Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand ... · equal to 1.1% and 3.5%. The fineness modulus was 2.5 for SN; 3.01 for SG and 2.8 for the MS mixture. In terms of their

European Journal of Scientific Research

ISSN 1450-216X / 1450-202X Vol. 156 No 4 June, 2020, pp.359 - 370

http://www. europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com

Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as

Fine Aggregate on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of

Hydraulic Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong

River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga

(Center, Cameroon)

Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy

Corresponding Author, Laboratory of Material Sciences, Department of Physics

Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. BOX 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon

Department of Mining Engineering, School of Geology and Mining Engineering, University of

Ngaoundéré, P.O. BOX 115 Meiganga, Cameroon

E-mail: [email protected]/[email protected]

Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior

Department of Mining Engineering, School of Geology and Mining Engineering

University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. BOX 115 Meiganga, Cameroon

Tel: +237697419489

Abstract

This work was firstly focused on a comparative study of the physical and

mechanical performance of concrete made with alluvial sand of the Nyong river

(Olamalocality, Center, Cameroon) and with quarry sand (SG) from Koulouganga (Center,

Cameroon). Secondly, these concretes properties were compared to a concrete formulated

from the mixture of alluvial sand (SN) and quarry sand, which was denoted MS. Three

types of formulations were performed with the same gravels, constant cement dosage and

the same consistency while the sands were of different geological nature. Alluvial sand

(SN) and quarry sand (SG) have been characterized from a petrographic and geotechnical

point of view. It appears that the crush sand (SG) was metamorphic type. This sand has a

high fine content (11.3%) compared to the other sands SN and MS which were respectively

equal to 1.1% and 3.5%. The fineness modulus was 2.5 for SN; 3.01 for SG and 2.8 for the

MS mixture. In terms of their cleanliness, SN sand was very clean with a piston sand

equivalent value of 97.6%. For the sand extracted from the quarry (SG) and the mixture

sand (MS) the values were respectively 77.5% and 87.3%. The compressive strengths at 28

days of concrete were determined. Concretes made from alluvial sand (BSN) had the best

compressive strength (33 MPa). Concretes made from quarry sand (BSG) and the mixture

of two sands (BMS) had compressive strengths of 28 and 30 MPa respectively. The alluvial

sand had proven to be of little benefit for making concrete compared to crush quarry sand

used in construction projects. However in the road project by taking account the cost of

transport of sand, the use of the mixture of quarry sand and alluvial sand could be consider

in the certain case as the best solution.

Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand as Fine Aggregate on the Physical

and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong

River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon) 360

Keywords: Concrete, crushed sands, alluvial sands, formulation, physical and mecanical

properties.

1. Introduction Construction aggregate, or simply ‘aggregate’, is a broad category of particulate materials used in

construction which includes sand, gravel, crushed stone, granite, slag, recycled and geosynthetic

aggregates. Aggregates constitute approximately 80 percent of the total volume of concrete; hence

aggregate characteristics significantly affect the performance of fresh and hardened concrete as well as

have an impact on the cost effectiveness [1]. Aggregate is the most inexpensive component of Portland

cement concrete after water. Conversely, cement is the most expensive component and typically,

responsible for about 42 percent of the total cost of materials [2]. However, if aggregate of minimal

voids are used, the amount of paste required for filling these voids will also be minimized enhancing

workability and strength. Consequently, optimal mixture proportioning will produce good-quality

concrete with a low amount of cement. Within prescribed limits, the less the paste at a constant water-

cement ratio, the more durable the concrete. Its resistance and durability are a function of its various

constituents. Sand is an essential component of concrete. It is used to ensure the continuity between

cement and gravel for better cohesion of concrete. River sand has been the most popularly used in the

production of concrete, but due to the overuse of the material, the price of river sand has increased and

then disturbs our environment [3]. For example, in developing countries, the demand of natural sand is

quite high to satisfy the rapid infrastructural growth.

