condition caused by a tiny ,

burrowing mite)

seborrheic dermatitis inflammation of the skin in which there is excessive flow of

sebum | inflammation with excessive flow of sebum

tinea = ringworm skin disease caused by a fungus

(a superficial infection of the skin , hair , or nails , caused by a fungus and

commonly known as ringworm | any of several contagious fungal diseases of

the skin , hair , or nails of humans and domestic animals that are characterized

by ring-shaped discolored skin patches covered with vesicles and scales)

tinea barbae ringworm near the bread

tinea capitis ringworm of the head

tinea corporis ringworm of the body

tinea pedis = athlete’s foot

ringworm of the feet

tinea unguium fungus infection of the nails

(ringworm of the nails | onychomycosis)

variation of carbon

5 Medical Terminology CHAPTER NINETEEN Integumentary System

onychomycosis (=tinea unguium) condition of the nails caused by a fungus | fungus infection of the nails

(a fungal infection of the fingernails or toenails that results in thickening ,

roughness , and splitting of the nails | a nail fungus causing thickened ,

brittle(ترد ، شکننده) , crumbly(ترد ، شکننده) , or ragged(زبر ، خشن) nails)

angioma = hemangioma (signifying that blood vessels are in the tumor) tumor consisting mainly of blood vessels that appear on the skin | tumor filled

with blood vessels (a benign tumor made up of small blood vessels or lymph vessels | a tumor composed chiefly of

lymphatic vessels or blood vessels | a benign tumor made up of dilated or newly formed blood

vessels (hemangioma) or lymph vessels(lymphangioma))

callus = پینه condition in which an area of skin becomes hardened

(a thickened and hardened part of the skin or soft tissue , especially in an area that has been

subjected to friction | a toughened area of the skin which has become relatively thick and hard

in response to repeated friction , pressure , or other irritation ; rubbing that is too frequent or

forceful will cause blisters rather than allow calluses to form)

plantar keratosis condition in which there is hardening of the skin of the sole of the foot

scleroderma condition characterized by hardening of the skin

(a collagen disease characterized by the deposition of fibrous tissue into the

skin and often other organs , causing tissue hardening and thickening | a

chronic disease characterized by excessive deposits of collagen in the skin or

other organs)

cheilitis inflammation of the lips

(cheil : root word meaning lip)

(chole : root word meaning bile)

cutis anserina = goosebumps condition of the skin in which bumps appear and the skin resembles

the texture of a plucked goose

(momentary(زودگذر) roughness of the skin caused by erection of the erector pili

muscles in response to cold , excitement or fear | small raised areas that

appear on the skin because of cold , fear or excitement)

diaphoresis condition in which there is an excessive amount of sweat carried through the skin

| excessive amount of sweating carried through the skin

hyperhidrosis condition in which there is excessive sweating | excessive sweating

hidr aden itis

inflammation of sweat glands

erysi pelas disease in which there is a spread of a deep red color to the

skin | disease with spread of deep red color to skin

erythema nodosum condition in which reddened lumps appear on the skin

erythromelalgia condition in which the skin of the extremities becomes red and painful

(paroxysmal , bilateral vasodilation , particularly of the limbs , with burning pain and increased

skin temperature and redness | paroxysm : a sudden recurrence or attack of a disease ;

spasm ; outburst ; eruption)

gangrene condition in which soft tissue , including skin , becomes necrotic

(localized necrosis of body tissue , resulting from obstructed

circulation or bacterial infection)

epithelioma tumor of epithelial tissue

melanoma tumor involving the black pigment cells of the skin

mottled skin condition in which the color of skin changes because of underlying blood

vessels , and therefore the color varies | color of skin changes because of

changes in blood vessels

nevus = birthmark mark on the skin , including various types of birthmarks and all types of moles

(a birthmark or a mole on the skin , especially a birthmark in the form of a raised

red patch | a congenital circumscribed growth or mark on the skin , such as a

mole or birthmark , colored by hyperpigmentation or increased vascularity)

nummular skin inflammation characterized by the formation of coin-

shaped lesions | skin lesions in the shape of coins

psoriasis chronic condition characterized by scaly patches

(a noncontagious disease whose main symptom is gray or salivary flaky patches on the skin

which are red and inflamed underneath when scratched | a chronic , hereditary , recurrent

dermatosis marked by discrete(مجزا) vivid(روشن ، واضح) red macules , or plaques covered with

silvery lamellated(تیغه ای) scales)

ichthyosis condition in which the skin is dry and scaly like the skin of a

fish | dry , and scaly skin , resembling fish skin

rhinophyma condition in which the nose grows in size because of an increase in the thickness of the skin

(a form of rosacea marked by redness , sebaceous hyperplasia , and nodular swelling and

congestion of the skin of the nose | hypertrophy of the nose with follicular dilation resulting from

hyperplasia of sebaceous glands accompanied by fibrosis and increased vascularity | a form

rosacea in which there is sebaceous hyperplasia , redness , prominent vascularity , swelling , and

distortion of the skin of the nose)

sebaceous cyst = wen the sebaceous gland is closed and becomes a saclike

structure filled with sebum | saclike structure full of sebum

telangeictasis the ends of blood vessels are dilated , especially the capillaries under the skin of

the nose and face , causing persistent redness

(permanent dilation of groups of superficial capillaries and venules | a condition characterized by

dilation of the capillaries causing them to appear as small red or purple clusters , often

spidery(شبیه تار عنکبوت) in appearance , on the skin or the surface of an organ)

skin erysi variation of erythro

sweat gland

Coin-shaped ; flattened ,

with rounded form , as disk

6 Medical Terminology CHAPTER NINETEEN Integumentary System

urticaria = nettle rash (because a known cause of this response is contact with the nettle weed)

skin reaction in which there is intense itchiness near pale , irregular ,

raised patches of skin | intense itchiness

wheal(hive) condition of the skin characterized by the appearance of very

itchy , raised patches

verruca = wart (a benign , viral , warty skin lesion with a rough ,

papilomatous surface | a small , fleshy bump on the skin or

mucous membrane caused by human papillomavirus)

vitiligo smooth , white patches of skin characterized by lack of pigmentation (chronic pigmentary anomaly of the skin manifested by the depigmented white patches that may

be surrounded by a hyperpigmented border | a progressive skin disorder that is a form of

leucoderma caused by the localized or generalized destruction of melanocytes and marked by

sharply circumscribed white spots of skin)

hirsute excessive hairiness ; the body is covered with shaggy hair

| excessive distribution of shaggy hair

(covered with hair ; hairy ; shaggy)

hypertrichosis

excessive growth of hair

(growth of hair in excess of the normal)

pilonidal cyst sac filled with hair that grows in a hidden place ; the location

for a pilonidal cyst is usually the base of the spine where

the left and right buttocks start

superfluous hair condition in which there is an abundance of hair , especially

on parts of the body that are not usually covered by hair in

the female , such as the upper lip or chin

antipruritic drugs medicines used against or to control itchiness

(a medical agent that stops itching | an agent that prevents

or relieves itching)

debridement action that results in the removal of dead tissue that restrains the healing of a

lesion ; this can be done by surgical means or by the use of drugs |

procedure to remove dead tissue

(the removal of dead , damaged , or infected tissue to improve the healing potential of the

remaining healthy tissue | removal of dead or infected tissue or foreign material until surrounding

healthy tissue is exposed ; this is done to facilitate healing)

depilatory agent for the removal of hair

(a preparation that removes hair from the body | depilate : to remove hair from

the body ; epilate = depilate)

dermabrasion scraping of the skin , usually to remove acne scars

(a cosmetic medical procedure in which the surface of the epidermis of the skin is removed by

abrasion , typically to remove scarring or sun-damaged skin | planning(صاف کردن) of the skin

done by mechanical means | operative procedure to efface(پاک و محو کردن) acne scars or pits | a

surgical procedure designed to remove imperfections(عیب و نقص) , such as scars , by abrading the

surface of the skin) electrolysis

destruction of hair follicles by means of an electrical current through

a needle inserted into hair follicles

(the destruction of hair roots by means of an electric current applied with a

needle-shaped electrode | the process of removing unwanted hair by killing the

hair root with an electric current)

emollient medicinal preparation used to soften the skin

(a hydrating agent composed of fat or oil applied topically(موضعی) to

soften skin)

epilating wax use of liquefied wax to pull out hair

(epilate : to remove hair from the body by mechanical , chemical or

other means ; depilate = epilate)

incision and drainage procedure involving the cutting into of an inflamed area to

remove pus | cutting into a part and removing pus

keratolytic lotion liquid preparation used to break down a layer of hard skin (an agent that dissolves or breaks down the outer layer of skin | a substance

that promotes the softening and peeling of epidermis ; keratolytic therapy is

treatment to remove warts and other lesions in which the epidermis produces

excess skin)

lumpectomy

surgical removal of an isolated tumor (surgical excision of only the palpable lesion in carcinoma of the breast | surgical excision of a

tumor without removing large amounts of surrounding tissue | removal of either a benign or

malignant lesion from the breast , with preservation(حفظ و نگهداری) of surrounding tissue |

lumpectomy is a partial mastectomy)

scabicide preparation used to kill the organism that causes

scabies | preparation that kills scabies germs (a substance that kills mites of the genus Sarcoptes , which cause scabies | a drug that

destroys the itch mite that causes scabies | topical(موضعی) agent that kills scabies mite)

skin graft procedure in which a living portion of skin from one part of the body , or from a

donor , is transplanted to replace lost skin

(a piece of skin transplanted to replace a lost portion of skin | a piece of skin that is surgically

removed from a donor area to replace skin in a defective or denuded area | a surgical operation

in which a piece of healthy skin is transplanted to a new site on a patient’s body or to a different

individual)

pemphigus disease characterized by the appearance of vesicle and

bullae that resemble bubbles under the skin | disease

characterized by bubble like eruptions on the skin

mammography

x-ray examination of breasts | test that uses low

levels of x-rays to product pictures of breast tissue

mammoplasty

plastic surgery done on breasts

mastectomy

removal of a breast

7 Medical Terminology CHAPTER NINETEEN Integumentary System

refraction شکست ، انکسار if glass or water refracts light , the light changes direction when it passes through

the glass or water

delicate ظریف ، حساس ،

لطیفeasily damaged or broken | fragile | easily damaged or requiring careful

handling | sensitive | EXAMPLE: the sun can easily damage a child’s delicate skin

distinguish تشخیص دادن ،

تمیز دادنdifferentiate | determine | EXAMPLE: the eyes distinguish the size , shape ,

placement , color , and distance of an object

pupil شاگرد ، دانش آموز ،

مردمک چشم

expanding or contracting opening in the center of the iris | the dark circular

opening in the center of the iris of the eye , which varies in size to regulate the

amount of light reaching the retina

comprise دربرداشتن ، شامل

بودنconsist of | be made up of | contain | be composed of

constitute | make up | form | account for

eyelid پلک چشم two movable folds of tissue located in front of the eye that protect the eye from

intense(شدید ، قوی) light , dust , and impact(ضربه)

conjunctiva ملتحمه thin layer of mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of each eyelid and covers the exposed surface of each

eyeball ; a continuous membrane with opposed surfaces that slide past each other when the eyelids close and

open ; it is the membrane that serves to connect the globe of the eye to the eyelids

lacrimal apparatus دستگاه اشکی structures of the eye that secrete tears and drain them from the surface of the

eyeball ; these parts include the lacrimal glands , lacrimal ducts , lacrimal canals ,

lacrimal sacs , and nasolacrimal ducts

cone-shaped مخروطی شکل having the shape of a cone , tapering from a round base to a point

line پوشاندن to cover the inner surface of something

cushion بالشتک ، محافظت

کردنsoften the effect of an impact on | protect | shield

coordinated هماهنگ working together

at once با هم ، یکدفعه ،

مانهمز

together | at the same time | simultaneously(با هم ، همزمان) | immediately | now

| promptly(بی درنگ ، فورا ، زود) | instantly(فورا ، بی درنگ) | abruptly(ناگهان)

yoke وصل کردن to closely connect two things | to link or join | to connect |

EXAMPLE: the eyes move as if(مثل اینکه) they were yoked together

intense شدید ، قوی extreme | severe | strong | potent | vigorous

impact ضربه ، تاثیر collision(ضربه ، تصادف ، برخورد) | effect ; influence ; impression

canthus از دو گوشه چشم که هر یک

در آن پلک ها یکی می شوند

either corner of the eye , where the eyelids meet | either of the angles formed by

the meeting of an eyes upper and lower eyelids | corner of the eyelid

row (two rows of eyelashes)

سطر ، ردیفa line of things next to each other | EXAMPLE: the edges of the eyelids are lined

with two or three rows of eyelashes , which protect the eye

tarsus بافت همبند نگهدارنده ی

پلک چشم

flat cartilage of the eyelid ; a plate of fibrous tissue that is located at the edge of

the eyelid ; the tarsus gives the delicate skin of the eyelid shape and firmness | a

thin sheet of fibrous connective tissue which supports the edge of each eyelid

meibomian glands غدد تارسال glands in the tarsal plate that secrete an oily substance that acts as a barrier to

keep tears in the eyes | (=tarsal glands)

