LITERATURE ON BEHAVIOUR DISORDERS AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR (1998-2002)

: A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

Mmtet of

iCibrani anb Snfotrmatian ^tience (2002-2003)

By

GHAUSIA E«mRollNo.220

CIntRollNa. 02 l.SM-20 EnrMitwntNo M-03ei

Under the Supervision of

MR. NAUSHAD ALI P.M. (Sr. LECTURER)

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY & INFORMATION SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSUM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH (INDIA)

2003

DS3352

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. ^ , Ms^oi Univ* .v<l^

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Fed n Go^iipnte:'

[/[/kom ^ kai/e atu/aud rouyici

otluatlna yvie at euem step

dince mu ckildkooa

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND

INFORMATION SCIENCE

'EPBX : 700916, 20-23, 26 Ext. 193/4 Phone Direct : 700039

Res.: 708551,702165 Fax : 91-0571-400528, 401221

Email '• Ist01mqz@amu.up.nic.in

Ref. No.

Dated <^ml.A

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Ms. Ghausia, bearing Roll No. 02 LSM-20,

has completed her dissertation entitled "Literature on Behaviour

Disorders and Antisocial Behaviour (1998-2002): A Bibliometric

Study", under my supervision in partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the award of the degree of Master of Libj-ary and Information

Science (2002-2003).

I deem it fit for submission.

(NAUSHAD ALI, P.M.) Senior Lecturer

^Mcrinowledaement

Jy-fi tlie name of ^^llak tke modt vjenehcerd ana ulercitu.1 ^^11

j-^taise ii due to _yvuan Uaala tke lord of tke world, ^int and foremost ^

ivoutd tike to place mu et/erladtina aratitude to Ljod, trie ^^Im-iaktu tke modt

Lneuotent wL LdoweJ upon me all tL neceidaru itrenatk and enerau

reauired tor tke timelu completion at tkid diiiertatlon.

J/^ tkank mu lord for aiuina m^ nice parenti u/kode loi/e, dacrif-icei and

sustained efforts enal?led me to acquire knou/ledae. lA/katec/er ^ am todau, it

is because of tlveir pramrS, lovina care sincere endeauours. Jr cannot aive

tliem anutkina in return except a keart full of love, affective (jf deep reverence.

WorJs are too leSS to express mu deep Sense of aratitu de to Wr.

r/auskad ..^li, f-^. in., Senior cU.ecturer, under u/koSe Supervision tL Id

dissertation waS undertaken, ^ t was a areat opportunitu to work under kis

Supervision. ^\eenlu interested in tke Successful completion of mu wortz, ke

Itelped me etfectivelu durina tke course of tke studu tkrouak kis expert

auidance, valuable counselling and critical SuaaestionS. intact k

cooperation, Sumpatketic and inipirina attitude and tke timelu assisL

areatlu facilitated tke accompliskment of tkis dissertation work.

Jr paij mu special tkanks to [ rof. .J^kaoakai .J4uAain, L^k

department oj^ cLil>rari^ and Jrnform^tion J^cience, kis unabridaed support,

valuable Suggestions and providina neceSSaru facilities tkat made it possible to

claim tL accuracu of tkis work

us Sincere

ance

lairm-an.

nlu sincere tkanki go the rl'lr. ^ . ffluitafa ^\.(aj. 2—aidi, Keader

cjx' ^ormer-L^kairman of tke .UJepartment, for kid cooperatiue Cv kelpful

nature.

^ jfeel greatfu t to mij diitin^uidked teackeri Vl/liii S^udkarma

.^J4arlaaian, rrlr. I If I. irlaioom. rCaza, I If In. i I'likat ^atima ana <Jjr.

fr/entab ^^lam, lecturers, wrto aaue me important 6uggeition5 and m^rat

Support.

Jr am tkankful to mu deminar inckarge rrli'. r\iaz ^^boad and tke

ieminar inckarge tJjeptt. of j-^6uckologu irlr. rrjokd rrlaiazut .^v^aque.

I'm kum.bie feetingd of gratitude are alio due to mu brotkeri frlr,

^ ^ y v J ' C s / ..^ti and rrlr. vDitat ^J4u6ain, listen, (^Ca66mate6 senior

edpecialiu irlunawwer Vj>kal and mu uounger sister and friend ^ouzia and

cousin ^ram and mu friends S^aima, Jatat, S^walika and J^eem,u.

Jr am tkankful to ail tkoSe wko di^f^^t^^ or indirectlu keiped m,e in tL

completion of tkis dissertation.

cJ~a6t but not tke least Jr am, aiSo tkankfui to rrfr. r jaSruddin and

Ifilr. ^akkre .^lam, for devoting muck time in taping tkis dissertation witk

utmxfst care.

CHAPTER-I

CHAPTER-II

CHAPTER-III

CHAPTER-IV

CHAPTER-V

CHAPTER-VI

CONTENTS

Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial Behaviour

Bibliometrics

Bibliometrics: Objectives & Methodology

Data Analysis , Interpretation & Presentat ion

Application of Bibliometric Laws

Conclusion & Implications

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PAGE No.

1-32

33-58

59-66

67-106

107-114

115-121

122

LIST OF TABLES

Page No.

I Geographical scattering of 68 items

2. Ranking of Authors 72

3. Authorship pattern 89

4. Language-wise distribution 92

5. Form-wise distribution 94

6. Year-wise distribution 96

7. Ranking of Journals 99

8. Subject-wise distribution 105

9 Bradford's Table 108

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

Page No.

I Country-wise Literary output 70

2. Authorship Pattern 90

3. Language-wise distribution 93

4. Bibliographic form of Literature 95

5. Year-wise distribution 97

6. Subject-wise distribution 106

7 Bradford's Bibliograph 111

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Jiielinmonr Ajisnracris nnd Jlntixccial^lielin

BEHAVIOUR DISORDERS AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOUR

0. Introduction:

When we think of Behaviour Disorders, we are likely

to think of extreme, spectacular examples because, as in

other fields it is the bizarre and the sensational that

commands attention. Examples of mental Disorders that we

have heard or read about are apt to be extreme cases that

isolated and lumped together, give us a 'Chamber-of horror

picture of Behaviour Disorders rather than truer picture, in

which less spectacular minor maladjustment's are far more

common. Popular present day beliefs about Behaviour

Disorders thus tend to be based on atypical and

unscientific descriptions. Partly this has been inevitable

because it is only recently that scientific research methods

have been turned to an understanding of Behaviour

Disorders.

Behaviour Disorders have for good reason been

designated the country's number one Health problem. This

does not mean that effective personality adjustment is

impossible in modern life. It does mean however, that many

of us encounter serious difficulties in dealing with life's

problems particularly problems centering around intimate

1

JDehaBwiir disorders and Jlntisocial Jjcha

personal relationships and the search for values

contributing to a meaningful and fulfilling way of life. Thus

the study of Behaviour Disorders may be of great help in

fostering personal adjustment and growth and in reducing

the great tool of misery and lost productivity that mental

Disorders are exacting in our society.

1. Definitions:

According to, "Webster's illustrated contemporary

Dictionary"

1.1 Behaviour:

The total response motor and glandular, which an

organism makes to any situation with which it is faced.

1.2 Disorder:

Disorder refers to a disease or lack of organization or

meaningful relation among phenomena.

3. Types:

1. Alcoholism

2. The Neuroses and Hysteria's

3. Childhood and Adolescent Schizophrenia and infantile

Autism

Jbeliainonr JJisordcrs ana JLnlisccial Jjclui

4. The Affective Disorders

5. Aggression and violence

6. Mental retardation

7. Developmental Disorders

3.1 Aicohoiism:

Alcoholism means the abuse of alcohol. The person

who abuses alcohol behaves like Jekyll-hyde (split

personality). This destroys the social bonds. This is the

problem facing many of the western developed countries.

The drinking of alcohol can be divided into four types.

(1) Ornamental community symbolic drinking, builds

solidarity e.g. are drinking during ceremonies and by

families during meals.

(2) Facilitative drinking, simplifies the integration of

individual into the society, this may sometimes

release hostile or other disturbing impulses.

(3) Assuagement drinking, the deprived people drink to

their agony and they are unsatisfied to drinking.

(4) Retaliative drinking, these people hate the society.

Since it has not given them rewards and recognition,

they deserve. Thus, most of time is self-destructive.

3

JOehaoiour JJisorders and Jlnlisoclat Jjelia

The alcohol abused may experience the memory

lapses, hand-overs, though the individual patterns vary

greatly. According to Jellinek the alcoholism can be

classified into alpha, a purely Psychological effects; Beta,

alcoholism may lead to physical complications like liver

diseases; gamma in which the alcohol rules over the

individual and delta, the individual cannot pass a single day

without drinking.

Chronic alcoholism causes long-term physiological

and Behavioural symptoms.

Treatment:

No single treatment can be used to work for

alcoholics. Most often, the patients must be treated for

alcohol intoxication before alcoholism. They may need

anticonvulsant drugs and sedative compounds to prevent

seizures and delirium tremens. The complete recovery from

intoxication may take a week or longer. The psychotherapy

of the alcoholics can be done by using variety of

Behavioural techniques, including assertiveness training

and monitoring.

JOehaoiour JJisoraers ana yin/isociai Jjelta

Individual therapy or couple/ family therapy may be

used group therapy has a more potential in the situation of

loneliness, alienation and self-punishment.

The best way of treatment for alcoholics is by helping

ohe another. This system is used by Alcoholics Anonymous.

This method works fine by admitting that the alcoholics is

responsible for the situation and they will help each other

in controlling the drinking habit.

Various Behaviour modification techniques have been

used for treatment of alcoholics. It first does a

deconditioning procedure to eliminate the undesired

Behaviour of drinking. Varieties of substitutes are supplied.

This method treats the alcoholics in a different way by

modifying or removing the deviant aspects. By adopting

and sustaining new non-drinking pattern and intervening in

the patients life to create a new phase of life this resolves

the old conflicts and treats the alcoholics.

The person who recovers from alcoholism are mostly

sober and they can be treated of disulfiram, a substance

that interferes with alcohol metabolism and increases the

blood level of acetaldehyde.

Jtjeliaoioar uJisorders ana Jlnlisocial Jjehc

3.2 The Neuroses and Hysterics:

A neurosis is one of the charcteristics of anxiety. The

reaction to anxiety is often self-defeating which leads Xo

neuroses. Each failure of the defences reinforces the

defence Behaviour and the neurotic feels increasingly

powerless and inadequate. In neuroses, the individuals

personal growth is always retarded. The neurotic pattern

varies with the order in which the defence against anxiety

succeeds. So there are various defences of neuroses and

the diagnosis. They are:

(a) Anxiety Disorders:- in which the defence mechanism

especially separation are functioning inadequately.

