J rEAST-WEST COMMUNICATION INSTITUTE

Information,Education,Communication in PopulationPOPULATION IEC MATERIALS SERVICE

Supplement to/EC Newsletter No. 18

EAST-WEST CENTER Honolulu, Hawaii USA

Newly Acquired ResourceMaterials Now AvailableThe Communication Institute

maintains a resource collection ofmaterials on the application ofcommunication to developmentprograms. This worldwide collec-tion stresses unpublished reportsand other documents that are notroutinely collected by librariesnor listed in standard bibliog-raphies.

New materials on population!family planning information,education, and communicationare being added to the collectionconstantly. These new additionsto the collection are listed in thissupplement which accompanieseach issue of the IEC Newsletter.Relevant materials collected bythe East-West Population Insti-tute are also listed.

Program administrators, com-munication specialists, and otherinterested practitioners, trainers,and researchers are welcome torequest copies of these materialsfor use in their work. The Institutecan provide reproductions ofmost of these materials in theform of either photo copies ormicrofiche. When it is not possi-ble to supply copies of a par-ticular item due to its bulk or dueto limitations on its circulation,the requestor will be referred tothe original source. Those reviewsof noteworthy books, manuals,and handbooks that may appearin the IEC Newsletter will includeinformation on the source andprice of the publications.

Copies of materials are pro-vided by the Institute at cost or onan exchange basis. "Exchange"simply means that in return forreproductions sent to the re-

questor, the Institute asks that hesupply relevant reports, newslet-ters, campaign materials, andother items available now or inthe future. These will then beadded to the Institute's collectionin order to maintain and expandthis clearinghouse service for thebenefit of people working in pop-ulation lEO around the world.

Requests should be directed to

Population I EC Materials Service,East-West Communication Insti-tute, 1777 East-West Road,Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 U.S.A.Please request each item by itscode number.

General Strategies and Programs

18-1: Fuglesang, AndreasThe story of a seminar in applied com-munication. The 1972 Dag l-lammarsk-

j6ld Seminar on 'Communication: AnEssential Component in DevelopmentWork." 27 August-9 September 1972.

uppsala, Sweden, The Dag Hammarsk-

jöld Foundation, April 1973, 142 pp.

This summary report is based on theeditor's notes on lectures, discussions,and some of the papers presented atthe seminar. The communication aspectwas considered by participants to bean essential component in activities likenutrition, agricultural extension, com-

munity development, public health,

family planning and general informa-

tion services. The seminar was intendedto be of a practical nature, with the

emphasis on applied communicationsand aspects such as management, func-

tion of work models, group dynamics,sensitivity training and creativity-rather than on communication theory,per se.

18-2: International Planned Parenthood

FederationInformation section relationships be-

tween governments and voluntary fam-

ily planning associations. London, IPPF,March 1973, 13 pp. Appendices, 29 pp.

The pioneering work of voluntary orga-nizations (their development of familyplanning programs and their relation-

ships with governments) is traced. Fu-ture trends of the interrelationshipsbetween governments and voluntaryorganizations are discussed. Charts, in

tabular forms, are appended to give aworldwide summary of present relation-

ships.

18-3: Kar, S.B.A strategy of mass education in fami-

ly planning. From INTERNATIONAL

JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION,vol. II, no. 2, April-June 1968, 10 pp.

The author emphasizes the need forstudies that explore the relationship be-tween motivation and the effectivenessof various communication media, espe-cially interpersonal communication. A

conceptual framework for motivationalresearch in family planning is sug-gested, and ways and means of achiev-

ing effective communication are ex-

plored.

18-4: Mezirow, Jack

Educating adults in family planning:a rationale and strategy for developingcountries. New York, World Education,

July 1972, 21 pp.This paper examines the concept, pro-cess and development of adult educa-

tion for family planning in terms of thelearner, the teacher, and the materials.A suggested strategy for programdevelopment is one that is to be intro-duced into the existing adult educationstructure. The advantages of this strat-

egy are discussed, and the functions of

the adult education program in familylife planning are listed.

18-5: Pakistan, Ministry of Health, Labour

and Social Welfare

Family planning scheme for Pakistan

during the Third Five Year Plan period,1965-1970: Rawalpindi. Lahore, Paki-

stan, Sweden Pakistan Family Welfare

Project, 192 pp.The organization and strategies of Paki-stan's family planning program for theThird Five Year Plan period, 1965-1970,are presented. The detailed guidelinesfor the program include discussions of

personnel, budgets, training, publicity,contraceptive distribution, transporta-tion, and evaluation. Also included are

prototype training materials, includinga handbook for family planning officersand trainees, training schedules, andmaterials (audio-visual and other teach-

ing aids) for the family planning doctor.Tables projecting expenditures, kinds of

publicity, and contraceptive distribution

by districts are appended.