C H A P T E R 20

Eye Medicine 92

Medical Terminology

8 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY Eye

opposed (opposed surfaces)

مقابل ، روبرو ، مواجه

، ضد و متضادEXAMPLE: the conjunctiva is a continuous membrane with opposed

surfaces that slide past each other when the eyelids close and open

slide لغزیدن ، لیز خوردن to move smoothly along a surface

drain جریان یافتن to flow gradually | to lose liquid | EXAMPLE: as the fluid drains from the

lacrimal gland , it washes over the conjunctiva to the inner canthus

punctum

(puncta)

a small , distinct point | lacrimal punctum : hole at the inner angle of the eye

through which tears drain around the eyeball ; this opening lead to the lacrimal

canaliculus

house منزل دادن ، منزل

گزیدن ، قرار گرفتنEXAMPLE: the internal structures of the eye housed within the orbital cavity

aqueous humor زلالیه watery circulating fluid in the front part of the eye or in the anterior

cavity of the eye

vitreous humor زجاجیه transparent , gelatinous substance or fluid in the posterior cavity of the

eye behind the lens

tough (tough layer)

سفت ، محکم ،

سختstrong | firm | hard | rigid | stiff | inflexible

rough(زبر و خشن) : having an uneven or irregular surface

transparent شفاف allowing light to pass through so that objects behind can be distinctly(بطور واضح ، بطور مشخص)

seen

iris عنبیه circular , pigmented , muscular organ or diaphragm in the front of the eye ; the

term iris means rainbow and is used because the colors of the iris vary

slight outward

curvature

مقداری انحنا به

بیرونEXAMPLE: the cornea has a slight outward curvature

limbus ، لبه ، حاشیه ، کناره circular edge where the sclera joins the cornea )محل اتصال قرنیه و صلبیه(

juncture اتصال ، محل اتصال ،

مفصلa place where things join ; a junction

venous sinus =

canal of schlemm

space through the sclera where the inside fluids of the eye of the eye drained into

the venous system ; excess aqueous humor is drained through this space

uvea = uveal tract دومین لایه چشم middle layer of the eye ; if the outer layer were peeled off , exposing

the middle layer , the eye would resemble a grape

suspend آویزان شدن ، آویزان

کردنto hang

peel off to remove an outer layer or covering of something

chiefly مخصوصا ، به طور

عمدهespecially | primarily | mainly | principally | almost entirely

adapt سازش یافتن to become adjusted to new condition | accommodate

depression افسردگی ، گودی feeling of severe dejection | a sunken place or hollow on a surface ; cavity ; hole

keenest vision دید دقیق keen : sharp ; having a fine edge or point | highly developed | sensitive

vitreous humor زجاجیه gelatinous substance or fluid in the posterior cavity of the eye behind the lens

depth perception درک عمقی the ability to perceive spatial relationships , especially distances

between objects , in three dimensions

accommodation تطابق adaption | adjustment | the adjustment of the eye to a change of the distance from an

observed object | accommodate : to get used to a new situation | EXAMPLE: her eyes took a

while to accommodate to the darkness

Plural

9 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY Eye

binocular vision دید دوچشمی the design of having two slightly different views

optic chiasm کیاسمای بینایی the area in the brain where there is a crossover of some of the optic

nerve fibers from left to right

result in to make something happen | cause | bring about

result from if something results from something else , it is caused by it

split into to divide something into different parts | to separate

fit into گنجیدن match | EXAMPLE: some terms related to diseases of the eye do not fit

exactly into one of these sets

drooping افسردگی ، پژمردگی ،

افتادگیto hang or bend down | to become sad or weak | EXAMPLE: her eyelids

began to droop (=close because she was sleepy

barley seed جو ، بذر جو a kind of grain used for food and to make beer

stye گل مژه a small rising or inflammation

blur محو شدن ، تار کردن to become difficult to see , or to make something difficult to see ,

because the edges are not clear

opaque ناشفاف ، کدر ، مبهم opaque glass or liquid is difficult to see through and often thick

diminish کم شدن ، تقلیل یافتن make or become less | decrease | reduce | lessen | grow smaller

pull away کنار رفتن to move off or ahead

dull-gray خاکستری مات

gleam نورضعیف ،

سوسوزدنa small pale light

iridocyclitis inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body that goes around the iris

opacity کدورت the quality that something has when it is difficult to see through or understand

somewhat قدری ، تاحدی ، تا

، نسبتا اندازه ایmore than a little but not very | slightly | relatively | fairly

drift apart to separate | grow apart | to lose contact

faint تیره ، ضعیف ، خفیف difficult to see , hear , smell

amblyopia dull vision ; lazy eye , because the dullness of vision results from not

using the affected eye , but rather dependent totally on only one eye

converge متقارب شدن to come from different directions and meet at the same point to become one thing

concave مقعر ، کاو a concave surface is curved inwards in the middle

convex کوژ ، محدب curved outwards , like the surface of the eye

10 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY Eye

farsightedness دوربینی the condition of being unable to focus on near objects | hyperopia |

hypermetropia

intolerance عدم تحمل ، عجز و

ناتوانیextreme to a food or drug etc ; allergy

dread ترس ، بیم ، وحشت fear

sunken ، گودافتادهفرورفته at a lower level than the surrounding area | EXAMPLE: sunken eyes(endophthalmia)

esotropia a turning in of the eyes ; cross-eyed

oscillation نوسان a regular movement of something from side to side

nod to move your head up and down , especially in order to show agreement

or understanding ; shake

nut میوه مغز دار مانند

بادام و پسته و فندقa dry brown fruit inside a hard shell , that grows on a tree

strabismus abnormal alignment of the eyes | inability of one eye to attain binocular

vision with the other because of imbalance of the muscles of the eyeball

ensure تضمین کردن ، مطمئن

ساختنto make certain that something will happen properly make sure

strip باریکه ، نوار a long , narrow piece of something

buckle خم شدن to fasten something | to become bent under pressure or heat

conjugated manner the muscles of the eyes are coordinated in such a way that normally both eyes

move together ; the eyes move as if they were yoked together

oculo- combining form meaning eye ophthalmo- combining form meaning eye

(ophthalmoplegia , ophthalmoscope)

papilla- combining form denoting the nipple like appearance at

the optic disk

(papillitis , papilledema)

blepharo- root word meaning eyelid

(blepharitis , blepharoptosis , blepharoplasty)

dacryo- combining form meaning tears

(dacryoadenitis , dacryocystitis)

kerato root word denoting relationship to the cornea

(keratitis , keratoconjunctivitis , keratoconus)

irido- combining form meaning iris

(iridodialysis , iridectomy)

opia , ops root words meaning a condition of sight(vision)

(amblyopia , ametropia , anisometropia , anopia , diplopia , hemianopia ,

nyctalopia)

(esotropia , exotropia , hypertropia , hypotropia = tropia means turning) scopic root word pertaining to the sense of vision

bulb

rounded , onionlike shape of the eye the bulb is the rounded part of the eye

globe = eyeball

rounded part of the eye (another name for eyeball) the globe is the rounded part of the eye

fundus oculi

the body of the eye or the portion of the eye opposite the entrance

, or the pupil

optic EXAMPLE: optic chiasm | optic disk | optic nerve

pertaining to(مربوط به) the eye or sight

orbital cavity round bony socket(حفره ، کاسه) that contains and protects the eyeball

retrobulbar fat

thick , fatty cushion of tissue in back of the eyeball

conjugate eye movement

the eyes move as if they were yoked together | the eyes move

together | rotation of the two eyes in the same direction

as if : as though | in a way that suggests sth

EXAMPLE: it’s her birthday. As if he didn’t know! as if : مثل اینکه

canthus corner of the eyelid | angle made by the eyelids that is located at the corner

of each eye

inner canthus

corner of the eye toward the midline

caruncle small piece of flesh at the inner corner of the eyelids or eyes

outer canthus

corner of the eye away from the midline

11 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY Eye

cilia = eyelashes palpebra = eyelid

palpebrae = eyelids

blepharo : root word meaning eyelid tarsus

flat cartilage of the eyelid | a plate of fibrous tissue that gives the delicate skin of the eyelid

shape and firmness | the plate of connective tissue forming the framework of an eyelid

tarsal glands = meibomian glands

glands in the tarsal plate that secrete an oily substance that acts as a barrier to

keep tears in the eyes conjunctiva

thin layer of mucous membrane that lines the inner surface of each eyelid and covers the

exposed surface of each eyeball , it is the membrane that serves to connect the globe of the eye

to the eyelids

lacrimal apparatus = دستگاه اشکی

group of structures involved in lacrimation

lacrimal gland tissue mass that secretes tears | tears are produced in the lacrimal gland ,

which is lateral and superior to each eyeball

lacrimal punctum (plural puncta)

hole at the inner angle of the eye through which tears drain around

the eyeball lacrimal canaliculi (singular canaliculus)

small canals that transport tears from the eye to the duct in the nose

or to the nose

lacrimal sac

pounchlike area at the beginning of the nasolacrimal duct

nasolacrimal duct

tube that transports tears down the nose lacrimal fluid = tears

fluid from the lacrimal glands

lacrimation

act of shedding tears(اشک ریختن)

cornea transparent(شفاف) , circular structure covering the front of the eye; covers the iris

and pupil and it has a slight outward curvature(انحنا)

limbus = sclerocorneal junction

circular edge where the sclera joins the cornea sclera = the white of the eye

white , dense , relatively hard(نسبتا سخت) covering of the eye

venous sinus = canal of schlemm space through the sclera where the inside fluids of the eye drain into the venous

system; excess aqueous humor is drained through this space

uvea = uveal tract = middle layer of the eye the middle of the three concentric(متحدالمرکز) layers that make up the eye; it is pigmented and

vascular , and comprises(شامل بودن) of the choroid , the ciliary body , and the iris

choroid dark , thin membrane that contains the arteries and veins nourishing the eye; it covers the back

three quarters(سه چهارم) of the eye and is continues with the ciliary body

ciliary body circular band of muscle and fiber that holds , suspends and controls the shape

and curvature(انحنا) of the lens(عدسی)

iris = rainbow (it is used because the colors of the iris vary) circular , pigmented , muscular diaphragm in the front of the eye

pupil = little doll (it is used because of the small images reflected on the pupil) expanding or contracting opening in the center of the iris

optic disk = blind spot circular area at the back of the eye where the optic nerve and blood vessels

enter the eye

macula lutea = yellow spot

yellow spot at the back of the eye

fovea centralis (contains only cones)

small pit or fovea or depression in the center of the macula lutea |

small pit in the center back of the eye

retina

inside layer of the eye that receives images of external objects |

membrane lining the inside of the eye rods and cones

receptors of light in the retina so named because of their shape; each

distinguish(تشخیص دادن) a different type of sight

aqueous humor

watery circulating fluid in the front part of the eye or in the anterior cavity of the

eye

hyaloid canal (vitreous=glass | hyaline=glass | hyaloid=glasslike) a tubelike space in the glasslike vitreous humor that is involved in the early

development of the eye

vitreous humor = vitreous body (because it is a physical mass)

fluid or gelatinous substance in the posterior cavity of the eye behind the lens that is as

transparent as glass; It gives the eyeball shape and helps hold the retina in place

accommodation = تطابق action of adjusting the thickness of the lens to focus the image on the retina |

the focusing of rays of light by the lens that makes an image on the retina

refraction = انکسار

act of breaking up light rays as they enter the eye and redirecting the angle of

the rays to focus on the retina | breaking and redirecting of light rays

emmetropia = normal vision (because the image lies on the retina)

correct measure of the distance from the lens to the focused image in the eye | the condition of

the normal eye when parallel rays are focused exactly on the retina and vision is perfect

ametropia = هر بیماری ناشی از انکسار معیوب نور در چشم

general term meaning refractive disorder | any of several disorders

of the eye resulting from faulty(معیوب و ناقص) refractive ability peripheral vision

area around the point directly in front of the eyes that is visible without moving

the eye | the area visible without moving the eyes

binocular EXAMPLE: binocular vision | a binocular microscope involving both eyes | refers to both eyes | using two eyes

orthoptic condition in which there is normal position of the eyes in which the eyes are straight and not

turned inward or outward

binocular vision the design of having two slightly different views

(vision using two eyes with overlapping fields of view , allowing good perception of depth)

orthoptic training instructions in exercises aimed at straightening the direction of the eyes

optic chiasm the area in the brain where there is a crossover of some of the optic nerve fibers from left to right

blepharitis

inflammation of the eyelid

blepharoptosis

drooping(خمیدگی ، پژمرده شدن) of the eyelid

(the drooping of the upper eyelid | =ptosis)

chalazion chalazia lump in the tarsal glands(meibomian glands) of the eyelid

(a small , nonmalignant , localized swelling of the eyelid resulting

from obstruction and retained secretions of the meibomian glands |

=meibomian cyst)

conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva (inflammation or redness of the lining of the white part of the

eye(sclera) and the underside of the eyelid | =pink eye , red eye)

aqueous humor

plural

12 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY Eye

dacryo aden itis

inflammation of the tear gland (inflammation of the lacrimal gland)

dacryo cyst itis

inflammation of the saclike structure that holds tears (inflammation of the tear sac(lacrimal sac) at the inner corner of the eye)