The anxiety attacks are marked by episodes of

extreme apprehension and restlessness accompanied

by hearth palpitation and sweating. Because of the

subjective symptoms, the individual expresses

concern about coronary or other Semitic problems.

(b) Depressive Disorders:- in which one's defences are

also inadequate for coping with basic conflicts and the

consequence is anxiety. The effect of this is often

inward or on self. It manifests by sadness, dejection

and agitation. The depressed person has a feeling of

JOehaeiour u)isoraers ana ylnlisocial Jjeha

guilt, discouragement, worthlessness and

unhappiness.

(c) Obsessive-compulsive Disorders:-obsessions are

persistent intrusions of unwelcome thoughts.

Compulsions are irresistible urges to execute certain

acts or rituals. Compulsive acts may range from the

mild kind of superstitions Behaviour to the elaborate

and time consuming rituals.

(d) Phobic Disorders:- This is an excessive fear of

certain kinds of situations in the absence of real danger, or

fears that are totally out of proportion to the amount of

danger that a situation may Involve. The list of objects or

situations that can evolve phobic reactions is endless;

some of the more common are fear of closed places

(claustrophobia) fear of high places (acroPhobic), fear of

crowds (OcholoPhobia), fear of animals (Zoophobia) and

fear of the dark (nyctophobia). Many Phobias can be traced

to an earlier traumatic or frightening experience.

Hypochondriasis:- Hypochondria's believe they are about

to contract or actually suffering from a disease. This is

their perception of mind. They complain of aches and pains

in the chest radiating down the arms.

Jjehaolour disorders and ytnlisDcial JHeha

Hysteria:- The Behaviours of hysterias include everything

from severely incapacitating paralyses to sleep walking.

There are two types of hysterias conversion and

dissociative. In conversion hysteria, the physical symptoms

appear without any underlying organic cause, the symptom

includes blindness, deafness, paralysis of a limb etc.

In dissociative hysteria, there is a change in the state

of consciousness and identity. Four major types of

dissociation are somnambulism, fugue, amnesia and

multiple personality.

Treatment:

The treatment to Neuroses and hysteria may vary

from Psychotherapy, Behaviour therapy to Physical

treatments. The individual psychotherapy is commonly

used. Other Psychotherapy methods are deep therapy,

insight therapy, etc.

In Behaviour therapy modification of unwanted

Behaviour by Paying particular attention to understanding

the conditions in the environment that maintain and

perpetuate maladaptive responses.

The physical treatments range from using

tranquillising drugs to electroshock therapy.

8

JOehamoiir jjlsorders and JlnUsocial JUeliacU

3.3 Childhood and Adolescent Schizophrenia and

Infantile Autism:

Childhood and Adolescent Schizophrenia is not

marked by hallucinations and delusions. The main features

are withdrawal, inability to distinguish between fantasy and

reality disturbance in emotional attachments to people,

bizarre Behaviour and preoccupation with morbid thoughts

or interests. Some of the other features are, unexplained

panics, illogical rage reactions, extreme instability of mood,

ritualistic and repetitive Behaviour, peculiar posturing and

a question like melody in the speech and in severe cases,

biting and hitting, head banging and other forms of self-

mutilation.

Infantile Autism is a rare disturbance, which starts in

the early part of life and has a distinctive pattern of

Behaviour. The Behaviour pattern is bizarre, repetitive,

stereotyped, stimulus seeking.

Treatment: The prognosis for Autism is not good for

conventional therapy. Psychotherapy yields limits with the

child later developing child schizophrenia. Behaviour

therapy is also used. Social Behaviour of Autistic children

JOehaoloiir Jjisorders and jlnlisoclal JOehu

could be modified by skinnerian operant conditioning

techniques.

Recently computer-aid treatment method for non-

speaking Autistic children has been devised.

Childhood Schizophrenia:

Childhood schizophrenia grows out of infantile Autism.

The onset of schizophrenia is usually adolescence. The

precursor Behaviours are interpersonal difficulties, day

dreaming, and withdrawal from work, personal neglect, and

a tendency toward anti-social acting-out

The schizophrenic has the following characteristics

Bizarre cognition. Bizarre action, schizoid withdrawal,

emotional detachment and poor emotional control.

Treatment:

The recovery from childhood and adolescent is not so

encouraging.

3.4 The Affective Disorders:

The affective Disorders are the disturbances of mood

or feeling. Depression and mania are the two examples of

this Disorders.

10

Jiehaoionr UJisoraers and Jlulisocial JDeluw

Depression:

The Psychotic depression is distinguished by a

depressive mood attributable to some experience. The

depressive person's characteristics are unhappy,

pessimistic guilty feeling neglect of personal appearance,

loss of appetite, suicidal thoughts etc.

The depression is classified into:

(a) Reactive and indigenous depression.

(b) Bipolar and unipolar depression.

Reactive depression is the reaction to external events,

they are less responsive to physical therapies. Whereas

endogenous depression is response to some yet unknown

internal process. They respond to drugs and shock

treatment.

A person suffering a bipolar depression alternates

between depressive and manic episodes. A unipolar

depression is characterised by several depressive episodes

but no manic episodes.

A person with a hidden depression has physical

complaints but masked depression. There is no organic

11

jtiehaciour JjisorJers and Jlnlisocial Jjeha

cause for the physical symptoms; they often take recourse

to alcohol or drug to relieve their distress.

Chronic depression is characterised by a disturbance

that persists for two or more years.

Manic depressive Psychosis:

The word mania means madness. The symptoms

associated with manic Disorders are: euphoria, heightened

psychomotor activity and flight of ideas. Other features are

irritability, inflated self-esteem, and decreased need for

sleep and expansiveness.

Manic speech is loud, rapid and difficult to

understand, they have theoretical, rhetorical mannerism.

Treatment:

The prognosis of this Disorders is highly good. Most

of the times they recover spontaneously without a therapy.

The traditional psychotherapy is useless for these

Disorders. Behaviour therapy is promising psychotically

depressed and older chronic patients are treated with

electroshock therapy and found useful in 90% of cases.

Drug therapy is a recommended mode of treatment for

manic-depressives. Tranquillizers (chlorpromazine) and

1 2

JUeliaoioiir UJiscracrs and Jlnlisocial Jjeha

anti-depressant drugs (tafranill, pornate) are used. For

manic patients lithium carbonate is found to be more

promising.

Threat of suicide is constantly present among the

affectively disordered. This is treated by suicide prevention

therapy.

3.5 Aggression and violence:

Aggression can mean violence, assertiveness,

hostility or anger. The original meaning of aggress is "to

step forward" and it can be divided into benign (helpful)

and malignant (hurtful).

Freud viewed aggression as an instinct. The energy of

the death, instinct builds up within the organism until it

must be discharged, either outwardly through overt

aggression or inwardly in the form of self-destructive acts.

Lorenzian model suggests that the human animal is

innately destructive. In lower forms of animal life, innate

aggression is a life saving mechanism, allowing an animal

to defend itself from attract. His prescription for a more

peaceful society includes safe outlets for aggression,

broadening our view of territory to include more people and

recognising the stimuli that are releasers for aggression. 13

JSehaoiour Jjisorders and Jlntisocial UJCIID

The frustration aggressionly hypothesis assumes that

thwarting a person's efforts to reach a goal induces an

aggressive drive, which in turn motivates Behaviour

designed to injure the person or object causing the

frustration. Aggression is the dominant response to

frustration, but other responses can occur if aggression has

been punished in the past.

Social learning theory rejects the notion of aggression

as an instinct or frustration produced drive and proposes

that aggression is no different from any other learned

response. It can be learned through observation or

imitation, and the more often it is reinforced the more likely

it is to occur.

Neurological model proposes the aggression is a

result from the failure of certain brain centres to develop

properly because of inadequate sensory stimulation during

formative years.

Control of aggression:

Whatever type of hypothesis one favours, aggression

and violence must be controlled. One of the penalties for

aggression to hospitalisation, but it increases in these

places.

14

nciour Jjlsoraers ana Jinlisocial JHelin

The therapy, which is not designed to modify specific

target Behaviour, will not have any effect on aggression.

The therapeutic approach should be Behaviour therapy with

the focus to specific target (aggression) would be

successful.

Psychosurgery and pharmacotherapy has also been

tried. But later stereotoxic surgery is used. In stereotoxic

surgery tiny electrodes introduced at specific sites are used

destroy very small number of cells precisely.

The control of aggression is done by using both major

(phenothiazlnes) and minor tranquillizers. (Brenzo

diazepines) For children with hyperkinesis, psychomotor

stimulants (am phetamines and methylphenidate) is used

with controversial results.

3.6 Mental Retardation:-

Mental Retardation is defined as significantly sub

average general intellectual functioning existing

concurrently with deficits in adaptive Behaviour and

manifested during the developmental period. The diagnosis

of Mental retardation is characterised by low intelligence

and poor social adaptiveness. Normally these symptoms

15

Jjeliaoiour JJisorJers and ylnlisocint JiJclia

occur at the early part of life. There can be four levels of

mental retardation mild, moderate, severe and profound.

People in Mild Mental retardation occasionally show

signs of physical deformity or brain pathology. They can

perform useful work in a sheltered work situation. Many are

quick ward, poorly co-ordinated, physically deformed

severe Mental Retardation. These people are sensory,

motor, and speech handicaps, but with training many can

accomplish minimal amounts of self-care and personal

hygiene.

Profound Mental retardation people have severe

physical and neurological abnormalities.

Treatment:-

The treatment of choice for mentally retarded is

institutionalisation. Personal adjustment depends on

interpersonal skills and Mentally retarded have a problem

in their personal adjustment. The retarded people have

blocked development by physical and intellectual handicaps

conditions in the home and emotional withdrawal.

16

JOchacioiir uJisorders ana ytn/isocial JOeha

These people need special care from the school or

therapist with a special emphasis on simultaneous and

complementary processes leading to overall general social

competence. The training the retarded for community living

under sheltered environment by developing minimal skills

for living will help them live independently.

Unlike physically retarded Mental Retardates show

good prognosis to psychotherapy with emphasis to

Behaviour modification. The Behaviour approach attempts

to teach individuals the specific skills that will help them

function more effectively, enjoy a wider range of

experiences, and continue learning other valuable skills.

Some Behaviour modification programs have replaced

disruptive with construction group participation Behaviour,

taught numbers, letters, and reading skills. They can also

teach neatness in grooming, dependability and punctuality.

