Individual Behavior 1

8/2/2019 Individual Behavior 1

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Biographical CharacteristicsBiographical CharacteristicsPersonal characteristicssuch as age, gender,and marital statusthat are objective andeasily obtained from personnel records.


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Ability, Intellect, andIntelligence

AbilityAn individuals capacity to performthe various tasks in a job.

Intellectual Ability

The capacity to do mental activities.

Multiple IntelligencesIntelligence contains four subparts:cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.


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Number aptitude

Verbal comprehension

Perceptual speed

Inductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning

Spatial visualization

Memory

Dimensions ofIntellectual Ability

E X H I B I T 21


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Physical AbilitiesPhysical Abilities

The capacity to do tasksdemanding stamina, dexterity,strength, and similar

characteristics.


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Other Factors

7. Body coordination

8. Balance

9. Stamina

Nine Physical Abilities

Strength Factors

1. Dynamic strength

2. Trunk strength

3. Static strength

4. Explosive strength Flexibility Factors

5. Extent flexibility

6. Dynamic flexibility

E X H I B I T 22

Source:Adapted fromHRMagazinepublishedby the Society for HumanResource Management,Alexandria, VA.


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Ability-JobFit

The Ability-Job Fit

EmployeesAbilities

Jobs AbilityRequirements


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Learning

Learning

Involves change

Is relatively permanent Is acquired through experience

Any relatively permanent change in behaviorthat occurs as a result of experience.


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Concept of learning

Process of acquiring ability to respond in anadequate manner to a situation which mightnot have been encountered previously.

Process by which new behavior is acquired ,involves changes in behavior , practicing themand permanently implementing them.


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Nature of Learning

Involves change in behavior

Temp change is not a part of learning

Based on some form of practice or experience

Behavior must be reinforced

Components of learning Drive based on motivation, strong stimulus

impels action.

Cues & stimuli objects in environment as

perceived by individual.Generalization same conditionsDiscriminationemits response bt nt same


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Responses

Reinforcement

Retention

Extinction

Spontaneous recovery


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Theories of Learning

Key Concepts

Unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned response

Conditioned stimulus

Conditioned response

Classical Conditioning

A type of conditioning in which an individualresponds to some stimulus that would not

ordinarily produce such a response.


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E X H I B I T 23

Source:The Far Side by Gary Larson 1993Far Works, Inc. All rightsreserved. Used withpermission.


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Theories of Learning (contd)

Key Concepts

Reflexive (unlearned) behavior

Conditioned (learned) behavior

Reinforcement

Operant Conditioning

A type of conditioning in which desired voluntarybehavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.


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Key Concepts

Attentional processes

Retention processes

Motor reproduction processes

Reinforcement processes

Social-Learning TheoryPeople can learn through observationand direct experience.


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Key Concepts

Reinforcement is required to change behavior.

Some rewards are more effective than others.

The timing of reinforcement affects learningspeed and permanence.

Shaping BehaviorSystematically reinforcing each successive step thatmoves an individual closer to the desired response.


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Types of Reinforcement

Positive reinforcement

Providing a reward for a desired behavior.

Negative reinforcement

Removing an unpleasant consequence whenthe desired behavior occurs.

Punishment

Applying an undesirable condition to eliminatean undesirable behavior.

Extinction

Withholding reinforcement of a behavior tocause its cessation.


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Schedules of ReinforcementContinuous Reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforcedeach time it is demonstrated.

Intermittent Reinforcement

A desired behavior is reinforced

often enough to make thebehavior worth repeating but notevery time it is demonstrated.


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Schedules of Reinforcement(contd)

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Rewards are spaced atuniform time intervals.

Variable-Interval Schedule

Rewards are initiated after afixed or constant number of

responses.


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Schedules of Reinforcement(contd)

Fixed-ratio


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Intermittent Schedules ofReinforcement


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Intermittent Schedules ofReinforcement (contd)


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Behavior Modification

Five Step Problem-Solving Model

1. Identify critical behaviors

2. Develop baseline data

3. Identify behavioral consequences

4. Develop and apply intervention

5. Evaluate performance improvement

OB ModThe application of reinforcement conceptsto individuals in the work setting.


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OB MOD OrganizationalApplications

Well Pay versus Sick Pay

Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance,not absence.

Employee Discipline The use of punishment can be counter-

productive.

Developing Training Programs

OB MOD methods improve trainingeffectiveness.

Self-management

Reduces the need for external management

control.

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Individual Behavior 1