Industrial Psychology.docx

8/16/2019 Industrial Psychology.docx

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Industrial

Psychology

Topic of Assignment:

Personality

Submitted to:

Submitted by:

1


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Dr.Anu Jhamb Osheen

Phutela

B.E MBA-th

!em

"M###$%

Acknowledgement

I have taken eforts in this assignment. However,

it would not have been possible without the kind

support and help o many individuals. I would like

to extend my sincere thanks to them.

I am highly indebted to Dr. Anu Jhamb or her

guidance and constant supervision as well as

providing necessary inormation regarding the

assignment & also her support.

I would like to express my gratitude to almighty

and my parents or their blessings, help andencouragement that shall carry me a long way in

the ourney o lie on which I am about to embark

and my riends who constantly supported to

accomplish my work on time.

I hope that the work will be ound worthy o

sincere eforts.

!


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"sheen #hutela

Contents

1$Introduction %!$Idiographic 'pproach

%(

)$*omothetic 'pproach %+$#sychoanalytical #erspective

1%$-tructure o #ersonality

1)($eence /echanism

1+$#roective 0ests

1a$2orschach 0estb$0'0

$2ole #laying or 3isuali4ation

!1a$-tereotypingb$5rand #ersonality

6$5ibliography !!

)


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INTRODUCTION

In our routine life, we evaluate people we meet in everyday life. Wemake subjective assessments of their behaviour, we note their

personal appearance and their mannerisms and listen to what they

have to say and watch what they do to make subjective judgement of

the “personality” of the person concerned.

Personality falls under the heading of things that most people believe

they understand. In fact, there is probably no domain within any field

of knowledge in which more people think they have achieved some

epertise. !imply, most people believe they can know or understand

other people. We all try to predict behaviour, interpret conversations,

and make inferences about others" actions. If someone offends us, acts

strangely, or seems ecessively kind, we will #uickly try to

understand their motives. In addition, we often draw inferences about

what kind of people they are$ that is, what personality traits they may

possess. %ost of us regard ourselves as competent judges of


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personality. We make use of our skills in personality assessment on a

daily basis$ however, most of us would have a difficult time

eplaining eactly how we draw our conclusions about others.

Personality consists of physical, mental, moral and social #ualities of

the individual. &hese #ualities are dynamic and integrated' they can

be observed by other people in everyday life.

Personality comprises the individual"s natural and ac#uired impulses,

habits, interests, sentiments, ideals, opinions, and beliefs as they are

projected to outside world. It consists of those relatively stable and

enduring aspects of individual which distinguish him from other people and at the same time form the basis of our predictions

concerning his future behaviour.

&here are si main schools of thought regarding personality'

( Psychodynamic' focuses on unconscious motives and structures to

eplain personality

– Humanistic' focuseson the fundamental goodness of people and

their attempts to strive for higher levels of functioning.

( Constitution (or type): proposes a relationship between body

type and personality.

Characteristics: ( Trait ' eamines stable characteristics of the person that help eplain

behaviour

( Social-cognitive (or sociocultural): focuses on environmental

contingencies and accompanying mental processes to eplain

personality.


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( Behavioural ' focuses on the fundamentals of learning to eplain

behaviour

In industries nowadays, it is essential to justify personality because of

its increasing role in testing the capabilities of employee during his

selection and development. &he study of personality comprises'

• )esearch approaches to study of personality

• Psychoanalytical perspective

• *isuali+ation role playing-., etc

Research Approaches

&here are two fundamental approaches to the study of personality'

Idiographic pproach,

/omothetic pproach.

IDIOGRAPHIC APPROACH

Idiographic comes from 0reek word, idios which roughly translates

into 1what is uni#uely yours". nd that"s what the idiographic

approach does' it looks at what is uni#ue in each person when it

comes to personality

&his approach operates on the belief that individual is not just a

collection of separate traits, but is a well2integrated organism. &he

individual reacts as a system to various situations, with the past

eperience and future intentions contributing to present behaviour.