3.7 Developmental Disorders:

Parents cannot recognise psychopathology in their

child, as they are the agents in the child's socialisation.

The adult image of childhood is often unrealistic. The

parents transmit the conditioning they themselves have

been given.

17

UJehaoiour UJtsoraers ana Jlnlisocial JOeho

Most parents are deeply concerned about their

children" well being. They tend to focus on their children's

performance in school and profession. The underlying

issues are achievement, responsibility and control. It is not

easy to classify developmental Disorders, as the children's

symptoms do not cluster cohesively. However, they are

classified under four categories. The neurotic child, the

child with personality problems, the child who acts out, and

the child who has a tenuous hold on reality. The Disorders

during childhood may be due to feeding and elimination and

their characteristic manifestations are food refusal, obesity,

enuresis (wetting the bed). Encopresis (toilet habits) and

constipation.

The problems during adolescence are aggression and

over-activity, school phobia, depression, schizophrenia,

and neuroses.

Treatment:

The various treatments used are psychoanalytic child

therapy in which the parents treated other child with the

help of psychologists. As children do not easily verbalise

their problems or conflicts, child psychoanalysis is not

18

Jbeliaoiour Jjisvraers ana JinlUoclal Jjeha

applicable to most cases. They often need special

therapeutic techniques.

Children's primary mode of expression and activity is

play and therefore play therapy is the natural technique to

apply.

Behaviour techniques are particularly valuable in the

treatment of conditions that have identifiable symptoms

requiring modification like phobias, compulsions, tics,

stuttering, thumb-sucking, enuresis and Autism.

No one therapy has been found suitable to the

problems of aged. For ambulatory older people several

housing possibilities are available. These types of planned

community provide elderly people the opportunity to gattier

together socially and to help one another.

4. Antisocial Behaviour:

The term Antisocial Behaviour and Psychopathy are

often used interchangeably although there are important

differences between the two. Antisocial Behaviour is an

important aspect of both terms, and the history of attempts

to apply diagnoses to such Antisocial Behaviour is

interesting.

19

Jjehaoionr Jjisorders and Jinlisocial Jjelm

While interpreting criminal Behaviour, psychoanalysts

have emphasised the importance of unconscious motives &

repressed mental conflicts. Thus, a person may enter upon

a criminal career in order to satisfy a need for punishment

growing out of some unexpiated misdeed of early

childhood. A repressed sexual wish may be Indirectly

gratified by some substitute forbidden and exciting act such

as stealing. A secret hatred of the father may be

expressed by a general defiance of authority & a feeling of

inferiority may be compensated for by sensational criminal

exploits. The Antisocial personality does not exhibit none of

the usual neurotic symptoms are completely rational, show

no psychotic signs but behave in clearly maladaptive &

disabling way.

The Behaviour patterns of an Antisocial personality

becomes evident in adolescence and follow a predictable

course. The characteristics of Antisocial person are

incapable of significant loyalty to individuals, groups or

social values selfish, callous, irresponsible, impulsive and

unable to feel guilt. They are prone to frustration and tend

\Q blame others. They do not socialize and are mostly

Loners. The familial influence is found to be a major

20

JOehaoioiir JJisoraers and ytntisocial JUeha

contributor to this disorder parental rejection and emotional

deprivations are the factors that influence, Antisocial

personality disorder.

5. Antisocial Behaviour: Its Definition:

According to Webster's Illustrated contemporary

Dictionary A various to being with people, hostility towards

codes of conduct stemming from any organization of

people.

According to Hackney Antisocial Behaviour

Working Groups:

Is that Behaviour, whether or not In itself criminal

which causes or is likely to cause harassment, alarm or

distress to other people, including Behaviour which puts

people in fear of crime. Antisocial Behaviour and disorders

cover a wide range of activities, including vandalism and

graffiti noise nuisance, abandoned vehicles, prostitution,

disorder, drunkenness, disputes and disturbances.

6 What is being done:

6.1 A borough wide Antisocial Behaviour working group

has been set up to reduce incidents of Antisocial

21

Jjehaciour JL/isorders and yinlisacial JOelio

Behaviour. Multi-agency casework groups meet

regularly to tackle cases on an individual basis.

6.2 Antisocial Behaviour co-ordinators have been

appointed from the police and the local authority to

ensure effective joined up work.

6.3 A Multi-agency licensing group meets regularly to

address issues of community safety, in and around

pubs, clubs and other licensed venues.

6.4 Acceptable Behaviour contracts-these have been

introduced recently in the borough and are being

implemented.

6.5 The Shoreditch 'Community Action Team' has been

established to bring together a term of specialists to

reduce Antisocial Behaviour on local estates.

6.6 CCTV- the town centers schemes are being expanded

to cover hotspot areas and relocatable cameras are

being used on estates across Hackney.

6.7 A number of police operations, joint operations with

London Borough of Hackney and truancy patrols focus

activity at local levels, working on different aspects of

Antisocial Behaviour.

22

^/Jchacwiir jjisordcrs una Jlnlisoctul Jjchafn

6.8 Efforts of a local community group working with the

partnership (Amhurst Park Action Group) have been

instrumental in bringing about reform to increase

police powers to combat Kerb crawling.

6.9 Maze Marigold Project-provides an outreach and

diversion scheme to limit the problems associated

with prostitution.

7. Analysis:

Left unchecked, Antisocial Behaviour has devastating

effects on the quality of life and can destroy communities.

It is very costly to the agencies that have to respond both

in terms of time and in terms of resources, and detracts

from other priorities.

8. Measures Suggested:

8.1 Improved recording to incidents borough wide to give

a true picture of the extent of Antisocial Behaviour

and to target resources more effectively.

8.2 Improved liaison and accountability between the local

authority, the police, and other agencies.

8.3 Ensuring community safety is a key concern within

regeneration schemes, to address the causes

underpinning Antisocial Behaviour.

23

JOehaoiour Ujisoraers ana Jlniisocial JDelta

9. Crime and Adjustment:

Individuals commit crimes and the causes of crimes

are best sought in the adjustment of the individual to his

environment. When an individual finds it difficult or

impossible to satisfy his wants and desires in a direct and

socially acceptable manner, he is faced with the alternative

of renouncing his motives or attempting to find substitute

satisfactions. Criminal Behaviour, like psychoneuroses and

other forms of abnormal reactions is an indirect and

irrational attempt to satisfy human wants and adjust to

discomforting or frustrating situations. When good solutions

are not available, some persons react by developing

personality disorders. Others engage themselves in

Antisocial Behaviour of a criminal nature. In short, crime is

an individual affair, and there are as many causes of crime

as there are sources of individual discontent and

frustration.

Crime is always the resultant of the interaction of

multiple personal & external factors, and the nature of

these factors varies in individual cases. Unfavourable

heredity^ low intelligence, personality imbalance,

unsatisfactory parent-child relationship, broken homes low

24

JlJeliaotour Jjisordcrs and Ji'disoclal Jjcitn

socio-economic status, cultural conflicts, social

disorganization, and a host of other factors that have been

advanced at one time or another as causes of crime- all are

potential sources of crime or delinquency. In specific

instances, they may so handicap the individual or so

obstruct his attempts at self-expression or adjustment to

life problems as to create a situation favourable for the

appearance of criminal Behaviour.

10. The Administration of Criminal Justice:

A person suspected of having committed a crime has

been arrested, he is brought before a magistrate for a

preliminary hearing. The magistrate may discharge the

accused person or refer him for a grand-jury investigation.

Based on the evidence submitted to it by the district

attorney, the grand jury may discharge the accused person

or indict him. If indicted, he is brought before a court and is

informed of the charges against him. He may plead guilty to

the charges, in which case the court without a trial

sentences him; or he may plead not guilty and be tried by a

jury. If the trial jury returns a verdict of guilty, the court

sentences the convicted person.

25

Jjehacionr JjisorJers and Jlnlisocinl Jjeha

The terms of the sentence depend upon the laws

governing the specific offense, in general, convicted

persons are fined, placed on probation, or sentenced to a

penal institution. Approximately one third of persons

convicted and sentenced for major offenses in this country

are placed on probation. An additional thirty-five to forty

percent are committed to persons and reformatories. The

remainder are sent to local jails or received other

sentences.

11, Treatment of Criminals:

The treatment of criminals was essentially limited to

punishment, which includes hard labor, harsh living

conditions, solitary confinement, and strict discipline, was

intended to serve many purposes. Secondly, criminals were

supposed to be so impressed by the severity of the

punishment that they would reform. Thirdly, it was assumed

that punishment would deter others from engaging in crime.

Punishment proved a failure on all the three points,

but it continued to dominate penal practice for many years.

Although vestiges remain, the doctrine of punishment is

gradually being modified. Prisoners are still incarcerated,

but under more favourable conditions. A more

2 6

^Jjehaoiour disorders and ytnlisocial Jueha

understanding and constructive attitude toward the criminal

is slowly appearing. It is now accepted among progressive

prison authorities that custodial care is only part of their

responsibility. They must, in addition, attempt to resociaiize

and rehabilitate the criminal. The present trend is to study

each prisoner as an individual and to provide him with the

treatment, training, & supervision necessary for his

restoration to society as a self-supporting and law-abiding

citizen some of the main features of this new approach are

listed below. Greatest progress in translating these

objectives into practice has been made in federal prisons

and in institutions for delinquents.

1. The granting of probation whenever possible too

youthful and first offenders. Many first offenders are

accidental criminals who break the law by chance or

mishap. Experience has shown that if sent to prisons,

these individuals are frequently converted to a life of

crime because of their association with hardened

criminals and by exposure to the unfavourable

influence of the prison regime. If they are kept out of

prison and carefully supervised by competent

27

a Jjehamour JJisnrders ana Jlnllsocial Jjehu

probation officers, they usually become law-abiding

citizens.

2. The segregation of prisoners in institutions adapted to

their needs. Prisoners vary in the type of supervision

and training they require. Psychotic and mentally

defective prisoners, for e.g. are best confined for long

periods in special institutions. Some convicts,

including incorrigibles, require maximum custody;

other responds best if given minimum custody.

12. The prevention of Crime:

The basic causes of crime based on our present

knowledge to sketch a blueprint for prevention program.

1. The development of wholesome personalities in

childhood. Parents may discourage Antisocial

tendencies in their children by maintaining a

favourable emotional atmosphere in the home,

establishing friendly relations with their children, and

carefully guiding their moral and character

development.

2. The early discovery and treatment of potential

delinquents and criminals. Individuals do not become

criminals overnight. Their history is one of gradual 28

Juehaoiour JJlsorders and Jlnlisocial JOelia

development. It is quite probable that many criminal

careers could be cut short by prompt detection and

guidance in the early stages.