18-6:The Philippine population problem.Quezon City, Family Planning Com-munication Project, UP/IMC, UNESCO-UNFPA, 1974,57 pp.Three studies are presented which ana-

lyze the problem of rapid populationgrowth in the Philippines. The first

paper, by Rev. Wilhelm Flieger, is anassessment of the population problemin the Philippines, describing the var-ious demographic factors which con-tribute to the urgency of this problem.It also traces population trends fromavailable statistics and examines someof the consequences of the existingdemographic situation for the averageFilipino. The second paper, by Dr. Mer-cedes Concepcion, gives an overview ofthe family planning program in the

country. The report traces the develop-ment of the program and describes the

step-by-step involvement ofthe nationalGovernment in slowing down the coun-

try's population growth rate. The third

paper, by Dr. Conrado Lorenzo, detailsthe significant strides that the Govern-ment has made in coping with the

population problem.

18-7: Pisharoti, K.A. and othersThe Athoor experience: implications fora statewide family planning program.Chapel Hill, Gandhigram Institute ofRural Health and Family Planning, andCarolina Population Center, Universityof North Carolina, 1972, 107 pp.The report summarizes the Institute's

experiences in implementing an actionresearch project in family planning from1962-1971. The intent was to develop amethod of implementing family plan-ning in rural areas which would lead toadecrease in birth rateandwhich wouldserve as a prototype for programs else-where. Explanations are given of: 1)the preparatory phases in organizingand coordinating a family planning pro-gram; 2) program development in a vil-

lage which includes identification ofleaders; and 3) recommendations for

support at the district and state levels.Instructions and forms for evaluatingthe program and for registration ofeligible couples are appended, as wellas sample case cards for IUD insertionand sterilization.

18-8: Rogers, Everett M.Communication strategies for familyplanning in developing countries. Pre-sented at Population Association ofAmerica, New Orleans, 26-28 April1973, 19 pp.

Eight possibly mistaken assumptionsabout family planning behavior are re-viewed as a basis for suggesting com-munication strategies: 1) contraceptivetechnology is "perfect" enough to reach

present population goals; 2) biologicaleffectiveness of contraceptives is themain criterion in determining their rateof diffusion; 3) innovation-decisions aremade by individuals; 4) family planningis not a taboo topic; 5) family planning

diffusion is via mass media (rather than

interpersonal) channels; 6) all commu-nication about family planning is posi-tive; 7) family planning is mainly amedical and health matter; and 8)social, structural and institutional

changes are not needed to provide moti-vation for small families. The maintheme of the paper is that family plan-ning programs could be relatively moresuccessful if they were aware of these

possibly erroneous assumptions. Six

priority topics for communication re-search are provided to form a basisfor future strategies.

18-9: Stycos, J. MayoneThe clinic and information flow: edu-cating the family planning client inthree Latin American countries. Ithaca,New York, International Population Pro-

gram, Cornell University, January 1974,365 pp.

This publication is a compilation ofstudies on information and educationprograms in family planning clinics inthe Dominican Republic, Colombia,and Mexico. The following subjectswere examined: the in-clinic lecturesystem, pamphlets, radio campaigns,color films with narration, slides withaudio cassettes, and the general needsand existing facilities of clinics. Thepurpose was to find out to what extentinformation reached the intended audi-ence, to what extent the messages wereunderstood, and to what extent themessages stimulated a visit to the clin-ic. Based on data gathered, a frame-work for the evaluation of informationand education programs (including tar-gets, messages, and media) in LatinAmerica is proposed. Questionnairesand transcripts of lectures, of radio

spots, and of group discussions are

appended.

18-10: United Nations, Economic Commis-sion for Asia and the Far EastThe role of voluntary organizations innational family planning programmes:report and selected documents of theexpert group on the role of voluntaryorganizations in national family plan-ning programmes. Bangkok, Thailand,ECAFE, 7-12 August 1972, 39 pp.This report is of the expert group thatwas convened: 1) to discuss the existingrelationships between governments im-

plementing national family planningprograms and the national family plan-ning associations; and 2) to develop andconsider a working relationship be-tween these major partners in the totalnational family planning program, andto suggest areas of respective responsi-bility. Roles, responsibilities, financing,program performance, and regional andinternational functions are discussed.Five selected documents, which werepresented at the meeting, concern therole of voluntary organizations innational family planning programs.

18-11: United Nations Educational, Scien-tific and Cultural OrganizationThe role of UNESCO in family planningcommunication. Paris, UNESCO, Au-

gust 1973, 9 pp. Annexes, 18 pp.