Psychologists adopting idiographic perspective are concerned with

understanding the uni#ueness of individuals and the development of

the self2concept. In this approach measurement of traits is seen as

inappropriate because one person"s responses may not be comparable

to another"s. &hat is, psychologists advocating idiographic approach

(


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believe that the individual is not just a collection of separate traits, but

is well integrated organism. &hey hold that individual reacts as a

system to various situations with past eperiences and future

intentions contributing to present behaviour.

Psychologists advocating idiographic approach believe that individual

shape his personality through learning. In academic literature learning

is defined as process of ac#uiring knowledge through eperience

which leads to an enduring change in behaviour. We use knowledge of

the results of past behaviour to change, modify and improve our

behaviour in future. 3ou learn to write better assignments and get

higher eamination grades by finding out how well or how badly you

did last time and why.

4ence idiographic approach to study of personality is associated with

social learning that that propose eplanation as how personality and

human behaviour forms.

NOMOTHETIC APPROACH:

&he nomothetic approach to personality looks at what people have in

common with each other. It comes from the 0reek word nomos,

which means 5law and the nomothetic approach is interested in finding

patterns or laws of human personality.

6troversion is one of several traits identified by nomothetic psychologists when trying to figure out general patterns in personality.

6ssentially, these psychologists look at traits like etroversion or

conscientiousness and say, 5&his person is etroverted and organi+ed,5

or 5&hat person is introverted and disorgani+ed.5

In the nomothetic approach, then, a person5s uni#ue personality is a

result of the combination of general traits that they display.

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/omothetic psychologists measure personality via psychometrics, or

measuring traits using tests or eperiments. &o them, a person can

take a personality test and their score on different traits will give an

outline of who they are. 7or eample, one might score pretty low asfar as being high2strung is concerned, whereas other might score

pretty high. 6ither way, they are getting a score for that or other traits

or it is their composite that will tell them who they are.

&he main objective of the nomothetic approach is the isolation of one

or more of the variables of personality. &his is done by measuring the

variables sufficiently under controlled conditions, using a sufficiently

large test sample. It is hoped that the relationship between the traits

and the behaviour is generali+able and repeatable in other samples of

people at other times. &his approach is fundamentally opposed to the

idiographic approach.

&he final comment on the weakness of the idiographic approach and

nomothetic approach to personality will be reserved for somebody

who has made a close study of personality.

8a+arus makes point that the idiographic approach is too global and

does not possess valued scientific features, such as controlled

observation, precision of measurement or repeatability. 6ven the

nomothetic approach is not considered correct one, because

distortions arise in any analysis when components parts are studied inisolation and when there is a failure to eamine the full range of

reactions to the variety of life"s circumstances.


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Idiographic Approach Nomothetic Approach

Definition &he approach ofinvestigating individuals in

personal, in2depth detail to

achieve a uni#ue

understanding of them.

&he approach of investigatinglarge groups of people in order

to find general laws of

behaviour that apply

to everyone

Assmptions Idios9 1private" or 1personal"

in ancient 0reek$ this

approach assumes that

humans are uni#ue.

/omos9 laws in ancient 0reek$

this approach assumes that an

individual is a comple

combination of many universal

laws$ it is best to study people

:n a large scale.

Methodo!og" ;ualitative methods are best$

case study method will

provide a more complete and

global understanding of the

individual who should be

studied using fleible, long

;uantitative 6perimental

methods are best to identify the

universal laws governing

behaviour. &he individual will

be classified with others and

measured as a score upon a

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terms and detailed

procedures in order to put

them in a 1class of their

own".

dimension, or be a statistic

supporting a general principle

1averaging"-.

E#amp!es

from

ps"cho!og"

-Freud (1909) the clinical

case study method patients

interviewed over a long

period of time, notes of his

interpretations, unstructured

techni#ues free association-,

and he wrote up his notes at

the end of the day to allow a

more free and natural

epression of the patients"

thoughts and feelings.