The elimination of factors that favour crime within this

category may be placed the removal of children from

undesirable homes, the elimination of slum areas, the

expansion of recreational facilities to provide wholesome.

Activity outlets for underprivileged children, and the

organisation of boy's clubs to counteract the influence of

gangs.

Conclusion:

The foregoing discussion refers mainly to Behaviour

and its two related aspects, i.e., Behaviour Disorders and

Antisocial Behaviour. Behaviour is the mode of action or

response to anything that rouses to action.

It is the conduct in the general course of life.

Behaviour Disorders denotes defying the restraints of

decency or to throw the pattern of life out of gear. Any

disturbance that causes breach of peace is Behaviour

Disorders. Whereas Antisocial Behaviour is opposed to the

good conduct and does not follow the principles of society

29

Jjehac'wur JJisoracrs and Jinlisocinl Jjelia

as well. Antisocial is disinclined to mix in society and

carries on livelihood without social instincts.

Behaviour Disorders has been termed as country's

number one health problem. It does not mean that effective

personality adjustment is not feasible in modern life. Every

individual must have experienced it one way or the other.

Anxiety is a source of threat and any situation that

threatens the well being of the organism can produce

anxiety. The other source of internal threat is depression

that stops ideas from attaining consciousness and expells

those already in existence. Besides, physiological

Disorders are physical illness in which Psychological

factors play a major role. The study of Behaviour Disorders

may be of great help in fostering personal adjustment and

growth and in reducing misery and productivity to a great

extent.

The Behaviour pattern of an Antisocial person

becomes evident in adolescence and follow a predictable

course. The characteristics of Antisocial person are;

incapable of significant loyalty to individuals, groups or

social values, selfish, callous, irresponsible, impulsive and

unable to feel guilt. They are prone to frustration and

30

Jljeliaciour JJtsaraers and Jinlisocial Jjeha

tend to blame others. They do not socialise and mostly

enjoying isolated life. The familial influence is found to be a

major contribute to this Disorders. Parental rejection and

emotional deprivation are the factors that influence

Antisocial personality Disorders.

31

amour JJisoraers and JuxUsoctal JiJcnci

REFERENCES

1. Kleinmuntz, Benjamin. "Essentials of Abnormal psyciiology."

2"^ ed.; San Francisco: Harper & Row, publishers, 1980.

2. Davison, Gerald C. and Neale, John M. "Abnormal

Psychology". 6* ed.; London : McGraw-Hill book company,

1984.

3. Morgan, Clifford T. and King, Richard A. "Introduction to

Psychology". 7* ed.; New York: McGraw-Hill book company,

1986.

4. Zax, Melvin and Strieker, George. "The Study of Abnormal

Behaviour. 2" ^ ed.; New York: the Macmillian Company,©

1964.

5. Sarason, Barbara, R. And Sarason, Irwin G. "Abnormal

Psychology. 7" ed.; New Jersey: Prentice hall, 1980.

6. White, Robert W. And Watt, Norman F. "The Abnormal

Personality. 4** ed.; Malborough: The Ronald press Company,

©1973.

7. Landau, Sidney I & Bogus, Ronald J. Webster's Illustrated

Contemporary Dictionary". Encyclopaedia Ediction; Chicago:

J.G. Ferguson publishing Company, 1966.

8. Coleman, James C. "Abnormal Psychology and Modern life;

India: Scott Foresman and Company, © 1976.

9. Page, James D. "Abnormal Psychology". Student edition.; New

Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., © 1947.

32

- ^

• i I •

BIBLIOMETRICS

INTRODUCTION:

This is an age of research and expedition in every

field of knowledge. Consequent increases in the production

of information is best reflected in the literature of every

discipline. The case of literature that supports research

activities is mainly constituted of journals. Growth in the

number of specialized disciplines, increasing number of

journals published in each of them and the escalating cost

of this inevitable and ubiquitous medium of communication

present constraints to the librarians in judiciously chalking

out effective acquisition programs for journals and related

information.

Realizing this factor, no single library can afford to

acquire every document. Hence, limited and selected

procurement of journals seems to be one of the practical

remedies. There is high time to draw up theory methods,

forms of their recognition standardized the system of main

concepts in the bibliographical organization, and services

based on statistics.

To meet these challenges, recent development in the

library and information science may be looked into.

33

.Jjihliomclrirh

Developments in library operation are being manifested

through the so-called Bibliometrics, i.e., statistical

analysis. It is the study conducted to identify the pattern of

publications, authorship and citation used for a subject etc.

over a period of time and there-by offering insight into

dynamics of the area under a particular study.

Therefore, "Bibliometrics" is a relatively new branch of

information science, which lies between the border areas of

social and physical science. It is a quantitative study of

various aspects of literature on a topic and is used to

identify the pattern of publication, authorship, citation and /

or secondary journal coverage, with the objective of getting

an insight into the dynamics of the growth of knowledge in

the areas under consideration. This all consequently leads

to the better organization of information resource, which is

essential for its most effective and efficient used.

Bibliometric today has attained sophistication and

complexity having national, international and

interdisciplinary character. It has clearly become

established as a sub discipline with its applications in the

history and sociology of knowledge, Communication and

Information science.

34

1. BIBLIOMETRICS: Its Origin and History

The first recorded study on Bibliometrics was done in

1917 by Cole and Bale's^ the study on 'The History of

Comparative Anatomy part-l'. "A statistical Analysis", for

the first time the expression "Statistical Analysis" has been

used in the literature. The second study done by Hulmes^

in 1923 used the expression 'Statistical Bibliography'. The

third study was the pioneering work of Gross and Gross^

reported in 1927 they used the method of counting and

analysis of the citations appended to article in the journal

of "American Chemical Society", and produced a list of

journals of importance in chemical education. After Gross

and Gross, the term Statistical Bibliography was used by

Henkle"* in 1938in his article, "The periodical literature of

Biochemistry", the same term was used by Gosnel^ in

1943-1944, by Fusseler^ in 1948-49, and by Raising^ in

1962 in their work.

In 1968 Pritchard^ analyzed the term 'Statistical

Bibliography' and found it confusing with 'Statistics' and

'Bibliography on statistics'. Therefore, he coined another

term i.e. called "Bibliometrics".

35

^Jjibhomi'iric.',

2. Definition of different Analogous term:

Bibliometrics is just one of the many sciences whose

name ends with metrics. Many scientists have used the

term under different names, but the concepts were more or

less same. There are some well-established subdisciplines

like, Scientometrics, Informetrics, Econometrics etc.

2.1 Librametrlcs:

The terms "Librametry" historically appeared first in

1948. Indian library scientist S.R. Ranganathan9 suggested

it. Under this term, he suggested using of mathematical and

statistical method for analyzing library activities and library

resources. However, this term did not take its place in

library science and was forgotten for many years. Later it

was called Librametrlcs.

2.2 Scientometrics:

In 1969, the term 'Scientometrics' was suggested by

two Russians named Nalimov and Z. Mulchinko in their

book "Scientometrics: The investigation of science as

development of information process" According to them

Scientometrics is a complex of quantitative methods, which

are used to investigate the processes of science.

36

' p - l I- I • .JJiOitomclric.s

2.3 Informetrics:

The FID'S term 'Informetrics' was suggested by

German scientists A Blackert and S.Z. Zygel in 1982 as a

newly formed branch of science, using mathematical level

and practical information activities.

2.4 Webometrics or Cybermetrics :

Recently a new growth area in Bibliometric has been in

the emerging in the field of Webometric or Cybermetric as

it is in often called. Webometrics can be defined as using

of Bibliometric techniques in order to study the relationship

of different site on World Wide Web such techniques may

also be used to map out (called "Scientific mapping" in the

traditional Bibliometric research area of the web). The

other well-established subdisciplines are like Econometric,

Psychometrics, Sociometrics and Biometrics.

3. BIBLIOMETRICS: ITS MEANING AND DEFINITION

Etymologically Bibliometrics is composed of two

distinct words i.e. biblio and metrikas. The prefix Biblio is a

Greek word meaning books and Metrikas means

measurement. Therefore, Bibliometrics is the Science of

measurement pertaining to books or documents.

37

The term 'Bibliometrics' implies the use of quantitative

or statistical methods to study the behaviour of information.

There are a number of definitions of Bibliometrics

given by the different researchers such as Hulme'°,

Raising'"*; Fairthorne''^, Schrader^^, Sengupta"^, and others.

Hov\/ever, a more elaborate concept of Bibliometrics has

recently been expounded by Egghe^^, who define it has the

development and application of mathematical (including

statistical and optimizational models and techniques to all

aspects of communication (including libraries,

documentation and information centres science policy.)

Diverse interpretations of the terms have been put

forward by many authors over the years.

According to Wyndham E. Hulme (1923 )®

"The purpose of Statistical Bibliography is to shed

light on the process of written communication and of

the nature and course of development of a discipline

by means of counting and analyzing the various facets

of written communication".

According to IVliles. L. Raising (1962)^^

"The assembling and interpretation of statistics

relating to books and periodicals, use of books and

38

Jjibliiimchicii

journals and to ascertain in many local situations the

general use of books and journals".

According to Pritchard (1968)^^

"Application of mathematical methods to books and

other media of communication."

According to R.A. Fairthorns (1969)^®

"Quantitative treatment of the properties of record

discourse and Behaviour pertaining to it".

According to D. T. Hawkins (1977) ^°

"Quantitative analysis of the bibliographical features

of a body of literature."

According to W.G. Potter^^

"Bibliometrics is the study and measurement of the

publication patterns of all forms of written

communication and their authorship."

According to Alwin. IVI Schrader^^

"Biblimetrics is the scientific study of recorded

discourse."

According to R.N. Broadus^^

"Bibliometrics is the qualitative study of physical

published units of bibliographic units of Surrogates

either."

39

[B;Ui Inn, wmclrif:,

According to I.N. Sengupta^'*

"Organization, classification and quantitative evolution

of publication patterns of all macro and micro

communications along with their authorship by

mathematical and statistical calculus."

Expressed simply, Bibliometrics is the study that uses

statistical and mathematical methods to analyze the

literature of a discipline as patterned in its bibliographies.

4. BIBLIOMETRICS: ITS SCOPE

The scope of Bibliometrics includes the study of

relationship within a literature or describing a literature.

Typically these descriptions focus on consistent patterns

involving authors, monograph journals, subject, language

and forms. Ronald Stevens^® has considered Bibliometrics

as a quantitative science and divided its scope into two

basic categories.

