Industrialization: The ProcessIndustrialization: The Process

What was industrialization?What was industrialization? How did the work process change?How did the work process change? A long, uneven, ongoing processA long, uneven, ongoing process::

1830s-1850s: “Take Off”1830s-1850s: “Take Off”

1870s-1890s: Competitive Capitalism1870s-1890s: Competitive Capitalism

1890s on: Monopoly Capitalism1890s on: Monopoly Capitalism

A long, uneven, ongoing A long, uneven, ongoing processprocess::

1830s-1850s: “Take Off”1830s-1850s: “Take Off”

1870s-1890s: Competitive Capitalism1870s-1890s: Competitive Capitalism

1890s on: Monopoly Capitalism1890s on: Monopoly Capitalism

Industrialization: ProcessIndustrialization: Process

A Broad Matrix of ChangesA Broad Matrix of Changes

1. 1. Demographic Demographic change:change: Higher Higher standard of living standard of living higher life higher life expectancy + expectancy + immigration immigration much larger and much larger and more diverse more diverse populationpopulation

2. 2. Family life:Family life: changes in changes in women’s roles, women’s roles, child laborchild labor

Population Growth in Industrial Population Growth in Industrial Illinois, 1840-1910Illinois, 1840-1910

ChicagoChicago::

1840: 45001840: 4500

1880: 500,0001880: 500,000

1910: 2.2 million1910: 2.2 million

““Downstate”:Downstate”:

18601860: 1.6 million/: 1.6 million/19101910: 3.2 million: 3.2 million

Broad Matrix of Changes Broad Matrix of Changes (Continued)(Continued)

3.3. Law:Law: changes to protect changes to protect private property and facilitate private property and facilitate the accumulation of capital, the accumulation of capital, discipline the labor force.discipline the labor force.

3.3. Social Relations:Social Relations: notably, notably, particularly severe class particularly severe class conflictconflict

Birmingham, AL, 1850s/1870sBirmingham, AL, 1850s/1870s

Industrializing Industrializing PeoplePeople

““Pre-industrial” work habits and culture – artisans, Pre-industrial” work habits and culture – artisans, farm girls, and peasantsfarm girls, and peasants

Socializing workers and creating and industrial Socializing workers and creating and industrial workforce – measured time, punctuality, an workforce – measured time, punctuality, an industrialindustrial ethicethic

Waves of pre-industrial people over time, 1820s to Waves of pre-industrial people over time, 1820s to the Present – migrants and immigrantsthe Present – migrants and immigrants

Industrialization: The Human Dimension at Two Industrialization: The Human Dimension at Two Moments -- Moments -- 1830s-1840s1830s-1840s and and 1900-1920s1900-1920s

Lowell Mills, 1830Lowell Mills, 1830 Model T Assembly Line, 1913Model T Assembly Line, 1913

Industrialization, 1830s-Civil WarIndustrialization, 1830s-Civil WarI.I. The Material ProcessThe Material Process::

A. A. Demographic RevolutionDemographic Revolution: (: (17901790: <4 mil./: <4 mil./18601860: >32 mil): >32 mil)Immigration, 1840-1860: 4.3 mil. (93 % from Europe)Immigration, 1840-1860: 4.3 mil. (93 % from Europe)

B. B. Transportation RevolutionTransportation Revolution::

1. 1. 1810s-1840s1810s-1840s: Canals link local into regional markets – e.g., : Canals link local into regional markets – e.g., Erie Erie Canal (1825) I&M (1848) – immigrant laborCanal (1825) I&M (1848) – immigrant labor

2. 2. 1840s-1860s: 1840s-1860s: Railroads link local and regional markets into a Railroads link local and regional markets into a national market system, stimulate numerous industries, and national market system, stimulate numerous industries, and

provide a provide a model for the modern corporation – immigrant labor.model for the modern corporation – immigrant labor.