ectropion the eyelid is turned out and does not protect the eyeball | eyelid

turns outward (eversion or turning outward , as of the margin of an eyelid | a condition of

loose eyelids , characterized by the turning outward of the lower eyelid)

as of from | at | used to show the time or date from which

something starts

entropion the eyelid is turned inward and rubs against(ساییدن) the

eyeball | eyelid turns in (inversion , or the turning inward , as of the margin of an eyelid | an

inversion(turning inward) or infolding of the margin of the eyelid

epi canthus vertical fold of skin covers over the inner angle of the eye (a condition in which a fold of skin that stretches from the upper to the lower eyelid partially

covers the inner canthus | a vertical fold of skin on either side of the nose | a vertical fold of

skin over the angle of the inner canthus of the eye | =epicanthic fold)

epiphora excessive tearing ; tears are brought on the cheek

(overflow of tears due to obstruction of lacrimal duct | watering of the eyes due

to a blockage of the lacrimal ducts or the excessive secretion of tears)

stye

a small rising or inflammation (a circumscribed abscess caused by bacterial infection of the glands on the edge of the eyelid ;

hordeolum | inflammation of the sebaceous gland of the eyelid , usually caused by bacteria ; a

chalazion and a stye are both lumps in or along the edge of an eyelid ; styes are similar to

chalazia , but they(styes) tend to be smaller and more painful)

hordeolum = stye = گل مژه

eruption resembling a small barley seed(دانه ی جو) on the edge of the eyelid (an infection of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid ; this is distinguished from a chalazion , which is not infected , but a cyst formed an impacted

meibomian gland of the eyelid | a localized , purulent inflammatory infection of a sebaceous gland(meibomian) of the eyelid)

ophthalmoplegia

paralysis of one or more muscles of the eye (paralysis of one or more of the muscles that control eye movement)

pterygium small , winglike fold of conjunctiva extending from the inner corner

laterally over the eye

(a triangular fleshy mass of thickened conjunctiva occurring usually at the inner

side of the eyeball , covering part of the cornea , and causing a disturbance of

vision)

subconjunctival hemorrhage

bleeding under the conjunctiva

trichiasis

the eyelashes grow inward

(a condition in which the eyelashes due to entropion , blepharitis or injury , are

directed towards the globe(=eyeball) and cause irritation(خراش ، زخم) of the cornea

and conjunctiva | a turning inward of the eyelashes often causing irritation of the

eyeball | ingrown eyelashes)

aphakia there is no lens either from birth or following surgery to remove the lens , as occurs during cataract surgery |

condition in which the lens is missing (absence of the lens of an eye , occurring congenitally or as a result of trauma or surgery ; as a result the eye has no accommodative power

and is usually highly hyperopic | lenslessness)

hyperopia = hypermetropia = farsightedness = myopia (a disorder of the vision where the eye focuses images behind the retina instead of on it , so that

distant objects can be seen better than near objects | a condition of the eye in which parallel rays

are focused behind the retina , distant objects being seen more distinctly than near ones | a

condition of the eye where incoming rays of light reach the retina before they converge into a

focused image ; it results from the eyeball being too short for light rays to properly focus on the

retina , thus forming a blurred image)

myopia = nearsightedness condition in which the object being viewed is focused in front of the retina

(a disorder of the vision where distant objects appear blurred because the eye

focuses their images in front of the retina instead of on it)

arcus senilis

cloudelike appearance around the iris , associated with age | a ring resembling a cloud appears around

the cornea(or iris) in elderly(مسن ، سالخورده) persons ; edge of the iris blurs with the cornea (an opaque , greyish ring at the periphery of the cornea just within the sclerocorneal junction(limbus) | an opaque ring , gray to white in

color , that surrounds the periphery of the cornea)

cataract lens becomes cloudy like a flood of water | lens becomes opaque

as if(مثل اینکه) flooded with a rush of water , thus the amount of light

that passes through the lens is diminished(کاهش می یابد)

senile indicates old age ; it especially refers to the decline

of mental functioning that may develop in old age

corneal ulcers

sores on the cornea

(= ulcerative keratitis)

detached retina

the retina pulls away(move ahead) from its normal

attachment to the choroid layer of the eye ; the retina is then

floating in the vitreous humor (the retina peels away from its underlying layer of support tissue)

Tears

Lacrimal Gland

Lacrimal sac

angle

Phakia lens

eyelash

13 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY Eye

episcleritis

inflammation of the tissue over the sclera episclera: the loose connective tissue between the sclera

and the conjunctiva

glaucoma an increase in pressure in the eyeball , which results in

diminished vision , described as a dull-gray(خاکستری مات)

gleam(نورضعیف ، سوسو) in the affected eye

hypopyon

presence of pus under the cornea in the anterior chamber

of the eye | pus under the cornea (the presence of leukocytes and an accumulation of pus in the anterior chamber

of the eye , which appears as a whitish or gray fluid between the cornea and the

iris)

keratitis inflammation of the cornea

(= corneitis)

uveitis is an inflammation of the uveal tract(middle layer of the eye) ; the uveal tract has three parts : the iris ,

the ciliary body , the choroid

uveitis is categorized according to the part of the uveal tract that is affected

iridocyclitis inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body that goes

around the iris ; an inflammation of the middle layer of the

eyeball , part of the uveal tract

iridodialysis splitting of the iris ; circular ring of the iris is broken or split through and as a result

, the iris resembles the letter C instead of the letter O

(a localized separation or tearing away of the iris from its attachment to the ciliary body)

cyclodialysis

a procedure in which slits(شکاف و درز) are made around the iris | procedure in which a split(شکاف) in the ciliary

body is made around the iris (surgical opening of a passage between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space in order to reduce pressure within the glaucoma |

separation of the ciliary body from the sclera)

uveitis inflammation of the uveal tract , or the middle layer of the

eyeball | inflammation of the middle layer of covering

over the eye

keratoconjunctivitis inflammation of the cornea and the conjunctiva ;

inflammation extends from the cornea to the tissue in the eye

cavity

keratoconus conelike bulging of the cornea

(conical protrusion of the central part of the cornea | a degenerative non-inflammatory disorder

of the eye in which structural changes within the cornea cause it to thin and change to a more

conical shape than its normal even curve | conical cornea | KC)

macular degeneration the macula cannot accept vision | the cells at the macula

degenerate and become incapable of accepting visual stimuli ; affect

the central vision as oppose to(به جای ، برخلاف) peripheral vision , since

the macula , since the macula is somewhat in the middle of the retina

leukoma dense , white opacity(کدورت) of the cornea which can be caused by a tumor

(an opaque are or scar on the cornea of an eye | a dense white opacity in the cornea of the eye)

(if the opacity is faint , it is called a nebula)

nebula faint(ضعیف ، خفیف) , cloudlike opacity of the cornea

(slight(اندک) opacity of the cornea)

(if the opacity (in leukoma) is faint , it is called a nebula)

mydriasis = miosis or myosis abnormal condition in which there is excessive dilatation or drifting apart of the

pupil , which can result from some drugs or disease ; ‘‘my’’ means to shut ,

thus rather than shutting , in mydriasis the pupil drifts from shut to open

myosis = miosis = mydriasis abnormal condition in which there is excessive constriction , or closing , of the

pupil of the eye , which can result from some drugs or disease

EXAPLE: Horner’s syndrome consists of miosis(=myosis) , eyelid

ptosis(=blepharoptosis) and absent forehead sweating

papillitis optic neuritis : inflammation of the optic nerve inflammation of the nipplelike structure where the optic nerve attaches to the eye at the optic disk

(a form of optic neuritis involving the optic papilla (disk) | inflammation of the optic disk | inflammation of the optic nerve head |

neuritis : inflammation of the optic nerve , which can occur anywhere along its course from the ganglion cells in the retina to the synapse

of these cell fibers in the lateral geniculate body ; if the inflammation restricted to the optic nerve head the condition is called papillitis)

papilledema

swelling around the nipplelike structure where the optic nerve attaches to the eye at the optic disk (a swelling of the optic disk caused by increased intracranial pressure | edema of the optic disk | a non-inflammatory edema of the optic

nerve head produced by raised intracranial pressure)

Anterior uveitis

is an inflammation of the front part of the uveal tract

Posterior uveitis Is an inflammation of the part of the uveal tract behind the lens of the eye

Pan uveitis Affects the entire uveal tract

(= diffuse uveitis)

Inflammation of the iris

(iritis)

Inflammation of the iris an the ciliary body

(iridocyclitis)

Inflammation of the choroid

(choroiditis)

Inflammation of the choroid an retina

(chorioretinitis)

papilla = optic nerve head = optic disk = combining form

denoting the nipplelike appearance at the optic disk

14 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY Eye

retinitis

inflammation of the retina

retinopathy

general term for diseases of the retina (any noninflammatory disease of the retina)

scleritis

inflammation of the sclera

(inflammation of the sclera of the eye)

keratitis : inflammation of the cornea

trachoma disease that results in rough(زبر و خشن) swellings on the surface of the

eyeball

(= granular conjunctivitis | a contagious bacterial infection of the eye , causing

inflamed granulation on the inner surface of the eyelids)

ambly opia = dull vision = lazy eye = تنبلی چشم because the dullness of vision results from not using the affected eye , but rather depending totally on only one eye

(dimness(تاری) of vision without detectable organic lesion of the eye | dimness of sight especially in one eye without apparent change in the

eye structures called also lazy eye | weakness of sight , without any opacity of the cornea , or of the interior of the eye)

ametropia general term meaning refractive disorder | condition of the eye in

which the measure of the distance from the lens to the focused

image does not correspond to the distance to the retina , where the

focused image should be

emmetropia = normal vision (because the image lies on the retina) correct measure of the distance from the lens to the focused image in the eye

(the normal refractive condition of the eye in which there is clear focus of light on the retina |

normal vision | the normal refractive condition of the eye in which with accommodation relaxed

parallel rays of light are all brought accurately to a focus upon the retina | a state of proper

correlation between the refractive system of the eye and the axial length of the eyeball , rays of

light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis being brought to focus exactly on the retina)

anisometropia = نابرابر بودن قدرت انکسار دو چشم focusing ability of each eye is different ; unequal distance to the

back of each eye

(inequality in refractive power of the two eyes ; there may be unequal amounts

of nearsightedness , farsightedness , or astigmatism , so that one eye will be in

focus while the other will not)

astigmatism light rays do not converge(متقارب شدن) to a point ; image not clearly

focused on any spot on the retina (a defect in the eye or in a lens caused by a deviation from spherical curvature , which results in

distorted images , as light rays are prevented from meeting at a common focus)

hypermetropia = farsightedness = hyperopia

hyperopia = hypermetropia = farsightedness = myopia

the distance to the focused image from the lens is greater than the length of the

eyeball ; the image is focused in back of the retina | condition in which vision

of objects in the distance is better than vision of closer objects

myopia the object being viewed is focused in front of the retina

presbyopia

refractive vision disorder associated with older persons (a visual condition which becomes apparent especially in middle age and in which loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye

causes defective accommodation and inability to focus sharply(به سرعت) for near vision)

refractive disorder disorder of vision caused by ‘‘breaking’’ of light rays | disorder of

vision caused when light rays are broken and regrouped at such an

angle that the point of crossing of the ray is not on the retina

anopia condition in which there is no vision , usually of one eye

(absence of sight , especially when due to structural defect in or

absence of an eye)

color blindness state of being unable to see or distinguish colors | inability

to distinguish color

(a reduced ability to distinguish between certain colors)

diplopia (=double vision)

condition in which there is double vision (a pathological condition of vision in which a single object appears double | the

perception of two images of a single object caused by defective function of the

extraocular muscles or a disorder of the nerves that innervate the muscles)

nyctalopia = night blindness there is blindness , or poor vision at night

(a condition characterized by an abnormal inability to see in dim light or at night

, typically caused by vitamin A deficiency)

hemianopia there is loss of vision in one half of the visual field | half vision in the visual field

(blindness over half the field of vision | defective vision or blindness in half of the visual field of

one or both eyes ; loosely , scotoma in less than half of the visual field of one or both eyes )

photophobia there is intolerance or dread of light | dread of light

(symptom of excessive sensitivity to light and the

aversion( رتبیزاری ، نف ) to bright light)

scotoma = blindspot loss of vision in part of the visual field | a condition in which a blind

spot , or dark spot , or dark spot , is seen (an area of depressed vision in the visual field , surrounded by an area of less depressed or of

normal vision | a partial loss of vision or blind spot in an otherwise normal visual field)

dull vision

Literally means : a squinting of the eye , because person with myopia squints the eye in attempting to see distant objects

