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7/31/2019 International Aquafeed - July | August 2012 - full magazine
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Volume 15 I s sue 4 2 012
th intrntion mgzin for th qucutur fd industry
Tough environment produces
worlds best Barramundi
EXPERT TOPIC - Tilapia a collection of articles creating a worldwide
perspective
Noise a source of stress for farmed fish
Enzymes Unlocking the hidden potential of plant
proteins using solid state fermentation technology
Enzymes to improve
water and soil quality in
aquaculture ponds
7/31/2019 International Aquafeed - July | August 2012 - full magazine
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WHO CARES...If prots in the aquaculture industry are as appetising as a salmon dinner?
As feed prices soar and formulation moves towards sustainability, aquaculture producers
must think differently to stay on the menu.
In all phases of the shs life, proper nutrition will improve health. With decades of dedicated research,
the Alltech Aqua Advantage programme responds to the challenges of todays aquaculture producers
through nutritional innovation, addressing issues such as growth and performance, feed efciency,
esh quality and immunity.
So, when asked who cares about your protability? Remember
DOES!
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Silver sponsor of
Visit us at stand #4
7/31/2019 International Aquafeed - July | August 2012 - full magazine
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An internAtionAl mAgAzine for
the AquAculture feed industryCONTENTS
aqua
I n t e r n a t I o n a l
feed
Volume 15 / Issue 4 / July-August 2012 / Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2012 / All rights reserved
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept
no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. Copyright 2012
Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior
permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
Aqua News
3 EuropeanCommissioner:Europeanaquaculturethebestbutstagnant
4 SFPreleasesannualsustainabilityoverview
offisheriesusedforfishmealandfishoil
5 Alltechs2012SymposiumisintheiBooks
5 AQUCULTUREUPDATES
6 AQUCULTUREUPDATES
7 IFFOBacksMarineMammalandTurtleConservationinSouthAmerica
8 AQUCULTUREUPDATES
8 BestAquaculturePracticeswelcomesMarineHarvestCanadasalmonfarms
Features
28 Noise-asourceofstressforfarmedfish
32 Unlockingthehiddenpotentialofplantproteinsusingsolidstatefermentationtechnology
36 Enzymestoimprovewaterandsoilqualityinaquacultureponds
38 FishFarmMonitoring
Regular items
14 EXPERTTOPIC-TILAPIA
24 PHOTOSHOOT
42 INDUSTRYEVENTS
Preview-Aqua2012
Review-AquacultureUK2012
45 THEAQUACULTURISTS
49 CLASSIFIEDADVERTS
50 THEAQUAFEEDINTERVIEW
52 INDUSTRYFACES
www.perendale.co.uk
7/31/2019 International Aquafeed - July | August 2012 - full magazine
4/56
Editor
ProfessorSimonDavies
Email: [email protected]
Associate Editors
ProfessorKrishenRana
Email: [email protected]
AliceNeal
Email: [email protected]
Editorial Advisory Panel
Abdel-FattahM.El-Sayed(Egypt)
ProfessorAntnioGouveia(Portugal)
ProfessorCharlesBai(Korea)
ColinMair(UK)
DrDanielMerrifield(UK)
DrDominiqueBureau(Canada)
DrElizabethSweetman(Greece)
DrKimJauncey(UK)
EricDeMuylder(Belgium)
DrPedroEncarnao(Singapore)
Subscription & Circulation
TutiTan
Email: [email protected]
Design & Page Layout
JamesTaylorEmail: [email protected]
International Marketing Team
DarrenParris
Email: [email protected]
LeeBastin
Email: [email protected]
Latin American OfficeIvnMarquetti
Email: [email protected]
More information:International Aquafeed
7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square
Cheltenham, GL50 3PT
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1242 267706
Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk
Iwrite this editorial from the Perendale Publishers office inCheltenham. Its always a
pleasure tobe in the Cotswolds of England. In this month I would like to formally
welcomenewstafftothePerendalegroup,especiallyAlice,ournewAssociateEditor.Her
contributionisalreadyshowinginournewcontentideasandlayout.
Apartfromourregularfeatures,wenowincludeanew
focus on species, either established or under develop-
mentaspotentialcandidatesforrearing.
ThiseditionincludesareportonBaramundi,byRobert
Taylor of Marine Produce Australia. The attributes of
thisexcellentlyflavouredandtexturedfishishighlighted
in relation to it's unique growing environment and
husbandryconditions.
We turn toTilapia as our selected focus species, with
asequenceofarticlesrangingfromnutritionalaspects
such as dietary additives, to a article looking at the
importanceof geneticstrainsand hatcherytechnology,
bymyfellowWelshman,EricRoderickofFishGen.
IngridLupatschoftheCentreforSustainableAquaculture,SwanseaUniversity,Walesaddresses
feedformulationandfeedingstrategiesforTilapiawithadetailedexaminationofgrowthrates,
proteinrequirementandbio-genetics.
ThesustainingofTilapiasupplyfromaChineseperspectiveisreportedbyHanHan-Program
Manager,SustainableFisheriesPartnership.
"Silenceplease-cutthenoiseandvibrationifyoudesirestressfreefish!".Recentstudiesfrom
theInstituteofAquaculture,StirlingScotland,demonstratetheimportanceofreducingnoiseand
backgroundacousticdisturbanceswithinproductionsystems.Thiscouldbeanimportantissue
worthyoffurtherexplorationwithrelevancetoourconcernsforfishwelfare.
JohnSweetman,IoannisNengas andSerge CorneillieofAlltech provideus withan insightintothe use of solid state fermentation products that can enhance the nutritional value of plant
ingredientsforfish.TheirworkisnotableforresearchconductedonGiltHeadSeaBreaminthe
Mediterranean.
Onthethemeofregulatingtheenvironmentalimpactofaquaculture,wepresentaninteresting
reportbyElizabethMayerofBiominontheapplicationsofbothenzymetechnologyandmicro
-organisms (probiotics) administered to pond water and soil.The process of bioremediation
offersgreatpotentialtoimprovetheyieldsoffishandshrimpinopenpondculture,byimproving
growthandfeedefficiency.
Additionallyasmentionedinthelastissue,wesummarizemyvisitwithDrDanielMerrifieldto
theAquacultureAmerica2012eventinLasVegasinourphotoshootsection.
Aswellasournumeroustopicalindustrycontributions,wehaveournewsreportsandupdates
on forthcoming events in the aquaculture sector and
relatedareas.Thelatterisnowpresentedasadefined
section within each edition, and the current issue
highlightstheAqua2012,EuropeanAquacultureSociety
(EAS)meetinginPrague,CzechRepublic.Wehopeto
seemanyofyouthere.
Fornow,greetingsagainfromtheCheltenhamHQ
Professor Simon Davies
Professor Simon Davies
Croeso (Welcome in Welsh)
A note from the publisher
InthelastissueofINTERNATIONAL
AQUAFEEDaerrorwasmadewith
theauthor nameon page24 -the
name that should have appeared
ontheExpertTopicforPolandwas
'AnnaPyc'.
In the same issue, we used the
incorrecttextfileagainstthephoto-
shootforAquaBioTechGroup.The
correctitemscanbefoundonpage
48ofthisissue.
The International Aquafeed team
would like to apologies to both
partiesfortheerrors.
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In May 2012, Commissioner
M a r i a D am a n a k i a nd
Nicolaus Berlakovich,Austrian
Ministerof Agriculture, Forestry,
E nv i ro n me n t a n d W at e r
Management hosted a confer-
ence on thefutureof European
Aquaculture.Theydiscussedhow
the Europ ean Commissio n, the
Member States, the European
Parliament and thestakeholders
canensure the successfulfuture
ofEuropeanaquaculture.
Firstly, theCommission intends
to star t a consultat ion process
to identi fy the problems which
prevent European aquaculture
formflourishing.
For example, competition for
spaceisamajorchallengetotheeconomicdevelopmentoffresh-
water fish farming or farming
sites in coastal areas.To tackle
this, theCommission willlook at
howtositeaquacultureinwater
andonland,andalsoconsider
the pot ent ial co- loc ati on wit h
other economic activities. For
example, some MemberStates
areresearchingtheoptiontoco-
developaquaculturewith wind
farmsorsolarenergyplants.
At present, manyaquaculture
farmsarelocatedinorcloseto
Natura2000areaswhichcon-
tribute to the maintenance and
preservation of aquatic biodiver-
sity.The Commission is devel-
opingasetofguidelinestoillus-
trate the compatibility of aqua-
culture activitiesand theNatura
2000natureconservationobjec-
tives.
Secondly, customers often
have l imited access to infor-
mation aboutthe fish they buy.
T h e C o mm i ss i on w i ll w or k
to wa rd s hi gh li ght in g qu ali tyfeaturesproperly.Inaddition,the
proposedcreationofanAdvisory
Council forAquaculture in our
CFPReformwillprovideaper-
manentconsultationforumforall
interested partiesand cancon-
tributetothisperspective.
T h e C o mm i ss i on r e al i se s
th at EU coun tr ies
have dif fering aqua-
culture ambitions so
the Euro pean fr am e-
worktheysuggest will
belimitedtothemain
priorities andgeneral
targets.
Onamorepersonal
level, Ms Damanaki
made some inter-
esting remarks on
the ma tter on her blo g. She
believesthat Europeanaquacul-
tureisthebestintheworldbutis
stagnant.However,sheispositive
about the future, stating, "to
reviveEUaquacultureweneed
coordinatedaction by all levels
of authorities, EU, nationalandregional:letsworktogether."
About the EuropeanCommission
The European Commission
oversees and implements EU
policiesby:
1. p r op o si n g n ew l aw s t o
Parliament
andtheCouncil
2. managingthe EU'sbudget
andallocatingfunding
3. enforcingEU law (together
withtheCourtofJustice)
4. representingthe EUinter-nationally,for example, by
n e g o ti a t i ng a g r e em e n ts
betweentheEUandother
countries.
ThereisoneCommissionerfor
each ofthe 27member states.
EachCommissionertakesrespon-
sibilityforonepolicyarea.