The report summarizes UNESCO's gen-eral areas of activities and main priori-ties in family planning communication,along with a brief overview of meetingsand activities during 1971-1972. Therecommendations of the expert meet-

ings held in 1972 are appended andcover the following topics: the use ofbroadcasting and associated media forintegrated family planning and devel-opmental messages; the developmentof models of training programs for com-municators at various levels; researchin family planning communication; andthe integrated use of folk media andmass media in family planning com-munication programs. Recommenda-tions of the UNESCO/WHO Inter-re-gional Consultation on Communicationand Education in Family Planning arealso appended-

18-12: Wilder, Frank

Selling birth prevention to Asia's mil-lions: the state of the art. San Francis-co, California, Asia Foundation, 12 Jan-

uary 1973, 11 pp.

This paper is an assessment of current

organized communication activity inAsia that is intended to support andadvance national population and fam-

ily planning programs. Two generalkinds of population communication arediscussed. One is aimed at audiencesinfluential in legitimizing the programor giving it greater impetus. The otheris aimed directly or indirectly at pre-sent and future parents. Problems ofIEC activities in Asian countries areconsidered generally to be societal andbureaucratic in nature. Five observa-tions related to the operation of ECactivities in 15 Asian countries concernthe subject of messages, governmentalroles, IEC personnel, EC training, andcommunication research.

Use of Mass Media

18-13:A report on the PSI study of young men.

Prepared for Population Services Inter-national (PSI), Philadelphia, Pa., Insti-tute for Survey Research, Temple Uni-

versity, December 1973, 17 pp.This follow-up survey evaluates Popula-tion Services International's project topromote and encourage, through direct

mailing, the use of condoms by youngmen from economically deprivedgroups in the U.S. The survey was de-signed: 1) to determine if PSI's programmade significant changes in the recipi-ents' knowledge of and attitudes towardthe use of condoms for contraceptiveand prophylactic purposes, and 2) to

gauge any changes in condom use be-havior resulting from this program.Findings are reported in terms of re-spondents' demographic description,sexual experience, and reactions tomaterials and program. Conclusionsand recommendations are given for thefuture dissemination of contraceptivesand prophylactics.

18-14: El-Ansary, Adel I. and Oscar E.Kramer, Jr.Social marketing: the family planningexperience. From JOURNAL OF MAR-KETING, vol. 37, July 1973, 7 pp.

The application of marketing technolo-

gy to family planning uses the social

marketing model of the Louisiana state-wide family planning program. The

model employed a marketing mixwhich included product, price, promo-tion, and physical distribution (service

delivery) policies, as well as a research

program. The application of analytical

marketing tools, generic marketing,and multinational marketing are dis-cussed. Conclusions are also given onthe success of the program and its con-

tinued growth.

18-15: Euler, Roland vonMass communication experiment: a

study in the promotion of family plan-

ning in Pakistan, conducted by SwedenPakistan Family Welfare Project. La-hore, Pakistan, Communication Sec-tion, Sweden Pakistan Family Welfare

Project, April 1972, 255 pp. Appen-dices.

The objectives of this study were: 1) to

assess the results of a mass communi-

cation campaign for the adoption of

family planning; 2) to demonstrate the

planning, development, and implemen-tation of a mass communication cam-

paign that concentrated on a main

theme and that made use of a variety ofcoordinated media (e.g., pamphlets,posters, match-box labels, puppetshows, and "Zari song" parties); and 3)to assess the reach of the different me-

dia employed in the campaign. The de-

velopment of the research plan of the

campaign and of its materials is de-scribed. The selection of the targetand control areas and the results of the

interview surveys are also given.Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of

family planning were surveyed, as was

the extent of the peoples' exposure to

the campaign. The script of the puppetshow Punjabi "Happy Living People"and the interview schedules are ap-

pended.

18-16: Swedish International Develop-ment Authority, Population DivisionThe mass communication experimentin Pakistan: results of the interview

survey. Information Division, SIDA,

September 1972, 8 pp. (results of refer-ence no. 18-15)

18-17: Gillespie, Robert W.A one-year summary report on expand-

ing the mass media and functionarycampaigns and developing a model

family planning project. Tehran, Iran,

Population Council, September 1973,3

pp. Appendix, 2 pp.This progress report is on the expansionof the Isfahan media campaign to 5

provinces and on the development of a

model family planning project. The ap-

pendix includes a list of 51 materials

(such as reports, newspaper inserts,

medical contracts and forms, leaflets,

coupons, and radio spots), which are

available from the Model Project Di-rector.

18-18: McNelly, John 1.Mass media and information distribu-tion. From THE JOURNAL OF ENVI-RONMENTAL EDUCATION, vol. 5, no.1, fall 1973, 6 pp.