Commonly referred to as : nearsightedness , because objects that are near can be seen more clearly than those far away myopia

since the distance to focus an

object is longer than the length of

the eyeball

15 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY Eye

night

exophthalmia the eye is in an outward , or protruding , position | bulging eye

(protrusion of the eyeball from the orbit , caused by disease , especially

hyperthyroidism | an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball from its socket)

endophthalmia the eye is in an inward or sunken-in position | sunken-in eyes

(backward displacement of the eye in the bony socket | recession(پسرفت) of the

eyeball within the orbit | a sinking of the eyeball into the orbital cavity)

nystagmus = to nod = the eyeball appears to be nodding involuntary movement of the eyes | an involuntary oscillation or swinging movement of the eyeball

strabismus

general term for turning(چرخش) of the eye from its normal position | disorder of vision because of the turning

of one or both eyes from their normal position so that both eyes are not aimed in the same direction ; term

means ‘‘squinting’’ , which the person does in an attempt to focus ; condition can affect one or both eyes (a defect of vision in which one eye cannot focus with the other on an object because of imbalance of the eye muscles | strabismus is a

condition in which the eyes do not point in the same direction | a condition wherein(که در آن) the two visual axes of the eyes are not aimed at a

single object ; the visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions | a

manifest(آشکار) lack of parallelism of the visual axes of the eyes | abnormal alignment of the eyes | a disorder of vision due to a

deviation(انحراف) from normal orientation of one or both eyes so that both cannot be directed at the same object at the same time)

strabismus esotropia a turning in of the eyes | cross eyed

hypertropia a turning of the eye upward

exotropia a turning out of the eyes ; wall-eyed

hypotropia a turning of the eye downward

repair of strabismus surgical procedure done on the extrinsic ocular muscles to

allow both eyes to move in the same direction at the same

time in a conjugated manner

sympathetic ophthalmia condition in one eye that occurs when the other eye is injured ; the

uninjured eye is affected with the same abnormal symptoms a the injured eye

; both eyes tear when only one has a foreign object on it | unaffected eye

has the same symptoms as the affected eye

orthoptic training instructions in exercises aimed at straightening the direction

of the eyes

keratoplasty surgical procedure performed on the cornea

(surgery carried out on the cornea , especially corneal transplantation | surgical

replacement of an opaque portion of the cornea with a piece of cornea having

the same size and shape)

corneal transplant

transplant of a cornea from one person to another

keratoscope

device that measures the curves of the cornea

(an instrument for determining the symmetry of the

curvature of the cornea)

blepharoplasty (=tarsoplasty) surgical procedure done on the eyelid | plastic surgery performed on

the eyelid

(a cosmetic surgical procedure that removes fat deposits , excess tissue , or

muscle from the eyelids to improve the appearance of the eyes)

cyclodialysis a procedure in which slits are made around the iris | procedure in which a split in the ciliary body is made around the iris

(surgical opening of a passage between the anterior chamber and the suprachoroidal space in order to reduce pressure within the in glaucoma)

( ک قدامی چشم و فضای فوق مشیمیه ای در گلوکومایجاد ارتباط بین اتاق )

dacryocystorhinostomy surgical procedure in which an opening is made through the side of the nose to drain the sac that stores tears | a procedure

done on the tear sac by going through the nose

(a surgical procedure for restoring drainage into the nose from the lacrimal sac when the nasolacrimal duct is obstruct)

inward (esotropia or cross-eyed)

outward ( exotropia or wall-eyed)

upward (hypertropia)

downward (hypotropia)

usually from side to side (horizontal)

but sometimes up and down (vertical)

and sometimes around (rotary)

(rapid involuntary moments of the eyes | rhythmic , oscillating motions of the eyes ; nystagmus can be a normal

physiological response or as a result of a pathologic problem | a rapid , involuntary movement of the eyes that

typically occurs as a result of vertigo throughout and following the rotation of the body or following injureis to the

vestibule of the ear or the cerebellum)

left convergent strabismus right convergent strabismus

left hypertropia right hypertropia

left hypotropia right hypotropia

left divergent strabismus right divergent strabismus

16 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY Eye

an example of keratoplasty

dacryocystitis

inflammation of the saclike structure that holds tears (inflammation of the tear sac

(lacrimal sac) at the inner corner of the eye

| an infection in the lacrimal sac that results from nasolacrimal duct

obstruction)

dacryoadenitis

inflammation of the tear gland

(inflammation of the lacrimal gland)

iridocyclitis inflammation of the iris and the ciliary body that goes

around the iris ; an inflammation in the middle layer of the

eyeball , part of the uveal tract

iridodialysis splitting through the iris ; condition in which the circular ring of the iris

is broken or split through and , as a result , the iris resembles the letter

C instead of the letter O

enucleation removal of the eyeball | action that results in the removal of the eyeball ; the

eyeball is removed in total(totally) like a nut from its shell

(the surgical removal of an intact organ , especially of the eye and of cysts and tumors)

intraocular surgery any surgical procedure involving structures inside the eyeball

| a procedure done inside the eyeball

gonioscope device that measures the angle between the corneoscleral

junction and the iris

(an optical instrument for examining the angle of the anterior

chamber of the eye)

keratoscope

device that measures the curves of/on the cornea (an ophthalmic instrument used to assess the shape of the anterior

surface of the cornea | instrument for examining the front surface of

the cornea | instrument for examining the curvature of the cornea)

ophthalmoscope instrument used to view the inside of the eyeball

(an instrument for viewing the interior of the eye or examining the

retina | a device for studying the interior of the eyeball through the

pupil)

tonometer device used to measure the degree of tension or pressure in the eyeball

(an instrument used to measure tension or pressure inside the eye | an

instrument for measuring the pressure in part of the body , such as the eyeball (to

test for glaucoma) or blood vessel)

refraction : changing the direction of light rays by means of an artificial lens to ensure the formation of the image on the retina

iridectomy removal of part of the iris | the removal of the iris

(the surgical removal of part of the iris ; the main reasons for iridectomy are to reduce the

intraocular pressure , to enlarge an abnormally small pupil , to excise an iris tumor and , to

prevent possible blockage of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye)

sclerotomy

cutting into the sclera (incision through the sclera of the eye | the surgical procedure of

cutting , or making an incision in the sclera)

tarsorrhaphy

procedure done to suture the eyelids together (a surgical procedure in which the eyelids are partially sewn together to narrow

the opening | a partial or complete suture of the eyelid margins performed to

shorten the palpebral fissure or to protect the cornea)

vitrectomy

removal of some of the vitreous humor (a surgical procedure for removing the contents of the vitreous chamber of the eye , which are then

replaced by air , oil , or a vitreous substitute | the surgical procedure of removing the vitreous

humor and replacing it with saline solution , performed to improve vision that has been impaired by

opacities)

phacoemulsification surgical procedure in which the lens of the eye is made somewhat liquid and thus can be easily removed through a needle |

the surgical procedure in which the lens is more or less liquefied

(the removal of a cataract by first liquefying the affected lens with ultrasonic vibrations and then extracting it by suction | a method of

cataract extraction in which the lens is fragmented by ultrasonic vibrations and simultaneously irrigated and aspirated)

laser photocoagulation use of laser light rays to coagulate tissue to treat a detached retina | the use of special light beams to correct a detached retina

(condensation of protein material by the controlled use of an intense beam of light used specially in the treatment of retinal detachment and destruction of abnormal

retinal vessels or intraocular tumor masses | the use of a laser beam or other intense light source to coagulate and destroy or fuse small areas of tissue , especially

in the retina)

radial keratotomy cutting into the cornea all around the edges to allow a change the shape of the

lens to improve vision | cutting into the cornea all around

(surgical modification of corneal curvature to correct myopia by making symmetrical incisions

into but not through the cornea | a surgical procedure in which a series of tiny shallow(سطحی)

incisions is made in the cornea to flatten it , thereby(که در نتیجه ی آن) reducing refractive error)

lens that is curved inward , thus bending the light rays to a lesser degree , allowing the image to be focused at a longer

distance ; used to correct myopia , or nearsightedness

lens that is rounded outward , thus bending the light rays to a greater degree , allowing the image to be focused at a shorter

distance ; used to correct hyperopia , or farsightedness

refractive device that comes in direct contact with the eyeball

refractive lens that is neither concave nor convex , but a combination to accommodate the refractive condition of astigmatism

concave lens

convex lens

contact lens

irregular lens

17 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY Eye

keratoplasty : surgical procedure performed on the cornea

corneal transplant : transplant of a cornea from one person to another

An example of keratoplasty is corneal transplant

suture

scleral buckling operation removal of a strip of sclera near a site of a detached retina , followed by placement of a device around the sclera that is

tightened to buckle the sclera next to the retina | the application of a device that is tightened around the sclera

(a surgical procedure used to repair a retinal detachment)

sclerotomy cutting into the sclera

(the surgical procedure of cutting , or making an incision in

the sclera)

scotometry use of special charts to measure blind spots in the field of vision |

scotometry is done to measure blind spots

(the measurement of isolated areas of depressed vision (scotomas) within the

visual field)

surgical orbital decompression surgical procedure done on the orbit of the eyeball to reduce the pressure on the eye and allow it to return to its normal

position | surgical orbital decompression is done to allow the eye to return to its normal place in the orbit

(surgical procedure in which some of the bony walls of the eye socket is removed so that there is more room and space for the entire eye as

well as decreasing pressure within the eye socket)

miotic = myotic drug that causes the pupil to constrict or shut | a drug that

constricts the pupil

myosis = miosis abnormal condition in which there is excessive constriction , or closing

, of the pupil of the eye , which can result from some drugs or disease

mydriatic drug that is used to dilate the pupil

mydriasis abnormal condition in which there is excessive dilatation or drifting

apart of the pupil , which can result from some drugs or disease ;

‘‘my’’ means to shut , thus rather than shutting , in mydriasis the

pupil drifts from shut to open

orthoptic training instructions in exercises aimed at straightening the direction of the

eyes | instruction in exercises done to straighten the eyes

repair of strabismus surgical procedure done on the extrinsic ocular muscles to allow both eyes to

move in the same direction at the same time in a conjugated manner | operation

done on the extrinsic muscles of the eye

18 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY Eye

equilibrium تعادل EXAMPLE: the ear functions as the organ of the sense of hearing and the sense of

balance , or equilibrium

ossicle استخوانچه a small bone especially one of the three of the middle ear

cerumen ماده موم مانند

داخل گوشwax found in the external meatus of the ear ; earwax

tragus غضروف جلو

گوش

the small piece of thick cartilage of the external ear that is immediately in

front of the ear canal

malleus استخوان چکشی first ossicle of the middle ear , which resembles a hammer

incus ستخوان سندانیا second ossicle of the middle ear , which looks like an anvil

stapes استخوان رکابی third ossicle of the middle ear , which resembles a stirrup

equalize برابر کردن ، مساوی

کردن ، یکسان کردن

to make two or more things the same in size , value , amount | EXAMPLE: auditory tube

allows for the equalization of the pressure in the middle ear with the external pressure

flare if a disease or illness flares up , it suddenly becomes worse | if a piece of clothing (or something)

flares out , it becomes wider at one end | EXAMPLE: the salpingo has a narrow end and an opposite

end that flares

hollow out to make a hole or empty space by removing the inside part of something | EXAMPLE : the bony

labyrinth consists of a series of canals hollowed out of the temporal bone

hydrops(uncountable) جمع شدن آب در اندام

یا بافت ، خیز یا ادمthe abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in a tissue or cavity

interrupt منقطع کردن ، متوقف

کردن ، قطع کردنto make a process or activity stop temporarily

inspissate غلیظ و سفت

کردن

to make thick or thicker | EXAMPLE: inspissated cerumen : wax in the ear

becomes very thick ; thickened earwax

atresia a condition in which a body orifice or passage in the body is abnormally closed or

absent | EXAMPLE: meatal atresia : condition in which the normal opening into the ear is closed

roar غرش کردن ، خروش

، داد کشیدنto make a deep , very loud noise

whistle سوت زدن to make a high or musical sound by blowing air out through your lips |

EXAMPLE: he whistled happily on his way to school

thump صدای تلپ ،

ضربتthe dull sound that is made when something hits a surface

buzzing وزوز a continuous sound like the one that a bee makes

tinnitus وزوز گوش an illness in which you hear noises , especially ringing , in your ears

vertigo سرگیجه a sensation of whirling(چرخش ، چرخیدن) and loss of balance , caused by

looking down from a great height or by disease affecting the inner ear

C H A P T E R 21 Medical Terminology

19 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Ear

Medicine 92 Ear

auri root word meaning ear myringo root word meaning tympaning membrane

ot , oto root words meaning ear salpingo root word for a tube shaped like a trumpet

acoustic pertaining to the sense of hearing or the organs of hearing

auricle = pinna (pinna=wing) = لاله ی گوش small (in relation to the head) projecting , outer part of the ear

cerumen

wax found in the external meatus of the ear concha = shell

shell-shaped depression at the opening of the ear | depression at the opening of the ear

external auditory meatus (it leads(منتهی شدن) to the tympanic membrane) outside opening and passage through which sound waves pass to the ear channel

helix rim of the ear | curved , rolled fold of cartilage and skin forming the rim of the ear

lobule = earlobe = نرمه گوش small , rounded projection of tissue hanging down from the ear

pinna (pinna=wing) = auricle winglike projection of the ear

tragus = hairy part of the ear (because it sometimes has hairs on it) fleshy prominence(زائده ی گوشتی) at the opening of the ear |

fleshy prominence at the front of the opening into the ear

tympanic membrane = eardrum tissue between the external and middle ear that vibrates like

a drum in response to sound waves (the membrane of the middle ear , which vibrates in response to sound waves)

tympanic cavity = middle ear space behind the tympanic membrane | tiny cavity within the

temporal bone that contains the tympanic membrane and the three

auditory ossicles

eardrum = tympanic membrane myringo root word meaning tympanic membrane

auditory ossicles small bones that transmit sound waves for hearing | bones of the middle ear

oval window opening into the inner ear to which the oval end of the stapes is connected