Some experiments have been conducted on the mechanical properties of concrete for various

percentage replacements of fine aggregates by alternative sands [4]. Compressive strength of concrete

is commonly considered to be its most valued property. Although in many practical cases, other

characteristics, such as durability, impermeability and volume stability, may in fact be more important

[5].Other studies have shown the influence of sand petrographic nature on the physical and mechanical

properties of concrete. In 2006, Ilangovan et al., studied the strength and behavior of concrete using

crushed rock dust as fine aggregate; they investigated the possibility of using crushed rock as 100%

replacement for sand, with varying compacting factors [6]. In 2014, Makhloufi et al., [7] studied the

effect of the sand type on the main properties of sand concrete: fracture and mechanical properties.

Four different types of sand have been used: dune sand (DS), river sand (RS), crushed sand (CS), and

river-dune sand (RDS). These types of sand differ in mineralogical nature, grain shape, angularity,

particle size, proportion of fine elements. Their results showed that the particle size distribution of sand

has marked its influence in all the studied properties of sand concrete since the sand of highest

diameter and the best particle size distribution has given the best fracture and mechanical properties. In

2015, Chijioke Chiemela et al. [8] presented the results of an experiment carried out to compare the

compressive strength of concrete made with river sand and quarry dust as fine aggregates. River sand

was fully replaced in the concrete. In 2017, Mambou et al., [9] presented a comparative study of the

technical and economic performances of hydraulic concretes based on three sands with different

geological. Sand from crushed basalt (SB), sand from crushed gneiss (SG) and sand from the river

Sanaga were used for the formulation of these concretes. In 2019, Nkengue et al. [10] investigated the

influence of aggregate grain size on the formulation of concrete in the construction industry in Congo.

It resulted that the natural fine sands by the crushing sands has brought a clear increase in the

workability of the concrete. Few of theses cited works doesent investigated the use of the mixture of

alluvial sand and quarry sand as fine aggregate in the hydraulic concrete

The principal objective of this work is to investigate the influence of the mixture of alluvial

sand and quarry sand as fine aggregate on the physical and mechanical properties of hydraulic

concrete.

361

2. Materials and MethodsThe different analyzes and tests on the concretes were carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of the

Olama-Bingambo road construction project and the laboratory of the Koulouganga quarry of SOGEA

SATOM.

2.1. Materials

2.1.1. Cement and

The cement used i

cement (Cement of Africa) produced and marketed in Cameroon.

concrete.

2.1.2. Sands

Two types of sands with the same size range (0/5) were used

presented in Figure 1.

The alluvial sand sample was taken from the Nyong River. The Nyong is a river in southern of

Cameroon, 690 km long and flows into the Gulf of Guinea. It flows parallel

Sanaga River, following an east

through Olama (PK0 of the Olama

geographical coordinates of the Nyong

longitude. The quarry sand sample was taken at the Koulouganga quarry located in the Department of

the Ocean, South Cameroon Region. This quarry was created by SOGEA SATOM in order to satisfy

the supply of aggregates during the project period. The mixed sample is denoted MS. The mixture is

composed by 58% of alluvial sand and 42% of quarry sand. The main physical properties of these

sands are shown in Table 1.

Materials and Methodserent analyzes and tests on the concretes were carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of the

Bingambo road construction project and the laboratory of the Koulouganga quarry of SOGEA

Materials

Cement and Water

The cement used is a Portland cement composed of CPJ CEM II/A class 42.5 R. This is CIMENCAM


Sands


presented in Figure 1.



Sanaga River, following an east





ply of aggregates during the project period. The mixed sample is denoted MS. The mixture is



Materials and Methods erent analyzes and tests on the concretes were carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of the


Water

s a Portland cement composed of CPJ CEM II/A class 42.5 R. This is CIMENCAM





Sanaga River, following an east-west direction like it. It crosses the town of Mbalmayo and passes









erent analyzes and tests on the concretes were carried out in the geotechnical laboratory of the





Figure 1:



west direction like it. It crosses the town of Mbalmayo and passes

through Olama (PK0 of the Olama-Bingambo road project) to end 75 km south

geographical coordinates of the Nyong River of











Figure 1: Sampling map.




Bingambo road project) to end 75 km south

River of Olama, were 3°26'02’’N latitude and 11°17’18’’E









cement (Cement of Africa) produced and marketed in Cameroon. Tap

Two types of sands with the same size range (0/5) were used in this work. The sampling map is

Sampling map.





