Individual Behavior-kuliah 2

8/8/2019 Individual Behavior-kuliah 2

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8 th edition

Steven P. RobbinsMary Coulter

Steven P. RobbinsMary Coulter

Individual Behavior and

Learningin Organisation


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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N EFollow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.

Why Look at Individual Behavior? Describe the focus and the goals of

organizational behavior.

Explain why the concept of an organization asan iceberg is important to understandingorganizational behavior.

Define the five important employee behaviors

that managers want to explain, predict, andinfluence.


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L E A R N I N G O U T L I N E (contd)Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.

Learning Explain how operant conditioning helps

managers understand, predict, and influencebehavior.

Describe the implications of social learningtheory for managing people at work.

Discuss how managers can shape behavior.


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FlexibilityFactors

FlexibilityFactors

StrengthFactors

StrengthFactors

Basic Physical AbilitiesBasic Physical Abilities

Other FactorsOther

Factors


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FAKTORKEKUATAN FAKTORFLEKSIBILITAS FAKTOR LAINNYA

Kekuatan dinamis Fleksibiltas luas Koordinasi tubuh

Kekuatan tubuh Fleksibilitas dinamis Keseimbangan

Kekuatan statis Stamina

Kekuatan eksplosif


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Intellectual Abilities

Number aptitude/skill/ability/talent

Verbal comprehension

Perceptual speed Inductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning

Spatial visualization

Memory ability


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The Ability-Job FitThe Ability-Job Fit

Abilities of the

employee

Requirements of the

job


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Personality

The unique combination of

psychological characteristics

(measurable traits) that affect how a personreacts and interacts with others.consists of the stable psychological traits and behavioralattributes that give a person his or her identity/ that

distinguish one person from another.


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Important Employee Behaviors

Employee ProductivityA performance measure of both efficiency andeffectiveness

AbsenteeismThe failure to report to work when expected

Turnover The voluntary and involuntary

permanent withdrawal froman organization


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Important Employee Behaviors

Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)Discretionary behavior that is not a part of anemployees formal job requirements, but whichpromotes the effective functioning of the organization.

Job SatisfactionThe individuals general attitudetoward his or her job


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Organizational Behavior DefinedOrganizational Behavior DefinedOrganizational Behavior (OB)Organizational Behavior (OB) is dedicatedto a better understanding and management of people at work

Behavior Behavior represented by actions and judgmentsThe actions of people at work

Focuses on two areas:

Individual Behavior

Attitudes, personality, perception, learning,and motivation

Group Behavior Norms, roles, teambuilding, leadership,

and conflictGoals of OB

To explain, predict and influence behavior.


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Exhibit 14.1Exhibit 14.1

The Organization as an Iceberg


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What Is the Nature of IndividualDifferences?

Individual differences arepersonal attributes thatvary from one person to

another. What are individual

differences?Physical.

Psychological.Emotional.


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BiographicalBiographical

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

AgeAge


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Gender Gender


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RaceRace


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Distortions in PerceptionDistortions in Perception

1.1. Selective PerceptionSelective Perception is the tendency to filter outinformation that is discomforting, that seems irrelevant, or thatcontradicts ones beliefs

2.2. StereotypingStereotyping the tendency to attribute to an individual thecharacteristics one believes are typical of the groups to whichthat individual belongs

3.3. The Halo EffectThe Halo Effect form an impression of an individualbased on a single trait

Assumed Similarity 1. :Assuming that others are more like us than they actually are


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PEMBELAJARAN

Setiap perubahan perilaku yang relatif permanen, terjadi sebagai hasil daripengalaman

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Classical

Conditioning

Classical

Conditioning


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OperantConditioning

OperantConditioning


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Social Learning TheorySocial Learning TheoryLearn by observing others and through direct experiences

Models have influence when the following processes occur:

Get rewardedReinforcement

MotorReproduction

Retention

Attentional Recognize

Remember

Do


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SHAPING BEHAVIOR(PEMBENTUKAN PERILAKU)

Secara sistematis menegaskan setiap urutanlangkah yang menggerakkan seorang individu

lebih dekat kepada respons yang diharapkan

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Methods of Methods of Shaping Behavior Shaping Behavior Methods of Methods of Shaping Behavior Shaping Behavior

NegativeNegative

ReinforcementReinforcement

NegativeNegative


PositivePositive


PositivePositive


ExtinctionExtinctionExtinctionExtinctionPunishmentPunishmentPunishmentPunishment


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Types of Reinforcement

Continuous Intermittent

Reinforces desiredbehavior every time

Reinforces desiredbehavior often

enough to makebehavior worth

repeating


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Schedules of Reinforcement

Fixed-Interval

Fixed-Ratio

Variable-RatioVariable-Interval

Interval Ratio

V a r i a

b l e

F i x e

d


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JADWAL PENEGASAN

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JADWAL SIFAT PENGARUH CONTOH

Berkesinambungan Penghargaandiberikan setelahperilaku yg diharapkan

Pembelajaran secaracepat thdp perilaku ygbaru tetapi lenyapdengan cepat

Pujian

Interval tetap Penghargaandiberikan pada interval

waktu yang tetap

Kinerja rata-rata dantidak teratur, dan

lenyap dg cepat

Bayaran mingguan

Interval variabel Penghargaandiberikan pada intervalwaktu yang variabel

Kinerja yg cukup tinggidan stabil didapat dgcepat tapi juga lenyapdg cepat

Kuis dadakan

Rasio tetap Penghargaandiberikan pada jumlahhasil secara tetap

Kinerja sangat tinggidan lenyap denganlambat

Bayaran tarif per buah

Rasio variabel Penghargaandiberikan pada jumlahhasil yang variabel

Komisi berdasarkanpenjualan


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Behavior Modification

Critical behaviors

Baseline data

Behavioral consequences

Intervention strategy

Performance improvement


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Organizational

Applications Lotteries to reduce absenteeism

Well pay versus sick pay

Training programs

Mentoring programs


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Individual Behavior-kuliah 2