EuropeanCommissioner:Europeanaquaculturethebest butstagnant
Juy-Augus 2012 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 3
Aqua News
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Su s t ai n a bl e F i s he r i e s
Partnership (SFP) has
released theannual sus-
tainability overview of fisheries
usedforfishmealandfishoil.The
overview(previously known as
theReductionFisheries League
Table) covers the28 principal
reductionfisheries around the
Atlantic and South America
rated according to thesustain-
abilityassessmentpresentedon
FishSource (www.fishsource.
com).Theratingsarebasedon
the mos t rec ent as ses sment
periodfor which comparable
datais availableas of May14,
2012.In summary, thebriefing con-
cludes that for Atlantic and
SouthAmericanreduction fish-
eries:
Nofisheryfeatured inthe
survey scores more than
eightacross all FishSource
criteria(categoryAthe
topcategory).
62.4percentof the catch
c om es f ro m f is he r ie s
that score above six in allcriteriaAND thescore for
biomass(score4)iseight
or abovemeaning biomass
isatorabovetargetlevels
(category B1).These stocks
are in very good shape,
although may meritsome
improvements in manage-
mentregime.
8.3 percent ofthe catch
comes fromfisheries that
scoresixoraboveacross
allcriteriabutdonotscoreabove eight for biomass
(category B2).These fish-
eries are in good shape
but would benefi t f rom
improvements in manage-
mentregime.
29.3percent ofthe catch
comes fromfisheries that
scorebelowsixonatleast
oneof thecriteria.These
f isher ies have not been
effectivelymanagedandsig-nificant improvements are
required.
Onlythreefisheries, repre-
senting 6.7 percent of the
catch, score below sixon
biomass and thusrequire
urgentimprovements.These
are: European pilchard
Iberian,anchovetaChilean
regions vx, and Chilean
jackmackerel.
Cumulatively,70.7 percent
ofthecatchfromthesefish-
eries score six or above
onal l f ive criteria this
isbroadlyinlinewiththe
requirementsofexistingand
proposedaquaculturefeed
sustainabilitystandards.
Noreductionfisheryis cur-
rently managed within an
ecosystem-based fisheries
management regime.This
situation needsto improve
significantly. Fisheries that
haveestablishedasuccessful
singlespeciesstockmanage-
mentregimeshouldnowbe
lookingtoevolveaneco-
system-basedapproachto
ensure sustainabilityin the
future. Changesin fishery scores
from2009to2010indicate
asmalldeclineintheoverall
scores.Therewere reduc-
tion s in the volume s of
catchincategoriesAand
B1and anassociated rise
involumeofcatchincate-
goriesB2andC.Itcannot
beconcludedfromthedata
that the sustainabilitystatus
of reductionfisheriesis indecline, butit is unlikelyto
haveimproved.
Changes for specific fish-
eriesfrom2009to2010are
summarisedintable1.
Theresultsoftheoverviewwill
proveinvaluabletofishmealand
fishoil buyers seekingguidance
onsustainablesourcingaswell
as manufacturers of aquaculture
andfarmanimalfeeds.Buyersof
aquacultureproductsandorgan-
isations developing aquacul-
ture standards will also find the
datausefulin helpingto shape
policies.
Commentingonthelaunchof
the Sustainabi lity Overview, Jim
Cannon, CEO of Sustainable
FisheriesPartnership,said:
In releasing this information,
weaimtoencouragetheworld's
fishmeal and fish oil suppliers
andforagefisheriestoengage
in improvement efforts, witha
priorityonimprovingthosefish-
eries thatcurrently fall short of
currentsingle-speciesbestprac-
tices, and ensur ing that all the
f isheries move towards eco-
system-basedmanagement.
More InforMatIon:
Website: www.sustainablefish.org
SFPreleasesannualsustainabilityoverviewoffisheriesusedforfishmealandfishoil
table 1: Changes for specific fisheries from 2009 to 2010
FisheryChange incategory
Guf menhaden Guf of Mexico B2 to B1
Bue whiting northeast tantic C to B1
Capein Iceandic C to B2tantic herring orth Sea autumn spawners to B1
lesser sandee southeast orth Sea B1 to C
tantic horse mackere northeast tantic westernstock
B1 to C
uropean pichard Iberian B2 to C
4 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Juy-Augus 2012
Aqua News
The
Industry
view
AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture is thefuture food source
by Kim Pagh
ANDRITZFEED&BIOFUEL
isbehindthedevelopmentofuniqueextrusionprogramsforthe
productionofallkindsoffishfeed,
shellfishfeedandpetfood.
Alargegrowthwithinfishfarming
inallregionsoftheworldmeans
acorrespondinggrowthinthe
demandforaquaticfeed.Success
inbreedingfishrequirescorrectly
adaptedfeedformulaswithcon-
trolledhomogeneouscontentand
exactphysicalproperties.
Theextruderaccountsforthekey
processinthiscomplexproduc-tionline,whichconsistsofall
processesfromthereceiptofraw
materialstothefinishedproduct.
ANDRITZFEED&BIOFUELisa
uniquecompanywiththeability
tomanufactureandsupplyeach
andeverymachineinthefeed
extrusionline.Withanintricate
knowledgeofeachkeyprocess,
wecansupplyacompatibleand
homogeneoussolutionfromraw
materialintaketofinishedfeed
bagging.
SHARE YOU NEWS
Sendyourpressreleasesto
AliceNealforinclusioninthe
magazine.
Emailyouritemsto:
7/31/2019 International Aquafeed - July | August 2012 - full magazine
7/56
TheAlltech 28thAnnual
International Symposium,
heldMay20-23,2012,
inLexington,Kentucky,USA,was
avenueforcloseto3,000dele-
gatesfromaroundtheworldtodiscussthefutureofagriculture
andthechallengeoffeedingnine
billionpeopleby2050,aswell
as to explorethe wide range
of possiblesolutions to meet
that chal lenge.While the 2012
Symposium is already 'inthe
books', theexperiencelives on
intheAlltech28thInternational
SymposiumiBook,whichisnow
publiclyavailablethroughApples
iBookstoreandiTunes.TheAlltech Symposium iBook
offersaninsidelookattheannual
international event through a
collectionofphotos,videosand
articles. It is avai lable as free
download forthe iPadthrough
theiBookstoreorthroughiTunes
forcomputers.
TheAlltech Symposium is
anexhilaratingeventfilledwith
contagious energy and exciting
newideasyoureallyhave
to see it to believe it, said
CatherineKeogh,Alltechs
chief marketing officer.This
iBookisagreatwayforthe
delegates who attended torelive theexperiences they
hadthisyear;andforanyone
who couldnt attend, th is
isanopportunitytogeta
glimpse at whatthis inter-
nationaleventwasallabout.
Thegreat thing aboutthis
format is thatthrough the
photosandvideo,thestory
oftheeventcanreallycome
alive.
T h e 2 8 t h A n n u a lInternat ional Symposium
wasthe forum for presen-
tations by more tha n 170
industry experts in areas
including aquaculture, beef,
dairy, equine, food, informa-
tion technology,legal, poultry,
pig,petandregulatory.
MoreInforMatIon :
www.alltech.com
Alltechs2012SymposiumisintheiBooks
Juy-Augus 2012 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 5
Aqua News
Anexceptionalalgaebloomhasbeendetectedoffthecoast
of Ireland. Seawater samples submitted to MarineInstitute
haveshownthepresenceof aspeciesofPhytoplanktonthat
canharmmarineanimals.Somemortalityhasbeenreported
among oysters, cocklesand lugwormsfrom theMayoto
Donegalcoastalregions.
Chinaistobuildaquacultureresearchcentre.Thehubwill
beinthecityofSanshaintheSouthChinaSeaandwillfocusonfish,shrimpandalgaebreeding.
Your BusinessDriven by Innovations
Hanover / Germany
13 16 November 2012
The worlds top event for animal production
The Marketplace for Aquaculture
Top exhibitors from all areas of
fish farming, processing & watertreatment
Information about new trends in
Forum Aquaculture market-driven
and geared to practice
Visit the Aquaculture Advisory
Centre to obtain individual solutions
and make new contacts
Fish-Party and meetings
Hotline: +49 69/24788-265
www.eurotier.com/aquaculture
including
.
This project isbeing co-financedby the EuropeanCommunity
AQUCULTUREUPDATES
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8/56
The
Industry
view
AQUACULTURE
Beneficial bacteria inintensive aquaculture
by Elisabeth Mayer, Technical Manager
for Probiotic Additives in Aquaculture,
BIOMIN, Austria
Overthelastdecades,technologicaladvanceshaveledtoculturefishandshrimpatmoreandmoreintensiveproductionconditions.InThailand,forexample,traditionallyblacktigershrimpwerefarmed,butsince2001therewasadrasticswitchtothemoredisease-resistantpacificwhiteshrimp,whichcurrentlycorrespondsto99percentofThaishrimpproduction.
Atthistime,theaveragestockingden-sityfortigershrimpwasapproximately4050animals/m,butthishasincreasedtoabout120-200whiteshrimp/mwithtwotothreetimesgreaterprofits.However,withsuch
highproductiondensities,higherfeed-ingratesandthusincreasedorganicmatterlevelsintheponds,againprob-lemsofhigherdiseasesusceptibilityandeventhedevelopmentofnewdis-easeshavetobefaced.Whileyellowhead/whitespotsyndromevirusesandvibriosisseverelyimpactedproductionsincethe90s,whitefecesdiseaseisanewerpathologicalentity.Thesechangesinproductionconditions,
therelatedimpactsofaquacultureonthewaterandpondbottomqual-ityandthebanofantibioticgrowthpromotersinimportingcountrieshasledtothesearchforsustainableandenvironmentally-friendlyalternatives.
Anaturalsolution,whichIhavebeenworkingonthelastthreeyears,isthe(preventive)applicationofbeneficialbacteria,probioticandbiodegradingstrains,infishandshrimpfeedorintheirponds.Suchproductsimprovegut/growthperformanceandwaterquality,enhancebacterialflocforma-
tionandpromotethereductionofpathogenicbacteriaandpondbottomsludge.