Three theoretical propositions with

practical implications for professionalcommunicators in population and fam-

ily planning form the basis for this pa-per. These three propositions are con-cerned with information: 1) its role insocial change; 2) its inequitable dis-tribution; and 3) the role of the media-

particularly the broadcast media-in re-

distributing it. The supporting evidencecomes largely from the Western Hemi-

sphere and from the field of familyplanning communication.

18-19: Nakkim, Lynn B.A step in the right direction: a pilotproject in the dissemination of popula-tion information in the State of Hawaii.Honolulu, University of Hawaii, De-

cember 1972, 49 pp. Appendix.

This report is on a media campaignsponsored by Hawaii Planned Parent-hood that was designed to convey a

message to potential parents about the

urgent need to curb the number ofbirths. The major objective of the studywas to test the efficacy of the effort andto find out if the announcements hadreached the target audience. The de-

sign, objectives, and procedures in-volved in the Honolulu radio campaignare delineated. The pre- and post-test-

ing of the messages on a sample of sec-

ondary school students are alsodescribed. The test measured the differ-ence in opinions both on causes of over-

population problems and on the treat-ment of the subject on the radioannouncements. Conclusions and rec-ommendations are suggested based on

the campaign results. The text of theradio messages is also appended.

18-20: Okediji, Francis Oluokun and Wil-

liam OgionwoExperiment in population educationand attitude change: an evaluation ofthe film "My Brother's Children" in tworural Nigerian communities. Nigeria,Africa Regional Council of the IPPFand the Family Planning Council of

Nigeria, September 1973, 74 pp.This experimental study analyzed the

impact of the film, "My Brother's Chil-dren," on a rural Nigerian community.A similar rural community was used asa "control" area. The historical back-

ground of the 2 villages chosen is pre-sented, as well as a discussion of the

film's message as it applies to theirsocial structure. Methodological strat-

egies used in the data collection aredescribed, and family planning at-titudes of the 2 villages before and

after the film presentation are com-

pared. Conclusions are given using a

system approach to highlight theoret-ical paths of investigation. Policyguidelines for the implementation of

family planning action programs are

suggested. Pre- and post-film question-naires are appended.

18-21: United Nations Educational, Scien-tific and Cultural OrganizationExperts meeting on integrated ap-proach to the use of broadcasting andother communication media in familyplanning and development: report. Ku-ala Lumpur, Malaysian National Broad-

casting Training Centre and UNESCO,14-18 August 1972, 30 pp. Annex, 5 pp.

This meeting brought together expertsand advisors in the fields of familyplanning, development work, broad-

casting, and communication. The pur-pose was to develop models for the

integration of mass media with future

family planning and development pro-grams. An integrated and systematicapproach to the use of communicationmedia in family planning and other

developmental areas should considerthe social, economic, and cultural situa-

tion of particular countries and their

requirements for training and research.General problems of media planningand production for development com-munication are reviewed, and a modelfor media strategy is outlined. The pri-ority areas for action in media and fam-

ily planning program planning arerecommended.

18-22: United Nations Educational, Sci-entific and Cultural OrganizationExperts meeting on the integrated useof folk media and mass media in familyplanning communication programmes:report. London, International PlannedParenthood Federation, 20-24 Novem-ber 1972, 27 pp. Annex, 4 pp.

This report outlines the criteria for theselection of folk media for family plan-ning communication programs and dis-cusses the cultural, sociological, and

practical context of their use. Strategiesare given both for the extension of folkmedia through the mass media and fortheir use in extension activities of other

development programs. A model for the

integration of folk media with massmedia is also proposed. Training andresearch programs are stressed, and

specific recommendations are madewith respect to their development with-in family planning communication pro-grams. The importance of folk media is

emphasized as being an extension armof mass media, a direct contribution tocultural development, and a basis for

involving institutions at the ground lev-el in communication programs.

18-23: The Victor-Bostrom Fund for theInternational Planned Parenthood Fed-erationCommercial distribution of contracep-tives: report no. 16. Washington, D.C.,The Victor-Bostrom Fund Report, win-ter 1972-73, 31 pp.

The varied articles in this booklet con-cern the general theme of the commer-cial distribution of contraceptives. Therole of international agencies in rela-tion to the commercial distribution of

contraceptives is also described. All 12 annotated bibliography, annotated film in traditional geographical approachesarticles are illustrated with graphs and list, suggested readings (reprints of ar- are discussed. The interview schedule

photographs. tides), and a student workbook are is appended.appended.

