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HISTOLOGY:
THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
PATHOLOGY: THE STUDY OF DISEASE and THE MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN
INJURY, DEATH,
REPAIR, ADAPTATION:
ACCUMULATIONS, ATROPHY, HYPERTROPHY,
HYPERPLASIA, METAPLASIA
INFLAMMATION
NEOPLASIA
HISTOLOGY:
THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
Derivatives of the three germ layers:
Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm
---Epithelium
---Connective Tissue
---Neural
EPITHELIUM:
comprised of cells that cover the exterior surface of the body,
and line both the internal closed cavities of the body,
and those body tubes that communicate with the exterior
--alimentary, respiratory, genitourinary
Can be impervious (epidermis or bladder) , secretory (stomach),
absorptive (intestines), be a transport system(trachea),
or receive sensory stimuli (taste buds of the tongue)
Epithelium is attached to its underlying connective tissue by
basement membrane
SQUAMOUS AND TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
BLADDER
Human skin Mouse skin
Mouse skin
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
Small intestine with villiMucin stain showing goblet cells
Colon with NO villiMucin stain showing goblet cells
Epithelial cells (continued--mouse tissues)
LiverKidney glomerulus/tubules
PancreasLung
CONNECTIVE TISSUES:
---CELLS:
-fibroblasts
-adipose cells
-undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
-cells of the hematopoietic system
---EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX:
-EXTRACELLULAR FIBERS:
-collagen fibers
-reticular fibers
-elastic fibers
-GROUND SUBSTANCE :
-proteoglycans
-hyaluronic acids
- TISSUE FLUIDMUSCLE, CARTILAGE AND BONE
Trichrome stain for collagen
Silver stain for supporting reticulin fibers
TYPES OF MUSCLE: Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal
Cardiac: striations + central nuclei
Skeletal: striations + eccentric nuclei
Smooth: central nuclei
Non-epithelial tissues (continued)
Bone/cartilage
Spleen
Brain-hippocampus and ventricle Cerebellum
HISTOCHEMISTRY
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION
USE OF HISTOCHEMISTRY TO DETECT DIFFERENCES IN BONE AND CARTILAGE FORMATION
USE OF HISTOCHEMISTRY TO DETECT DIFFERENCES DETECTED ON ROUTINE H&E STAINS
H&E
TRAP stain for osteoclasts
Use of AlcianBlue/PAS to detect differences in Mucin content within Brunner’s glands of duodenum
Silver stain (GMS) to detect presence of fungal hyphae in tissue x200
Gram’s stain to detect bacteria in tissue (oil immersion x1000)
USE OF HISTOCHEMISTRY TO DETECT INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS
Luxol Fast Blue for myelinFontana-Masson for melanocytes
MORE EXAMPLES OF HISTOCHEMISTRY
Folded artefact Cracked tissue artefact
Knife mark + folded arterfact
HISTOLOGY:
THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
PATHOLOGY: THE STUDY OF DISEASE and THE MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN
INJURY, DEATH,
REPAIR, ADAPTATION:
ACCUMULATIONS, ATROPHY, HYPERTROPHY,
HYPERPLASIA, METAPLASIA
INFLAMMATION
NEOPLASIA
METAPLASIA: (one cell type is replaced by another cell type: cigarette smoking induced change of bronchial epithlelial cells to squamous, Barrett’s esophagitis--where the squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium)
CELL INJURY: reversible or irreversible if prolonged
Due to: oxygen deprivation--ischemic ( no blood flow) , mechanical trauma (burns), chemical agents (acetaminophen) , infectious agents, immunologic reactions, genetic defects, nutritional imbalances etc.
INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATIONS: fatty change of liver cells in alcoholism or obesity, glycogen deposits in diabetes, accumulation of pigments like iron after hemorrhage
CELL DEATH: necrosis (occurs from the progressive degradative action of
enzymes on the lethally injured cells) apoptosis: -programmed destruction of cells
during embryogenesis-hormone dependent involution in the adult - cell deletion in proliferating cell populations,
immune cells, tumors, etc.
HYPERPLASIA: An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, which may then have an increased volume.
Physiologic hyperplasia: Proliferation of mammary glandular epithelium at pregnancy, compensatory hyperplasia of the liver after partial hepatectomy
HYPERTROPHY: An increase in size of cells and thus an increase in the size of the organ
eg: physiologic hypertrophy of uterus during pregnancy, hypertrophy of the cardiac muscle in hypertension or valvular disease, hypertrophy of skeletal muscles due to heavy exercise
ATROPHY: a shrinkage in the size of the cells due to
-a decreased work load ( when a limb is immobilized in a plaster cast)
-loss of innervation
-diminished blood supply
-loss of endocrine stimulation
-aging
INFLAMMATION AND REPAIR
Is a protective response, where the goal is to rid the body of the initial cause of injury and the consequences
ACUTE: relatively short duration. There is an alteration of blood vesels such that there is an exudation of fluid and plasma proteins, with an emigration of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils, into the focus of injury.
CHRONIC: is of longer duration and is associated with the accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophages and allowing the repair process to occur, using angiogenesis and/ or fibrosis.
Red blood cells
(rbcs)
Hematopoietic cells
Erythroid MegakaryocytesLeukocytes
platelets
mast cells
Granulocytes
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
(polymorphonuclear PMNs)
Myeloid
Monocytes
dendritic cells macrophages
B cells T cells NK cells
Plasma cells
Myelo-monocytic Lymphoid
Gr-1
F480
Mac-1
CD41
CD3B220
NEOPLASIA: new abnormal growth
A neoplasm “ is a abnormal purposeless mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues, and which persists in the same excessive manner after cessation fo the stimuli which evoked the change”
Tumor= swelling. Benign tumor -- no infiltration into surrounding tissue. Malignant tumor = cancer
Cancer is the common term for all malignant tumors. Cancer derives from the Latin term crab presumably because it “ adheres to any part that it seizes in an obstinate manner like the crab”
Robbins and Kumar textbook of Pathology description of the process of malignant progression and metastasis
Benign tumors: fibroadenomas, polyps of the colon, lipomas
CARCINOMAS:
-Malignant tumors of epithelial cells
-well differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated
-squamous carcinomas
- adeno-carcinomas
alveolar
papillary
tubular
(anaplastic, undifferentiated, large cell, small cell)
(hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma)
SARCOMAS: Malignant tumors of supporting tissue
-chondrosarcomas--cartilage
-osteosarcomas--bone
-hemagiosarcomas--blood vessel
-gliomas (astrocytoma, glioblastoma)
-lymphomas
-melanomas
-rhabdomyosarcomas
-leiomyosarcomas
-fibrosarcomas
-seminoma, teratoma, etc.
Teratoma has multiple tissue types
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY is an important adjunct to histopathologic evaluation
Epithelium: Keratins
--pan-keratin
and antibodies to keratins of different molecular weights
Supporting connective tissues:
--Vimentin--fibroblasts, blood vessels
--vWF, CD31 (PECAM)-- endothelial cells of blood vessels
Hematopoeitic tissues: CD45, B220, CD3, F480, Mac-1, Gr-1, CD41
Muscle: desmin, smooth muscle actin
Neural: GFAP, NeuN, F480/Mac-1, MBP, NSE, S100
Hormones: specific antibodies--insulin, casein, etc.
Germ cells: alpha-feto protein (teratomas)
Proliferation markers-Ki-67