Beneficialbacteriahasbecomewellacceptedandwidelyusedinaquac-ulturewithinthelastyears.WhileIseeonmyvisitstoAsiaandSouthAmericasomefarmersproducingtheirownundefinedbacteriamixtureinthebackyard,agrowingnumberareask-ingforhighqualityproductsfermentedunderoptimalandtailor-madecondi-tions.Underthesecircumstances,the
farmerknowswhichstrains,atwhatconcentrationanddosagehedistrib-utesinhispondsandappliestohisfishandshrimpforbetterperformanceandincreasedprofitsthroughhighersurvivalevenathighstockingdensities.SomeproducershavesuccessfullymanagedwhitefecesdiseasebyusingprobioticproductscontainingbacteriathatinhibitthegrowthofpathogenicVibriospp.,whichhavebeenrelatedwiththedisease.
Aqua News
FEATURESEveryissueofInternationalAquafeedis
availabletoviewonlineinourArchive
section.Bothfullonlineeditionsand
individualfeaturescanbeviewed,anditiscompletelyfree.
www.aquafeed.co.uk/archive.php
AQUCULTUREUPDATES
BFAR's65thyearhighlightsconservation,pro-
motion of sustainable fisheries.TheBureau
of Fisheries andAquatic Resources' (BFAR),Philippines,65thyearhighlightstheprotection
ofthecountrysfisheriesandaquaticresources
as set byenvironmentaldegradationcaused
bymanandthatofclimatechange.Inapress
statement, BFARDirectorAtty.Asis G. Perez
saidthatplanningandcollaborationwithstake-
holderswillhelpinthistask.Henotedthatin
WesternMindanao forinstance,both marginal
andcommercialfishersarereportingincreases
intheirsardinecatch.Hesaidthatthesuccess
was attributed to the industryscompliance
withthethree-monthclosedseasonalongwith
the gover nment s str ict enforcement of the
ban.TaalLakeisalsoanothercaseinpoint.Whereas last year, our fish farmer s had lost
millionsofpesos;thisyear,therehasnotbeena
singlecaseofamajorfiskkilldespitethecritical
fluctuationsin water broughtabout bythe
habagat season, Perez said. He alsosaid that
tunafishershavesomethingtolookforwardto
ascatchisexpectedtoriseafterthetwo-year
fishingbanoftunaintheso-calledpockets
1and2ofthehighseasorthosecovered
bytheWestern andCentralPacificFisheries
Commission.The ongoing aquasilviculture
programalsocontinuestoprovideanadditional
sourceof incometo fisher-families in theseareas, Perez said, moreso afteran estimated
numberofsixmillionmangrovepropagulesor
seedlingsplantedin thecoastalregions. Perez
saidthattheBFARiscurrentlystrengtheningits
fisherieslawenforcementprogramthroughthe
formationofQuickResponseTeams(QRT)in
allits16regionsnationwide,whichwascreated
"tostrengthenseaprotectioneffortsbycurbing
illegalfishinginlinewiththegovernmentsgoal
oferadicatingtheabuseofthecountrysmarine
resources."IncelebrationofBFAR'sanniversary,
therewasaseriesofeventsincludingafoodfair,
timecapsule andstampser ies. Inaddition, the
bureau willalso launch theAngry Fish essaywritingcontest forhighschoolstudents, and
the endangered fish drawing/painting contest
forcollegiatestudents.
MusselgrowersKnightSomervillePartnership
hasbeengranteda20-yearconsenttodevelop
a4.35musselfarmatTuhitarataBayinPelorus
Sound,NewZealand.Thenewscomesafterthe
companywasforcedtohalveitsoriginalplansin
May2012afterresidentopposition.
Japan has tightened its rules forVietnamese
shrimp imports. The government has upped
testingformfivepercentto30percentofimportsfollowingthedetectionofethoxyquin.
7/31/2019 International Aquafeed - July | August 2012 - full magazine
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IFFO(theInternationalFishmealandFish
OilOrganisation)isbackinganinitiative
byone ofits members, theCompaa
Pesquera Camanchaca (Camanchaca),
whichaimstoteachfishermentheartof
environmental stewardship, better pro-
tecting marine animals including dolphins,
seaturtlesandsharks.
Theinitiativeprovides training forthe
seniorcrewwhoworkaboardCamanchacas
vesselsthatlandinthenorthernChilean
portofIquique.Theschemewillcontribute
towa rds the gat her ing of vital research
informationthatwillbeusedtohelpinthe
conservation of protectedmarine species.
Thefirst seminartook place duringApril
2012.
IFFOhas developeda GlobalStandardfor Responsible Supply (IFFO RS) for
Fishmealand FishOil. Itsoverarchingpro-
gramme includesthe goalto reduce any
potentialenvironmentalimpactarisingfrom
fishingcatchesmade within itsresponsibly
managedfisheries.
Camanchaca wasone ofthe firstcom-
paniesin Chileto have its factoriescer-
tified under the IFFO RS standard earlier
this year.It has nowformed a partnership
withtheDepartmentofMarineSciencesof
theArturoPratUniversity anditsTechnicalTrainingCentre,toofferspecialisedtraining
seminarstothefishermen.
Large marineanimals are sometimes
capturedinthefishingnetsdesignedto
catchsmalloilyfishsuchasanchovyand
sardine, ingredients used inthe pro-
duction offishmealfor animalfeed
andfish oilfor human consumption.
IFFOiskeentoensurethatitsmembers
areawareoftheimportanceofconserving
marinecreaturesaspartofthemarineeco-
system.
Topicscovered at theseminars includethe ability to identifyand correctly record
dataonprotectedmarinemammalsfound
offthecoastofnorthernChile,aswellas
learninghowtosafelyreturnthesecrea-
turesto thesea withthe minimumrisk of
damage.MrAdolfoCarvajal,Camanchacas
ManagerfortheNorthernFishingArea,said,
Sustainable development requires us to
take actionin orderto controlthe impact
ofouractivitiesonthemarineenvironment
andwithoutadoubtwehavenowunder-
takenactions inthis respect.Thesetrainingseminarsforourseniorcrewmemberswill
allow themto demonstrateCamanchacas
commitment to theresponsible sourcing
offish.
Andrew Jackson,Technical Director at
IFFO, said,IFFOis delighted tosee this
excellent initiative from Camanchaca in
Chileandindeedotherrecentdevelop-
ments in SouthAmerica regarding the
quantification andavoidanceof theinci-
dentalcatchesof marine mammals and
sea turt les . In creat ing the IFFO RS
standard wewere hopefulthatthistype
of conservationprogramme wouldbe
developedbyourmembersandwelook
forward tohearing more good news in
thefuture.
The Chile basedproject follows one
takenlastyearinPeru,inwhicha number
of fishingcompaniesworking with envi-
ronmental NGOs such as the Marine
C o ns e r v a ti o n S o ci e ty ( M CS ) a n d
ProDelphinusdistributedaseriesofturtleidentification andresuscitation guides and
heldaseriesoftrainingcourses.
Dawn Purchase, Senior Aquaculture
Officerat MCS, said,Iam delightedwith
thesuccessofthisprojectandthespin-off
conservation courses being run forfish-
ermen.TheIFFO RS standard provides a
real opportunityto promotechangeon
the water, which is what MCS strives to
achieve. Increasing the identification skills
andconservationknowledgeofthesefish-
ermeninbothPeruandChileisagreat
wayof achieving environmental steward-
ship.
IFFOBacksMarineMammalandTurtle
ConservationinSouthAmerica
IFFOTheInternational
FishmealandFishOil
Organisationrepresents
thefishmealandfishoilindustry
worldwide.IFFOsmembersreside
inmorethan30countries,account
fortwo-thirdsofworldproduction
and80percentoffishmealandfish
oiltradedworldwide.Approximately
5milliontonnesoffishmealare
producedeachyearglobally,together
with1milliontonnesoffishoil.IFFOsheadquartersarelocatedinSt
AlbansintheUnitedKingdomandit
alsohasofficesinLima,Peru,andin
Beijing,China.
More InforMatIon:
Website: www.iffo.net
Juy-Augus 2012 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 7
Aqua News
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The Global Aquaculture
A l li a nc e ( G AA ) B e st
Aquaculture Pract ices
(BAP)programme has furtherexpandeditscoverageofsalmon
facilities with the certification
offiveMarineHarvestCanada
salmonfarmsites.
" Ma r in e Ha r ve s t i s a l a rg e
and highly respected interna-
tionalproducer,andwearever y
pleasedtoseetheongoingpar-
ticip at io n of such an ind ustr y
leader in the BAP program,"
GAA President Chamberlain
said."Itisfittingforthecompany
to demo nstr ate leadership noto n ly i n v o lu me , b ut a l so i n
responsible production prac-
tices. "
M ar i ne Ha r ve s t C an ad a i s
BritishColumbia'slargestsalmon
aquaculturecompany.
"We are extremely pleased
to have achieved this cer tifica -
tio n mil est one , which dem on-
stratesourcommitmenttoenvi-
ronmental integrity and con-
tinual improvement throughoutouroperations,"Marine Harvest
Sustainabil ity Director Clare
Backmansaid.
"BAPcertificationvalidatesthat
ourfarmingpracticesprotectthe
environmentfor local wildlife as
wellasourfish,whileprovidinga
safeandeffectiveworkingenvi-
ronment for Marine HarvestCanadastaff,"PaulaGalloway,cer-
tificationmanager,said.
Inadditiontothenewlycerti-
fied sites, third-party BAP audits
willbeconductedatallremaining
Marine HarvestCanada salmon
farms.Theseauditsareafirststep
toward the comp any's plan to
achievefour-starBAPstatus,with
certifiedsalmonfarms,processing
plants, feed mill suppliers and
freshwaterhatcheries.
BAP cert i ficat ion is basedo n t he i nt er n at io na l B es t
Aquaculture Practices stand-
ards developed bythe Global
AquacultureAlliance, the leading
standards-settingorganisationfor
aquaculture seafood. For salmon
andother major farmed species,
BAPrequireseffective manage-
mentofanimalhealth,feedinputs,
waterqualityandfoodsafety.Ina
processthatincludessiteinspec-
tions and in-depth audits, socialresponsibilityand traceability are
additionalrequirements.
