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Input and Interaction and Second Language Acquisition
SLA Study Group
Yu-Feng Diana Yang, Ph.D.
Email: [email protected]
What is input?
Behaviorist: stimulus Mentalist: trigger Interactionist Theory: utterance generated
in social interaction
Interaction Flow
NS NNS
input
feedback/output------>clarification
interactive input/modified input
meaning negotiation
modified output
interactive input/modified input
modified output
Interaction Flow
NS NNS
input
feedback/output------>clarification
interactive input/modified input
meaning negotiation
modified output
interactive input/modified input
modified output
comprehensible input: Krashen
comprehensible input: Long
comprehensible output: Swain
What is going on?
Foreigner talk Interlanguage talk
Role of Input in SLA
NS NNS
input
feedback/output------>clarification
interactive input/modified input
meaning negotiation
modified output
interactive input/modified input
modified output
Role of Input in SLA
How does input affect on the development of L2 (route of development)?
what type of input, what input (content), how much input (amount & frequency)?
which part of the L2 development ?
How does input affect on the development of L2? how much input (frequency) vs. which part
of the L2 development
How does input affect on the development of L2 ?What if the input is ungrammatical?
Gass & Lakshmann (1991) Participants:
Alberto & Cheo L1-Spanish; L2 Learners of English
Method: Longitudinal Design Correlation study Result: subjectless input correlate with subjectless output (over ti
me) Bias & Limitations:
L1 influence Correlation V. S. Causality (causative relationship)
How does input affect on the development of L2 ?
What if the input is comprehensible?
Krashen (1981, 1985, 1989): Method: Extrapolation from L1 studiesResults: Input Hypothesis
Comprehensible Input and SLA
Input Hypothesis: i+1 (Krashen, 1981, 1985, 1989)
simplification & contextual and extralinguistic cluesNatural
Learning
Order
Current Competence Level (i)
Intake: affectively accepted (1)
Speaking=result of acquisition but not causes (i+1)
Role of Input in SLA
NS NNS
input
feedback/output------>clarification
interactive input/modified input
meaning negotiation
modified output
interactive input/modified input
modified output
Interaction Flow
NS NNS
input
feedback/output------>clarification
interactive input/modified input
meaning negotiation
modified output
interactive input/modified input
modified output
comprehensible input: Krashen
comprehensible input: Long
Interactive Input and SLA
Long (1983)
simplification & contextual and extralinguistic clues
Interactive Input
Current Competence Level
Intake: affectively accepted
Speaking=result of acquisition but not causes
Interactive Input and SLA
Verbal communication task involving
two-way information
Opportunity for less competent speaker to provide feedback
on his/her comprehension
Negotiated modification
of conversation
Comprehensible InputLanguage acquisition
(Long, 1983, p.214)
Does modified input contribute to SLA? Long (1985): Indirect studies
1. Linguistic/conversational adjustment comprehensible input
2. Comprehensible input acquisition
3. Linguistic/conversational adjustments acquisition
Does Linguistic/conversational adjustment promote comprehensible input?
Pica, Young & Doughty (1987): Comparative study: interationally modified input resulted in the highest levels of comprehension->but we not sure if it is because of the greater quantity or greater quality
Pica (1992): same quality of premodified or interactionally modified input make no difference in comprehension level
Does interational modifications result in comprehension?
No guarantee !
Does comprehensible input lead to SLA? Literature Reviews: Long (1983), Larsen-Freeman and L
ong (1991) & Krashen (1986, 1989)-see p. 271
Critiques: Gass (1988): comprehensible input v.s. comprehended input Farch & Kasper (1986): top-down v.s. bottom-up White (1987): learners do not make overgeneralizations unlearn
ed once they receive comprehensible input
“Comprehensible input can facilitate acquisition but 1) is not necessary condition of acquisition, and 2) does not guarantee that acquisition will take place” (p. 279)
Does Input/Interaction modification lead to acquisition? Main Focus: Vocabulary FL modification helps vocabulary learning
Li (1989)Tanaka & Yamazaki (1991)
Does modified input contribute to SLA? Pellettieri’s (2000)
Role of Modified Output in SLA
NS NNS
input
feedback/output------>clarification
interactive input/modified input
meaning negotiation
modified output
interactive input/modified input
modified output
Interaction Flow
NS NNS
input
feedback/output------>clarification
interactive input/modified input
meaning negotiation
modified output
interactive input/modified input
modified output
comprehensible input: Krashen
comprehensible input: Long
comprehensible output: Swain
Does comprehensible output contribute to SLA? Swain (1995): Output Hypothesis
recognize some linguistics problems, and pay
attention to things that they need to discover
more (i.e. the noticing/triggering function);
Questions for Critical Thinking
Some language educators have argued for the desirability of using “authentic” target language materials in the classroom. Do you agree with this? Why or why not?
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