C. C. UrbanizationUrbanization::

1. 1. 17901790: 4-5% / : 4-5% / 18701870: about 25% -- greatest increase, : about 25% -- greatest increase, 1840-1840-18601860

2. NE becomes urban and industrial and Midwest “takes off”2. NE becomes urban and industrial and Midwest “takes off”3. Residential segregation by class and ethnicity3. Residential segregation by class and ethnicity4. 4. 1870s1870s: Most cities one-third foreign born – Chicago, 48%, : Most cities one-third foreign born – Chicago, 48%,

NYC – NYC – 45%45%

Industrialization before the factory, Industrialization before the factory, e.g., Philadelphia, 1850e.g., Philadelphia, 1850

1.1. FactoriesFactories (28%) – textiles, (28%) – textiles, boot and shoeboot and shoe

2.2. ““Manufactories”Manufactories” (37%) – (37%) – clothing, leather, boot and clothing, leather, boot and shoeshoe

3.3. SweatshopsSweatshops (23%) – (23%) – clothing, boot and shoeclothing, boot and shoe

4. 4. “Outwork”“Outwork” (?) – weaving, (?) – weaving, clothing, boot and shoeclothing, boot and shoe

5. 5. The The Artisan Shop (12%) (12%)

Factory Production:Factory Production:

1.1. Division of laborDivision of labor and and mechanization – mechanization – “Spinning Jenny.”“Spinning Jenny.”

2.2. Separation of production Separation of production from management and from management and management from management from ownershipownership..

3. 3. Larger workforcesLarger workforces

Lowell Mills, 1830Lowell Mills, 1830

The early factory proletariatThe early factory proletariat::

Yankee farm womenYankee farm women

Immigrant labor Immigrant labor

– – the Irishthe Irish

ChildrenChildren

Industrial Time and Work DisciplineIndustrial Time and Work DisciplineLowell Offering, 1840Lowell Offering, 1840

A Lowell Factory Girl SpeaksA Lowell Factory Girl Speaks

““The Factory Bell”The Factory Bell”

““Industrial Morality”Industrial Morality”

““good character” – efficiency, punctuality, temperance, time orientationgood character” – efficiency, punctuality, temperance, time orientation

e.g., Society for the Promotion of Industry, Frugality, and Temperance e.g., Society for the Promotion of Industry, Frugality, and Temperance (Lynn, MA, 1826(Lynn, MA, 1826))

Enforcing industrial moralityEnforcing industrial morality::

-- Temperance agitation and “Blue Laws”-- Temperance agitation and “Blue Laws”

-- Professionalization of the police-- Professionalization of the police

-- Laws against “objectionable behavior”-- Laws against “objectionable behavior”

-- Centralization of education-- Centralization of education

-- From “outdoor” to “indoor” poor relief-- From “outdoor” to “indoor” poor relief

Mr. Dyott’s Plan (1833)Mr. Dyott’s Plan (1833)

Mass Production and the Recreation of the Mass Production and the Recreation of the Labor Force, 1900 – 1920sLabor Force, 1900 – 1920s

Mass Production, 1900 Mass Production, 1900

1.1. Extreme Division of Extreme Division of Labor – e.g., Meat Labor – e.g., Meat Packing and Ford’s Packing and Ford’s Model TModel T

2.2. Standardized partsStandardized parts3.3. Constant Flow of Constant Flow of

ProductionProduction4.4. Control by Control by

managementmanagement5.5. MechanizationMechanization

Industrializing the Workers: Industrializing the Workers: Peasants on the Assembly LinePeasants on the Assembly Line

The “New Immigrants”, The “New Immigrants”, 1890s to 1920s1890s to 1920s

Ford’s Sociology Ford’s Sociology DepartmentDepartment

Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915)1915)

Philips Exeter and HarvardPhilips Exeter and Harvard

Medical problems Medical problems Midvale SteelMidvale Steel

Bethlehem Steel, 1898Bethlehem Steel, 1898

““A Piece Rate System” A Piece Rate System” (1895)(1895)

Principles of Scientific Principles of Scientific ManagementManagement (1911) (1911)

Schmidt’s Story, Bethlehem Steel, Schmidt’s Story, Bethlehem Steel, circa 1900circa 1900

Principles of Scientific ManagementPrinciples of Scientific Management

1.1. Scientific study of the tasks involved and determination Scientific study of the tasks involved and determination of the “one best way to do the job”.of the “one best way to do the job”.

2.2. Scientifically select and train the workman to establish Scientifically select and train the workman to establish a scientific standard.a scientific standard.

3.3. Provide detailed instruction and close supervision of Provide detailed instruction and close supervision of each worker in the performance of the task in order to each worker in the performance of the task in order to insure maintenance of the standard.insure maintenance of the standard.

4.4. Set the pay scale in relation to the new standard.Set the pay scale in relation to the new standard.

Bethlehem Steel Strike, 1910Bethlehem Steel Strike, 1910