MoreInforMatIon:
Website: www.gaalliance.org/bap
BestAquaculturePracticeswelcomesMarineHarvestCanadasalmonfarms
Aqua News
Never ones tostand still, its beena busy few months attheAquaculturists.Wearefortunatetohaveanever-growinggangofonlinereadershungryfornews.Sowehavebeenworkingeven
hardertodigoutthebestaquaculturenewsthewebhastooffer.In
Junewestartedadailydigestpost,whichisaone-stopshopforthe
daysmostrelevant,interesting,and(attimes)quirkystories.
As huge show fans, our columnists are still dedicated to
postingthelatesteventnewsassoonaswegetit.Recently,
wevealso been having fun exploring the growing number ofaquaculturevideosonline.Beingsharingtypes,weputthecream
ofthecropontheAquaculturists.
Butthereallyexcitingnewsisthenew-looktheAquaculturists
issporting.Thebloghasbeengivenawell-deservedrevamp,
makingiteasiertonavigateandgenerallyabitprettier.
We think it looks great but would love to hear what you
think.Comeandsayhi at:
www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com
Popular posts from the Aquaculturists: TheseNASAsatelliteimagesshowhowshrimpfarminghaschangedaPacificcoastallandscapeover25 years. http://
bit.ly/O2Ek2Y
The IBISWorld report into USaquaculture predictsthat
afterthedownturnfollowingthe2010DeepwaterHorizon
oilspillintheGulfofMexico,fishandaquaculturerevenue
willslowlyimproveoverthenextfiveyears. http://bit.ly/
LkbeF7
Theadvantagesofraisingsterilefishincludebettertasting
meatandthepreventionofescapeefishmixinggeneswith
their wild cousins says research by Nofima in Norway.http://bit.ly/N2zLD1
Seoulhasbannedseafoodimportsof35 Japanesemarine
products,citingdangersofradiationcontaminationasthe
reasonbehindtheembargo.http://bit.ly/KXKVti
KofiAnnantolddelegatesatAquaVision2012inStavanger,
Norway,thataquaculturehasthepotentialtocontributeto
reducingworldhunger.http://bit.ly/MD1A0L
Criticsof farmed salmon fearthatAtlantic salmon raised
in open-netcagescan pass on diseases to wild salmon.However,anoutbreakoftheIHNvirusinBritishColumbia
inMay2012appearstohavebeencausedbypassingwild
stocks.http://bit.ly/Mp0dWx
Video: Octopus steals video camera (while its filming).
http://bit.ly/OoIWP3
Aregularlookinsidetheaquacultureindustry
i i i i ii
ii
ii
ii
i
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iiiii i i i i
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TheNorwegianfoodresearchinstituteNofimahasenteredintoa
strategic research alliance withAlltech, one ofthe worldslargest
animalhealthandnutritioncompanies.Themaingoaloftheallianceis
thedevelopmentoffeedfortheaquacultureindustry.TheAmerican
companyAlltech hasthe goal ofachievingan annualturnoverof
NOK25 billion. Increased saleswithin theaquaculturesector areseenasakeyfactorinachievingthisgoal,andAlltechVicePresident
andChiefScientificOfficerKarlDawsonpointstotheimportanceof
long-termresearchcollaborationwiththeworldsleadingresearch
environments.Thesalmonindustry faceschallengesthatrequirea
progressivepartnershipwithresearchinstitutionsthatarefocused
onfindinglong-termanswers.Thisagreementprovidesuswiththe
structuretoworkwithalternativefeedingsolutions,whichisoneof
thesalmonindustrylargestchallenges,saysDawson.
RussianandJapanesegovernmentshavebegunnegotiationstolift
temporaryrestrictionsofJapanesefishandsea products.Impor ts
ofmarineproductsarecurrentlyonholdduetosafetyconcerns
following the Fukushima nuclear accident in March 2011.
Representativesfromboth countriesmetin July 2012, todiscussthepossibilityofrestartingimports fromJapan.
AQUCULTUREUPDATES
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FEATURE
IF PURITYMATTERS
www.pronova.com
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12/56
When, in January this year,
Western Australian
Environment Minister Bill
Marmion signed off on an
application by Marine Produce Australia
(MPA)toharvest2,000tonnesoftopquality
barramundiattheConeBayoperationinthe
statesvastfarnorth,hedidmorethanjust
double the companys existing production
license.
AftereightyearsandaroundAU$50mil-lioninresearchanddevelopmentbyMPAon
oneoftheworldsmostremoteaquaculture
ventures,Marmionsentasignaltotheworld
thatfinallythewatersofftheAustraliasnorth-
westcoast with their hugetides were open
forbusiness.
ConeBayintheBuccaneerArchipelago
is 100km from the nearest town, Derby
(population3380),whichinturnis2400km
northoftheWestAustraliancapitalPerth
(population 2 million). The Kimberley as
the northern part of Western Austra lia
is known, occupies some 421,000 square
kilometres with a total population of just
25,000people.
Top-notch barraButthisspeckontheAustraliancoastline
israpidlymakinganameforitselfamongthe
nationsbestchefs asthehot spotfor farm
grownfinfish.Itsallinthetides.
AstopAustralianfoodcriticRobBroadfieldwrote in The West Australian newspaper
recently, Cone Bay Barra swim and swim
andswimagainstthemassivetidesfrominside
their sea pens. They are perhaps the fittest
fishonearthwhichiswhytheirfatandfat
is what barramundi flavour is all about is
spread evenly throughout the body (their
laidbackestuarinecousinshavepotbelliesin
comparison).
Thentherestheclean,brinyflavourand
a clear opaque f lesh: a
consequenceofalifelived
in the warm waters oftheIndianOcean northof
Derby,saysMrBroadfield.
ConeBay,withtidesof
up to 11 metres twice a
day, is fantastic for grow-
ingfishbuttheKimberley,
with temperatures push-
ingabove50cdegreesin
the wet season, crocodile
infested waters and huge
distances between tiny
settlements is tough onhumans.
A happy accidentIttooksomethingofan
historical accident for the
areaevertobeconsideredforfishfarmingin
thefirstplace.
Broome, Derby, and the Buccaneer
Archipelago have been the centre of the
Australianpearling industry formore than
100years. MPAsleaseover 700hectares
of Cone Bay was initially granted by the
WA Fisheries Department as a pearl farm-
ing licence to the Hutton familys pearling
company.
The original licence was to do some
research on the black l ipped pearl , wetrialed and seeded that species of shell
butthatfellbythewaysideastheTahitian
and Polynesian black-l ipped production
increased,saysJohnHutton,aformerAFL
footballernowheadingthefamilysaquacul-
ture operations.
ThelicenceinConeBaywasrenewable
every12monthsandthepearlingcompany
continued to keep it going as staff tested
otherspecies.
M ea nw hi le , M r Hut to n a nd h is f el -
low investors in MPA were looking for
an alternative viable aquaculture species.The Fisheries Department pointed the
Hut to ns i n t he d ir ec ti on o f t he b la ck
tig er pra wn and t he com pan y spe nt thr ee
years exper imenting with the species,
re-bootingarundownprawnfarminthe
NorthernTerritory.
When a group of investors dropped into
ConeBayonthebackofatriptocheckout
the prawnoperations in Darwin, a lightbulb
wenton.
On that trip one investor wandered
off, grabbed a small handful of feed andthrew it into what effect ively was a big
wine barrel containing barramundi finger-
lings.Theystartedattackingthetopofthe
waterwherethefeedwasandtheinvestor
Tough environmentproduces worlds best Barramundi
10 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Juy-Augus 2012
FEATURE
by Robert Taylor, Marine Produce Australia, www.marineproduceaustralia.com.au
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13/56
declaredthatwemusthavebarramundiin
MPA,saidMrHutton.
Biting the bulletIn 2004,the company announced to the
world it was entering into the fish farming
business and kicked off with two small sea
cagesof40metrecircumferencegrowingthe
local Lates calcarifer, or Barramundi, found
acrossthenorthofAustralia.
A fact finding mission to Tassals salmon
operationinTasmaniafollowedandthecom-
pany was soon confronted with a choice
betweencontinuingwiththeblacktigerprawns
andrampingupthebarramundioperation.
The prawn market was competitive with
Chineseimportscontinuallyundercuttingthe
local producers and consumers barely dis-
criminating on quality, but the barramundi
optionwasaleapintotheunknown.
ConeBayBarramundiwaspurelyresearch
and development, no one had ever done
finfishfarmingintheKimberleyandweweremaking educated assumptions as we went
along.Howtodoseacages,thesebigplastic
pipessittingonthewater,saysMrHutton.
We knew our anchoring systems with
regardtolonglinesfromourpearlingopera-
tionsbutwehad totakethatknowledgeand
adoptittocircularseacageswithtenmetre
tidestwiceaday.
Fingerlings from the
Darwin Aquaculture hatch-
ery where flown in eskies
toBroome, drivento Derby
andthenflowntoConeBay
by helicopter at a cost of
AU$20,000atrip.
But those tides which
meant no water pumping,
and the 30c water which
meant no artificial heating,
gavethecompanyaninsight
into the areas potential for
farmingthelocalbarramundi,
ahardy,marketablefishthat
hadalreadyproveditsfarm-
ing durability in operations
onAustraliaseastcoast.
Thecompanybitthebul-
let,sold theprawnbusiness
and poured its resources
into growing barramundi at
ConeBay.
Reachingcritical mass
In the eight years since the previously
AustralianStockExchangelistedvehicleTiger
International has morphed into the unlisted
entityMarineProduceAustralia.
T he c om pa ny s 8 00 i nv es to rs h av e
been subject to regularrounds of fund
raising as the capital intensive business
took two st eps forwa rd and one-st ep
back battl ing to overcome condit ions
as diverseas sky-high wages causedby
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WA sm iningb oo m,a confi dences appi ng
global f inancial crisis, and bureaucratic
redtape.To get to what we saw as being criti-
cal mass,the 2,000tonne, has takena very
longtime.Fourtofiveyearsoflobbyingand
answering questions and doing studies and
research into whether barramundi has the
abilitytobeanaquaculturespeciesthatcan
expand and gain approval from the WA
Government,saidMrHutton.
