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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1760-1850)Group 3History 1710:30 – 11:30 AMPE21TC
DEFINITION
was a period from the 18th to the 19th
century where major changes in
agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and
transport had a profound effect on the
socioeconomic and cultural conditions in
the United Kingdom. The changes
subsequently spread throughout Europe,
North America, and eventually the world.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Manual Labourand
Draft-Animal-based Economy
Machine-based Manufacturing
FOUR SETS OF CHANGES
Industrial Revolution
The Introduction of New
Technology
The Use of the New Mineral Resources of
Energy
A Concentration of New Workers
in Factories
New Methods of Transportation
PART I
PART II
PART III
PART VI
I. INTRODUCTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY
Industrial Revolution introduced machines to
textile manufacturing, iron, printing,
papermaking, and engineering
industries.
The most significant machines were steam
engines and the machines used to make
cloth.
A. TEXTILE MACHINERY
In 1765, James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny, automating weaving the warp in the weaving of cloth.
In 1769, Richard Arkwright invented the Water powered – Frame which automated the weft.
In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the Spinning Mule, a combination of Hargreaves’ and Arkwright’s inventions, which automated the total weaving process.
The Spinning Jenny Water Powered Frame
Spinning Mule
B. STEAM ENGINE
In 1775, James Watt invented the Steam
Engine which was used to raise minerals
from mines, provide heat for smelting iron
ore, and drive machines in textile mills.
II. NEW MINERAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
Beginning in the eighteenth century, the
Industrial Revolution began to rely on coal to
produce the high temperatures needed to
smelt iron. Eventually it also became a
source of heat for the steam engine.
III. GROWTH OF FACTORIES
Domestic System
In the sixteenth century, businessmen began
employing families in the countryside to spin
and weave.
All members of the family participated in the
production.
Businessmen provided the materials and were
responsible for manufacturing.
DEVELOPMENTS IN FACTORIES
Large factories were more cost effective
because it allowed the concentration of
workers and machines in one work place
Reduced transportation costs
Allowed greater quality control
The factory owner had greater control over
the work force and enforced stricter
discipline
DEVELOPMENT IN FACTORIES
It also made possible what the economist
Adam Smith called the "division of labor“,
whereby each person was responsible for one
stage of production, allowing for great
increase in total production. The workers
needed no special skills to operate the
machines.
IV. NEW METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION
Thousands of miles of canals and all-weather
roads were built in the eighteenth century.
1692, Languedoc Canal connects the Mediterranean
with the Bay of Biscay. 240 miles long, with 100
locks, 3 major aqueducts, 1 tunnel, and a summit
reservoir.
Canals were the first technology to allow bulk
materials to be easily transported across
country.
NEW METHODS OF TRANSPORTATION
The railroads were driven by coal-burning,
steam-power locomotives and provided
quick, cheap transportation to places
inaccessible by water.
The construction of railroads created a
demand for iron and for large numbers of
workers and became a large industry in its
own right.
FACTORS FAVOURING THE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
Population Growth
The population increase provided the large
supply of cheap labor needed by the
factories. It also provided an increase in
demand for manufactured goods.
FACTORS FAVOURING THE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
Agricultural Productivity
The process of enclosure allowed farmers
and landlords to fence in their fields and
control production. They introduced crop
rotations that restored nutrients to the soil,
allowing for greater yield. They also began
scientific breeding to improve the quality of
their herds. The result was an increase in
productivity with fewer agricultural workers.
FACTORS FAVOURING THE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
Capital Formation and Accumulation
came mostly from merchants engaged in
domestic and foreign trade, from
landowners who profited from their estates
in Britain and plantations in the colonies,
and from banks.
FACTORS FAVOURING THE INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
Technological Knowledge and Entrepreneurship
Plenty of people had scientific knowledge
to mechanize the industry.
A merchant capitalist class organized the
domestic system.
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
Demand from Consumers and Producers
The demand for goods was created by
advertising, as well as by the increasing
ability of the working class to buy goods as
their purchasing power increased.
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
Population and Economic Growth
The population had consistently expanded as the
greater agricultural productivity permitted
maintaining an adequate food supply. The
industrial economy had been able to employ
large numbers of workers.
Standards of Living
Employers kept wages low and utilized labor-
saving devices.
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
Women, Children and Industry
The Industrial Revolution did not improve
the status of women. Their pay was too
little to give them financial independence
or prestige, and they frequently were
under the control of the male workers or
foremen.
British Factory Act of 1833 enforced
restrictions against child labor.
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
Class and Class Consciousness The Industrial Society was divided into three (3)
classes:
The aristocracy owned the land.
The bourgeoisie owned capital
enterprises and gained their wealth from
profits.
The working class owned only their
labor and received wages.