4.1. Descriptive Bibliometrics Productive to

Count, which includes:

(i) Geographic

(ii) Time period, and

(iii) Discipline

40

^)ihil()mclricf,

4.2. Evaluative Bibliometrics or Literature use

count, which includes:

(i) Reference count

(ii) Citation count

Stevens furtiier adds that descriptive Bibliometric

includegthe "study of the number of publication in a given

field or productivity of literature in the field, for the purpose

of comparing the amounts of research in different countries

and the amount produced in different subdivisions of the

field. The kind of study is made by a count of the papers,

books and other writings in the field or often by count of

theses writings which have been abstracted in specialized

abstracting journals. The other i.e. evaluative Bibliometrics,

includes the study of the literature used by research

workers in a given field. Such is a study often made by

counting the references cited by a large number of

research workers in their papers."

5. BIBLIOiVIETRIC: ITS PURPOSE

Hulmes^^, the pioneer of the 'statistical bibliography'

clearly stated the purpose of Bibliometrics is to shed light

on the processes of written communication and of the

nature and course of development of a discipline (in so far

as this displayed through written communication), by

41

.Jjihlinmelrics

means of counting and analyzing the various facets of

written communication... According to Schrader^''" the

objective of Bibliometrics is a scientific study to produce

ideas that is theory about, recorded discourse and its

important properties."

According to Dr. S.N. Singh^® "The purpose of

Bibliometrics is to provide quantitative analysis of the

phenomenon growing with documents, their organization,

use and services in library and information centers and

systems. It offers to the information worker a type of

statistical technique for the study of characteristics and

attributes of literature and that of communication media".

The main purpose of Bibliometric study is:

a. To find major form of literature.

b. To prepare a ranked list of journals.

c. To make a comparison between ranked journals.

d. To identify the country with greatest literary

output.

e. To find out the chronological scattering of all

cited literature.

f. To ascertain the amount of utilization of

language

So, Bibliometric studies are generally based on

quantitative measurements without any qualitative

42

evaluation. They are therefore considered only as partial

indicators of scientific progress so, its purpose basically is

to provide information about the structure of knowledge and

how it is communicated.

6. BIBLfOMETRICS : ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE

RESEARCH

At present, it is an established technique covering

wide area of knowledge, which provides for a more

practical task. Day by day, it is attaining sophistication and

complexity, having national, International and

interdisciplinary character. It has established itself as a

variable and distinctive research technique of studying

science based on bibliographic data. As a matter of fact, its

backbone lies in its sound theoretical foundation most

efficiently and effectively laid by some pioneers like Gross,

Lotka, Bradford, Zipf, Cole Brother, Pritchard, Garfield,

Hulme, Fairthorne and many others who are all not

basically librarians, but belong to different branches of

knowledge.

The techniques evolved by these pioneers are

capable of throwing light on various complicated problems

faced by many while handling information to quantify the

43

Jjibiiomelrics

process of written communication. It has established itself

as a variable and distinctive measurement of human

knowledge. Data analysis both of citations and of volume of

publications year can be useful in planning retrospective

bibliographies.

Bibliometrics also provides information about the

structure of knowledge, its classification studies give

information about the subject, language and country

relationship, which is based on literary warrant.

Bibliometrics is very useful in any field of research or in

any discipline or individuals, to improve some part of library

or Information centres.

7. BIBLIOMETRICS : ITS LAWS

As BIbliometric law has evolved, a series of law have

developed within an academic discipline these laws help

researchers to study some common activity, examples of

activities could be the use of library materials, author

productivity or the dispersal of articles on a particular

subject. Some of the more well known laws are Bradford's

Law, Lotka's Law, and Zipf's Law. These fundamental laws

are as follows:

44

7.1 Lotka's Inverse square Law^^ :

In 1926, Alfred J. Lotka statistician in an Insurance

Company proposed his Inverse Square Law correlating

contributors of scientific papers to their number of

contributions. He claims that a large proportion of the

literature is, produced by a small number of authors and it

is distributed so as the number of people producing n

papers or articles is approximately proportional to 1/n2.

Author a -7 n

Where n is the number of contributions or articles.

For this, he analyzed the decennial index of 'Chemical

Abstracts' from 1907-1916. He collected 6891 names of the

authors contributing 1, 2, 3 etc. entries in literature.

On the basis of this data, Lotka deduced a general

equation, for the-relation between the frequency 'y' of

persons making' x' contributions as follows:

Xny = constant

If n = 2 then, the result is as follows:

"In the case examined it is found that the number of

persons making 2 contributions is about one-fourth of those

making one contribution, the number making 'n'

45

^Jbiblkmeir'iCi

contributions is about 1/n^ of those making one and the

proportion of all contributions is about 60%.

In other words, for every 100 authors contributing one

article, 25 will contribute two articles, about 11 will

contribute 3 articles and 6 will contribute 4 articles and so

on. The observed figure for single article authors were

57.09% for chemical abstract data (61891 contribution) and

59.2 present for physical data (1,325 contributors).Though,

the law was based on the study of Chemistry and Physics

literature later it has generated much interest and attracted

the attention of researchers and it has been applied and

tested in many other fields.

No. of Authors

100

25

11

6

4

No. of Articles

1

2

3

4

5

7.2. Zipf's Law of Word Occurrence (1933) :

This law was given by Zipf's in 1933. Zipf's developed

and extended an empirical law, as observed by Estoup

governing a relation between the rank of a word and the

46

r/i 7r//- / • JJibiumc.lrifi

frequency and the frequency of its appearance in a long

text.

If 'r' is the rank of a word and 'f is its frequency, then

mathematically Zipf's law can be stated as follows:

1 . ra-=>rf = c,

Where 'C is a constant

This law states that "in a long textual matter if words

are arranged in their decreasing order of frequency, then

the rank of any given word of the text will be inversely

proportional to the frequency of the occurrence of the

word".

He found that by multiplying the numerical value of

each rank (r) by its corresponding frequency (f) be obtained

a product (c) that is constant throughout its text e.g.

Rank (r)

1

2

3

Frequency (f)

600

301

198

Product (rf) = c

600

602

594

The above table shows distribution of words, almost

inversely proportional to the frequency of occurrence of the

word.

47

Jiihliiinwlriti

7.3. Bradford's Law of Scatter ing:

Samuel Clement Bradford, keeper of Science Museum

in London, gave a Law of Scattering in 1948. This Law is

related to scattering of journals. In this. Law the scattering

term is used scattering of journals means the articles

devoted to a particular subject are found in other journals

(which are related subjects to that particular subject).

Bradford Law is perhaps the best known of all the

Bibliometric concepts. His Law describes how the literature

on a subject is distributed in journals. He divided the

articles found on a subject into three equal zones, which

increase by a multiple of about five. If periodicals are listed

in decreasing productivity i.e. the journals that yield the

most relevant articles coming first and the most

unproductive last then the journals will be grouped into a

number of zones each producing a similar number of

relevant article. However, the number of journals in each

zone will be increasing very rapidly and show a geometric

progression. The relationship between the zones is to be

given by following equation.

1 : n : n^

48

Juihlliimelrici

Where n = number of journals

Bradford also plotted graphs of the cumulative number

of source item f (r) versus the logarithm values of the

cumulative number of journals (log n.). Such a graph, is

sometimes called as Bradford's Bibliograph.

Logn^

This graph shown as a rising curve, APi, and then

continues as a straight line. The rising part of the graph

represents the nucleus of highly productive journals. The

points Pi, P2 and P3 on the Bibliograph are the boundaries

of three equiproductive zones in which the same number of

articles as the nucleus derived from an increasingly larger

number of journals.

8. OTHER LAWS:

The other important laws that need to be mentioned

are;

8.1. Price's square root law of scientific productivity:

49

JDihlwmelrici

Derek De Solla Price41 gave this law in 1963. This

law states that "half of the scientific papers are contributed

by the square root of the total number of scientific authors".

8.2. Garfield's Law of Concentration:

Eugene Garfield42 enunciated this law in 1971. This

law states that "a basic concentration of journals is the

common core of nucleus of all fields".

8.3. Sengupta's Law of Bibllometrics:

This law has been put forward by Sengupta''^, in 1973

which is also known as off setting weight-age formula for

re-ranking periodicals to avoid discrimination against new

journals which necessarily have citation credits. This is an

extension of the Bradford Law.

It states that "during phases of rapid growth of

knowledge in a scientific discipline, articles of interest to

that discipline appear in increasing number of periodicals

from that field".

Mathematically this law stands in the following form:

f(x+y) = a + b log (x+y)

Where f (x+y) is the communicative number of

reference as contained in the first (x+y) most productive

50

jb'M'wme{r'tci

journals, x indicates number of journals in the same

discipline and y stands for number of journals of unrelated

disciplines (y>x) and 'a' and 'b' are two constants.

9. BIBLIOMETRICS: ITS APPLICATIONS

The technique of Bibliometrics have extensive

applications equally in Sociological Studies of Science,

Information Management, Librarian-ship, History of Science

including Science Policy, Study of Science and Scientists

and also in different branches or Sot\a\ Science.

Some of the areas where Bibliometric techniques can

be used axQ\

• To identify research trends and growth of knowledge.

• To estimate comprehensiveness of secondary

periodicals.

• To identify users of different subjects.

• To identify authorship and its trends in documents on

various subjects.

• To measure the usefulness of adhoc and

retrospective SDl services.

• To forecast past, present and future publishing

trends.

• To develop experimental models correlating existing

51

Jblbiicnielrlcs

ones.

• To identify core periodicals in different disciplines.

• To formulate an accurate need-based acquisition

policy within the limited budgetary provision.

• To adopt an accurate weeding and staking policy.

• To initiate effective multi-level network system.

• To study obsolescence and dispersion of scientific

literature (clustering and coupling of scientific

papers).

• To predict productivity of publishers, individual

authors, organizations, country of that of an entire

discipline.

• To design automatic language processing for auto

indexing, and abstracting and auto-

classification; and.

• To development norms for standardization.

Most of the Librametrics / Informetrics studies in the

library and information field are concerned with the

different types of uses and degrees to which user needs

are satisfied. The studies are however, becoming more

analytical than descriptive. These studies may be usedfor:

52

Jblmlvmelrics

<• To make a careful and intensive study of the library

situation (in the late 40's).

• To measure the adequacy of library collection for

present and possible future library programs (in the

late 50's and in 60's).

• To discover mathematical and statistical models for

various phenomenon which we experience in library

and information work and studies.