Initiallythecompanysoughtandreceived
licenses from the Department of Fisheries
forsmallproductionlevelsupto150tonnes
peryear.
ButbeforelongtheEPA,whichhadbeencarved out ofthebreak-up oftheWestern
Australian Department of Environment by
the Carpenter Labor Government decided
that MPAs venture required more than an
aquaculturelicense.
The EPA become involved when they
decidedthetonnagesaresuchthattheywill
start having in their view an impact on theenvironment,saidMrHutton.
Wewerealwaysoftheviewthatthere
needntbeafigureandthatapprovalsshould
be based on an output, performance-based
monitoring regime but the EPA has insisted
on input restrictions and output restrictions
andlimitedproductionto1,000tonnes.
That equated to stocking rate of just
1.5 tonnes a hectare compared to stocking
rates in other jurisdictions, world heritage
Tasmania for instance, of 28 tonnes per
hectareinwaterswithlittletidalmovement.
Nevertheless, the EPA,with no formal WAguidelinestoworkfromslappedthecompany
withthestateshighestlevelofscrutinyafull
publicenvironmentalreview.
Ittooktwofinanciallytoughyearstocom-
pletethePERduringwhichthecompanywas
required to keep tonnages around the 350
mark. But in a way the disciplines imposed
duringthistimehasbeenthemakingofthe
company.
It was tough financially but we started
to see major results from our research and
development.Moving40metrecagesizesto
60metrecagesizesyestheywork.Different
anchoring systems,tying offsystems, feeding
systems, establishing markets, operation sys-
temsandcapabilities,saidMrHutton.
Backedupbytheveryfavourableresultsof
thecompanysenvironmentalmonitoringand
withthehelpofoutsideconsultantsthecom-
pany knuckled down and just eight months
after receiving its 1,000 tonne approval in
May2011, was granted the2000tpa license
by Minister Marmion as an interim step
towards the ultimategoal of 5000tpa which
thecompanyexpectstoreceiveinthesecond
halfof2012.
Aquaculture zoneMeanwhi le on December 16, 2011,
WA Fis heri es Mini ster Norman Moore
announced State Government funding to
establishtwoaquaculturezonesforfinfish
farmingontheWAcoastline,thefirstbeing
ConeBayintheBuccaneerArchipelago.
The government is current ly doing
detailed environmental studies to create
the aquaculture zone thus stream lini ng
MPAs application for approval for 5,000
tpaandea singtheburdenonthecom pany .
MPAisconvincedthatthegovernmentstudywillprove that Cone Bay, whichis
21kmlongand6.2kmwideatitswestern
opening, has a carry ing capacity far in
excess of the 5,000 tonnes and as the
soleoperatorintheremotelocationand
withamassiveheadstartoverprospective
competitorsConeBayBarramundiwillbe
intheboxseattocapitalise.
Presentlyharvestingover1,100tonnes
per annum, at2000tpa the company will
turn over around AU$2 0 mill ion a year in
revenue.At 5000tps it willburst through
the AU$ 50mil lion lev el wit h serio usl ydecreasedcostthroughupscaling.
We are identifying and managing our
risk to a much greater degree. The risks
aresimilarinfishfarmingaroundtheworld
and we are employing worldwide best
practice.
OnewayMPAhasmanagedtode-risk
isbyseekingoutthebestpeopleintheir
fieldlikeevolutionarygeneticistDrDesiree
Allen recently appointed as research and
development manager and Daryn Payne
whopriortojoiningMPAasfarmopera-tion s mana ger was Tas sel s regiona l man-
agerforfiveyears.
Mark Asman for f ive years the Chief
OperatingOfficerforTassalwithalifetime
ofexperiencehascomeonboardasaqua-
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15/56
culture consultant through his company
SmartAqua.
After viewing the MPA operation, I
wasthoroughlyimpressedwiththequality
of the product, the vast and spectacular
farmingarea,andthepotentialforanother
successfulaquacultureprojectinAustralia,
saysMrAsman.
MPA has screwed down on cos ts
thro ugh more automated and targete dfeedingregimesandslicktransfertomarket.
The MPA processThreeyearsagoMPAstruckadealwith
Fremantle based Challenger Institute of
TechnologysAustralianCentre of Applied
AquacultureResearch(ACAAR)inPerthto
supplyall required fingerlingsto theCone
Bay farm,
an arrange-
ment that
sees 250,000
healthy fin-
ger lings per i-
odically trans-
ferred to the
farm without
loss.
MPA now
operates 80
metre-circum-
ferencesea cages, deliversfeed direct into
ConeBayandtakesfishoutataroundthe
3-4kgmarkonapurpose-fittedharvestboat.
The fish are stun-killed as they come
fromthecagesontotheboatandchilledin
80kgbinsondeckbeforebeingshippedto
Derbyfortransferraltorefrigeratedtrucks
where they are dispatched to high-end
restaurants and wholesalers around the
countrywithouteverbeingfrozen.Wit h Gover nme nt lic ens es in pla ce
MP A s nex t s tep is t o re-l ist o n the
AustralianSecuritiesExchange.
AndtheWAGovernmenthasalsofinal-
lybroughtoutaFisheriesPolicyStatement,
whichwillbefollowedbylegislationwhich
willunderpintheprocessestosecurelong-
term susta inabili ty in aqua cult ure.
Weve learnt lot . We now bel ieve
weve got the right processes, the right
l oc at io n a nd t he r ig ht p ro du ct , C on e
BayOcean Barramundi, to make a major
impact on both the domestic and world
markets,saysJohnHutton.
Juy-Augus 2012 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 13
FEATURE
www.evonik.com/feed-additives | [email protected]
Your challenge is our passion.MetAMINO is the best choice for your aquafeed.
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16/5614 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Juy-Augus 2012
EXPERTTPIC
TILAPIAEXPERT TOPIC
Welcome to Expert Topic, a new feature for International Aquafeed. Each issue willtake an in-depth look at a particular species and how it's feed is managed.
7/31/2019 International Aquafeed - July | August 2012 - full magazine
17/56
1
Effects of dietary
potassium diformate
on juvenile tilapia a performance analysis
by Christian Lckstdt, Animal
Nutritionist, ADDCON, Germany
Global production of farmed
tilapia in at least85 countries
exceeded 3 million t in 2009
and requires high-quality fish
feeds.Insuchintensiveaquacultureproduc-
tion, bacterialdiseaseshavebeenidentified
asamajorcauseofeconomiclosstopro-
ducers. Feeding antibiotic-medicated feeds
is a common practice to treat bacterial
infections.Prophylacticuseofantibiotics as
growth promoters in aquaculture produc-tionhasalsooccurredwidely.
However, growing awareness from con-
sumersandproducersofaquaculturespecies
hasresultedinademandforresponsibleand
sustainableaquaculture.Regulatoryauthorities
in most exporting countries now focus on
the misuse of antibiotic growth promoters
(AGP) in aquaculture, while public attention
has shifted towards sustainable production
methods.
Thus, alternative additives to replaceAGPs,whichhavebeenbannedinEUanimal
feeds since 2006, have had to be tested.
Dietaryorganicacids,andespeciallypotassium
diformate the most widely tested organic
acidsalt in aquaculture,are among thevari-
ous alternatives spearheading environmental
friendly and nutritive-sustainable aquaculture
approaches.
Dietary potassium diformate (KDF) has
beentestedin tilapiaaquaculturesince2005
and since then numerous publications and
conferencecontributionsontheuseofKDF
in juvenile tilapia have been published from
Europe,AmericaandAsia.Thisstudyanalysed
the average impact of the additive from allpublishedstudiesonitseffectonperformance
parameterssuchasweightgain,feedefficiency
andmortality.
The final data-set contained the results
of eight published studies, comprising 18
trials with KDF-inclusion,which ranged from
0.2%to0.75%andcovered3,040fish.Data
were subjected to statistical analysis and a
significancelevelof0.05wasusedinalltests.
Results are expressed as percentage differ-
encefromthenegativelycontrolledfish.
Theaveragelevelofdietarypotassium
diformatefromthedata-setinalltreated
f ish was 0.41percent. Only a numerical
increase of feed intake (2.1%) could bemonitored (P=0.16) compared to f ish
without the additive. However, the per-
formanceoftilapia,basedonfinalweight
was s igni ficant ly increased by 5.6 per-
cent (P=0.009). Furthermore, the feed
c on ve rs io n r at io o f f is h f ed KD F wa s
alsosignificantlyimproved(P=0.012):this
time the impr ovement was 4.5 perc ent.
Dataonmortalitywereinconclusive,since
someofthetrialswerecarriedoutunder
clean laboratory conditions, while others
employedachallengewithpotentiallypath-
ogenicbacteria,suchasVibrio anguillarum,
Streptococcus agalactiae,Streptococcus iniae
andAeromonas hydrophi la . Inthese cases,
dietary KDF,rangingfrom 0.2 percent till
0.5 percent reduced mortality (P
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18/56
Tilapia
cage farm
management
in Brazilby Alberto J. P. Nunes, from the Institutode Cincias do Mar Labomar, tilpia cagefarm management specialist. Originallypublished in Global AquacultureAdvocate
Much of Brazils expanding
tilapiaaquaculturetakesplacein floating cageswith sturdy
frames and nets made from
plastic-coatedsteelorpolypropylene.
Althoughlargercagesarealsoused,most
cageshavesmallvolumesupto20m3that
support highstocking densitiesand intermit-
tent harvesting without overstressing the
fish.Earthenpondsmaybeusedforthe
nursery of fry, but compartments in
cagesaremorecommon.Sizegrading
isamajormanagementcomponent.
Tilapia were first brought toBrazilin1953,butonlyoverthe
past decade has tilapia farming
growntocommercialscale.Since
1999,theindustryhasexpanded
atanaverageannualgrowthrate
of 18 percent. In 2009, the Brazilian
MinistryofFisheriesandAquaculturereported
thetilapiaharvestwas133,000metrictonnes.