Olama, were 3°26'02’’N latitude and 11°17’18’’E





Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy and Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior




Tap water was used for mixing the

in this work. The sampling map is


Cameroon, 690 km long and flows into the Gulf of Guinea. It flows parallel to the lower course of the












water was used for mixing the



to the lower course of the


Bingambo road project) to end 75 km south-west of Edea. The










water was used for mixing the



to the lower course of the


west of Edea. The







and Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic

River and Crushed Sand from the Quarry of Nkoulouganga (Center, Cameroon)

by gradually taking from the base to the top of the heaps of materials. All this is done in order to have a

representative sample of the entire stock.

Figure 2:

beforehand.

2.1.3

In order to make our concrete, we used

(15/25). These crushed stones originate from an industrial quarry exploited in Koulounga (Center,

Cameroon). The main physical characteristics of coarse aggregates arepresented in table 2.

2.1.4

Sieve analysis was done according to reference [12] (see figure 3).

2.2

2.2.1

The thin sections were produced at the Institute for Geological and Mining Research (IGMR) of

Yaoundé (Camer

minerals that these sands contain.

2.2.2

The methodology for the formulation of concrete is the Dreux

m

2.2.3

The density was determined according to the standard norm (NF EN 12350

workability of the concrete is evaluated

EN 12350

2.2.4

Strength of concrete is commonly considered as the most valuable property in Portland cement

concrete. Although in many

may in fact be more important. Nevertheless, strength usually gives an overall picture of the quality of




Sampling process was done according to NF



Figure 2: Sampling technique for the different aggr

Sampling at the top of the heap.

These samples are brought back to the laboratory for testing while performing quartering

beforehand.

2.1.3. Coarse




2.1.4. Sieves Analysis


2.2. Method

2.2.1. Petrographic


Yaoundé (Camer


2.2.2. Formulation (


make concretes with the characteristics contained in Table 3.

2.2.3. Measurement of



EN 12350-2, 1999) [15].

2.2.4. Compressive










Sampling technique for the different aggr



Coarse Aggregate




Analysis of


Petrographic Properties


Yaoundé (Cameroon). The observations of thin section of gneiss rock permit us to know the various


Formulation (Composition Study


ake concretes with the characteristics contained in Table 3.

Measurement of Density



2, 1999) [15].

Compressive Strength
















of Aggregates


Properties of Sands


oon). The observations of thin section of gneiss rock permit us to know the various


Composition Study



Density and



Strength of Hardened Concrete


concrete. Although in many practical cases other characteristics such as durability and permeability











In order to make our concrete, we used coarse aggregates from gneiss with fractions (5/15) and



Aggregates


Sands



Composition Study)



and Workability


workability of the concrete is evaluated by using the Abrams cone, according to the standard norm (NF

Hardened Concrete


practical cases other characteristics such as durability and permeability



Concrete: The Case of Alluvial Sand from the Nyong


Sampling process was done according to NF EN 932


Sampling technique for the different aggregates:1- Heap sampling, 2


coarse aggregates from gneiss with fractions (5/15) and








Workability of Fresh Concrete


by using the Abrams cone, according to the standard norm (NF

Hardened Concrete







EN 932-1 standard [11], as illustrated in figure 2,


Heap sampling, 2








The methodology for the formulation of concrete is the Dreux-Gorisse method [13]. We choose to

Fresh Concrete









1 standard [11], as illustrated in figure 2,


Heap sampling, 2- Heap center sampling, 3







Gorisse method [13]. We choose to

The density was determined according to the standard norm (NF EN 12350-6, 1999) [14]. The









Heap center sampling, 3








6, 1999) [14]. The





362



Heap center sampling, 3-







6, 1999) [14]. The





363 Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy and Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior

concrete because strength is directly related to the structure of the hydrated cement paste. Moreover,

the strength of concrete is almost invariably a vital element of structural design [16].

Compressive strength of concrete is commonly considered to be its most valuable property,

although in many practical cases, other characteristics, such as durability, impermeability and volume

stability, may be more important. Moreover, compressive strength usually gives an overall picture of

the quality of concrete. The simple compressive strength of the concrete was determined on 12 × 16 cm

cylindrical specimens. The test is carried out according to the standard (NF EN 12390-3, 2003) [17].