Methods used in empirical studies in the library and

information field vary from one study to another. In several

field studies, questionnaires have been used. Casual visits,

checklists, correspondence and interviews with users, and

combinations of these with questionnaires, have been

used. The results are sometimes not compatible with each

other or easy to compare because of the bias involved in

the data collection methods. Nevertheless, the trends in

Informetrics in toward discovery of theory and/or

generalized mathematical model of the library/information

use phenomenon. Hopefully, these studies will help in

achieving better services to library and information users

and efficiency in inform.ation system and services

management envisioned in Ranganathan's Five Laws of

53

JUtblknictrk$

Library Science.

LIMITATIONS IN APPLICATION:

Though most of the studies tend to support the

Bradford distribution, some other researchers could not get

the satisfactory results. Gross found that the scattering of

research papers among physics journal deviated from that

predicted by Bradford's Law. Out of 50 bibliographies

studies by Chonez, only six followed the law, he calls the

law pseudo-scientific.

In the case of Lotka's law, it was found to fit in most

cases. However, the value of indexing was found to vary

different groups of scientists.

Another problem with Lotka's law is that it totally

ignores the potential authors who have produced any

publication so far.

CONCLUSION:

Bibllometric analysis, has now become a well-

established part of information research, and a quantitative

approach to the description of documents and examination

of services is gaining ground in both research and practice.

It offers to the librarian, students, teacher, sociologist of

54

/ • • '

jDiblwmeirics

knowledge, and the publisher, a type of static not hitherto

considered, which can complement further more traditional

approaches to the study of bibliograph and communication.

As the definition suggests, Bibliometrics can be applies to

any subject area and to most of the problems, concerned

with the written communication.

Bibliometric techniques have been gaining recognition

and importance especially during the past two decades.

The results of such studies are increasingly being applied

to manage the library and information science resources

and services more effectively. The studies of subject

literature and their characteristics have also been found

useful and helpful in managing the research and

development activities in those subject specialists.

Application of Bibliometric technique is found in

selecting most important journals in a given field of

knowledge. The exponential growth of literature and rapid

development of libraries generated several evolutionary

studies about effectiveness and efficiency of information

services. These studies led to the identification and

application of appropriate quantitative measuring technique

known as bibliographical control, as it is not possible to "- ''J -

Start efficient service witinout analyzing the size and

character of literature.

So expressed simply 'Bibliometrics' is the statistical or

quantitative description of a literature, a group of related

documents that furnishers possible methods by which

significant features of a literature may be described and its

working monitored. In fact, Bibliometrics has grown out of

the realization that literature is growing and changing at a

rate with which no librarian or Information worker equipped

with traditional bibliographic methods and skill, could keep

abreast.

56

k'blwmt/rirs

REFERENCES

1. Cole, E.J. and Bales, N.B. "History of Comparative Anatomy

Part 1: A Statistical Analysis of Literature". Science Progress.

11; 1917:pp.578-596.

2. Hulmes, E. W. "Statistical Bibliography in Relation to Growth of

Modern Civilization". London: Grafton; 1923.

3. Gross, P.L.K. and Gross, E.M. "College Libraries and Chemical

Education Science." 66; 1927:

pp.385-389.

4. Henkle, M.H. "Periodical Literature of Biochemistry". Bulletin of

Medical Library Association. 27: 1988: pp. 139-147.

5. Gonsell, Chas F. "Obsolescence of Book College Libraries".

College and Research Library. 5; 1944: pp.115-125.

6. Fusseler, Herman H. "Characteristics of the Research

Literature used by Chemist and Physics in the United States".

Library Quarterly. 19; 1949: pp. 19-36.

7. Rasing,' L Miles. "Statistical Bibliography in the Health

Sciences". Bulk of Medical Library Association 50;

1962:pp.450-461

8. Pritchard, Alan. "Statistical Bibliography or Bibliometrics."

Journal of Documentation. 25: 1988: pp.179-191.

9. Ranganathan, S.R. "Librametry and its Scope". D.R.T.C

Seminar 7 D. A. Banglore: DRTC; 1969 : pp 144-161

10. Hulmes. E.W. op. cit.2

11. Raising Miles, op. cit.7

12. Fairthrone, R.A. "Emperical Hyperbolic Distributions (Bradford-

Zipf-Mandelbort) for Bibliometric Description and Production".

Journal of Documentation. 25 (4); 1969 :pp.319-43.

57

( flj !•• .Jjib'iumvtrn:

13. Schrader, A.M. "Teaching Bibliometrics". Library Trends. 30(6);

1981:pp.151.

14. Sengupta, I.N. "Bibliometric research". Gram of Biomedical

Literature Vol. 1., Calcutta: S.B.A. PW; 1988.

15. Egghe L. "An Exact Calculation of Price's law for law of

Lotka's". Scientometrics. 11: 1987: pp.81-97.

16. Hulmes, E.W. Op. cit. 2

17. Raising, L.Miles. op.cit. 7

18. Pritchard, Alan, op.cit. 8

19. Fairthrone, R.A. op.cit. 12

20. Hawkins, D. T. "Unvocational used of on-line Information

Retrieval Systems: On-line Bibliometric Studies". Journal of

American Society for Information Science. 28(1): 1981: pp.13

18.

21. Polter, W.G. "Introduction to Bibliometrics". Library Trends.30:

1981: pp. 5-7.

22. Schrader, A.M. op.cit. 13

23. Broadus, R.N. "The Application of Citation Analysis to

Collection Building" In: Advances in Librarian-ship. 7, New

York: Academic Press, 1977.

24. Sangupta, I.N. op. cit.14.

25. Devrajan, G. Bibliometrics Studies. New Delhi: ESS ESS

Publication, 1998.

26. Hulme. E.W. op.cit2

27. Schrader, A.M. op.cit. 13.

58

meoti/iie{^ am/d

BIBLIOMETRICS: OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

The present study aims at identification and

description of some of tiie ciiaracteristic features of the

literature published in the field of "Behaviour Disorders and

Antisocial Behaviour" over the period of 5 years from 1998

to 2002 with a view to identifying place, year, language,

subject, areas, forms of documents, country of origin from

where the document was published.

It is well known that knowledge is growing at very fast

rate. The new researches and thirst for knowledge has led

to the generation of new knowledge .It is necessary that

new work and new findings should be highlighted among

the research scholars and others who are interested in

them. So Bibliometric study will help the librarian in the

selection of literature in the field of "Behaviour Disorders

and Antisocial Behaviour" More precisely the main

objectivesof the present study are:

OBJECTIVES:

(i) To know the most productive country in the field of

"Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial Behaviour".

(ii) To know the eminent authors in the field of

"Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial Behaviour."

59

jbioltcmelrict: ULieclice* and JnellKxIolvnu

(iii) To know the rate of collaborative research In

"Behaviour Disorders & Antisocial Behaviour."

(iv) To know the language(s) in which the most of

literature on the subject has been published,

(v) To know the most used form of document,

(vi) To find out the chronological distribution of items,

(vii) To know the most productive journals in the field of

"Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial Behaviour"

(viii) To identify the scattering of subjects,

(ix) To check the validity of Bradford's and Lotka's laws.

HYPOTHESES:

(i) There may be a significant difference regarding

geographical scattering of article on "Behaviour

Disorders and Antisocial Behaviour",

(ii) Influence of group research may be seen in

authorship patterns of "Behaviour Disorders and

Antisocial Behaviour."

(iii) Most of the articles are written in English language in

the field of "Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial

Behaviour",

(iv) Journal articles are the most used forms of

documents,

(v) Chronological analysis of data may emerge as the

reflection of acceleratory growth in the research out­

put of the literature year by year,

(vi) Bradford's law will stand valid in the present study,

(vii) Lotka's law will be valid in the present study.

60

uiioliomelrict: Uoieelioet arut JnelkoJoloau

METHODOLOGY:

Research in any area calls for systematic

methodologies. The methodology for conducting the

Bibliometric study has been diagrammatically represented

below:-

(A) TOPIC SELECTION:

For the selection of the topic various sources have been

consulted including Psychological Abstract published from

(USA) by the American Psychological Inc. Finally the

researcher selected "Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial

Behaviour" from Psychological Abstract on her Interest in

Psychology.

(B) SELECTION OF SOURCE DOCUMENT:

To undertake the Bibliometric study on the literatures on

"Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial Behaviour" the

Psychological Abstract was found to be the most

comprehensive and appropriate source of literature in the

field of Psychology. Psychological Abstract published by the

American Psychological Association Inc., from Washington

DC (USA) contains publication of extraordinary and scholarly

articles of the eminent personalities, scholars and

experts from different parts of the world. The volumes of

61

Jj'MiomelTtcs: Uoiecticet and^MeJIiodciixiu

1998-2002 of Psychological Abstract have been consulted

and were chosen as the source document.

(C) COLLECTION OF DATA:

The most important task was to select the document

from which data has been drawn on the subject Behaviour

Disorders and Antisocial Behaviour 3618 reference from

the 5 volumes of Psychological Abstract, i.e., from 1998 to

2002 have been collected on 5" X3" inches catalogue

cards.

Topic Selection

• r

Selection of Source document

> r

Collection of data

•^ r

Preparation of Entries

i \ r i

^''

Analysis

V

i i i \ Country- Ranking

wise of Distribution autiior

Language-wise

Distribution

From-wise Distribution

Year-wise Distribution

Ranking of

Periodic als

Subject Distribu

tion

62

Jbibucmelrlcs: Ubjeciwe* and jKeltuxlvlcqti

(D) PREPARATION OF ENTRIES:

Each reference consisted of information about, author

name, title, source journal, date, place, form and text

language were noted on cards. In other words, a short

bibliography was compiled on the cards. These were

arranged and rearranged during the analysis.

(E) ANALYSIS:

Next step, after preparation of entries, was to analyze

the data that was collected from the source document. The

total data collected on separate cards were arranged and

rearranged in order to conduct the following studies.

(i) GEOGRAPHICAL SCATTERING OF ITEMS:

This is done to determine the geographical scattering

of items while studying the use pattern of research

literature in the subject under the study. The information

was collected from the Psychological Abstract about each

item, which clearly gives the place of origin of each item.

The entries were grouped on the basis of their country of

origin.

63

Jbtbliomelrlct: UbjeclloeM ana ^yKelhcaoloaa

(ii) RANKING OF AUTHORS:

The researcher analysed the authors on the basis of

their frequency of occurrence i.e. how in any item an author

occurs. This study has been conducted to know the

eminent personalities in the field of "Behaviour Disorders

and Antisocial Behaviour" Ranking of authors is done to

identify the most productive contributions in the subject.

For the purpose of ranking of authors, the researcher

arranged them alphabetically, surname of each author is

the basis for alphabetization. So all author were retrieved,

arranged and tabulated in the order of decreasing

frequency of their contribution.