(this window opens into the inner ear)

round window round opening through which some sound waves travel into the inner ear

(this window opens into the inner ear)

auditory tube = Eustachian tube tube that leads from(=extends from) the middle ear to the nasopharynx

labyrinth = structures in the inner ear = inner ear (because of the combination of passages from which there is no exit)

bony labyrinth outside layer of tissue of the structures in the inner ear | it consists of a series

of canals hollowed out of the temporal bone | the outside layer of tissue

membranous labyrinth membrane layer of tissue inside the bony labyrinth | it contains a fluid termed

endolymph | the inside layer of tissue hollow out

to make a hole or empty space by removing the inside part of something | to

make something hollow | remove the interior of

endolymph fluid inside the labyrinth of the inner ear | fluid in the inner ear

vestibule

chamber at the entrance to the inner ear cochlea

snail-shaped organ that is the organ of hearing | the organ of hearing

semicircular canals three half-circle organs in the inner ear that are the organs of balance or equilibrium | the

organs of balance or equilibrium

acoustic nerve = cochlear branch of the eights cranial nerve

the nerve responsible for the sensation of hearing

acous

related to sense of hearing audio

term related to the production and transmission of sound auditory nerve

either one of the eighth pairs of cranial nerves , consisting of sensory fibers that

conduct impulses from the organs of hearing and from the semicircular canals to the

brain

auditory pertaining to hearing , to the sense of hearing , or to the organs of hearing

aural barotrauma injury to the ear resulting from a change in air pressure , as

in ascent(صعود) or descent(فرود) during air travel

bilateral otitis media inflammation of the middle ear on both sides or in both ears |

middle ear inflammation on both sides

external otitis

inflammation of the external ear

(inflammation of the external canal or the auricle of

the external ear)

Eustachian salpingitis

inflammation of the tube from the middle ear to the

nasopharynx | inflammation of the auditory

tube(Eustachian tube)

labyrinthitis (=otitis interna)

inflammation of the inner ear (inflammation of the inner ear , sometimes accompanied by vertigo(سرگیجه) that

is often a complication of otitis media)

myringitis (= tympanitis)

inflammation of the tympanic membrane

20 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Ear

mastoiditis inflammation of the mastoid process of the temporal bone |

inflammation of the bony process of the temporal bone

(infection of the spaces within the mastoid bone ; it is almost always

associated with otitis media)

furunculosis (furuncle = boil) condition in which many furuncles are present | condition of the

external ear in which one or more furuncles are present

(a condition marked by the presence of furuncles , often chronic and recurrent |

the simultaneous occurrence of a number of furuncles | a condition in which the

patient suffers from recurrent episodes of boils) impacted cerumen

earwax tightly packed in the ear | condition in which

wax is tightly packed in the ear (a condition in which earwax has become tightly packed in the

external ear canal to the point that the canal is blocked)

inspissated cerumen wax in the ear becomes very thick | thickened earwax

(inspissated : being thickened , dried , or made less fluid by

evaporation(تبخیر) or absorption of liquid component)

otalgia (=earache)

pain in the ear

otorrhagia bursting of blood vessels in the ear | bleeding from the ear

(bleeding from the external auditory canal of the ear |

hemorrhage from the ear)

otorrhea discharge of fluid from the ear | flow of fluid from the ear

(discharge of fluid from the external ear ; otorrhea may be

serous , or purulent or contain cerebrospinal fluid)

otosclerosis condition in which hard new bone develops around the oval window

(a formation of spongy bone about the stapes and the oval window of

the ear , causing progressive deafness | a hereditary disorder causing

progressive deafness due to overgrowth of bone in the middle ear)

preauricular node

presence of a lump in front of the ear

(preauricular : in front of the auricle of the ear)

meatal atresia condition in which the normal opening into the ear is

closed | closure of the normal opening into the ear

endolymphatic hydrops = Meniere’s disease abnormal accumulation of the fluid inside the membranous labyrinth

in the inner ear ; the accumulation of fluid interrupts the feeling of

balance , and the person experiences dizziness(سرگیجه) or

vertigo(سرگیجه)

perforated tympanic membrane = ruptured eardrum

condition in which there is a hole through the eardrum

vertigo = dizziness

sensation of turning while immobile (a sensation of whirling(چرخش) and loss of balance , associated particularly with

looking down from a great height , or caused by disease affecting the inner ear

or the vestibular nerve)

tinnitus sensation of noises in the ear , including hissing , ringing , buzzing , thumping ,

whistling , or roaring

(a sound in one ear or both ears , such as buzzing , ringing , whistling , occurring without an

external stimulus and usually caused by a specific condition , such as an ear infection , the use of

certain drugs , a blocked auditory tube or canal , or a head injury ; common causes include

presbycusis , otosclerosis , Meniere’s disease , and labyrinthitis)

ceruminolytic

substance used to dissolve earwax (a substance instilled(چکاندن) into the external auditory canal to

soften earwax | ceruminolysis : dissolution or disintegration(تجزیه)

of cerumen in the external auditory meatus)

mastoidectomy removal of parts of the mastoid process of the temporal bone

(a surgical procedure to remove an infected portion of the bone behind the ear

when antibiotics are not effective ; mastoidectomy is performed to remove

infected air cells within the mastoid bone caused by mastoiditis or an inflammatory

disease of the middle ear | excision of the mastoid cells or the mastoid process) myringoplasty = tympanoplasty

surgical procedure done on the tympanic membrane | surgical

repair of the tympanic membrane

(surgical repair of a damaged tympanic membrane | the closure of the

perforation of pars tensa of the tympanic membrane | a plastic operation for

the repair of perforations in the tympanic membrane)

myringotomy (=tympanotomy) cutting into the tympanic membrane

(the surgical procedure of making a tiny incision in the eardrum , to relieve pressure caused by the

excessive buildup of fluid , or to drain pus | surgical incision of the eardrum , performed to relieve

pressure and release pus or fluid from the middle ear | incision of the tympanic membrane ,

performed to relieve pressure and allow for drainage or irrigation of the middle ear behind the

tympanic membrane)

otoplasty surgical procedure done on the external ear

(plastic surgery of the external ear | a procedure of plastic surgery

used to change the appearance or shape of a person’s ears | the

surgical repair , restoration , or alteration of the auricle of the ear)

stapedectomy removal of the third ossicle in the middle ear

(excision of the stapes of the middle ear | surgical removal of all or part of the

stapes of the middle ear , followed by replacement with a prosthesis | the

removal of the stapes of the middle ear and insertion of a graft and prosthesis ,

performed to restore hearing in cases of otosclerosis)

otoscope instrument used to look into the ear ; this instrument is equipped

with a speculum (an instrument used for examining the eardrum and interior of the outer ear | an instrument for

examining the interior of the ear , especially the eardrum , consisting essentially of a magnifying

lens and a light | an instrument for inspecting or auscultating the ear)

speculum a cone-shaped attachment used to make it easier to see inside a part by widening

its opening

(a medical instrument used during an examination to dilate an orifice | an instrument inserted into

a body passage to facilitate visual inspection or medication | an instrument inserted into a body

passage to facilitate visual inspection or medication | an instrument for opening or distending a

body orifice or cavity to permit visual inspection)

hyperacusia condition in which there is an increase in the sharpness of the sense of hearing

presbycusis condition in which there is impaired hearing because of old age

(a lessening of hearing acuteness resulting from degenerative

changes in the ear that occur especially in old age)

21 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Ear

anacusis condition in which there is a complete loss of hearing

anacusis condition in which there is a complete loss of hearing

(complete deafness | total deafness)

deafness

condition in which a person is unable to hear (lack or loss , complete or partial , of the sense of hearing)

total deafness

person is unable to hear anything

partial deafness

person is able to hear some selected sounds

progressive deafness

amount of partial deafness is increasing and

eventually may be total

conductive deafness loss of hearing caused by a problem in the transmission of

sound waves through the ear to the cochlea

perceptive deafness = sensory-neural hearing loss loss of hearing that results from a problem in the inner ear , or from nerves

involved in the sensation of hearing

audiometry test done to measure the ability to hear sounds

(measurement of the acuity of hearing for the various frequencies of sound

waves | the quantitative assessment(ارزیابی و تعیین کمی و عددی) of a person’s

hearing ability , especially by means of an audiometer)

pure tone audiometry type of test to evaluate hearing in which an electrical instrument is

used to produce clear sounds

speech audiometry test of hearing done using the spoken word

(hearing test in which the speech reception threshold in decibels and the ability

to understand speech are measured)

testing of auditory acuity

test of the sharpness or the quality of hearing

air conduction test hearing test done by the transmission of sound waves through the air

to the tympanic membrane and through the middle ear to the cochlea

bone conduction test hearing test in which sound waves are transmitted through the mastoid process

or other skull bones to the cochlea | a bone conduction test is done by

transmitting sound waves through the bones in the skull and/or through the

bones in the middle ear

(bone conduction : the transmission of sound to the inner ear through vibrations applied to the

bones of the skull)

electrocochleography recording of electrical activity in the cochlea | a test done to record the electrical

activity through the ossicles to the cochlea

(a measurement of the electrical potentials generated in the inner ear and auditory nerve as a

result of sound stimulation | measurement of electrical potentials of the 8th cranial nerve in

response to acoustic stimuli applied by an electrode to the external acoustic canal , promontory ,

or tympanic membrane)

deafness total

deafness

partial

deafness

progressive

deafness

conductive

deafness

perceptive

deafness

condition in which a person is unable to hear

person is unable to hear anything

person is able to hear some selected sounds

amount of partial deafness is increasing

and eventually may be total loss of hearing caused by a

problem in the transmission of sound waves

through the ear to the cochlea

loss of hearing that results from a

problem in the inner ear , or from nerves

involved in the sensation of hearing

sensory-neural

hearing loss

sharpness

22 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Ear

behavioral health سلامت رفتاری there are degrees of mental health and mental illness , which are collectively

referred to as behavioral health

descriptive توصیفی ، وصفی giving a description of something | giving information about how something

looks , sounds | describing something

great deal زیاد a large number or amount or extent

deal with ، رسیدگی سروکار داشتن

کردن ، اقدام کردنto take the necessary action , especially in order to solve a problem ; handle

| if a book etc deals with a particular subject , it is about that subject

going on to continue doing something or being in a situation | to happen

ongoing continuing | permanent | presently or currently happening ; being in

progress | continue to develop

regarding درخصوص ،

درباره یconcerning | respecting | about

mental health سلامت روانی positive condition in which a person’s ongoing thinking , feeling , and actions

are appropriate to his or her role in life and environment

esteem محترم شمردن ،

قدر و اعتبار

a feeling of respect for someone , or a good opinion of someone | great respect and admiration |

self-esteem : a feeling of being happy with your own character and abilities ; self- worth

attitude روش و رفتار ،

نگرش

the opinions and feelings that you usually have about something

EXAMPLE: as soon as they found out she was a doctor , their whole attitude changed

altitude بلندی ، ارتفاع the absolute height of a location , usually measured from sea level

multitude انبوه ، بسیاری a great number of things or people | EXAMPLE: a multitude of birds

actualize واقعیت دادن ،

عملی کردن

to make a plan or wish become true | to make something real | to make something happen | to

realize |

integrate جمع کردن ، کامل

کردن ، درست کردنto combine two or more things to form or create something

integrity یکپارچگی ، درستی ،

امانت ، بی نقصی ، کمالthe state of being complete or whole | unimpaired | the quality or condition

of being complete ; pure | the quality of being honest

intensity سختی ، شدت the degree or amount of strength that something has | the strength of

something such as light or sound

intense شدید ، قوی very strong | very serious | very severe

frustration ناامیدی ، ناکامی the feeling of being annoyed , upset , or impatient

conform پیروی کردن ،

مطابقت کردن

to be similar to or the same as something | to obey or agree with something | to

behave in a way that is accepted by most people | comply | accommodate | follow

affective عاطفی emotional | affective disorder : any of various disorders characterized by

disturbance in an individual’s mood

23 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

C H A P T E R 22

Behavioral Health Medical Terminology

Medicine 92

cognition ادراک ، شناخت ،

معرفتthe process of knowing , understanding , and learning something

volition اراده the mental power or ability of choosing | the will

resolve حل کردن ،

تصمیم گرفتن

to find a satisfactory of dealing with a problem or difficulty ; solve

to make a definite decision to do something ; decide

percept چیز درک شده ،

چیز مفهومsomething perceived | the object perceived

psychosis condition of the mind that may involves loss of contact with reality , bizarre thinking and behavior ,

delusions(وهم) , hallucinations(توهم ، خیال) , regression(برگشت و پسروی) , or disorientation

psychoneurosis an impairment of personality in which excessive energy is directed to nonproductive activity and

includes types of affective or mood disorders | a state of mind that appears as a nervous condition

mastery سلطه ، تسلط complete control over something | great knowledge about or understanding

of a particular thing

imply اشاره کردن ،

ندلالت داشتindicate | suggest | mean | denote | designate

dyslexia a slight disorder of the brain that causes difficulty in reading and spelling , for

example , but does not affect intelligence

lexicon لغت نامه ،

فرهنگ ، واژگان

speech or words | the words used in a language or by a person |

EXAMPLE: a lexicon of medical terms

impulsivity condition in which a person carries out an action before considering the outcome

organic brain

syndrome

a group of signs and symptoms that can be related to a physical change in

the organic structure of the brain

dementia a serious mental disorder caused by brain disease or injury, that affects the

ability to think , remember and behave normally

senile وابسته به پیری ،

سالخورده

of , or relating to old age | exhibiting the deterioration(زوال) in mind and body

often accompanying old age

delusion هذیان false idea portrayed(مجسم کردن) or perceived as true

hallucination توهم wandering of the mind

regress برگشت ، پسروی

، پسرفت کردن

to go back to an earlier and worse condition , or to a less developed way of behaving