Over the years, Brazilian farmers have used
a number of tilapia strains, starting withthe
Floridaredandmorerecentlythegenetically
maletilapia.Niletilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,Chitralada strain, brought from Thailand in
1995,hasestablisheditselfasthemainstrain
farmed in the country. Much of the tilapia
aquaculturetakesplaceinfloatingcagesnear
manyofBrazilscoastalareas.
Cage characteristicsBrazilholdsabout10millionhaoffreshwa-
ter in dams, rivers, lakes and man-maderes-
ervoirs.Floatingcageshavebecomethemost
popularsystemforrearingtilapiainBrazilin
areaswithsuitablewaterquality,flushingrates
andwaterdepth.
Tilapiacagesaresimpletobuild,inexpen-
sive(US$400fora6-m 3cage)andeasyto
manage. Cages are usually constructed with
rigidorflexiblenetsmadefromplastic-coated
galvanized steel, stainless steel or synthetic
fiberssuchaspolypropylene.
Steelnetsare more widespread,as they
better resist predatoryfish such as thepira-
nhas found in some inland areas in the
country. Cage frames are made from stain-
less steel or galvanized steel. Strong, long-
life,high-densitypolyethyleneframesareless
widely available and more costly, but have
becomethechoiceoffarmsthatoperatewith
medium-volumecages.
In sites close to shore, stationary cagesare spaced two to four metres apart in
groupsanddockedwithanchoringpolesfixed
inshore. Otherwise, submerged chains and
ropesattachedto concrete bottom weights
are used as mooring systems. To facilitate
daily management, many farms now adopt
walkways made from wood attached to
emptybarrelsorplasticcontainers.
Most cages used for tilapia rearing have
smallvolumesoffourto20m3.These
can be round or square in
shapewithheightsnotgreaterthantwo
metres.The
cages
can
safely operate with high stocking densities
(starting at 120 kg tilapia/m3) due to rapid
waterexchange.
Since much of Brazils tilapia sales are
domesticandretail,small-volumecagesallowthe harvest of fewer quantities of fish with-
out imposing stress on the greater stocked
population.Ascagesmovebeyond10m3in
volume with monthly harvests exceeding 10
metrictonnes,farmsrequireamoderatelevel
ofcapitalinvestmentandcashflow,andscale
harvests for consistent sales and production
flow.
Tilapia farms that operate with cages
beyond 300 m3 in volume are sometimes
vertically integrated from fingerling produc-
tion to fish distribution. They operate with
processing plants and sales contracts that
requiretheharvestoflargevolumesoftilapia
atatime.Inlarger-volumecages,finalstock-
ingdensitiesarereducedto60kgoffish/m 3.
Theyhavethedisadvantageofpoorflexibility
andmaneuverability,butontheotherhand,
canrepresentsignificantsavingsinlaborforce.
NurserySex-reversed tilapia are usually sold to
growoutfarmsasfrywithwetbodyweights
between0.2and0.5g.Athousandtilapiafry
cost US $30 to $45, depending on quality,
location and availability. When available at
shortdistances,somefarmerspreferacquiring
juvenile fish of 10- to 30g weight, althoughtheir prices may exceed $80/1,000 fish. At
this stage, fish mortality can be significantly
reducedandthegrowoutcycleshortened.
Earthenpondsmaybeusedforthenurs-
ery of Chitralada fry prior to stocking in
cages. However, cages equipped internally
withflexible5mmmeshnetsareusually
more common, as
they facilitate fish han-
dling and transfer to grow
out cages. In cages, it takes five
to eightweeks to grow 0.5g fryto 30g
juveniles,dependingonstocking density,feed
andwaterquality.
Size GradingTilapia growth can vary widely within the
samestock,especiallywhenthefisharesubject-edtohighdensity.Thisisinpartduetogenetic
differences, but also because of competitive
interactionsamongfish.Somefishoutcompete
othersforfeedandconsequentlygrowfaster.As
2
16 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Juy-Augus 2012
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aresult,sizegradingbecomesamajormanage-
mentcomponentoftilapiacagefarming.
When tilapia are transferred to different
cages,italsoallowsmovingthestocktoclean
unitswithlarger mesh sizes, whichpromotes
greaterwaterexchangewithintherearingunit.
From 5mm mesh sizes, 10g fish are usually
movedtocageswithmeshsizesofupto15
mm. Then 30to 200g tilapia areheldwithin
netsof15to25mmmesh.Themeshonnets
forfishlargerthan200gis25mmorwider.
Gradingfrequencydependsonanumber
of variables, including the targeted fish size
atharvest,numberofcagesavailableonsite,
stocksizevariation,degreeofprevalentstress
andhealth status of thestockedpopulation.
Many farmers target tilapia above 900g in
weight to achieve premium prices. For this
fishweight,gradingcanbecarriedouttwoto
threetimesinaproductioncycle(Figure1).
Duringtherainyseason,whenfishbecome
more susceptible to diseaseoutbreaks, there
isareductionintilapiastockingdensityaswellas grading frequency. When size grading is
adopted,finaltilapiabodyweightvariationcan
bereducedfrom40percentatinitialstagesto
about15 percent atharvest time.Tilapia are
oftensortedintofoursizecategories,withthe
smallest,mostchallengedfishremovedasearly
aspossiblesincetheirdelayingrowthcannot
berecoveredduringtheproductioncycle.Fish
areusuallysortedmanuallybyeye,butinlarge
operations,thisprocedurecanbemechanised.
Feeds, feedingCage-farmed tilapia in Brazil received
onlyextrudeddiets.Feedproteincontent,
pelletsizeandsuggestedfeedingratesmay
vary according to the feed manufacturer.
Fishfeedstendtobehighinproteincon-
tent at initia l stages and drop as fish attain
largersizes(Table1).Growoutandfinishing
feedsareusually32percentinproteincon-
tentandmayrepresentupto80percento f
allfeedingcostsatacagefarm.Feedcosts
to produce a one kilo tilapia can range US
$1.10-1.30/kg of fish harvested. As such,
feedmanagementiscriticaltotheeconom-
icsofacageoperation.
Todeterminemaximumrationsizes,farm-
ersusuallyfollowsuggestedratesfromcom-
mercial feeding tables. However, rations are
adjusted on a daily basis depending on fish
appetite. In small-volume cages, rations arenever delivered in full amounts. Initially, fish
canbefedonlyhalfofthecalculatedration.
Theremainderisofferedifthefirstrationis
fully consumed within 30 minutes after dis-
tribution.After thisperiod, uneatenfeed can
beoversaturatedwithwater,andtheheavier
pelletsexittheconfinedfeedarea,leadingto
feedloss.
Cageoperationsequippedwithwalkways
allowmoredetailedinspectionsoffeedcon-
sumption. They facilitate feed handling and
storage,andpromotefeeddeliverytoasoften
as eighttimes a day during grow out com-
pared to three times when distributed from
feedboats.Walkwaysalsoallowthecollection
offishdebrisandmorefrequentcleanupof
feedingringsornetcurtains.
PerspectivesTilapiacagefarmingwillcontinuetogrow
quickly in the years to come in Brazil to
reduce the increasing domestic deficit of
fisheries products in the country. Tilapia
are mostly marketed fresh and degutted at
weights of 700 to 900g. Farm gate prices
rangeUS$2.00-2.80/kg.
TodayagreatproportionofBrazilstilapia
production is consumed in the countryside,
butthefisharealsonowfoundinlargesuper-
market chains, restaurants and fish markets
all over the country. As capture fisheriescontinue to decline in Brazil and more city
residentslearntoappreciatetilapia,increasing
demandwillfurtherdrivenewentrepreneurs
intotilapiaaquaculture.Inthisnewscenario,
medium-size cages and more mechanised
practiceswillemergetokeeppacewithlarge-
scale production and more-efficient opera-
tions.
Juy-Augus 2012 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 17
EXPERTTPIC
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Tilapia genetic
strains and
hatchery
technologyby Eric Roderick
Tilapiaisadiversegroupofover100
species,butsurprisinglyonlyahandful
ofspeciesareculturedcommercially
andonlyonespecies,theNiletilapia,
Oreochromis niloticusaccountsfor95percentof
globalproduction.
Culture systemsrangefromsmall backyard
operationsproducingafewfishtosustainasmall
family, to huge agro-industrial units producing
over 20,000 metric tonnes annually. With the
rapidgrowth oftheglobaltilapiaindustryoverthe past 25 years, genetic improvement pro-
grammesenable a more profitableindustry to
benefitfromthe increasedpopularityof tilapia
asaglobalfoodcommodity.
From humble beginnings being farmed for
thePharaohsinAncientEgypt4,000yearsago,
the Aquatic chicken is now a very important
globally traded commodity with production
worldwideof3.23millionmetrictonnesin2011
andstillgrowing.
SupermalesMost commercial farms only grow male
tilapia,whichgrowmuchlargerandfasterthan
females. This was initially achieved through
manual hand-sexingofthefingerlings, anddis-
cardingthefemales,whichwaslabourintensive,
inconsistent, and wasteful. It was then found
that certain hybrids between different tilapia
species(O.niloticusandO.aureus)gaveveryhigh
percentmaleprogeny.Thedownsidewiththis
technique was that it required hatcheries to
holdtwoseparatestocksoftilapiaspecies,and
asthe purityof tilapiastocksdeteriorated,the
techniquebecameunviable.
Researchersthendiscoveredthattilapiafry,
whenfedmalesexhormonesforthefirstmonth
after hatching, were able to change sex, from
50-50maletofemaleratio,toratiosofalmost
100 percentmale fry. This isa highly variable
techniqueduetohormonepurityandoperator
experience.
One of the major challenges facing the
industryisthatuseofMethylTestosteronewill
bephasedout.Thisisovercomebythelatest
technologyto effectively provideall male fry -
theYYMaleTechnologydevelopedbyFishgen.
AftermanyyearsofresearchintheUKandin
the Philippines, Fishgen produced supermale
tilapiawhich hadtwoY chromosomesinsteadof the usual Y and X chromosome. Females
have two X chromosomes. These supermales
produceonlymalefryaddressingtheproblems
ofafuturebanonhormonalsexreversal.