Formal Population Education

18-24: Horsley, Kathryn and othersEnvironment and population: a source-book for teachers. Washington, D.C.,National Education Association, 1972,112 pp.The objective of this sourcebook is to

help secondary and high school teach-ers to relate causes and consequencesof population change to other socialand environmental issues already beingexplored in the classroom. All discus-sions are based on the principle thatthere is a critical relationship betweennumbers, distribution of people, andthe capacity of the human ecosystem.The sourcebook includes concepts with

supportive discussions, suggested ac-tivities, references, recommended

reading matter, and a list of relevantfilms.

18-25: Population Reference Bureau, Inc.

Options: a study guide to populationand the American future. Washington,D.C., PRB sponsored by Population Ed-ucation, Inc., 1973, 75 pp.

Options is a guide for exploring popula-tion trends and their possible effects onthe future. It is based on the official re-

port of the Commission on PopulationGrowth and the American Future,which was established by the Presidentin 1970. The objective of the studyguide is to foster an understanding ofthe Commission's recommendationsand to help students: 1) learn how pop-ulation changes in the United Statesaffect the individual and society; 2)realize how their own actions can

change the size and character of the

population; and 3) evaluate the impactof population changes as well as the

impact of personal and public decisionson population trends. Options can beused either with the film, Populationand the American Future, or as a dis-cussion guide. It can also be used tocreate a short study unit.

18-26: Schaefer, Lawrence M.An introduction to population, environ-ment, and society: a three-to-five weekunit for high school students. Hamden,Connecticut, Spaulding Copy Center,November 1972, ix, 274 pp.This teacher's manual provides an inte-

grated approach to population growthand the environment within the contextof other dimensions of society. Theunits include: 1) introduction, 2) envi-ronment, 3) population-growth anddistribution of human population, 4)impact of population growth on society,and 5) strategies for the future. Theseunits are designed so that students maymake their own decisions through con-sideration and evaluation of concepts.Discussion questions, glossary ofterms,

18-27: Shitabata, June and Elizabeth

WrightAn elementary teachers' handbook for

population education. Honolulu, Uni-

versity of Hawaii, December 1972, 102

PP.

This collection of resource materials,activities, and bibliographies is de-

signed to be a handbook for elemen-

tary school teachers in the planning of

strategies for teaching population con-

cepts and related subjects. Three areasare considered crucial in the investiga-tion and exploration of the impact of

population growth on students: popula-tion literacy, awareness of the limits to

growth, and an outlook towards a de-sirable future. Bibliographies are in-cluded on periodicals, films for chil-dren, books for children, books forteachers, films, and list of availablematerials and projects.

Extension Education!

Interpersonal Communication

18-28: Family Planning Association ofIranProject on: education programme for

youth. Iran, FPA of Iran, January 1973,45 pp.The objectives and plan of action are

presented for a population education

project for youth to be implemented in

youth clubs in community welfare cen-ters in Iran. A one-page course outlinefor sex and population education forthe program is included.

18-29: Parsons, J.The spatial and social determinants ofnetworks of interpersonal communica-tion and interaction: a study of the dif-fusion of family planning informationin the Philippines. Honolulu, Depart-ment of Geography, University of Ha-waii, 20 June 1973, 262 pp. Appendix.Bibliography.Interpersonal communication and in-teraction in a rural community in the

Philippines are studied. The purpose isto trace the general processes of com-munication and interaction among anentire female population and to relatethese processes to the manner in which

family planning information diffuses

through geographical and social space.The Social Field Theory model is em-

ployed to test the hypothesis that the

degree and direction of behavior be-tween pairs of women in the barriosocial system are a function of the ex-tent to which they share common at-tributes, such as social, economic,

psychological, and geographical char-acteristics. Data were gathered by us-

ing a series of structured interviewschedules. The geographical contribu-tions to interpersonal communicationare examined, and general weaknesses

Education for Functionaries,Professionals, and Leaders

18-30: Radel, DavidElite perceptions of population prob-lems and potential solutions: researchto guide an elite oriented populationIEC program in Kenya. Honolulu, Ha-waii, East-West Communication Insti-tute, October 1973, 362 pp.This study analyzes the opinions and

knowledge that elites in Kenya haveabout population processes and their

relationship to development. The re-search report consists of: 1) a case

study of the emerging support for apopulation policy in Kenya since 1952,based primarily on unpublished docu-ments; 2) an analysis of the results ofinterviews conducted with members ofthe Kenyan elite during 1971; and 3) acontent analysis of statements by theelite in the local press since 1967. Find-ings are examined for implications forfurther research and for guidelines foran "elite population education" pro-gram in Kenya, with the guidelines be-

ing placed in a comparative framework

through a review of parallel programselsewhere. A 178-item bibliography, a

chronology of population events in

Kenya, and sample elite education ma-terials are appended.