-Piaget (1953) longitudinal

studies of cognitive

development of his children,

keeping fre#uent notes and

using the fleible clinical

interview method and

informal eperiments to gain

detailed and ecologically

valid understanding.

-Gardner and Gardner

(1969) spent long2time

interacting with and

observing the chimpan+ee

Washoe as they tried to teach

him sign language.

&he nomothetic approach is the

main approach within

scientifically oriented

psychology.


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discrimination-

Disad$antage

s

?ifficult to generalise

findings$ 7reud and Piaget

created universal theories on

the basis of a limited and

unrepresentative

sample$ Idiographic research

tends to be more

unreliable and unscientific

subjective, long term @

unstandardi+ed procedures-

!uperficial understanding of

any one person$ even if two

persons have same I; they

may have answered different

;uestions in the test$ a person

may have AB chance of

developing depression but is

he among the ABC-$

classification manuals are not

accurate and does not help

people.

P%&CHOANA'&TICA' PER%PECTI(E

!ince the dawn of time human beings have been attempting to

develop means of eplanation for the actions of others as well as the

internal mechanisms that direct and control the way we all think.

4owever, it wasn"t until fairly recently on 6arth"s timeline that

individuals began to construct psychological theories through the

eploration of events that occurred throughout an individual"s

childhood.

&he psychoanalytic perspective, most fre#uently associated with therenowned psychologist, !igmund 7reud, is a psychological theory that

revolves around the unconscious mind and how an individual"s

childhood eperiences have shaped it. 7reud constructed the theory as

an eplanation for mysterious phenomena such as the meaning behind

dreams, slips of the tongue, and behavioural refle reactions to

stressful situations. &he unconscious is a primary focus in

psychoanalytic theory due to its typical development in youth and theways in which it influences nearly every aspect of an individual"s life.

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&he unconscious mind also holds repressed memories and

unepressed urges that make their way into the conscious mind

through a variety of different means.

7reud"s greatest contribution to understanding of human behaviour

was probably his recognition of the power the unconscious has in

directing that behaviour. &his could be discussed with the reference

of'

$evels o# %&areness

Structure o# ersonalit!

'e#ence mechanism

'e$e!s of A)areness

7reud classified awareness into three levels2

DEonscious

DPreconscious

Dunconscious

Conscious' includes everything that we are aware of. &his

is the aspect of our mental processing that we can think

and talk about rationally. part of this includes our

memory, which is not always part of consciousness but can

be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our

awareness. 7reud called this the preconscious.

Preconscious: Is the part of the mind that represents

ordinary memory. While we are not consciously aware of

this information at any given time, we can retrieve it and

pull it into consciousness when needed.

Unconscious: Is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges,

and memories that outside of our conscious awareness.

%ost of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable

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or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, aniety, or conflict.

ccording to 7reud, the unconscious continues to

influence our behaviour and eperience, even though we

are unaware of these underlying influences.

Fnconscious could be further divided into two'

o Fnconscious concern' It is the third level of awareness2the

unconscious mind2concerns that of which we are totally

unaware, and therefore cannot normally be brought into

awareness. &he material in the unconscious mind comprises

drives, desires, urges, some memories, and deep rooted moralstandards.

o Fnconscious motivation' It follows that the individual can be

motivated by forces in unconscious mind of which he or she is

unaware, called unconscious motivation. 6.g, one may here

reference to an individual"s behaviour as being entirely out of

character and difficult to eplain, or recognise a person"s

behaviour as being due to strange impulse. &hese are eamplesof a lack of insight into forces that are motivating the individual.

Psychotherapy or hypnosis could be used to gain a clearer

understanding of the unconscious factors that motivate

behaviour.

%trctre of Persona!it"

ccording to !igmund 7reud5s psychoanalytic theory of personality,

personality is composed of three elements each with different

functions' &he Id, the 6go, and the superego that work together to

create comple human behaviours.

