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Page 1: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its
Page 2: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Infectious Disease 

• The successive invasion of microorganisms into 

the tissues of an individual, their multiplication, 

production of toxins and the resulting disease 

process is called infectious disease.

Page 3: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Infections 

• Bacterial 

• Viral 

• Fungal 

Page 4: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Bacterial infections 

• Impetigo • Erysipelas • Scarlet fever• Syphilis • Pyogenic granuloma• Diphtheria • Tetanus • Cat scratch disease • Pyostomatitis vegetans  

Page 5: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Bacterial infections 

• Tuberculosis • Leprosy • Actinomycosis • ANUG• Noma • Granuloma inguinale • Tularemia • Tonsillitis & Pharyngitis • Sinusitis 

Page 6: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Impetigo 

• Superficial infection 

• Streptococcus pyogenes or staphylococcus aureus 

• Flaccid bullae‐‐‐ Amber crusts(Honey colored )  

• Similar to recurrent herpes simplex , exfoliative cheilitis 

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IMPETIGO 

AMBER CRUSTS OF THE CHIN

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Erysipelas 

• St anthony’s fire 

• Butterfly rash 

• D/D: SLE 

Page 9: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

ERYSIPELAS 

Red swollen area of the cheek

Page 10: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Scarlet fever 

• Β‐hemolytic streptococci

• Erythrogenic toxin 

• White and red strawberry tongue 

• Sun burn with goose pimples 

• Pastia lines ( Capillary fragility in zones of stress)

Page 11: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

SCARLET FEVER 

WHITE STRAWBERRY TONGUE RASPBERRY TONGUE

orRED STRAWBERRY TONGUE

Page 12: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Syphilis ORAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SYPHILIS

Primary syphilis Chancre – lip

Secondary syphilis Mucous patches on mucosa

Snail track ulcers

Rubbery enlarged lymph nodes

Tertiary syphilis Gumma on palate

Glossitis

Syphilitic leukoplakia

Page 13: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Primary syphilis 

Chancre

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Primary syphilis 

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Primary syphilis 

Page 16: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Secondary syphilis 

Eryhtematous rash

Mucous patch

Page 17: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Tertiary syphilis

Syphilitic glossitis

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Tertiary syphilis 

Gumma perforating the palate

Gumma

Page 19: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Congenital syphilis 

• Frontal bossing

• Short maxilla 

• High palatal arch

• Saddle nose 

• Higoumenaki’s sign 

• Rhagades and saber shin 

• Hutchinsons triad 

Page 20: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Hutchinsons triad

• Hypoplasia of teeth 

• VIIIth nerve deafness 

• Interstitial keratitis  

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Congenital syphilis 

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Congenital syphilis 

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• Tumor‐like growth

• Botryomycotic  infection , an infection in horses

• C/F: Elevated,pedunculated or sessile vascular mass withn smooth, lobulated or even a warty surface

• Facial aspect including the interdental papilla

• Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its vascularity,painless  and soft in consistency 

• Exudation of purulent material

Pyogenic granuloma (Granuloma pyogenicum) 

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Pyogenic granuloma (Pregnancy tumor ) 

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Histologic features of pyogenic granuloma 

• Atrophic epithelium

• Vast no of endothelial lined vascular spaces, 

proliferating fibroblasts, budding endothelial 

cells

• Older lesions‐ obliteration of capillaries –

becomes fibrous‐ fibro‐epithelial polyp or

fibroma 

Page 26: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Pyogenic granuloma

Exophytic mass exhibiting granulation tissue

Scattered blood vessels and inflammatory cells

Page 27: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Pregnancy tumor 

• Third month of pregnancy

• Result of minor trauma or irritation 

• Tissue reaction intensified by endocrine 

alteration

Page 28: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Cat scratch disease 

• Bartonella hensalae – Gram negative bacillus 

• Oculoglandular syndrome of parinaud 

• Warthin starry silver staining 

• Brown‐Hopps gram staining

Page 29: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Cat scratch disease 

Papule on the forehead

Page 30: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Cat scratch disease 

Submandibular lymphadenopathy

Page 31: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Cat scratch disease 

Intra-nodal area of abscess formation

Page 32: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Diphtheria 

• Corynebacterium  Diphtheriae 

• Bull neck 

• Diphtheritic membrane 

• Strangling angel of children

Page 33: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Tetanus (Lock Jaw )  

• Infection of nervous system 

• Clostridium tetani 

• Acts at the synapse of interneurons of 

inhibitory pathways and motor neurons to 

produce blockade of spinal inhibition 

Page 34: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Pyostomatitis 

Snail track ulceration

Page 35: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its
Page 36: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Bacterial infections 

• Tuberculosis • Leprosy • Actinomycosis • ANUG• Noma • Granuloma inguinale • Tularemia • Tonsillitis & Pharyngitis • Sinusitis 

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TUBERCULOSIS

Page 38: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

A LUMP IN THE NECK…??

Umm…… SO…?????