(iii) LANGUAGE-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF ITEMS:

In this study an attempt has been made to analyse the

language wise distribution of items. Since the source of

document is of International level, and have comprehensive

coverage, and article published in almost all languages of

the world. So, the researcher analysed the items language-

wise. In the abstract itself the language of original text is

given. While collecting the data, noted it according to the

language and then arranged according to their rank, in

order to know dominant language.

64

^JblbiiDmelrlct: Uhjecllee* ana^Mcllicaclcou

(iv) FORM-WISE DISTRIBUTION:

There are variety of forms of documents in which

l i terature on "Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial

Behaviour" are publ ished. There are art icles, survey report,

Reviews, case study etc. The analysis has been done to

know the major forms of documents used for producing new

information in the subject under study. These have been

tabulated to f ind out most used source material.

(V) CHRONOLOGICAL STUDY:

In this analysis t ime of origin of items was studied to

know how many items belong to a particular t ime period on

the basis of frequency of items belonging to a particular

year. The data was analysed and tabulated to f ind the most

productive year of i tems.

(vi) RANKING OF PERIODICALS:

The main objective of this study is to identify the core

periodicals (journals) containing the research l i terature on

"Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial Behaviour". To

conduct this study, the items published in different

periodicals were grouped together and counted. It is

necessary to know the most productive periodicals in the

subject.

65

Juibuomelrtct: wbiccltoeM aim Jllelliodoloaij

(vii) SUBJECT-WISE DISTRIBUTION:

This analysis has been done to know the scattering of

literature on "Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial

Behaviour" in other subject fields. This analysis shows the

interdisciplinary character of the subject field. The analysis

has been done on the basis of field of periodicals

publishing in the literature. The information about the

subject field was obtained from Ulrich International

periodicals Directory (35*^. Ed.)

APPLICATION OF BIBLIOMETRIC LAWS:

After doing all the analysis the foremost and final job

is to apply the laws of Bibliometrics. So the researcher

tried to testify the laws of Bibliometrics by applying them on

the collected data, especially Bradford's and Lotka's law in

order to find out how much these laws are valid in the

present study.

66

- ^

DATA ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND PRESENTATION

For the purpose of data collection, 5 volumes of

Psychological Abstract for the years 1998-2002 were

consulted and the total number of 3618 references were

collected.

1. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

It is well known fact that certain countries give

more research output in a particular subject than others.

This information is very much useful not only for the

information managers in finalising the subscription list of

periodicals but also for the research scholars as they

tend to know the countries that are leaders in the field.

Table 1 contains a list of 39 countries producing

research material on Behaviour Disorders and

Antisocial Behaviour. These countries have been ranked

based on frequency of occurrence of items. It was

observed that 31.86% articles were published from USA

only. This is followed by UK and Canada which produced

24.04% and 8.34% research items respectively.

67

Jjala jlunliisis, Julcrbrelalion and Jrcscdiilun

The analysis not only shows the most potent

countries of research on Behaviour Disorders and

Antisocial Behaviour but also indicates the wide coverage

of Psychological Abstracts, as the publication from 39

countries of the world have been listed.

Table No. 1

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

s. No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

Name of Countries

U.S.A

U.K.

Canada

Australia

Finland

New Zealand

China

Netherlands

South Africa

Italy

Germany

Israel

France

Sweden

Spain

Freq. of

Occur.

1153

870

302

210

120

85

71

65

61

60

58

52

50

45

44

Cum. Freq.

Occur.

1153

2023

2325

2535

2655

2740

2811

2875

2937

2997

3055

3107

3157

3202

3246

%age

31.86

24.04

8.34

5.80

3.316

2.34

1.96

1.79

1.68

1.65

1.60

1.43

1.38

1.24

1.21

68

JJala yinalutis, Jnlerbmlalivn ana Jretenlalia

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

16

17

18

19

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

27

28

29

30

30

31

31

32

32

32

33

Denmark

Norway

Poland

Kenya

Hong Kong

India

Switzerland

Belgium

Pakistan

Mexico

Japan

Brazil

Ethiopia

Sri Lanka

Singapore

Kuwait

Argentina

Ireland

Greece

Hungary

Bangladesh

Korea

Malaysia

Thailand

Total

42

38

36

32

32

28

25

22

20

16

15

10

9

9

8

7

5

5

3

3

2

2

2

1

= 3618

3288

3326

3362

3394

3426

3454

3479

3501

3521

3537

3552

3562

3571

3580

3588

3595

3600

3605

3608

3611

3613

3615

3617

3618

1.16

1.05

0.99

0.88

0.88

0.77

0.69

0.60

0.55

0.44

0.41

0.27

0.24

0.24

0.22

0.19

0.13

0.13

0.08

0.08

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

6 9

Diagram N0.1 Representing Country-wise Literary Output

35.76

USA UK Canada Countries

Others

Mala Jinalutu, Jnlerbrelaiicn and Jretenlal'u

2. RANKING OF AUTHORS

There are certain eminent personalities in every

subject field who achieve recognition through their

research and writings. These personalities form the

backbone in their own subjects. The main objective of this

study is to find out authors whose contributions are

significant in the field of Behaviour disorders and

Antisocial Behaviour. For this purpose a ranking list of

eminent authors has been given-Table 2 in the order of

their frequency of occurrence.

It was found that 928 items, i.e., (25.64%) were

written by single authors (i.e. only one contribution) and

2690 items (i.e. 74.35%) were written by multiple author^

(i.e. more than one contribution) This shows that the

present trend of research is group oriented rather than

single. The first five eminent authors in this field are

Lester (David), Leenaars (Antoon A), Haj Yahia

(Muhammad M), Hawton (Keith), Beautrais (Annette L).

71

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JJala JlnaLjzU, Jnlerbrelalion and JraenlaUo,

3. AUTHORSHIP PATTERN

The analysis of authorship pattern indicates that the

number of papers contributed by single author is 928 i.e.,

(25.64%) of the total items and 2690 (74.35%) papers have

been contributed by multiple authors. It was found that the

tendency towards joint authorship was on an increase. This

indicates that researchers normally prefer cooperative or

group work which has been characteristic feature of the

subject.

Table No. 3

Authorship pattern

Single authorship

No. of

items

928

%

25.64

Multiple authorship

No. of items

2690

%

74.35

Total Mo. of items

3618

89

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JJala yinaliisU, Jnlerbrelalion and Jresentalm

4. LANGUAGE-WISE DISTRIBUTION

It has great significance for researchers to know the

language in which the literature on their area of

specialization was published. The analysis of the

languages used to transmit the subject literature is useful

not only to understand the coverage patterns, but also to

gives an indication of the foreign language problem likely

to be faced by users.

Table 4 shows the total number of 3618 items that

were published in 23 different languages. Out of which

English was found to be the most dominant language, as

2923 items constituting 80.79% were reported to be

published in that language. The second position is

occupied by French Literature on the subject in which 120

items constituting 3.31% and third position Is occupied by

German 72 items i.e., 1.99%.

91

JJala JtnaLsis, Jnlerbrelalion and Jresenlalio,

Table No. 4

LANAGUAGE-WISE DISTRIBUTION

s. No.

1

2

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

14

15

16

16

17

17

17

18

Name of Language

English

French

German

Chinese

Spanish

Dutch

Finnish

Swedish

Danish

Norwegian

Polish

Urdu

Japanese

Portugues

Irish

Turkish

Arabic

Greek

Hungarian

Bangia

Korean

Malaysia

Thai

Total

Freq. Occur.

2923

120

72

7 1

65

65

58

45

42

38

36

20

15

10

9

9

7

3

3

2

2

2

1

= 3618

Freq. Occur.

80.79

3.31

1.99

1.96

1.79

1.79

1.60

1.24

1.16

1.05

0.99

0.55

0.41

0.27

0.24

0.24

0.19

0.08

0.08

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.02

Cumu. Freq.

80.79

84.1

86.09

88.05 1

89.84

91.63

93.23

94.47

95.63

96.68

97.67 ^

98.22

98.63 1

98.9

99.14

99.38

99.57

99.65

99.73

99.78

99.83

99.88

99.9

9 2

Diagram No. 3 Un7uage:wise DisWbuti •on of Items

90

80

70

SO-

SO

20

10

? • • • • « - ' , • • • • • <(^ ! • • • • • C"*l • • • • • « • 4' ' • • • • • « • 4, • • • • • fr^f • • • • • * ^ * • • • • • C . 4 I

• • • • • ^ f

, • • • • • * - :

• • • • • « < > • • • • ' * ; • • • • • • « ^ • • • • ' -• • • • • • • • • • ••••• I -

lit** ••••• fit** ••••• '•••••-<! •••••<• •••••! •••••?• •••••^^^^ •••••'' • •••• ••••• !••••' • '••••••' -I

•••••<' • ••••'. . •••••-, •••••-< •••••' ' '•••••< <

• • • • • ^ « • • • • • < . I

• • • • • « <i • • • • * e- 4

English French

German nth» Languages °*^^'^

JJala Jliiali/sii, Juterbreiallon ana Jreseiilaln

5. FORM-WISE DISTRIBUTION

The analysis of table no.5 shows that the literature on

this subject was published in 6 different forms. It is evident

from the data that 2530 items constituting 69.92% of total

data were published in the form of Articles. This is followed

by other forms like Survey Report with 523 items i.e.,

14.45% and, Reviews 344 items i.e. 9.508% occupies

second and third position respectively. It may thus be

concluded that the Articles published in journals are most

vital forms of media of communication among information

seekers belonging to this subject area.

Table No. 5

FORM-WISE DISTRIBUTION

s. NO.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Rank

1

2

3

4

5

6

Name of Forms

Articles

Survey Report

Reviews

Case study

Conference proceedings

Newsletters

Total

Freq. of Occur.

2530

523

344

150

49

22

= 3618

Freq. Of %age

69.92

14.45

9.508

4.145

1.354

0.608

Cumul. Freq,%

69.92

84.37

93.87

98.02

99.37

99.98

9 4

Diagram No,5 Representing Bibliographic Form of Literature

69.92

Articles Survey Report Reviews

Forms others

Jjala jinaliisii, Jnlerf)relalioti and Jresenlalio,

6. CHRONOLOGICAL STUDY

This study is aimed at knowing the currency of

information in Psychological Abstract. For the purpose

number of items originated in different years in separate

volumes were taken into consideration. As mentioned

earlier the volumes of 1998-2002 of Psychological Abstract

were taken into consideration for the collection of data. It

was found that out of the total number of 3618 articles in

the year of publication varied from 1997-2002 in the 5

volumes. Therefore counting was done to know how many

Articles were published in each year. Table-6 shows the

chronological scattering of all references in which it is

observed that most of literature on the subject was 25.64%

published in the year 1998 followed by 21.14% in the year

1999, 20.72% in the year 2000, 15.09% in the year 2001,

8.789% in the year 2002, and 8.59% in the year 1997.