Which strainDeciding on which commercial strain of
tilapia to use in a new tilapia project can be
daunting,andtherearemanycommercialstocks
availableglobally.Thefarmslocation canhave
a deciding influence as there are restrictions
on importation of some strains from somecountries, to minimise disease and biodiver-
sityissuesparticularlyinAfricawherethereare
manyuniqueendemicstrainsoftilapia,requiring
protectionfromcontaminationbythecareless
introductionofnewgeneticlines,whereescap-
eescouldinterbreedoroutcompetewiththe
pureendemicspecies.
The big fourThere are currently four main genetically
improved commercial lines that are globally
distributedandproventobefastgrowing.The
biggest genetic improvement programme wastheGIFTproject(GeneticallyImprovedFarmed
Tilapia) and the current stock was originally
producedfromeightstrainsof the NileTilapia
collectedfromAfricainthe1980s.
After extensive selective breeding pro-
grammescarriedoutinthePhilippinesbetween
1988and 1997by ICLARM(Now WorldFish
Center)incollaborationwithAKVAFORSK(The
InstituteofAquacultureResearchinNorway)a
new strain wasproduced anddistributedglo-
bally.WorldFishCenterhasmovedtoPenang,
Malaysia nowand thebreeding programme isstillcarriedonscientificallyandcommerciallyin
bothMalaysiaandthePhilippines.
The commercial rights to a recent GIFT
geneticlinewassoldtoGenomar(aNorweigian
Venture Capital Genetic Improvement com-
pany) a few years ago and is now marketed
globallyasGenomarSupremetilapia(GST)and
theprocessedfishasTRAPIA(traceabletilapia)
ensuringfullgenetictraceabilityoftheirproducts
to the food industry. Trapia is produced in
GenomarscagefarmsinlakesinMalaysiaand
mainlyexportedtotheUSA.
SincethesaleoftheGIFTlatestgeneticlines
to Genomar, the Philippines have carried on
with their own Genetic Improvements of the
GIFTlineandmarkettheGIFTExcellinenow.
Theselinesareallbasedontheoriginalgenetic
stockscollectedinAfricainthe1980s.
Anotherwell-known stock isthe Chitrilada
strainwhichisfarmedextensivelyinThailand.It
originatedasagifttotheKingofThailandbythe
EmperorofJapanin1965,andwasmaintained
as a pure line in the Royal Jitralada Palace in
Bangkokformanyyearsbeforebeingdistributed
throughout Thailand by the Thai Department
of Fisheries in 1967. Since then it has been
improved by selective breeding programmes
andisnowwidelyfarmedinSouthandCentralAmerica, particularly Mexico and Brazil. This
stockalsooriginatedfromEgypt.
The only other tilapia genetic line com-
merciallyusedextensivelyaround the world is
theYYSupermalestrain,developedbyFishgen
intheUK.ThisstockisalsobasedontheNile
Tilapia from Egypt, but the main difference
betweenthislineandalltheothersavailable,is
thatnohormonesarerequiredtosexreverse
thefry forgrowout,as theYY supermale has
beenspecificallybredtosireonlymaleoffspring.
Hatchery systemsTilapia hatchery systems are diverse with
costofconstructionandproductionoftilapiafry
varyingenormously, from basic pondhatcheries
in tropical countries costing almost nothing, to
expensivehigh-techbio-secure indoorrecircula-
tion systems. The low-cost breeding systems
utilise simple earth broodstock ponds, with a
shallowareaaroundtheedgewherethefryonce
releasedfromthefemalesmouth,tendtocon-
gregateintightshoalsandarecollectedwithlarge
dipnetsorsmallseinenets,onadailybasis.Larger
hatcheriesuselinedpondsinpoly-tunnelswhichgivebettertemperaturecontrol,biosecurityand
predatorprotection.Thefryareincubatedbythe
femalewhich islessefficientthanremoving the
fertilisedeggsfromthefemalesmouthandusing
artificialincubatorstohatchthefry.
Manyoftheworldslargesttilapiahatcheries
arein Asia, where75 percent ofglobaltilapia
productiontakesplace.TheyutiliseHapa-based
productionsystems,wherethebroodstockare
bredinlonghapas(netpens)andtheeggsare
harvested from the femalesmouth every five
days.Thisisdonebyopeningthebuccalcavityofthefemaleandgentlyrinsingtheeggsoutof
themouthintoabucket.
Global perspectiveWith globa lti lapiaproductions till grow-
3
18 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Juy-Augus 2012
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ing steadily, hatcheries are also
expanding to provide fry for the
grow-out farms and some of the
biggest hatcheries now have the
capability to produce one million
fryperday.
Atpresentthemaintilapiapro-
ducing countries are China, Egypt,
Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines,
Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico and
Honduras.Therearelargehatcher-
ies in all these countries but the
biggestfarmsareverticallyintegrated
units which produce their own fry
to minimise biosecurity issues and
ensuresupplyoffry.
RegalSpringsisoneoftheworlds
largest tilapia businesses, producing
over70,000metrictonnesin2010in
several countriesaroundthe world.
ACIinCostaRicaisoneofthelarg-
estindividualfarms.Bothcompanies
exportalltheirproductionasfreshfillets to the USA. Biomar is just
completingitsbrandnewhightech
feedmillveryclosetotheACIfarm
to meet the growing demand for
tilapiafeedinCentralAmerica.
Future marketsWith the tilapia market firmly
establishedandgrowingintheUSA
and globally, future challenges for
tilapiaproducers willbe tofind newmarkets
and to overcome stiff competition from
Pangasius species (Basa and Tra) import-
ed from Vietnam. This is especially true in
Europeanmarketswhichisstillseenasanew
highvaluemarketfortilapiaproducersaround
the world. Spain imports 20 percent of the
EUtotalandPoland33percentbuttheseare
mainlyfrozentilapiafromChinawithdemand
fuelledbythelowpricesreflectingthecurrent
economicdownturnthroughouttheEU.
Rapidly expanding importers of tilapia
are Russia and the Middle East, but as
China becomes far wealthier, consuming
moreofitsowntilapiadomestically,price
increasesandpossibleshortagesoftilapia
as an export commodity are possible.
Manycountriesarerampingupproduction
to fill this perceiv ed new dema nd. Thes e
areVietnam,Bangladesh,Brazil,Egyptand
Malaysia, where government support is
helpingtodrivethisnewwaveofexpan-
sions.Themaingrowthareasareinvalueaddedproductsparticularlyintheproduc-
ingcountriessoincreasingprofitability,and
filling new and growing markets. Tilapias
futureisrosy.
More InforMatIon:
Eric Roderick, FishGen
Tel: +44 7973 135609
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.fishgen.com
Juy-Augus 2012 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 19
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Feed
formulation
and feeding
strategies
for tilapiaby Ingrid Lupatsch, Centre for SustainableAquaculture, Swansea University, UK
Tilapia arenow theworlds second
mostpopulargroupoffarmedfish
after carp. Worldwideproduction
exceeded2.5milliontonsin2007
accordingtoFAOanddemandcontinuesat
asteadypace.
Tilapia are farmed worldwide in inland
aquaculture in various kinds of facilities and
production strategies. The majority is still
grown extensively in polyculture but more
andmoreintensivemonoculturesystemsarebeing usedwhere the manufactured feedis
theonlysourceofenergyandprotein.
Tilapiaareoftencalledtheaquaticchick-
en.Theirsuccessis attributedtoa tolerance
to wide ranges of temperature and salinity,
resistancetodisease,theirabilitytoreproduce
in captivity, and their capacity to grow well
at highstockingdensities, which makethem
feasible for farming under various culture
systems.
Tilapiaasherbivoresareperceivedtobe
moresustainableandwhilstfeedingonalowtrophic level, are able to convert low cost
feedintohighqualityprotein.Thereiscontin-
uedcriticismthatcarnivorousfisharethought
torequirehighlevelsofproteinin theirfeeds
(that are mostly supplied by fishmeal) while
most herbivores such as tilapia are fed
feedscontainingonly25to30percent
protein.Thisgivestheimpressionthat
herbivoresaremoreefficientconvert-
ersofproteinintogrowth.
However, expressing protein
requirement based solely on dietary
inclusion levels is incomplete if feed
intakeisnotconsidered.Proteinintake
istheproductoftheproteincontentof
the feed and the total amount of feed
consumed. As such the protein demand
perkilooffishproducedwillgiveaclearer
pictureoftheoverallefficiencyofthespecies
inquestion.
Generallyspeaking, in order to formulate
feeds for fish two main issues have to be
addressed:a)whataretherequirementsand
b) how can we cost-effectively meet those
requirements.
First,tilapia-likeallanimals-needenergy
andprotein.This seems trivial, butthe chal-
lengeistodeterminehowmuchenergyandproteinhastobesuppliedtoguaranteeopti-
malgrowthandmostefficientfeedutilisation.
Second, what are the sources of energy
and protein? Various potential feed ingredi-
entshavetobeevaluatedfortheirnutritional
value, chemical composition and their avail-
abilitytothefish.
Calculating requirementsNutrient requirements are general ly
definedforanimalsofa givenageandfora
specificphysiologicalfunction,suchasmainte-nance,growthorreproduction.Infishfarming
growth is one of the major goals. Growth
means depositionof newbodycomponents,
whichinfishconsistmainlyofproteinandlipid
besideswater.
The feed has to supply the material for
buildingnewtissue,butalsotheenergyneed-
edtodepositthenewgrowth.Inadditionto
these, energy and protein for maintenance
have tobe suppliedas well.Therefore,this
basiccalculationdictatesthattheenergyand
proteinrequirementofagrowingfishisthe
sumofitsneedsformaintenanceplusgrowth.The energy and protein requirement for
maintenance at a constant temperature is
primarily dependent onbodysize. Itis pro-
portionaltothemetabolicbodyweightinthe
formoftheequation,axBW(kg) b,whereais
aconstant,characteristicofacertainfishspe-
ciesatasettemperatureandbistheexpo-
nent of the metabolic weight which in fish
hasbeendeterminedasb=0.80(Lupatsch
etal.2003).