EXAMPLE: the patient has regressed to a state of childish dependency

regression پسروی ، برگشت the act of returning to an earlier condition that is worse or less developed | the act of thinking or

behaving as you did at an earlier time of your life , such as when you were a child

disorientation گم گشتگی situation in which a person does not realize time , place , or personal identity

involute to decrease normally , in size and functional activity

involution انحطاط the process of decline that normally occurs after middle life

melancholia a feeling of great sadness and lack of energy | extreme , persistent sadness

or hopelessness | a condition of abnormal gloom or depression

divergent واگرا ، مختلف different from each other

tendency گرایش ، تمایل if something has a tendency to do or become a particular thing , it is likely to do or

become it | EXAMPLE: the drug is effective but has a tendency to cause headaches

24 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

paranoia psychotic condition in which the mind is put aside | a mental illness that makes someone believe that

they are very important and that people hate them and are trying to harm them

put aside شتنکنارگذا to ignore or intentionally forget something , temporarily or permanently | to

save something or keep it available to use

out to get

someone deliberately causing another person problems

withdrawal عقب نشینی ، پس

کشیدن

the removal or stopping of something such as support , an offer , or a service | the period after

someone has given up a drug that they were dependent on , and the unpleasant mental and physical

effects that this causes

withdrawal

symptom

the painful or unpleasant feelings someone has after they have stopped taking a drug that they were

dependent on | any of a wide range of symptoms associated with the discontinuance of a drug by a

person who has become addicted to it

misinterpret نادرست تفسیر

کردنto understand something wrongly | misunderstand | EXAMPLE: she had misinterpreted his silence as anger

impairment اختلال a condition in which a part of a person’s mind or body is damaged or does not work well

| EXAMPLE: mental impairment ; cognitive impairment ; hearing impairment

interfere مانع شدن ، دخالت

کردن ، مداخله کردن

interfere with sth : prevent from continuing or being carried out properly

EXAMPLE: a psychoneurosis does not necessarily interfere with a person’s contact with reality ; the

person’s mood is affected

uneasy ناراحت ، مضطرب worried | nervous | anxious | uncomfortable

depersonalization state in which the individual no longer perceives the reality of self or surroundings

perceive درک کردن ،

مشاهده کردن

to notice , see , or recognize something | to understand | EXAMPLE: the patient was

perceived to have difficulty in breathing | EXAMPLE: cats are not able to perceive color

overly زیاد ، بیش از حد excessively | exceedingly | excessive | too much

gravely به شدت seriously | grave : serious

hysteria psychoneurotic disorder characterized by violent emotional outbreaks | a medical condition that upsets

someone’s emotions and makes them suddenly feel very nervous , excited , anxious etc

violent سخت ، شدید violent feelings are strong and very difficult to control | intensely vivid(شدیدا روشن و واضح) |

very strong and sudden ; intense ; severe

neurasthenia general weakness as a result of nervous exhaustion | a condition in which

somebody feels tired and depressed over a long period of time

obsessive وسواسی thinking or worrying about something all the time in a way that is not normal

EXAMPLE: she worries obsessively about her exam

compulsive اجباری ،

اضطراری

compulsive behavior is very difficult to stop or control , and is often a result of

or a sign of a mental problem | irresistible | uncontrollable | addictive

preoccupation فکر و ذکر ، تمایل

شیفتگی ،

thinking | concentration | concern | a state in which you give all your attention

to something | something that you give all or most of your attention to

impulse urge | a sudden strong desire to do something | a sudden strong wish or

need to do something , without stopping to think about the results

personality the total of the physical , mental , emotional , social , or behavioral characteristics of an individual

personality

disorder a situation in which an aspect of personality is out of control and dominates the individuals behavior

trait ویژگی ، صفت characteristic | feature

contrary مخالف ، معکوس ،

مقابلopposite | different | incompatible

25 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

asthenia ضعف weakness ; loss of strength | abnormal physical weakness or lack of energy

vice versa بطورعکس ،

برعکسconversely | used to say that the opposite of a statement is also true

exhilaration نشاط a feeling of great happiness and excitement | elation ; euphoria

OPP dejection ; depression ; despondent

cyclothymia mild form of a manic-depressive state in which there is a cycle of feeling ,

such as exhilaration alternating with depression

factitious مصنوعی ،

ساختگیartificially created or developed | artificial

feign وانمود کردن ، جعل

کردن

to pretend to have a particular feeling or to be ill , asleep etc | EXAMPLE: the

pupil feigned sickness on the day of his exam

exaggerate اغراق آمیز کردن to make something larger or greater than normal | to think of or describe

something as larger or greater than it really is

reputed مشهور ، گفته شده famous | generally thought to be something or to have done something , although this is not certain |

according to what some people say , but not definitely | EXAMPLE: she is reputed to be the best heart

surgeon in this hospital | EXAMPLE: the painting was sold for a reputed $2 million

refute تکذیب کردن to prove that something is not true | to deny the truth or correctness of something

inadequacy personality disorder in which responses to any form of stress are not suitable

to the situation

perfection کمال the state of being perfect | the process of making something perfect

orderliness نظم ، ترتیب ، منظم the quality or state of being orderly

vigor انرژی ، توان physical or mental energy and determination | effort , energy and

enthusiasm | energy | strength | efficacy | potency

sullenness the state or quality of being sullen | sullen : angry and silent ; used to

describe an angry or unhappy person who does not want to talk , smile etc

undermine to make something weaker or less effective usually in a secret or gradual way | to

weaken or work against ; to hinder | to gradually make something less strong or

effective | OPP improve , strengthen

compulsive uncontrollable | irresistible

impulsive spontaneous

self-defeating causing even more problems , or causing exactly the same problems and

difficulties that you are trying to prevent or deal with

diverse متنوع ، گوناگون made up of things that are different from each other | various

adverse مضر ، مخالف harmful ; unfavorable ; dangerous ; deleterious

gloominess افسردگی the state or condition of being gloomy

promise نوید signs that something or someone will be good or successful

dejection اندوهگینی sadness that is caused by failure , loss , etc

discouragement دلسردی ، ناامیدی a feeling of having lost hope or confidence

26 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

despondent محزون feeling of being without hope or promise ; a feeling of hopelessness ,

dejection , discouragement , gloom | depression

dysthymia mild depression exhibited as being despondent ; the term means ‘difficult

spirit’’ ; the person is said to be down in spirit

grief سوگ ، غم ، ادوه descriptive term used to describe sharp mental suffering over a loss ; sorrow

or regret in which there is mental distress

intentional عمدی done in a way that is planned or intended

intend د کردنقص plan | purpose | be intended for sth : to be provided or designed for a

particular purpose | EXAMPLE: the book is intended for children aged 5-7

drug abuser a person who uses drugs for a purpose for which the drug was not intended

psychic ابسته به روانو mental

ambivalence mental condition in which a person’s feeling are strong in two opposing directions ; good and bad

feelings toward a person or object exist at the same time ; for example , love and hate

amnesia condition in which there is a lack or loss of memory

anorexia loss of appetite , especially as a result of disease | a serious physical and emotional

illness in which an abnormal fear of being fat leads to very poor eating habits and

dangerous weight loss

autism condition of being wholly self-centered in thought and behavior , shut off from

other people and animate objects

self-centered paying so much attention to yourself that you do not notice what is happening to other

people | tending to think only about yourself and not thinking about the needs or

feelings of other people

effect اجرا کردن to cause | to make something happen | to bring about | to cause something to happen

bulimia condition in which a person experiences extreme hunger followed by self-induced vomiting

deja vu illusion of having previously experienced something that has never occurred

before

delirium a state of wild excitement and great happiness | an acute mental disturbance

characterized by confused thinking and disrupted attention usually accompanied by

hallucinations

portray مجسم کردن describe | to describe something in a particular way | depict | represent

accustom عادت دادن ، خوگرفتن

، آشنا شدن

be accustomed to sth : to be familiar with something and accept it as normal

EXAMPLE: her eyes quickly became accustomed to the dark

irresistible so attractive , desirable etc that you cannot prevent yourself from wanting it

crave آرزو کردن ، طلب

کردن

to have an extremely strong desire for something | EXAMPLE: she had a craving

for some chocolate

apathy بی احساسی lack of feeling or emotion ; indifference

empathy همدلی ability to understand another person’s feelings because you take the feeling

into yourself

sympathy همدردی ability to have or express the same feeling’s , usually a suffering of another

person

fixation تثبیت condition in which an individual’s mental development has stopped at an early

point in life or at the point at which a severe traumatic event occurred

27 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

extrovert برونگرا outgoing person , one whose feelings are turned outward

introvert درون گرا description of the mental activity in which feelings are turned inward

kleptomania irresistible impulse to be a thief and steal something for the sake of stealing

sake دلیل ، خاطر ،

بمنظور

for the sake of sth/of doing sth : in order to get or keep something |

EXAMPLE: she gave up smoking for the sake of her health | purpose ; reason

malinger تمارض کردن to avoid work by pretending to be ill | to feign illness , injury , or incapacitation in order

to avoid work | to pretend to be sick or injured in order to avoid doing work

pretend وانمود کردن to imagine and act out a particular role | to deliberately behave as though

something is true when it is not , either for fun or to deceive someone

haggard looking very thin and tired especially from great hunger , worry or pain

worn out خسته و کوفته exhausted or fatigued | damaged or useless | very tired

command امر ، فرمان an order to do something

urge خواستن ، میل a strong desire | a strong need or desire to have or do something

undertake هده دار شدن ، ع

قبول کردن

to agree or promise to do something ; promise | to make yourself responsible for sth and start doing it

| EXAMPLE: to undertake a task | EXAMPLE: she undertook to pay the money back in six months

preserve to keep something safe from harm or loss | protect | keep | conserve

perceive recognize | see | discern(تشخیص دادن ، تمیز دادن) | detect | identify

compensate جبران کردن to replace or balance the effect of something bad | make up for | EXAMPLE: because her

left eye is so weak , her right eye has to work harder to compensate

counterbalance موازنه کردن ،

خنثی کردنto have an effect that is opposite but equal to | offset دن(متعادل کردن ، خنثی کردن ، جبران کر )

attribute نسبت دادن EXAMPLE: she attributes her success to hard work

extravagant مفرط ، بیش از حد extreme | excessive

identification process by which a person identifies the qualities of another person as his or

her own qualities

overestimate زیادبراورد کردن to think something is better , more important etc than really is | EXAMPLE: she

tends to overestimate her own abilities

rationalize توجیه کردن ،

منطقی کردن

if you rationalize behavior that is wrong , you invent an explanation for it so

that it does not seem as bad

justify تصدیق کردن ،

ه کردنتوجیshow or prove to be right | rationalize

rational منطقی ، معقول something based on reasons rather than emotions

divert منحرف کردن ،

معطوف داشتنto change the direction or use of something | to take attention away from something

pursuit دنبال پیگیری ،

کردن

pursuit of sth(به دنبال چیزی ، در پی چیزی) : the act of looking for or trying to find something | a hobby or

recreational activity , done regularly | EXAMPLE: the cat ran down the street with a pair

of dog in pursuit | EXAMPLE: she traveled the world in pursuit of her dreams

28 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

regress پس رفتن to go back to an earlier and worse condition , or to a less developed way of behaving | EXAMPLE: the

patient had regressed to a state of childish dependency | OPP progress

repress سرکوب کردن if someone represses upsetting feelings , memories etc , they do not allow themselves to express or

think about them | EXAMPLE: she had long ago repressed the painful memories of her childhood

suppress فرونشاندن to stop yourself from showing your feelings | to prevent something from growing or developing , or from

working effectively | EXAMPLE: suppressed anger | EXAMPLE: the virus suppresses the body’s immune

system

push back pull | EXAMPLE: she pushed her hair back from her forehead

sublimate تصفیه کردن ، پاک

کردن ، متعال کردن

to direct your energy , especially sexual energy , to socially acceptable

activities such as work , exercise , art

attainable able to be achieved , accomplished or obtained

recreation سرگرمی pastime ; hobby ; entertainment ; leisure | EXAMPLE: her only recreation is watching football

modify alter ; change ; adjust ; adapt | to make partial changes to | to make small changes to

something in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective

assume وانمود کردن ،

پذیرفتن

suppose ; imagine ; presume | accept ; bear ; undertake | to pretend to have a particular feeling or

quality | take on(پذیرفتن ، داشتن) | put on(وانمود کردن) | presuppose( فرض کردناز پیش )

act out play a certain role | represent an emotion by action

behavior observable responses of persons in their

relationships

self-esteem , self-respect and a sense of

personal worth all influences a person’s attitude toward himself or herself

integrative capacity

the ability to tolerate anxiety and frustration and

bring together(درست کردن ، کامل کردن ، یکی کردن) a

balance of behaviors | the ability to tolerate anxiety

perception of reality = درک واقعیت the ability to have an accurate view of what is

happening and to be able to react to what is

experienced without losing self-control

self-actualization = خود شکوفایی the choice of what people plan to do with their abilities and what they actually do in relation to their ability it is an important

factor in mental health | what people plan to do with their ability in relation to what they actually do