The specimens are loaded till failure in a compression testing machine conforming to the standard (EN

12390-4, 2000) [18]. The maximum load reached is recorded and the compressive strength is obtained

by the following equation:

�� = �

�� (1)

Table 1: Physical characteristics of the sands

Sands

Physical characteristics

Percentage

of fines

aggregate

(<0.063)

Fineness

modulus

Piston sand

equivalent

(SE) in %

Density

(g/m3)

Apparent

density

(g/m3)

Water

content W

(%)

Absorption

rate (%)

SN 1.1 2.5 97.6 2.66 1.45 1 0.3

SG 11.3 3.02 77.5 2.74 1.71 2.1 0.55

MS 3.5 2.8 87.5 2.69 1.61 1.2 0.52

Table 2: Properties of coarse aggregates

Coarse

aggregates

Properties

Density

(g/m3)

Apparent

density (g/m3) Los Angeles Micro-Deval

Water

content W

(%)

Absorption

rate (%)

Gravel 5/15 2.81 1.58 17.1 7.4 0.8 0.3

Gravel 15/25 2.77 1.54 17.1 7.4 0.3 0.21

Table 3: Composition of the different concretes

Mass components (kg/m3) Rapports

Cement Water Sand Gravel

5/15

Gravel

15/25 E/C

Theorical

denity

BSG 400 188.6 603.6 309.6 879.4 0.47 2.38

BSN 400 188.6 568.7 300.4 962 0.47 2.41

BMS 400 188.6 723.6 358.2 862.8 0.47 2.53

3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Results of the Petrographic Analysis

The observations made of samples E1 taken at the Koulounga quarry show that the SG sand is

metamorphic nature, notably the Gneiss-migmatic strongly altered. It is made of garnet (10-15%);

quartz (10-15%); feldspar (30-40%) as essential minerals alongside some ferromagnesian minerals

such as biotites and pyroxenes. This composition is in agreement with the works of Mambou et al. [9].

The clay minerals resulting from the alteration of the feldspar are the main secondary minerals.

The alluvial sand had more than 90% of quartz. Mica is a very small proportion (5%). It is a

terrigenous sedimentary rock belonging to the arenite family and to sub-family of unconsolidated

arenites.




3.2

River sand is very clean (97.6%) with a fines content of 1.1%. SG sand is not very clean (77.5%) with

a fines content of 11.3% (higher than the maximum content for common quality concretes according to

the sta

87.3% and fines content of 3.5%. Table 1 shows that alluvial, quarry and the mixture sands had a

fineness modulus range between 2.2 and 2.8. The formulation of com

fineness modulus range in this interval [17]. The gneiss sand is the densest sand (See table 1). This is

accordingly with to its composition. The density of the minerals in this sand is densest than quartz

mineral. The density o

river sand is due to the high content in quartz mineral. River sand had a lower adsorption rate than

other sands.

3.3

The results of the sieves analysis

of Figure 4.

of class 0/5, the mixture MS of class 0/5. The SN and crushed SG sands had a

well as the gravel and gravels. While the MS sand mixture had a discontinuous particle size between

sizes 0.5 and 2 mm. Adjusting SN sand to SG sand changed the spread of the material. Thus, quarry

sand (SG) contained more micro fin

Both fines aggregates fall into zone 2 of the grinding requirements are suitable for producing concrete

[19].

3.4

The subsidence was measured with the Abr

desired consistency is a plastic workability with an Abrams cone value of 6cm. During the

implementation of this concrete, a readjustment was made on the water dosage depending on the type

of concrete i




The images of the thin sections are shown in Figure 3.

3.2. Analysis of



the standard relating to this content). The MS sand is very clean with piston equivalent of sand of





mineral. The density o


other sands.

3.3. Particle Size Analysis


of Figure 4.

Sieves analysis showed that the rolled sand SN was of granular class 0/2, the crushed sand SG






[19].

3.4. Properties of the




of concrete in order to achieve the desired consistency. The results are presented in Table 4.





nalysis of Results of



ndard relating to this content). The MS sand is very clean with piston equivalent of sand of





mineral. The density of mixed sand increases with the proportion of mixtures. The smallest value of


Size Analysis








Properties of the Fresh Concretes




n order to achieve the desired consistency. The results are presented in Table 4.