Page 39: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

DISTRIBUTION

DRAINAGE

DETECTION

Page 40: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Tuberculosis

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis‐ Rod shaped, 

non‐spore forming, thin aerobic  acid fast 

bacilli

• Cattle‐ Bovine tuberculosis

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PATHOGENESIS OF TB LYMPHADENITISInhalation of the Bacilli

Phagocytosis by Macrophages

Resist degradation (Development of Type IV Hypersensitivity)

Persistence of Injurious agent

Cell Mediated Agent sequestered withinImmune Response Macrophages

Recruitment of macrophage – Epitheloid CellsAnd giant cell formation

Granuloma

Page 42: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

• Necrotic material undergoing calcification‐ ranne 

complex 

• TB of submaxillary and cervical lymph nodes –

scrofula 

• Primary TB of skin‐ Lupus vulgaris              ( 

Papular nodules which ulcerate)

Tuberculosis

Page 43: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Tuberculosis

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FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION

Page 45: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Tuberculoma

GRANULOMAGranuloma is defined as a circumscribed,

tiny lesions, about 1mm in diameter,composed predominantly of collection ofmodified, macrophages called as epitheloidcells and rimmed at the perephery bylymphoid cells.

Page 46: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Tuberculoma

An ulcer near the upper lip Collection of foamy

macrophages

Page 47: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Ares of caseous necrosis with multinucleated giant cells

Page 48: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

• Ulcer ‐ characterised by 

undermined edge and with 

yellowish base and 

surrounding areas of 

erythema and edema

• Ulcer surrounded by single 

or multiple nodules –

sentinal tubercles.

Tuberculous ulcer

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Tuberculous gingivitis

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Chest radiographs

Mantoux test

Staining of microscopy smears

Culture 

Radioimmunoassays

Fluorescent antibody test

ELISA

DNA probes

PCR

Investigations 

Page 51: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY

Smear shows several cluster of epitheloidcells,reactive histocytes, (macrophages)along thecells of lymphoid series.

The features suggestive of granulomatousadenitis.

Page 52: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

FNAC

LOW ‐ POWER HIGH ‐ POWER

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Staining

Ziehl Nielsen staining

Kinyoun’s cold staining methods

Rhodamine staining for fluorescent microscopy

Page 54: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Culture

Culturing the mycobacteria from infected tissue 

or sputum

• Conventional‐ 1. LJ medium

2.agar based media‐

(eg:Middle brook medium)

• Faster methods‐ 1.Rapid slide culture

2.radiometric culture

Page 55: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Leprosy

• Mycobacterium Leprae‐ Gram positive bacillus

Clinical features :  

• Two polar forms‐ Tuberculoid and lepromatous 

• Host response – Borderline and indeterminate

• Hypopigmented patches 

• Leonine facies 

• Loss of cutaneous sensation; facial paralysis 

Oral Manifestations : 

• Leproma

Page 56: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Leprosy

Histologic features : 

• Granulomatous nodule

• Langhans type giant cells 

• Lepra cells‐ sheets of lymphocytes with vacuolated macrophages

Diagnosis: 

• Ziehl neelson method – 10 to the power of 11 bacilli 

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Leprosy

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Sheets of lymphocytes andhistiocytes exhibiting scattered lepracells

Acid fast stain – Numerousmycobacterial organisms in clusters

Leprosy

HISTOPATHOLOGY

Page 59: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Actinomycosis

• Granulomatous suppurative and fibrosing disease 

• Gram positive filamentous bacteria 

• Common organism – A . Israelli 

• Others – A. naersuundii, A. viscosus, A. odontolyticus and A. propionica

• A. bovis – Lumpy jaw in the cattle 

Page 60: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Actinomycosis

• Sulfur granules – Botryomycosis

• Based on location: 

Cerviofacial 

Abdominal

Pulmonary 

• Etiopathogenesis – trauma – Extracted socket, periodontal pcket, non‐vital tooth or mucosal abrasions 

Page 61: Infectious - India’s Premier Educational Institution · Infectious Disease ... • Facial aspect including the interdental papilla • Deep red or reddish purple, depending on its

Actinomycosis

• Localized abscesses following a woody appearance

• Actinomycotic osteomyelitis

• Simulation of pulp related infection  

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Actinomycosis

• MNGC + macrophages 

• Individual colony‐ round or lobulated ; peripheral club shaped ends of filaments 

• Ray fungus appearance 

• Methenamine silver stain

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Actinomycosis

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Actinomycosis

Ray fungus appearance

Peripheral club ends exhibitingrosette pattern

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NOMA 

( Cancrum oris; gangrenous stomatitis )

• Devour ( Spreading sore) 

• Debilitated and nutritionally deficient persons 

• Internees of the belson concentration camp ( world war II) 

• Secondary complication of systemic disease 

• Vincents organism

• Other organisms – Pseudomaonas Aerugiosm , E.coli, klebsiella, S. Aureus  

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NOMA 

• Small ulcer 

• Stagnation around FPD 

• Blackening of skin‐ gangrene 

• Foul odor 

• High temperature ; toxemia 

• Site – gingiva, jaws , lips and cheeks 

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NOMA

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ANUG

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Tonsillitis & Pharyngiits 

• Group A ‐ β hemolytic streptococciOral lesions 

• Erythema and inflammation  of the oro‐pharynx and tonsils. 

• Palatal petechiae 

• Enlarged tonsils 

• Yellowish tonsillar exudate – patchy or confluent.   

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Diagnosis

• Clinical sign and symptoms

• Throat culture 

• Rapid antigen detection test