Therequirementforgrowthisdependent
onthe amount and the compositionof theweight gainincluding themetabolic coststo
depositnewgrowth.
Daily energy requirements per fish in
units of digestible energy can therefore be
expressedas:
Digestible energy needs (kJ) = a body weight
(kg)0.80 + c energy gain (kJ)
Where c = cost of production in units of dietary
energy to deposit energy as growth.
Thesameapproachisusedforthequan-
tification of protein, except for the use ofa different exponent of b = 0.70 for body
weightas determinedfor severalfishspecies
(Lupatsch et al. 2003, Lupatsch and Kissil,
2005).
Digestible protein needs (g) = a body weight
(kg)0.70 + c protein gain (g)
Where c = cost of production in units of dietary
protein to deposit protein as growth.
Using this approach energy and pro-
tein requirements are quantified as abso-
lute requirements per fish body mass andanticipated daily weight gain and only then
expressedasaninclusionlevelinthefeed.
The necessary parameters to obtain are
thusthefollowing:
Growth data and feed intakeAprerequisiteforestimatingfeedrequire-
ments of tilapia is to define its maximal
potentialforgrowth.Thismodellingrequires
growthdatafromtrials,wherefeedsupplyin
terms of energy and nutrients is not limiting
andoptimalgrowingconditionsaremet.Itisthoughnecessaryto definethese parameters
for different stocks or strains as different
selection programs result in faster growing
strainsofallmaleOreochromis niloticussuchas
forexampletheGIFTstrain.
4
20 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | Juy-Augus 2012
EXPERTTPIC
Figure 1: Energy requirements of
tilapia for maintenance and growth
(at 27C)
Figure 2: Protein requirements of
tilapia for maintenance and growth
(at 27C)
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Thefollowing equationsare all based on
trialscarriedoutinIsrael usingmalehybridof
O. niloticusxO. aureusatawatertemperature
of27C.
The equation defining the relationship
between daily weight gain and f ish size
appearsbelow:
Weight gain (g / fish / day) = 0.12 Body
weight (g) 0.547
Another prerequisite is an assessment
of the maximum voluntary feed intake, the
amountorbulkthatthefishisphysicallyable
toconsume,thisisneededtoadjusttheener-
gydensityand nutrientdensityofa potential
feed. The following relationship between
voluntaryfeedintakeandfishsizewasfound:
Feed intake (g / fish / day) = 0.15 Body
weight (g) 0.600
Composition of weight gain
Asa largeproportionof the energy andprotein consumedby the fish isretained as
growth,thecompositionofthegainisamain
factordeterminingthesubsequentenergyand
proteinrequirement.Whenmeasuringwhole
body composition of fish at increasing sizes,
each gram weight
gain is assumed to
equalthebodycom-
positionatacertain
size.
There is an
increase in energy
content with fish
size, whereas the
protein content
remains quite con-
stant at 160 mg/g
fish
Energy (kJ / g fish
) = 5.53 BW (g)0.055
Protein (mg / g fish
= 160.2)
Thefactthatpro-
tein content remains
quitestableandener-
gycontent is increas-
ingwithincreasingfishsizeistypicalformost
fish (Lupatsch 2009).
However, compared
to species such as
salmonorgiltheadsea
table 1: Protein and energy requirements of tiapia grown at 27C
Body weight, per fish 25g 150g 300g
Weight gain1, g / day 0.70 1.86 2.72
nergy requirement
Dmaint2, kJ /fish /day 2.90 12.17 21.18
Dgrowth3, kJ/fish /day 7.42 21.81 33.11
Dm+g4, kJ /fish /day 10.32 33.98 54.29
Protein requirement
DPmaint5, g /fish /day 0.048 0.170 0.276
DPgrowth6, g/fish /day 0.238 0.634 0.926
DPm+g7, g /fish /day 0.286 0.803 1.202
DP/D ratio g/MJ8 27.7 23.6 22.1
1Predicted weight gain for tilapia at 27C
2DE required for maintenance: 55.5 x BW (kg) 0.80
3DE required for growth: (weight gain x body energy) x 1.61 (costof production)
4DE required for maintenance and growth
5DP required for maintenance: 0.64g x BW (kg) 0.70
6DP required for growth: (weight gain x body protein) x 2.13 (costof production)
7DP required for maintenance and growth
8Dietary DP/DE ratio for optimal protein utilisation
Juy-Augus 2012 | InternAtIonAl AquAFeed | 21
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bream, tilapia can be catego-
risedasaleanfish,afactwhich
intheendwillaffectthedietary
proteintoenergyratio.
Maintenancerequirementsand efficiency
To determine the main-
tenance requirement as well
as the relationship between
weight gain and feed intake,
groups of tilapia are fed
increasinglevelsoffeedswitha
knowndigestibleenergy(DE)anddigestiblepro-
tein(DP)content.Feedinglevelsincludedazero
group(nofeed)uptomaximumvoluntaryintake
atapointwhenthefishrefusedtoeatmore.
Figure1demonstratesthattherelationship
betweendailyDEconsumed(x)andenergy
retained(y)islinearandcanbedescribedby
thefollowingequation:
y = - 34.4 + 0.62 x
TheDE(kJ)requirementformaintenance(no
energygainorloss)canbefoundwherethey-axis
is zero. According to the equation above, the
maintenancerequirementperdaywouldamount
to34.4/0.62=DEmaint=55.5kJ(kg)0.80.
TheslopeofthelineinFig.1isameasure
for the efficiency of energy utilization for
growth. For tilapia this amounts to 0.62, or
in other words, 62 percent efficiency. The
reciprocal value1/0.62 = 1.61 isa measureforthecostofproductioninunitsofDE(kJ)
todepositoneunitofenergy(kJ)asgrowth.
Requirementforproteincanbeobtainedina
similarmanner(Fig2).Therelationshipbetween
proteinintake(x)and proteingain(y) referring
toametabolicbodyweightofkg0.70isasfollows:
y = - 0.30 + 0.47x
MaintenancerequirementDPmaint(g)=0.64
BW(kg)0.70andadditionally2.13unitsofDP
(g) are needed to
deposit one unitof protein (g) as
growth.
Practicalapplication
Hence, with
the parameters
obtained energy
and protein
requirements
for tilapia can be
cal cul ated a ndadaptedtochang-
ing conditions for
the duration of
a growth period
(Table1).
Ingredient evaluationand feed formulation
Asmentionedbefore,oncetherequirements
areknown,variouspotentialfeedingredientshave
tobeevaluatedfortheirnutritionalvalue,chemical
compositionandtheiravailabilitytothefish.Table
2 provides nutrientcompositionincludingdigest-
ibilitydataofseveralingredientsthatarecommonly
usedinaqua-feeds(Sklanetal.2004).
Table 3 describes two potential feeds
thatcouldbeformulatedfromcommercia lly
available ingredients. The feedsdescribe a
30 percent protein feed, commonly used
intilapiafarminganda40percentprotein
feed.
The full amount of protein consumed by
tilapia isa function ofthequantityof feed and
the protein content of that feed. As the daily
requirementsforproteindonotchange,thefeed
amountfedhastobehigherwhenofferingthe
lowproteinfeed(Table4),whichwillresultinan
increasedFCR.Inthiscaseonehastoconsider
thecostofgrowingonekgoffishandnotjustthecostper1kgoffeed.
The results presented here indicate, that
herbivores such as tilapia do not utilise pro-
tein more efficiently than other fish species
(Lupatsch, 2009), but their advantage might
be,thattheycouldbefedlowerproteindiets
astheyareabletoconsumehigheramounts
offeedcomparedtocarnivores.Thisfacthas
beenhighlighted by Lupatsch andKissil, 2005
whilstcomparingwhitegroupertogiltheadsea-
bream.However,itisimportanttorecognize
thateventilapiamightreachtheirphysicallimitstoconsumeallthefeedtoacquiretheprotein
neededformaximumgrowthespeciallyatthe
juvenilestages(Table4).
Usingthisapproachtoquantifyingenergy
andproteindemandsin tilapia, it is possible
toestimatethebiologicalandeconomicaleffi-
ciencyofdifferentfeedsandculturesystems.
References
Lupatsch,I.,Kissil,G.Wm.andSklan,D.(2003).
Definingenergyandproteinrequirementsof
giltheadseabream(Sparusaurata)tooptimize
feedsandfeedingregimes.TheIsraeliJournalof
Aquaculture-Bamidgeh,55(4),243-257.
Sklan,D.,Prag,T.andLupatsch,I.(2004).Apparent
digestibilitycoefficientsoffeedingredientsand
theirpredictionindietsfortilapiaOreochromis
niloticusOreochromis aureus(Teleostei,Cichlidae).
AquacultureResearch,35,358-364
Lupatsch,I.andKissil,G.Wm.(2005).Feed
formulationsbasedonenergyandprotein
demandsinwhitegrouper(Epinephelusaeneus).
Aquaculture,248,83-95.
Lupatsch,I.(2009)Quantifyingnutritional
requirementsinaquaculturethefactorial
approach.In:Newtechnologiesinaquaculture:
improvingproductionefficiency,qualityand
environmentalmanagement.BurnellG.andAllan
G.(Eds).WoodheadPublishing,Cambridge,p
417-439.
table 3: Proposed feed formuations for two setsof commercia feeds ow protein and high protein(for ease of presentation vitamins, mineras and othersuppements are considered under others).
Feedlow
proteinHigh
protein
Ingredients (g kg-1)Fish mea 100 200
Corn-guten 100 160
Soybean mea 120 160
apeseed mea 120 130
Sunfower mea 120 130
Wheat mea 180 70
Corn mea 140 70
Pant oi - 50
thers 120 30
stimated composition ( per kg as fed)
Dry matter (DM), g 920 920
Crude protein, g 298 405
Gross energy, MJ 16.9 19.7
Crude ipid, g 29 87
sh, g 72 77
Carbohydrates, g 521 351
Digestibe energy (D), MJ 11.9 15.3
Digestibe protein (DP), g 263 363
DP / D ratio, g / MJ 22.1 23.7
table 4: Proposed feeding tabe for tiapia and expected FC whi