Social, Cultural, and

Psychological Aspects of

Family Planning

18-31: Indonesia, Department of SocialAffairs, Social Research CentreSurvey report on knowledge, attitudesand practices of family planning in the

special province of Yogyakarta. Yogya-karta, 1972, x, 101 pp. Appendices.This survey concerns the knowledge,attitudes and practices of married cou-

ples, 15-49 years old, in a province ofIndonesia. Based on the study results,consideration will be given to the ex-pansion of family planning programsoutside of this area. Part I is an intro-duction to the survey and a descriptionof the research methodology. Part IIincludes an analysis of the data. PartIll contains summaries, conclusions,recommendations and proposals forthe execution of family planning pro-grams in the future.

13-32:

Knowledge, attitude and practice(KAP) surveys in family planning: anoverview of two decades of research.

Bombay, India, International Institutefor Population Studies, August 1972,32pp. Appendices.This overview summarizes the findingsof 173 studies conducted in India dur-

ing 1950-1970. The purpose was: 1) to

find out time-specific and area-specificconcentrations of KAP surveys; 2) todetermine areas where such surveyshave not been conducted; and 3) toassess general attitudes toward familyplanning. Appendix I is entitled Atti-tude towards family planning practice/method/Over-all level of knowledge of

family planning/Specific methods, andover-all practice level of family plan-ning/Specific methods." It includes theresults of KAP surveys organized byauthor; year study conducted; sample;area; and attitudes toward, knowledgeof, and practice of family planning.Table II is entitled "Attitude towards

family planning, reasons for rejecting/accepting family planning and reasonsfor wanting/not wanting more childrenas brought out by various KAP."

18-33: Kotler, Philip and Gerald ZaltmanSocial marketing: an approach to

planned social change. From JOURNALOF MARKETING, vol. 35, July 1971,10 pp.This article discusses the applicabilityof marketing concepts to the promotionof social objectives, such as familyplanning. The nature of the marketingphenomena and some recent concep-tual developments in the marketingfield are delineated. Social marketing isdefined, and the conditions underwhich it may be carried out effectivelyare surveyed. The tour planning vari-ables in the social marketing planningprocess-product, promotion, place,price-are examined in terms of somewell-known social issues.

18-34: Marshall, Alex G.

Population, family planning and the

rights of women. United Nations Fundfor Population Activities, 5 pp.A brief survey is presented of the statusof women's rights throughout the worldin general and their role in the plan-ning of their families in particular. The

progress of governments and organiza-tions in promoting family planning isdiscussed, and the function of theUNFPA is explained.

18-35: Stone, Russell A. and others

Afghan pharmacists: their knowledgeof and attitude toward family guidance.Kabul, Afghanistan, Afghan Demo-

graphic Studies, Ministry of PublicHealth, and Buffalo, New York, Depart-ment of Sociology, State University ofNew York at Buffalo, June 1973, in

English and in Dan, 9 pp.This paper evaluates the possibility of

using Afghan pharmacists as changeagents for family planning adoption. Itis based on a survey of the knowledgeand attitudes of pharmacists about

contraception and the idea of familyplanning. Questions in the survey ex-amined their attitudes toward: 1) the

availability of information and free

contraceptives and the effects thiswould have on a pharmacist's business,

2) overpopulation, 3) maternal andchild health as affected by contracep-

tion, and 4) sexual satisfaction andmorals as related to contraceptive use.Answers are interpreted as indicationsof whether the respondent had favor-able or unfavorable attitudes toward

family planning and birth control andwhether pharmacists can be used to

promote family planning and to distrib-ute contraceptives. The interviewschedule is appended.

Training for IEC Roles

Development and Productionof IEC Materials

18-36: Central Treaty OrganizationCENTO workshop on educational re-

sponsibilities of nurses and midwivesin relation to family planning in mater-nal and child health. Tehran, Iran,

CENTO, 29 April to 4 May 1972, 52 pp.

This conference was designed to devel-

op models to be used by nurses andmidwives for education in family plan-ning in maternal and child health pro-grams. Basic objectives of the meetingwere: 1) to determine the functions of

nursing and midwifery personnel in

MCH and family planning, 2) to deter-mine the knowledge and skills neededto perform these functions, 3) to identi-

fy how this knowledge and skill are tobe imparted to the nurses and mid-wives, 4) to discuss how nurses andmidwives can educate people in familyplanning, and 5) to consider ways inwhich nurses and midwives can inte-

grate family planning into their activi-ties in the community, in hospitals, orin clinics. The delegates' recommenda-tions, reports of the working groups,and other papers presented are in-

cluded. Also outlined is the recom-mended content of a 3-year course for

nursing students in family planning.