Id:

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&he Id is the biological basis of personality. It consists of the inherited

characteristics of the individual and can be viewed as a collection of

instinctive desires, urges, or needs, all demanding immediate

gratification. It is concerned with trying to maintain balance betweenthe forces within the person that produce conflict and tension. &he Id

finds these conflicts difficult to accept and is therefore keen to reduce

them.

&he Id tends to be irrational and impulsive$ it adheres to the 1pleasure

principle". &hat is, it invites and accepts pleasure and tries to avoid

displeasure. It has no values, no sense of right or wrong, no moral

standards, and no consideration for other people. &he Id is cut off

from the eternal world because it is completely in fre#uently kept in

check by the ego, it is forces to fantasise in order to relieve tension.

&he main force energising the Id is libido. &he libido, which is seual

in nature, is also concerned with self2preservation. 7reud also

concluded that aggression might be an important instinct, and if put

into action could in etreme cases, result in masochism, self2injury,and suicide.

Ego:

&he new born child has no ego. 6posed to grim realities2cold, thirst,

hunger, noise etc2 which can produce aniety, and powerless to be rid

of these disturbing situation, help is only forthcoming from those

close to the child. It is the confluence of forces in the environmentacting on the surface of the Id that contributes to the formation of

separate mental process called the 6go. &he internal part of Id will

remain latent as its eternal part is transformed into the preconscious

ego.

&he infantile ego is dimly aware of the eternal world and tends to be

narcissistic2 as its needs are met, so it is happy. :bjects responsible

for the gratification of its needs come from outside. s a child grows

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up he or she become less narcissistic and begins to recognise the

omnipotence of the outer world that satisfies his or her needs. &he

6go gradually becomes able to protect the growing child from the

internal threats from the Id, as well as eternal threats$ in fact, it is themain mental force controlling behaviour in the well2adjusted adult.

&he 6go pursues pleasure but it seeks to unpleasant situation.

Fnlike Id, which is intent on the immediate gratification of instinctual

urges, the 6go is capable of logical reasoning and learning by

eperience. It clings to the task of self2preservation and postpones or

suppresses demands made by instinct when it feels that meeting these

demands would be disadvantage of the organism.

&here are times when the ego is caught off balance, and impulses

from the Id reach the level of conciseness in disguised forms. &he

psychotherapist is then offered scope such as slips of the tongue,

jokes, and so on. I/ sleep the 6go serves contact with the eternal

world and permits the Id to epress itself. niety is said to develop

when the ego is eperiencing difficulty facing the demands of the Id.

%per*ego'

&he super2ego is new mental process that develops a result of the

weakness of the infantile ego. 6ventually it represents the standards

and ethical values ac#uired from parents and society in general.

Initially, however it represents the voice of the parents and their moral

standards, as perceived by the child. It may be childish and irrational,imposing rigid restriction that persists into adulthood without much

consideration for the changed circumstances. &he super2ego is mostly

unconscious2 this if the ego does not live up to its epectations, then

conflict develops. When there is conflict, the aggressive fore"s stored

in the super2ego turns against the ego with accusation, creating

feelings of depression and guilt.

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?epression is said to be self2directed aggression. &he manic

depressive oscillates between the joy and happiness resulting from the

approving super2ego, and the tortures resulting from the feeling of

guilt, and depression when super2ego becomes sadistic. t a lesssevere level, the superego is evident when the individual claims to

feel bad about something he or she has or has not done and is troubled

by his conscience. When somebody feels proud of something they

have done, self2congratulation comes into play, no doubt with the

approval of the super ego.

s the individual gets older, the super2ego gradually draws away from

the infantile images of the parent$ it becomes more impersonal and

more related to the objective and ethical standards to which the

individual subscribers. In the course of its development, an

individual"s super2ego takes over from the parent substitutes such as

teachers, admired figures in public life, or high social ideals.