Figure 3:

of Physical Characteristics








f mixed sand increases with the proportion of mixtures. The smallest value of


Size Analysis

The results of the sieves analysis of the different sands studied are presented by the particle size curves





sand (SG) contained more micro fines than other sands, and then followed by MS and SN respectively.


Fresh Concretes









Figure 3: Petrographic images of thin sections.

Physical Characteristics










of the different sands studied are presented by the particle size curves





es than other sands, and then followed by MS and SN respectively.


Fresh Concretes

The subsidence was measured with the Abrams cone in accordance with standard NF P 18








Petrographic images of thin sections.

Physical Characteristics

















ams cone in accordance with standard NF P 18













fineness modulus range between 2.2 and 2.8. The formulation of common concretes had a modulus
























mon concretes had a modulus







of class 0/5, the mixture MS of class 0/5. The SN and crushed SG sands had an overall grain size as






















n overall grain size as





ams cone in accordance with standard NF P 18-451. The




364












n overall grain size as





451. The



365

Table 4:

The cement dosage of this formulation was fixed, then the water dosage depend essentially on

the nature of the aggre

case of concretes based on crushed sand (BSG) is greater than that required in the case of concrete

based on alluvial sand (BSN) and the mixture (BMS). This is probably due to

characteristics (petrographic and mineralogical) of the different sands.

The results of slump test, bulk density and water dosage are presented in figure 5, 6 and 7.

From figure 5, river sand and quarry sand had slump values of 6 cm and 5 cm.

slump value of 5 cm. Since the water content and cement were constant, workability is expected to be

lower in the concrete mix containing the finer particles of fine aggregate. The slump of both river sand

and quarry sand concretes fell

E/C

Eeff/C

Density (g/m

Results on fresh concrete


the nature of the aggre








and quarry sand concretes fell

Density (g/m3)

Figure 4: Sieves analysis of aggregates (fines and coarses).



the nature of the aggregates (sand and gravel). Figure 4 shows that the demand for mixing water in the








and quarry sand concretes fell within the range of 2.5

Obtained

Correction (l/m

Obtained

Calculed

Obtained


Sieves analysis of aggregates (fines and coarses).



gates (sand and gravel). Figure 4 shows that the demand for mixing water in the








within the range of 2.5

rrection (l/m3)












within the range of 2.5-10 cm, indicating medium workability [20].

BSG

0.47

5

+ 36.5

6

0.56

2.42

2.45












10 cm, indicating medium workability [20].

Concrete types













Concrete types

BSN

0.47

6

0

6

0.47

2.41

2.40





based on alluvial sand (BSN) and the mixture (BMS). This is probably due to the intrinsic


From figure 5, river sand and quarry sand had slump values of 6 cm and 5 cm. The mixture had a




BMS

0.47

5

+ 21.2

6

0.52

2.35

2.41





the intrinsic


The mixture had a




BMS

0.47

+ 21.2

0.52

2.35

2.41




density of normal weight concrete usually ranges from 2.2

samples is in agreement with the normal bulk density [21]. The concrete compound containing base of

the alluvial aggregates has a low bulk de

those made from mixture (BMS) have higher densities than concrete made from alluvial sand (BSN).

This could be explained by the intrinsic density of the aggregates resulting from crushing and the

comp

minimum of intergranular voids. While the fine content value of SN sand is 1.1%.

due to the fact that, SN is alluvial sand from river transport. During the transport, it is partially freed of

these fines and tender minerals and those which can also deteriorate quickly. SG sand is produced from

crushing and has not undergone t

fines content (11.3%) which is above the maximum rate [12]. This high rate ultimately has an influence

on the water dosage and therefore on the properties of concrete. This explains the fa

based on crushed sands require an additional water dosage compared to concretes made with alluvial

sands. Concrete based on SN sand has a lower percentage of fines (1.1%) than concrete based on SG

sand. This requires a low water dosage co




The figure 6 presents the evolution of the apparent density of the fresh concre






composition of high fine sand (11.3% for SG and 3.5% for MS) which consequently resulted in a


The figure 7 shows the water dosage of different concretes. The difference of water


















osition of high fine sand (11.3% for SG and 3.5% for MS) which consequently resulted in a














Figure 5:

Figure 6:












crushing and has not undergone transport. The particle size analysis showed that SG sand had a high