18-37: Ellingsworth, Huber W. and Flor-

angel Z. RosarioStaff preparation for family planningcommunication roles in the Philippinesand Malaysia. Honolulu, East-WestCommunication Institute, 8 pp. Tables.

This report is on the education, experi-ence, and training of 47 Philippine and22 Malaysian administrators in familyplanning communication programs. Itincludes estimates by the administra-tors of levels of preparation for the var-ious specialists in the program.

18-38: Zahedi, AllAn intensive national training programfor communication and motivation.Iran, Family Planning Unit, Ministry ofHealth, 8 pp.

This overview of educational aims and

approaches shows Iran's program em-

phasis on staff training. Training for

family planning personnel is brieflydiscussed under the headings: commu-

nity leaders, health personnel, revolu-

tionary corps, cooperative agenices,public schools, universities, religiousinstitutions, and the general public.Some communication approaches de-

veloped for special audiences are alsomentioned.

18-39:What's the real thing? Proceedings of aconference to evaluate family planningeducational materials. Atlanta, Georgia,Emory University, 16-17 August 1972,51 pp.This conference brought together 50family planners, patients, and commu-nicators to discuss 26 educational pub-lications on family planning. The objec-tives were to evaluate the quality of thematerials and to learn how to conduct amore effective conference for the eval-uation of such materials in the future.The evaluation of the 26 materials wasbased on the following criteria: 1) audi-ence suitability; 2) whether the materialstresses that family planning is a volun-

tary choice; 3) clarity of instructions; 4)appropriate length of the materials; 5)specific inaccuracies in the material; 6)quality of artwork; and 7) constructive

suggestions which would add to the

clarity or acceptability of the publica-tion. Photographs of the publicationsare also included.

18-40: Family Planning Association of

Hong KongTheme, slogan, and symbol study work-sheet for Hong Kong: evolution of non-verbal presentations. 10 pp.The development of non-verbal presen-tations of family planning informationis traced in Hong Kong. In addition, the

design and production of materials on

family planning for public information,

including the rationale for slogans used,are explained. Examples of slogans, the

years they were used, and the extent ofmedia use are included together with

synopses of six one-minute films.

Research and Evaluation

18-41: Cernada, G. and T. H. Sun

Utilizing research: five communicationcase studies. Taichung, Taiwan, 10 Jan-

uary 1974, 40 pp.The five studies treated in this paper il-lustrate some of the ways family plan-ning communication research was usedin Taiwan. These studies are: 1)theTai-chung Study; 2) Expanding the Use ofMass Media: The Kaoshiung Study; 3)the Educational Savings Scheme; 4) The

Pricing of Contraceptive: The Three-Township Pill Study; and 5) The FreeOffer for a Limited Time Only. Theyfocus on areas ofthe research utilizationprocess, such as determining researchneeds, consumer feedback, the central-ized, integrated program/research unit,

staffing, reasons why some results werenot used, linkage between researchersand program operators, and documenta-tion and dissemination. The variety ofreasons why research was or was notused is summarized in an earlier paperprepared forthe East-West Communica-

tion Institute's Conference on "MakingPopulation/Family Planning ResearchUseful," held in Honolulu in December1973. These cases are intended to be

supplementary illustrations to this pa-per.

18-42: Chang, K. K.A decision making system for a familyplanning program: a case study of Tai-wan. Chapel Hill, Carolina PopulationCenter, University of North Carolina,1972, 136 pp.The first objective of this monograph isto develop, through the use of systemsanalysis concepts and methodology, abasic model for a decision-making sys-tem for a family planning program.From this basic model, a generalizedmodel is developed which is applicableto any developing country. Second, the

study shows how adequate informationcan help decision makers to reach ra-tional, effective decisions; and, third, itidentifies the major information that de-cision makers need at various levels ofdecision making within a program.

18-43: Chen, EddieInterim report of survey and research

projects. Taiwan, Committee on FamilyPlanning, Taiwan Provincial Depart-ment of Health, April 1973, 21 pp.This preliminary report is the first of aseries of reports on an evaluation surveyof the mass communication efforts inTaiwan during "Family PlanningMonth," November 1971. This survey of2,013 Taiwanese women was designed:1) to measure the results of family plan-ning month, 2) to learn the relationshipbetween exposure to family planningslogans/messages and women's knowl-

edge, attitude, and practice of familyplanning, and 3) to assessthecommuni-cation behavior of women. The functionof family planning month is measuredby change in monthly contraceptive ac-

ceptance, by exposure to family plan-ning messages and slogans before andafter the month, and by attendance atand response to family planning ex-hibitions.