Defence Mechanism:

&he interaction of the three aspects of personality structure produces

constant strife. 1Id , the psychic powerhouse, a lawless mob of

instinctual urges demands release$ super2ego the harsh unbending

moralist, demands total inhibition of these urges$ ego, the rational

decision maker, has to try to keep the peace between these two forces

and to take into account the demand of eternal reality. It is argued

that the ego needs reinforcements to function ade#uately. &hese are

called go de!ence mechanisms and they shed light on our

understanding of the behaviour of people.

It consists of G major strategies, to protect ego from the ecessive

demands of the id and super2ego and to cope with eternal reality.

1(


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A- "epression: the process by which 6go protects itself from

damage or discomfort by denying the eistence of a potential

threat from within.

H- Suppression: s a contrast to repression, suppression amounts tothe conscious control of desires, fantasies, wishes, or memories.

It appears to be healthier form of defence, for in suppressing a

desire a conscious decision is made that, for the time being at

least$ it will not find epression in its present form.

- Pro#ection: >y this mechanism whereby feelings that create

acute discomfort are projected onto the object or another person.

In this case, the disturbing emotions can be blamed on the other

person. &he manager who continually interprets other

employees" behaviour as conspirational or politically inspired

might have such tendencies.

J- $i%ation: by this mechanism 6go is protected by not proceeding

from a particular stage of personality development.as far as this

aspect is concerned, it tends to become fiated at an immature

level.

K- "egression' by this mechanism 6go reverts to an earlier form of

behaviour when confronted by a threat.

G- "eaction $ormation: &his is a mechanism whereby ego copes

with undesirable impulses or desires by developing a pattern of

behaviour that is direct opposite of those impulses or desires.

?efence mechanisms are entirely unconscious and the person is

aware of using them. When used successfully, they become anormal feature of coping behaviour whereby the individual can

resolve personal conflicts. &hey also play a crucial part in the

development of characteristics of personality. If used

unsuccessfully, the ego cannot cope and neurosis or psychosis may

result.

App!ications

1+


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pplication of the psychoanalytical perspective has focused on the

behaviour of managers in work organi+ations. *ries and %iller

psychoanalysts- identified five neurotic styles among managers'

Paranoid' tend to be suspicious of others, and are eceptionally

vigilant for hidden threats.

Eompulsive. &hey tend to be perfectionist in what they do and

are concerned with the right way of doing things.

?ramatic' they fre#uently draw attention to themselves, and

show a desire for activity and ecitement.

?epressive' they display feelings of guilt, inade#uacy, and

hopelessness. !chi+oid' they show symptoms of withdrawal, lack of

involvement, lack of ecitement or enthusiasm.

Psychoanalytical theories of personality, such as 7reud"s, are often

criticised by other psychologists for the lack of scientific rigour,

and for the lack of a satisfactory definition of their key concept, for their scientific rigour, and for the fact that either the theories do not

generate testable predictions about human behaviour or, when

predictions are made, they do not work out in practice.

PRO+ECTI(E TE%T%:

n appropriate way to asses personality based on unconscious

process is to use assessment methods that include face to face

analysis and projective techni#ues.

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Projective techni#ues re#uire a person to respond to ambiguous or

unstructured situations as means of eploring unconscious

impulses and motives. !ubject is unaware of the purpose of the

test$ conse#uently the ego"s defences are off guard, andunconscious forces emerge in disguised form. It is the job of the

assessor to interpret these responses. &wo well2known projective

tests are'

Rorschach Test

Thematic Test

ROR%CHACH TE%T:

&he )orschach test consists of a series of AL inkblots or formless

shapes in which half is the mirror image of other.

&he subject is asked to say what the blot resembles. &he abnormal

personality is likely to perceive gruesome or horrific images in the

blot, and this may be indicative of serious conflicts which are still

unresolved. &he normal personality sees more tran#uil images.