(when someone achieves what they want through work or in their personal life | the fact of using your skills and abilities and achieving as

much as you can possibly achieve)

autonomous behavior the actions of people who make their decisions independent of outside influence ; this is the ability to refuse

to conform , to an action that is against personal values

emotional health an affective state(یک حالت عاطفی) of consciousness in which joy(خوشی ، لذت) , sorrow(غم و اندوه) , fear , hate , happiness , and the

like is experienced ; this is distinguished from cognition (thinking) and volition (willing , choosing , or resolving)

mastery of the environment

the ability to adapt , adjust , and behave , or be in control of surroundings and control behavior so that

satisfaction is achieved in love , work , play , and interpersonal reactions

mental illnesses = mental disorders

complex conditions in which a person demonstrates behavior that is considered to be a

deviation(انحراف) from the normal , or different from what is expected (any of the various diseases affecting the mind onset(آغاز شدن) by brain damage or genetics)

عزت نفس

29 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

developmental disabilities

slowness or limitation in understanding , emotional

development , and intelligence mental retardation is a term related to developmental disabilities

mild retardation a mildly retarded person can usually master(ماهر شدن)

social and vocational skills(مهارت های حرفه ای) and be

self-supporting with some guidance(راهنمایی)

moderate(ملایم و متوسط) retardation

a moderately retarded person may be able to do

semiskilled work under supervision(نظارت و سرپرستی)

severe retardation a severely retarded person may be capable of

partial(جزئی) self-care under supervision

profound( جدیعمیق ، ) retardation a profoundly retarded person may achieve some

limited self-care but needs constant(دائمی و پایدار) help

impulsivity condition in which a person carries out an action before

considering the outcome(نتیجه ، پیامد)

(impulsive : someone who is impulsive does things without

considering the possible dangers or problems first)

attention deficit disorder ADD situation characterized by the inability to maintain attention ; this results in an inability to make learning associations

(a condition in which someone (such as a child) has problems with learning and behavior because of being unable to think about or pay attention

to things for very long)

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD or AD/HD condition in which there is a combination of attention deficit disorder (ADD) and hyperkinetic(hyperactivity) disorder (HD) ; both situations

occur at the same time

(a developmental disorder in which a person has a persistent(مزمن) pattern of impulsiveness and inattention , with or without a component of hyperactivity | a

medical condition , especially in children , that makes it difficult for them to pay attention to what they are doing , to stay still for long and to learn things | a medical

condition that especially affects children ; it causes them to be too active and to be unable to pay attention or be quiet for very long)

dyslexia = اختلال در توانایی خواندن و نوشتن کلمات علیرغم دیدن و تشخیص حروف condition in which a person has difficulty with language ; this condition is characterized by an inability to read or spell ; persons with this

condition may have average or above average intelligence ; person with dyslexia has difficulty understanding language

(a learning disorder that interferes with a person’s ability to recognize and understand written words | a learning disorder marked by impairment of the ability to

recognize and comprehend written words | a developmental disorder which can cause learning difficulty in reading and writing)

hyperkinetic disorder = hyperactivity condition in which a person exhibits excessive activity to

the point where there is an inability to maintain order

inattention condition in which the person is unable to pay

attention to a subject for periods of time

(lack of attention or failure to pay attention)

learning disability condition in which a person does not have the ability to learn , retain , or use specific skills or information ; the skills

may involve coordination , such as cutting , and the information may involve reading , writing , math , or science

organic brain syndrome OBS a group of signs and symptoms(syndrome) that can be related to physical change in the organic structure of the brain ; the

physical change may be from chronic alcoholism , aging , intracranial infection , brain trauma , tumors , toxins , degenerative

diseases , or conditions of other systems of the body that influence the brain ; organic brain syndrome is sometimes

accompanied by a psychosis | organic brain syndrome is caused by physical changes in the brain

alcoholic dementia condition in which a person loses mental capabilities

because of prolonged use of alcohol (a deterioration(زوال ، بدتر شدن ، خراب شدن) of normal cognitive(وابسته به معرفت و شناخت و ادراک) and

intellectual(ذهنی ، فکری) functions associated with long-term alcohol abuse)

senile dementia condition in which old persons lose their mental capabilities

(a serious medical condition that affects the minds of some old people , and

makes them confused and behave in a strange way)

psychosis a condition of the mind that may involves loss of contact with reality(عدم درک واقعیت) , bizarre thinking(تفکرات عجیب) and

behavior , delusions(وهم) hallucinations(توهم) , regression(برگشت و پسروی) , or disorientation ; a psychosis is a major mental

illness (a psychoneurosis or neurosis is a minor mental illness)

involutional melancholia melan=dark cholia=bile psychotic state of depression in which the person’s feelings turn inward | a severe depressive mental disorder

that may occur after middle life | feelings turned inward in a depressed person

in early times was thought to be the cause of this illness

30 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

HD

manic-depressive illness = bipolar affective disorder condition characterized by mood swings(تغییر کردن) from excitement to depression ; this is a bipolar illness , meaning

there are two widely divergent(مختلف) tendencies ; one is manic and the other depressive , and they have opposite symptoms

manic-depressive : severe mood swings

paranoia paranoid personality : condition resembling but not as severe as paranoia

psychotic condition in which the mind is put aside ; a characteristic of this psychosis is the feeling of hostility(خصومت) ;

paranoid people fear that others are ‘‘out to get them’’ | fear of other’s intentions , resulting in hostile behavior

schizophrenia schizoid personality : character exhibiting behavior that resembles , but is not as severe as , schizophrenia psychotic condition in which it is said that the mind is split ; there may by withdrawal from reality ,

misinterpretation of reality , and inappropriate actions and moods | split personality

psychoneurosis = neurosis an impairment of personality in which excessive energy is directed to nonproductive activity ; a psychoneurosis does not

necessarily interfere with a person’s contact with reality ; the person’s mood is affected | state of mind that appears as a

nervous condition | a psychoneurosis is a minor mental illness (a psychosis is a major mental illness)

anxiety

uneasy(ناراحت و مضطرب) feeling caused by the

fear of danger or misfortune | uneasy feeling

of danger

depersonalization

state in which the individual no longer perceives the

reality of self or surroundings | loss of perception of

the reality of self

hypochondria expression of emotional disturbance through the imagining of ills ; the term is used to describe the state of people who are

overly(بیش از حد) concerned about their health , believing that they are gravely(به سختی ، جدا) ill when no evidence of disease

can be found ; the term is related to the area under the ribs , where persons with this neurosis often complain of discomfort (chronic abnormal anxiety concerning the state of one’s health , even in the absence of any evidence of disease on medical examination)

hysteria hyster=uterus psychoneurotic disorder characterized by violent(شدید) emotional outbreaks ; the term is related to the term for

uterus because of an ancient belief that hysteria was observed only in women mild form of this condition hysterical personality characterized by attention-seeking behavior , excitability , and emotional instability

neurasthenia = nervous breakdown

general weakness as a result of nervous exhaustion (an ill-defined medical condition characterized by lassitude(سستی) , fatigue(خستگی) ,headache , and irritability( لقی ، زود رنجیکج خ )

, associated chiefly with emotional disturbance)

obsessive-compulsive neurosis anxiety characterized by a preoccupation with a persistent idea accompanied by a strong impulse to perform a related act

mild form of this condition obsessive-compulsive personality = the personality trait is characterized by a concern for

perfection and orderliness and a push with vigor to accomplish goals

phobia

condition in which a fear that has no basis exists

claustrophobia : the fear of confined places phobophobia : the fear of fear itself

personality the total of the physical , mental , emotional , social ,

or behavioral characteristics of an individual

personality disorder a situation in which an aspect of personality is out of

control and dominates(تسلط و غلبه داشتن) the individuals

behavior

antisocial behavior = sociopathic

behavior that is usually against or contrary(مخالف ، مقابل) to normal social standards

31 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

Illusion of having a serious illness

emotional outbreak

asthenic personality

weak-willed(ضعیف اراده) person with low energy levels and difficulty in developing a sense of enjoyment (a personality characterized by low energy , lack of enthusiasm , depressed emotions , and oversensitivity to physical and emotional stress ; a

person who has this kind of personality may be easily fatigued and self-pitying(دلسوزی به حال خود) and may place the burden(بار مسئولیت ، بار و وزن)

of physical and emotional difficulties on others)

codependency

a situation in which the behavior of one person is dependent on the behavior of another , or vice versa (excessive emotional or psychological reliance(تکیه و اتکا) on a person , typically one with an illness or addiction who requires support)

cyclothymia mild form of a manic-depressive state in which there is a cycle of feeling , such as exhilaration(نشاط) alternating

with depression | a mild form of manic-depressive psychosis (a mental state characterized by marked swings of mood between depression and elation | a mood disorder characterized by alternating

episodes of depression and elation in a form less severe than that of bipolar disorder)

explosive behavior

sudden outbursts of rage(خشم) with verbal(لفظی) or physical aggressiveness (outburst : a sudden strong expression of an emotion | a sudden short increase in an activity | eruption | paroxysm | spasm)

factitious disorder = Munchausen syndrome

situation in which a person makes up a condition by either feigning(وانمود کردن ، جعل کردن) or

exaggerating(اغراق آمیز کردن) illness or self-inducing illness when these behaviors are done on behalf(بابت ، از طرف) of another person it is termed factitious illness by proxy(نیابتی) or

Munchausen by proxy | EXAMPLE: a mother who gives a child laxatives and seeks medical attention for the child’s diarrhea

(factitious disorder : a mental disorder in which the patient intentionally(از روی عمد ، عمدا) produces symptoms of illness or feigns illness |

condition in which a person acts as if(مثل اینکه) they have an illness by deliberately(از روی عمد ، عمدا) producing , feigning , or exaggerating

symptoms | factitious illness by proxy : a psychiatric disorder in which a parent or other caregiver seeks attention from medical

professionals by causing or fabricating(ساختن ، جعل کردن) signs or symptoms of illness in a child)

inadequacy personality disorder in which responses to any form of stress are not

suitable to the situation | an inadequate personality does not

respond suitably to situations

apathy

lack of feeling or emotion ; indifference

paranoid personality

condition resembling but not as severe as

paranoia

schizoid personality character exhibiting behavior that resembles , but is

not as severe as , schizophrenia

hysterical personality

pertaining to hysteria ; this personality trait is characterized by attention-seeking behavior , excitability , and

emotional instability

obsessive-compulsive personality

the personality trait is characterized by a concern for perfection and orderliness and a push with vigor to

accomplish goals

passive-aggressive personality disorder characterized first by nonparticipation and sullenness and later , once the person has decided to act , by aggressive and undermining

activity | a person who appears to agree to do a task , yet undermines the completion of the task (a personality disorder characterized by the passive expression of hostility and aggressiveness , as by stubbornness(لجاجت) , pouting(اخم کردن) | the indirect expression

of hostility , such as through procrastination(تعویق) , stubbornness , sullenness , or deliberate or repeated failure to accomplish requested tasks for which one is

responsible)

pathological lying

compulsive or impulsive lying that occurs on a regular basis ; it is a self-defeating action when the

lies are resulting in negative consequences

32 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

Irresistible | uncontrollable spontaneous

atypical depression condition in which a not usual feeling of gloominess(افسردگی) can

persist for a few days , then the person is fine for a while or appears

anxious and irritable(زودرنج ، کج خلق) | a not usual feeling of

gloominess for a few days

depression

state of emotional withdrawal in which an

individual’s mood is pushed down

despondent = depression feeling of being without hope or promise(نوید) ; a feeling of hopelessness , dejection(افسردگی ، اندوهگینی) ,

discouragement , gloom | feeling of being without hope

dys thymia

mild depression exhibited as being despondent ; the person is said to be down in spirit (a form of clinical depression , characterized by low-grade depression which lasts at least two years | mild chronic depression | a mood

disorder characterized by chronic mildly depressed or irritable mood often accompanied by other symptoms as eating and sleeping

disturbances)

endogenous depression

condition characterized by depression without an obvious cause ; the depression comes from inside the

person | depression from within the person

(a severe form of depression usually characterized by insomnia , weight loss , thought to be of internal origin and not influenced by external events)

grief grief/grieve , a variation of grave descriptive term used to describe sharp mental suffering over a loss ; sorrow(سوگ ، غم و اندوه و غصه خوردن)

or regret(تاسف خوردن) in which there is mental distress | sharp mental suffering over a loss of a loved one

postpartum depression

condition in which a woman exhibits symptoms of depression after she has given birth | depression that

occurs after a woman has given birth

psychotic depressive reaction

major reaction in which the person exhibits depression to the point where he or she has a severe loss of

contact with reality | severe depression with loss of contact with reality | severe depression in which the

person loses touch with reality

seasonal affective depression

depression that is affected by the season of the year ; it usually occurs in the winter