18-44: United Nations Educational, Scien-tific and Cultural OrganizationExperts meeting on research in familyplanning communication: final report.Davao City, Philippines, UNESCO, 24-28 October 1972, 20 pp. Annex, 4 pp.This international meeting of expertsidentified priority research areas in fam-ily planning communication and dealtwith the methodological issues relatedto these areas. Guidelines for cross-cul-tural research projects, research train-

ing, and utilization are presented.Recommendations for the collation,synthesis, and dissemination of re-search findings to national family plan-ning programs are given. Otherrecommendations concern the develop-ment and implementation of communi-cation research programs by govern-ments, funding agencies, researchinstitutions, and individual researchers.

Information Sourcesand Bibliographies

18-45:Annotated Taiwan population bibliog-raphy. Taichung, Taiwan, Chinese Cen-ter for International Training in FamilyPlanning, January 1974, 115 pp.This annotated bibliography includesmore than 300 articles in English col-lected by the Center. Articles aregrouped under the categories: 1) gen-eral; 2) administration; 3) training; 4)information, education, communication;5) demography and sociology; 6) evalu-ation; 7) medical; and 8) others. This

bibliography is intended to be used in

conjunction with the volume, Taiwan

Population Studies Summaries, issuedby the Taiwan Provincial Committee on

Family Planning in November 1973.Both volumes combine to provide a ref-erence to population and family plan-ning program studies in Taiwan.

18-46: Bhatia, Brajesh and M. M. L. GoyalDirectory of family planning and popu-lation libraries in India. New Delhi, In-formation and Audio-Visual Division,National Institute of Family Planning,November 1971, 31 pp.This directory provides information on31 family planning and populationlibraries in India. Libraries are catego-rized under the headings: central insti-tutions, regional family planning train-

ing centers, and demographic researchcenters. A short description of each li-

brary, its staff, collection, budget, ser-vices, publications, officer-in-charge,and librarian is given.

18-47: International Planned ParenthoodFederation, Information and EducationDepartmentFocus on additions to IPPFAudio- VisualLibrary at Central Office. London, IPPF,

April-June 1973, 21 pp.Recent additions to the Audio-Visual Li-

brary include 16mm films, filmstrips,kits, slides, flipbooks, leaflets, booklets,and realia. Entries include annotations,

producer's or distributor's name andaddress, and prices.

18-48: International Planned ParenthoodFederationFamily planning and health: an anno-tated bibliography. London, IPPF, Au-

gust 1972, 33 pp.This annotated bibliography of 146 doc-uments includes entries on family plan-ning and better health; administrationof family planning and maternal andchild health services; programs in ac-tion; fertility and mortality; maternalmortality; perinatal mortality; infant

mortality; contraception; age and pari-ty; birth weight; nutrition; maternal andchild health and care; family size andbirth order; socio-economic and culturalfactors affecting fertility and mortality;extramarital pregnancy; abortion; andmental health.

18-49: International Planned ParenthoodFederation

Family planning and the status of wom-en. London, IPPF, February 1974,31 pp.This annotated bibliography includesbooks and periodical articles on those

aspects of women's position in societywhich affect not only their awarenessand use of family planning but also theirfertility. Works are categorized underthe headings: general; employment;psychological aspects (including femalerole, sex role, conditioning of children,husband-wife communication, domesticdivision of labor); economic and social

development; law; education; andworks organized by country.

18-50: International Planned ParenthoodFederation

Family planning projects in- industry.London, IPPF, September 1973, 8 pp.

Documents, mostly short journal arti-cles, on family planning projects in in-

dustry are included in this bibliography.The emphasis is on India and Japanwhere most of these types of projectshave been attempted. Population forworkers is also included in this anno-tated list containing 58 works.

18-51: International Planned ParenthoodFederationMental health and family planning. Lon-don, IPPF, August 1972, 16 pp.This annotated bibliography covers allaspects of family planning and mentalhealth: the population explosion, mentalhealth services, pregnancy, unwantedchildren, contraception, abortion, andthe mentally handicapped. The 68 en-tries include books, conference papers,research reports, and periodical articles.

18-52: International Planned ParenthoodFederationReligious attitudes towards family plan-ning. London, IPPF, October 1972,8 pp.This annotated bibliography of 43 docu-ments is a selection of the views of themajor religions toward family planning.The first part of the bibliography coversreligions originating in Europe and theMiddle East. The second part deals withthe main Oriental religions.

18-53: International Planned ParenthoodFederationThe roles of social workers in familyplanning and developing countries:an annotated bibliography. London,IPPF, November 1971, 5 pp.This annotated bibliography lists 28 ba-sic books and periodical articles on so-cial work and family planning. Docu-ments are listed under the headings:general works, family planning trainingfor social workers, abortion counseling,mobile clinic work, and role of socialworkers in developing countries.