Figure 5: Slump of different fresh concrete

Figure 6: Bulk density of different fresh concrete




the alluvial aggregates has a low bulk density. Concretes made from crushed aggregates (BSG) and








ransport. The particle size analysis showed that SG sand had a high





sand. This requires a low water dosage compared to concrete based on SG sand which has fines content




ump of different fresh concrete

ity of different fresh concrete


density of normal weight concrete usually ranges from 2.2-2.6 g/cm


nsity. Concretes made from crushed aggregates (BSG) and













mpared to concrete based on SG sand which has fines content




ump of different fresh concrete



2.6 g/cm3

[21]. The bulk density of all the







































The figure 6 presents the evolution of the apparent density of the fresh concrete. The bulk







The figure 7 shows the water dosage of different concretes. The difference of water dosage is





on the water dosage and therefore on the properties of concrete. This explains the fact that concretes




366

te. The bulk







dosage is





ct that concretes




367

greater than 7% (maximum rate). In addition, this high water adsorption can be explained by the

structure of the surface of each s

characterized by a more or less angular and rough structure. So it has a very large specific surface;

which will require more water. The low quantity of mixing water for BMS concrete is also due to the

high percentage of alluvial sand that constitutes this concre

3.5. Properties of

Tests were carried out for each type of concrete to determine the physical and mechanical

characteristics of the hardened concrete. The results are presented

sands.

Table 5:

N°

1

2

Table 6:

N°

1

2

Table 7:

N°

1

2


ructure of the surface of each s

erized by a more or less angular and rough structure. So it has a very large specific surface;



Properties of Hardened Concretes



Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSN concrete at 7 and 28 days.

Days

7

28

Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BSG concrete at 7 and 28 days.

Days

7

28

Results of physical and mechanical analyses of BMS concrete at 7 and 28 days.

Days

7

28


ructure of the surface of each s




Figure 7:

Hardened Concretes




Days Concrete

7

28


Days Concrete

7

28 1


Days Concrete

7 15400.5

28 1558



ructure of the surface of each sand. Rolled sand is a smooth surface while crushed sand is




Figure 7: Water dos

Hardened Concretes




Concrete

weight

15311

15581


Concrete

weight

15718

15772.75


Concrete

weight

15400.5

15588.5



and. Rolled sand is a smooth surface while crushed sand is




Water dosage of different fresh concrete




Concrete

density

2.381

2.424


Concrete

density

2.445

2.454


Concrete

density

2.395

2.424.5






high percentage of alluvial sand that constitutes this concrete.

age of different fresh concrete


characteristics of the hardened concrete. The results are presented in Tables 5, 6 and 7 for the different


Slump test

(cm)

6.0


Slump test

(cm)

6.0


Slump test

(cm)

6.0






age of different fresh concrete


in Tables 5, 6 and 7 for the different


Slump test

Breaking

load

408

693


Slump test

Breaking

load

335

590.5


Slump test

Breaking

load

381.5

612.5









Breaking

load

Corrected

408

693


Breaking

load

Corrected

335

590.5


Breaking

load

Corrected

381.5

612.5








Corrected

load

392.35

668.8

Corrected

load

321.6

568,9

Corrected

load

366.1

590




3.6

The compressive strength is the most important parameter used to characterize concrete. The

histograms of Figures 8 and 9 show the results of the average compressive strengths at 7 days and 28

days of the

strength of concrete (BSN) made from alluvial sand is higher compared to other concretes (BSN and

BMS) at 7 days and 28 days (See figure 8 and 9). This compressive strength is higher than that aimed

at 28 days (33MPa). The use of quarry sand

This concrete is composed of smooth surface alluvial sands with better particle size distribution. This is

explaine

strong bond binder

range of preferred sands for the production of concret

with less risk of segregation [17]. Hence, this resistance is better than the others. This compressive




3.6. Compressive



days of the different types of concrete measured at ambient temperature.