SAD = SADD = Seasonal Affective Dysthymia or Depressive Disorder

situational depression depression that can be associated with a situation , such as the death of a loved one , a holiday with stress , or a

traumatic event such as a loss of a job , an accident , or a divorce | depression that can be associated with a particular

occurrence such as a loss of job

unipolar depression condition in which the symptom of depression is the only behavior being exhibited ; this is in contrast to bipolar disorder , in

which two behaviors are being exhibited | term for a depression with one behavior exhibited , as opposed to a

depression with two behaviors

drug abuser

a person who uses drugs for a purpose for

which the drug was not intended

alcohol

fermented liquid capable of intoxicating(مست کردن)

; EXAMPLES are beer(آبجو) , wine , and whiskey

antidepressants

group of drugs that work against or control

depression

chemicals large variety of household or industrial chemicals that can be

abused ; EXAMPLES include inhaling of fumes from

paints(استشمام بوی رنگ ها) , cleaning products , or glue

difficult spirit

33 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

hallucinogens

group of drugs that produce the effect of

experiencing something that does not exist

hypnotics

preparations that have an effect of causing sleep

| drugs that causes sleep

sedatives

preparations that have an ability to calm (sedate : to tranquilize by giving a sedative ; to calm ; to soothe ; to

induce sleep)

tranquilizers

preparations that produce a feeling of well-being

(a drug used for making someone feel less anxious | well-being: a feeling of being comfortable , healthy , and happy)

psychostimulants drugs that increase awareness of the activity of the mind |

preparations that increase the activity of the mind

psychotropic drugs class of preparations that change the psychological or mental

activity of the individual ; these drugs are usually prescribed

for treatment of diseases but can be abused | preparations

used to change the mental reactions of an individual

addiction state of being fixed to or dependent on a particular

substance | state of being dependent on a substance

amnesia condition in which there is a lack or loss of memory | loss

of memory (loss of memory due usually to brain injury , shock , fatigue , repression or illness)

ambivalence mental condition in which a person’s feelings are strong in two opposing directions ; good and bad feelings toward a person or object exist

at the same time ; for example , love and hate | good and bad feelings at the same time toward one thing

(the coexistence of opposing attitudes or feelings (such as love and hate) towards a person , object or idea)

anorexia nervosa condition characterized by a loss of the desire to eat caused by a nervous reaction | loss of the desire to eat

(an eating disorder usually occurring in young women , characterized by fear of becoming obese(چاق) , a persistent

aversion(بیزاری و نفرت) to food , and severe weight loss , often causing amenorrhea and other physiological changes)

apathy

lack of feeling or emotion ; indifference (complete lack of emotion or motivation about a person ,

activity , or object ; lack of interest or enthusiasm)

empathy ability to understand another person’s feelings because you take the

feeling into yourself (empathy means the ability to understand and share the feelings of another ;

whereas sympathy means feelings of pity(رحم و دلسوزی) and sorrow for someone

else’s misfortune)

autism condition of being wholly self-centered

(egocentric) in thought and behavior , shut off from other people and other animate

objects | self-centered obliviousness(بی توجهی ، فراموش کاری) to other people or animate objects

(a condition or disorder that begins in childhood and that causes problems in forming relationships and in communicating with other people |

mental disorder in which language and social and relational skills are undeveloped)

autosuggestion = تلقین به خود mental activity of making a suggestion to oneself , either consciously or subconsciously , to effect(to bring about ; to

cause sth to happen) a change in behavior | subconsciously suggesting to oneself a change in behavior

bulimia condition in which a person experiences extreme hunger followed by self-induced vomiting

(a serious physical and emotional illness in which people and especially young women eat large amounts of food and then cause themselves

to vomit in order to not gain weight | a serious eating disorder that occurs chiefly in females , is characterized by compulsive overeating

usually followed by self-induced vomiting)

consciousness state of being aware of one’s own existence , thoughts , or actions ; the act of having , or being with ,

knowledge about oneself | awareness of one’s own existence

subconsciousness state in which activity is carried out below the level of

awareness ; actions and mental processes are performed

of which the individual is unaware

unconsciousness

state of being unaware of one’s own existence

34 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

anorexia : loss of appetite , especially as a result of disease

to avoid meeting and talking to other people

deja vu illusion of having previously experienced something that has never occurred before

(the illusion of having already experienced something actually being experienced for the first time | a feeling of having

already experienced the present situation)

delirium tremens state of violent excitement accompanied by tremors ; it is commonly induced by the rapid withdrawal of alcohol from a

person who is an active , frequent , and heavy user | state of violent excitement with tremors

delusion mental condition in which a false , or not true , idea

is portrayed( دنمجسم کر ) as true | false idea portrayed

or perceived as true

dependence (the term means to hang from something) state of needing something for aid or support ; in drug

dependence a person needs a particular drug or combination

of drugs to function | state of needing something for

psychic support

physical drug dependence in this condition a substance has been used repeatedly to the point where the

users body has become accustomed to its presence ; stopping the drug will

cause a physical illness referred to as withdrawal syndrome

psychic drug dependence in this condition a substance has been used repeatedly so that the

dependent person considers the mental state it induces as normal

withdrawal syndrome the group of symptoms that occurs when a drug is taken away

(any of wide range of symptoms associated with the discontinuance of a drug

by a person who has become addicted to it)

disorientation situation in which a person does not realize time , place , or

personal identify | inability to realize time , place , or identify

dipsomania

irresistible craving for an intoxicating drink

to satisfy thirst

insomnia

condition in which there is an inability to

sleep

extrovert (extroversion) outgoing person ; one whose feelings are turned outward (someone who is active and confident , and who enjoys spending time with

other people | a friendly person who likes being with and talking to other

people)

introvert (introversion)

description of the mental activity in which feelings are

turned inward (someone who is quiet and shy , and does not enjoy being with other people | one

who focuses primarily on their own mind and feelings)

egocentric egocentricity

self-centered self-centered person

hyperactivity

condition in which an individual has excessive energy

and moves around to a great degree

fixation

condition in which an individual’s mental development has stopped at an early point in life or at the point at

which a severe traumatic event occurred | mental development has stopped at a particular point

(a kind of mental illness in which someone’s mind or emotions stop developing)

hallucination mental act that occurs while a person is awake , in which something that does not exist is experienced in the wanderings of

the mind | wandering of the mind | dreams are the occurrences of mental images or thoughts during sleep

kleptomania irresistible impulse to be a thief and steal something for the sake of stealing | irresistible urge to steal

(a psychological disorder that causes an uncontrollable obsession with stealing without economic or material need)

malingering situation in which a person pretends(وانمود کردن) to have bad health and appears to be more or less(تقریبا)

haggard or worn out | pretending to have poor health (malinger : to pretend to be sick or injured in order to avoid doing work | to feign illness , injury , or incapacitation in order to avoid work)

35 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

narcissism ( this condition is named for a mythological character , Narcissus)

practice in which an individual demonstrates self-love

(excessive love or admiration of oneself | excessive love of oneself)

negativism practice by individuals in which there is a tendency to resist command , to do the opposite of what is

requested , or to do nothing | tendency to resist commands by doing the opposite or doing nothing

perversion

condition in which an individual is said to turn

away from what is considered to be normal |

general term meaning turning away from normal

pyromania

irresistible urge to set things on fire |

irresistible urge to start fires

psychosomatic illness

illness of the body that is influenced by the mind (a disorder in which the physical symptoms are caused or

exacerbated by psychological factors | psychosomatic : caused by

mental or emotional problems rather than by physical illness)

suicide

act of killing oneself genocide : the act of killing a particular race of people

patricide : killing of one’s father

somnambulism

practice of walking during sleep | sleep-walking

sympathy ability to have or express the same feelings , usually

a suffering of another person (the feeling of being sorry for someone who is in a bad situation)

empathy

ability to understand another person’s feelings

because you take the feeling into yourself (the ability to understand other people’s feelings)

defense mechanism

an unconscious mental process used to seek relief

from emotional conflict and anxiety ; these actions

are undertaken to preserve one’s own mental health

compensation

effort to counterbalance a deficiency or fault by stressing an attribute or quality (when a someone behaves in a particular way in order to replace something that is missing or to balance the bad effects of something | the

process of concealing(پنهان کردن) or offsetting(جبران کردن) a psychological difficulty by developing in another direction)

conversion

act of changing a mental problem into a physical illness

(a mental disorder in which physical symptoms , occur without apparent physical cause and instead appear to

result from psychological problems)

denial

pertaining to the mechanism of refusing to believe that something stressful exists (an unconscious defense mechanism characterized by refusal to acknowledge() painful realities , thoughts , or feelings |

a condition in which someone will not admit that something sad , painful , etc is true or real)

displacement

mental activity of transferring an emotion from one object to another (a psychological defense mechanism in which there is an unconscious shift of emotions , affect , or desires from the original

object to a more acceptable or immediate substitute)

fantasize

to engage in making up extravagant daydreams

(dream | to imagine doing things that you are very unlikely to do)

idealization

mechanism in which a person overestimates the qualities of another individual (a mental mechanism in which the person attributes(نسبت دادن) exaggeratedly positive qualities to the self or others)

36 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

Psychosomatic illness : illness of the body that is influenced by the mind

identification

process by which a person identifies the qualities of another person as his or her own qualities

introjection

subconscious process of turning toward oneself the feelings one has for another person

(the process whereby ideas of another are unconsciously incorporated into one’s own psyche)

projection mental activity of introducing one’s own faults or qualities into one’s understanding of another person

(the act of imagining that someone else is feeling the same emotions as you ; for example , if you have a

strong dislike for someone , you might instead believe that he or she does not like you)

rationalization

act of deciding that a behavior is acceptable ; an attempt to defend or justify unacceptable attitudes , feelings

, or behaviors so that they appear rational or acceptable | determining that one’s own unacceptable

behavior is acceptable

regression

act of going backward to an earlier level of development ; acting like a child

(the act of returning to an earlier condition that is worse or less developed | the act of thinking or

behaving as you did at an earlier time of your life , such as when you were a child)

repression

mental act of pushing back into the subconscious a painful idea or memory

(a process in which a person consciously exclude( به مستثنی کردن ، مانع شدن ، راه ندادن ) anxiety-producing thoughts ,

feelings , or memories)

sublimation

act of diverting energy from pursuit of an immediate goal to achievement of a higher goal |

diverting energy from an immediate goal to a higher goal

substitution

act of making up for an area of deficiency by concentrating on another goal that is more easily

attainable so as to reduce frustration

suppression action of stopping an impulse , feeling , or painful thought | stopping an impulse , feeling , or painful thought

(to stop yourself from showing your feelings | a process in which a person consciously excludes anxiety-producing thoughts , feelings , or memories)

adjunctive therapy treatment added to a plan of care ; EXAMPLES include

occupational therapy , recreational therapy , and special

education

behavioral therapy = behavior modification therapy used to change or modify behavior and thinking patterns ;

EXAMPLES include stress management , biofeedback , and

relaxation training | therapy used to modify actions and thinking patterns

conjoint therapy

treatment aimed at both of two individuals or a group ,

such as a family , involved in a problem

crisis-intervention therapy treatment aimed at helping an individual to come through a crisis successfully |

helping a person come through a major emergency

detoxification therapy aimed at removing toxins from a person ; toxins include such things as alcohol ,

drugs , or other chemicals that have poisoned a person and are having an effect on his or her

behavior

family therapy form of treatment involving the whole family | the form of

treatment involving members of a person’s family

37 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

junct , variation of junction

compensate

group therapy form of treatment in which several persons with problems are

involved | a form of treatment dealing with several persons

with problems at the same time

hypnosis inducing of a sleeplike condition during which an individual

is highly susceptible to suggestions

milieu therapy

form of treatment in which an individual’s environment

is controlled

psychoanalysis

systematic review of the thought processes of an

individual

psychodrama form of group therapy in which persons assume and act out

roles of suggested characters to better understand their own

mental processes

psychosocial rehabilitation = psychiatric therapy therapy directed to restoring the thought processes and behavior of

an individual ; the goal is to reduce symptoms of emotional

disorders and improve personal and social functioning

psychosurgery treatment of mental disorders by using surgical techniques ; an

EXAMPLE is the old procedure referred to as frontal lobotomy , the

cutting into of the frontal lobe of the brain

psychotherapy general term meaning ‘‘the treatment of mental disorders’’

psychotropic drugs preparations used to change the mental reactions of an individual |

class of preparations that change the psychological or mental activity

of the individual ; these drugs are usually prescribed for treatment of

diseases but can be abused

reality-oriented therapy

treatment aimed at familiarizing a person with the

real world

shock therapy form of treatment in which the individual is shocked with or

by chemicals or electrical current | inducing a state of shock

by electrical current or chemicals

transactional analysis method of treatment in which an attempt is made to

understand the interplay between the individuals

Good luck

38 Medical Terminology CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Behavioral Health

Individual’s environment