THEMATIC APPRECIATION TE%T ,TAT-

&he &hematic appreciation test &&- consists of HL pictures of

varying degree of clarity. n eample of a straightforward scene

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would be a boy reading on the desk. &he subject eamines each

picture and then tells a story about the scenes portrayed, including

what led up to the scene, the current situation, and what is likely to

happen in the future. &he respondent are analysed and recurrentthemes mentioned in the stories are particularly noted. subject who

harbours intense hostility in one or another form, such as severe

conflict or death, into the stories.

Whereas some psychologists find projective tests useful in providing

initial clinical insights, others are sceptical of their values in assessingunconscious processes and believe that subjects can #uite easily fake

the tests.

RO'E P'A&ING or (I%UA'I.ATION

)ole playing and visuali+ation techni#ues have been used to create

personality description of consumers.

!%


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&hese can be classified as %tereot"ping and /rand Persona!it".

%TEREOT&PING

!tereotyping is the process of labelling people on the basis of a

single attribute. Eertain form of stereotyping can be useful and

efficient.

6ample, supposing that a manager believes that communication

skills are important for a particular job and that speech

communication major tends to have eceptionally goodcommunication skills. s a result, whenever he interviews

candidate for jobs he pays especially close attention to speech

communication majors. &o the etent that communication skills

truly predict job performance and that majoring in speech

communication does indeed provide those skills, this form could be

beneficial attribute.

/RAND PER%ONA'IT&

In recent years the emphasis has switched to brand personality. part

from a brand"s physical and functional attributes, the image and

symbolism portrayed by the product is considered very important. >ut

the images and symbolism must have meaning and significance in the

minds of consumers. 6.g the 1poison" brand of fragrance could evoke

a perception of danger, and 1obsession" brand may be perceived as

erotic by some consumers but not by others

&he #ualitative researchers thereby emphasise brand personality and

product symbolism. !ome might be consider their techni#ues2for

eample, role playing, psychodrama, and clay modelling2to is

controversial, but they certainly generate challenging hypothesis.

!1


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/I/'IOGRAPH&

• 4arris :.Meff, 4artman !andra M., :rgani+ational >ehaviour,

west publishing company, ANNH.

!!


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• 0riffin )icky, %oorhead 0regory, :rgani+ational >ehaviour,

%anaging people and :rgani+ation, Eengage learning, HLLO.

• %cenna 6ugene 7., >usiness psychology and :rgani+ation

>ehaviour, Psychology press limited HLLO.• https'QQblog.udemy.comQpsychoanalytic2perspectiveQ

• http'QQstudy.comQacademyQlessonQresearching2personality2traits2

nomothetic2and2idiographic2analysis.html

• http'QQwww.toddkshackelford.comQdownloadsQPersonality

BHLHedBHLlectureBHLchaptersBHLA2HL.pdf

!)
https://blog.udemy.com/psychoanalytic-perspective/http://study.com/academy/lesson/researching-personality-traits-nomothetic-and-idiographic-analysis.htmlhttp://study.com/academy/lesson/researching-personality-traits-nomothetic-and-idiographic-analysis.htmlhttp://www.toddkshackelford.com/downloads/Personality%202ed%20lecture%20chapters%201-20.pdfhttp://www.toddkshackelford.com/downloads/Personality%202ed%20lecture%20chapters%201-20.pdfhttp://study.com/academy/lesson/researching-personality-traits-nomothetic-and-idiographic-analysis.htmlhttp://study.com/academy/lesson/researching-personality-traits-nomothetic-and-idiographic-analysis.htmlhttp://www.toddkshackelford.com/downloads/Personality%202ed%20lecture%20chapters%201-20.pdfhttp://www.toddkshackelford.com/downloads/Personality%202ed%20lecture%20chapters%201-20.pdfhttps://blog.udemy.com/psychoanalytic-perspective/

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Industrial Psychology.docx