The compressive strengths vary depending on the petrographic nature of the s




BSN concrete has a better compressive strength at 28 days which is higher than that targeted.


explained by the ease of the grains to slide from each other to fit between gravels thus causing a fairly

strong bond binder






Compressive Strengths



different types of concrete measured at ambient temperature.







d by the ease of the grains to slide from each other to fit between gravels thus causing a fairly

strong bond binder-aggregate. In addition, the fineness modulus of the alluvial sand SN (2.5) is in the






Strengths




Figure 8: Compressive

Figure 9: Compressive s








aggregate. In addition, the fineness modulus of the alluvial sand SN (2.5) is in the









Compressive strength of concretes at 7 days

Compressive s




at 28 days (33MPa). The use of quarry sand reduces













strength of concretes at 7 days

Compressive strength of concretes at 28 days




reduces the compressive strength by around 7%.





range of preferred sands for the production of concrete of satisfactory workability and good resistance









trength of concretes at 28 days




the compressive strength by around 7%.





e of satisfactory workability and good resistance








trength of concretes at 28 days















The compressive strengths vary depending on the petrographic nature of the sand used. The










368



and used. The









369 Mambou Ngueyep Luc Leroy and Mvogo Ebede Patrice Junior

strength is higher than the compressive strengths reported in literature [9, 22, 23] which are

respectively 24 MPa, 28.63 Mpa and 27 MPa, in the similar work conditions.

The compressive strength of BSG concrete is 28 MPa at 28 days (See figure 9). This concrete

has a higher level of fines which is above the standard. Using this sand for making concrete will

therefore require more water than expected to achieve the desired consistency. Thus, at the same

dosage of cement, it will cause a reduction in resistance. Literature work shown that SG crushed sand

contains in its composition biotite (black mica) which is a very soft mineral (with a hardness of 3) and

which represents about a quarter of the sand [9]. The presence of this mineral will therefore have a

great influence on the resistance of concrete and cause a drop in resistance. The lamellar form and the

weak interfoliar cohesion of the SG are not very favourable for the adhesion of binders. The

compressive strength is higher than the results obtained by [4, 9].

The compressive strength of BMS concrete is 30 MPa at 28 days (See figure 9). This value is

higher than value obtained for BSG concrete and lower than the value obtained for BSN concrete.

BSM has average performance compared to other concretes. This concrete is composed of alluvial sand

with a smooth surface and crush sand with a more or less rough surface. This mixture improves the

homogenization factor of the concrete by considerably reducing the rate of fines, therefore improving

the bond between binder and aggregate. This improvement therefore results in a fairly good resistance

for the manufacture of common concretes.

4. Conclusions The objective of this study was to carry out a comparative study of the alluvial sand of the Nyong river,

the gneiss sand of the Koulouganga quarry and the mixture of both sands in order to optimize the

formulation of the concrete. To achieve this objective, the sand samples were taken and then

characterized from a physical and mechanical point of view. The concretes were formulated and made

up to determine the mechanical strengths, in particular the compressive strength. The main conclusions

of this study are:

• The petrographic results have shown that the quarry sand is a metamorphic type precisely of the

gneiss-migmatic strongly altered. Macroscopic observation of quarry sand reveals that it is of

terrigenous sedimentary origin and is composed of quartz (more than 90%) and micas.

• The geotechnical results have shown that: river sand is very clean (97.6%) with a fines content

of 1.1%. Quarry sand is not very clean (77.5%) with a fines content of 11.3% (higher than the

maximum content for common quality concretes according to the standard relating to this

content). The mixed sand which is a mixture of 42% of the quarry sand and 58% of the alluvial

sand is very clean with piston equivalent of sand of 87.3% and fines content of 3.5%.

• The formulation method of DREUX GORISSE was used to formulate the different concretes.

The test pieces were subjected to the uniaxial mechanical compression test at 7 and 28 days.

The results of the study of the properties of concretes revealed that the alluvial sand of Nyong

river has better mechanical performance than quarry and mixed sands. In the hardened

concretes, the compressive strength at 28 days of concrete formulated with river sand, quarry

sand and mixed sand are 33 MPa, 28 MPa and 30 MPa respectively. This mixture improves the

homogenization factor of the concrete by considerably reducing the rate of fines, therefore

improving the bond between binder and aggregate.

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Documents

Influence of the Mixture of Alluvial Sand and Quarry Sand ... · equal to 1.1% and 3.5%. The fineness modulus was 2.5 for SN; 3.01 for SG and 2.8 for the MS mixture. In terms of their