TABLE NO. 6

YEAR-WISE DISTRIBUTION

s. No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Periods of

origin

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

Total

Vol. 1998

311

644

955

Vol. 1999

284

525

809

Vol. 2000

240

452

692

Vol. 2001

298

400

698

Vol. 2002

146

318

464

Total

311

928

765

750

546

318

3618

%

8.59

25.64

21.14

20.72

15.09

8.789

c.f %

8.59

34.23

55.37

76.09

91.18

99.96

96

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JJala JlnalutU, JnUrbrelaltcn ana Jreseulalioi

7. RANKING OF JOURNALS

Now a days, journals have got key position, as an

important tool of current information, they play a significant

role in scientific communication. Articles of the journals

provide the most of required information to information

sources. However, not all journals contribute equally with

regards to the articles of interest of information seekers.

As such, it may be found that certain core journals

contribute most of the liferature on particular topic. This

information of core journals in various subjectswill go a long

way in preparing the subscription list of journals by the

librarian and information scientists. It especially acts when

one takes into consideration the limited resources of the

library and ever increasing demand of the users. The

present study, therefore, is meant to identify the most

important journals, constituting the most of the literature of

research value in the field of Behaviour Disorders and

Antisocial Behaviour.

In the collected data, all the 3618 references were

found to be in 557 journals which have been ranked up to

44 position, on the basis of their decreasing frequency.

In this study the first rank was occupied by the journal

titled "Journals of Interpersonal violence" with the

frequency of 144, which accounts for 3.98% of the total

references. Next three positions are occupied by journals,

like "Child Abuse and Neglect" (3.75%), "Suicide and

life threatening Behaviour" (3.17%) and violence Against

women" (2.81%) as shown in table 7.

9 8

Jjala Jlnalusis, Jnlerprelaliou ana Jresenlalic.

Table No. 7 RANKING OF JOURNALS

s. No.

1 2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

15 16

17 18 19

20 21 22

23

24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

37 38

39

Rank

1 2 3

4 5

6 7

8 9 10 11 12 12 13

14 15

15 16 16

17 17 18

19

20 21 22 22 22 23 23 24 24 24 24 25 25

25 26

27

Name of Journals

Journal of Interpersonal Violence Child Abuse and Neqiect Suicide and Life Threatening Behaviour Violence Aqainst Women Child Maltreatment: Journal of the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children Journal of Family Violence Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry American Journal of Psychology British Journal of Psychiatry Archives of Suicide Research Crisis Psychological Reports Aggression and Violent Behaviour Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry and Allied Discipline Violence & Victims Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology Journal of Child Sexual Abuse Development & Psychopathology JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association Psychological Medicine Journal of Adolescence Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiarty Social Psychiatry & Psychiatric Epidemiology Canadian Journal of Psychiatry American Psychologist Aggressive Behaviour Deviant Behaviour Substance Use & Misuse Nervous & Mental Disease Child Abuse Review/ New England Journal of Medicine Perceptual & Motor Skills Journal of Clinical Psychology Death Studies Issues in Mental Health Nursing American Journal of Orthopsychiatry Journal of Adolescent Health American Journal of Preventive Medicine American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Countries

USA UK

USA

USA USA

USA USA

USA. UK

Germany Italy USA

Canada UK

USA Malaysia

Canada USA USA

Sweden Netherlands

Australia

USA

Canada USA

Canada USA USA

Japan UK UK

Poland Canada China USA Israel

France USA

USA.

Freq.

144 136 115

102 85

71 69

67 66 55 52 48 48 38

37 36

36 33 33

32 32 29

28

27 26 25 25 25 24 24 22 22 22 22 20 20

20 19

18

Cumu. Freq. 144 280 395

497 582

653 722

789 855 910 962 1010 1058 1096

1133 1169

1205 1238 1271

1303 1335

.1364

1392

1419 1445 1470 1795 1520 1544 1568 1590 1612 1634 1656 1676 1696

1716 1735

1753

%age

3.98 3.75 3.17

2.81 2.34

1.96 1.90

1.85 1.82 1.52 1.43 1.32 1.32 1.05

1.02 0.99

0.99 0.91 0.91

0.88 0.88 0.80

0.77

0.74 0.71 0.69 0.69 0.69 0.66 0.66 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.55 0.55

0.55 0.52

0.49

9 9

JJala Jinalijsis, Julerjjrelalion and JresenlaUo.

40

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

49 50 51 52

53 54 55

56 57 58

59

60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68

69 70 71 72 73 74 75

76

77 78 79

80 81 82 83 84 85

86

27

28 28 29 30 30 30 30 30

31 31 31 31

31 31 32

32 33 33

33

33 33 33 33 33 33 33 34 34

34 34 34 34 34 35 35

35

35 35 36

36 36 36 36 36 36

36

International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry Journal of Clinical Psychiatry Addiction Psycholoqy of Women Quarterly Journal of Abnormal Psycholoqy Development Psychology Behavioural Disorders Comprehensive Psychiatry Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology Psychiatric Services Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity Personality & individual differences Professional Psychology: Research & Practice Journal of Affective Disorders American Journal of Public Health Philosophy, Psychiatry & Psychology Child Development Journal of Youth & Adolescence Journal of Epidemilogy & Community Health Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency Criminal Justice & Behaviour European Psychiatry Nordic Journal of Psychiatry BMJ : British Medical Journal Biological Psychiatry Psychiatric Annals Criminology Psychology Reviews Social Science & Medicine Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research & Treatment Psychology in the Schools Clinical Social Work Journal Journal of Family Psychology Journal of Studies on Alcohol Journal of Community Psychology British Journal of Criminology International Journal of Offender Therapy & Criminology Psychology of Addictive Behaviours Adolescence Journal of Social Psychology European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry Transcultural Psychiatry Trauma Violence and Abuse Omega: Journal of Death & Dying Legal & Criminological Psvchotogy Behavioural Sciences and the Law Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine Sex Roles

UK

USA Canada

Hong Kong UK

Canada UK

Germany Denmark

USA UK US New

Zealand China Italy UK

USA UK

Greece

USA

Canada Spain

Sweden UK UK

USA Australia

South Africa Mexico

USA USA Israel

Taiwan Netherlands

US Israel

UK

South Africa France

Germany

Canada UK

Israel USA UK

Ireland

Italy

18

17 17 16 15 15 15 15 15

14 14 14 14

14 14 13

13 12 12

12

12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11

11 11 11 11 11 10 10

10

10 10 9

9 9 9 9 9 9

9

1771

1788 1805 1821 1836 1851 1866 1881 1896

1910 1924 1938 1952

1966 1980 1993

2006 2018 2030

2042

2054 2068 2078 2090 2102 2114 2126 2137 2148

2159 2170 2181 2192 2203 2213 2223

2233

2243 2253 2262

2271 2280 2289 2298 2307 2316

2325

0.49

0.46 0.46 0.44 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41

0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38

0.38 0.38 0.35

0.35 0.33 0.33

0.33

0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.30 0.30

0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.27 0.27

0.27

0.27 0.27 0.27

0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24

0.24

100

'J)ala JinalijsU, Snlerlirelalimi and Jretentallon

87 88 89 90 91

92

93

94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102

103

104

105 106 107 108 109

110

111 112 113

114

115 116 117 118 119

120

121

122

123

124 125 126 127 128

36 36 36 36 36

36

36

36 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37

37

37

37 37 37 37 38

38

38 38 38

38

38 38 38 38 38

38

38

39

39

39 39 39 39 39

Social Development Psvcholoqical Bulletin Psvchiatrv Research Arts in Psychotherapy Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry & the Law Journal of Marriage & the Family

Health Care for Women International Journal of Forensic Science Youth & Society Women & Health Women & Therapy Gender & Society Family and Community Health International Review of Victimioloqy Criminal Behaviour & Mental Health Canadian Journal of Behavioural Sciences Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal Journal of Counseling and Development Child Welfare Journal of Traumatic Stress Journal of Family Issues Psychopatholoqy Child Psychiatry & Human Development Western Journal of Nursing Research Feminism & Psychology Drug & Alcohol Dependence International Journal of Eating Disorders International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice Psychiatric Bulletin Clinical Pediatrics Children & Youth Services Review Alcohol & Alcoholism American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioural Assessment Journal of Social & Personal Relationships Ethics & Behaviour

European Neuropsychopharmacoloqy European Journal of Psvchiatrv General Hospital Psychiatry Families in Society Military Psycholoqy Military Medicine

Sri Lanka UK

France India USA

Pakistan

Australia

France UK UK

Kuwait USA

Norway UK

USA Canada

Japan

New Zealand Canada France USA

Denmark USA

USA

USA Australia

UK

UK

Spain USA Israel

Finland Israel

Venezuela

Canada

USA

Netherlands

Spain USA India USA USA

9 9 9 9 9

9

9

9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

8

8

8 8 8 8 7

7

7 7 7

7

7 7 7 7 7

7

7

6

6

6 6 6 6 6

2334 2343 2352 2361 2370

2379

2388

2397 2405 2413 2421 2429 2437 2445 2461 2469

2479

2477

2485 2493 2501 2509 2516

2523

2530 2537 2544

2551

2558 2565 2572 2579 2586

2593

2600

2606

2612

2618 2624 2630 2636 2642

0,24 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.24

0.24

0.24

0.24 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22

0.22

0.22

0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.19

0.19

0.19 0.19 0.19

0.19

0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19

0.19

0,19

0.16

0.16

0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16

1 0 1

Jjala Jlnalijsis. Jukrj}relalwn and Jresenlalion

129

130 131 132 133 134 135 136

137 138 139 140 141

142 143 144 145 146

147 148

149 150 151 152 153 154

155 156 157 158 159

160

161 162 163

164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175

39

39 39 39 39 39 39 39

39 39 39 39 39

39 39 39 39 40

40 40

40 40 40 40 40 40

40 40 40 40 40

40

40 40 40

41 41 41 41 41 41 41 41

. 41 41 41 41

Hispanic Journal of Behavioural Services Bulletin of the Menniqer Clinic Bioloqical Psychiatry British Journal of Social Work Infant Mental Health School Psychology Review Social Forces Psychiatry, Psychology & Law

Psycholoqists Psychological Medicine Counseling Psychologist Archives of Sexual Behaviour American Journal of Community Psychology Journal of Counseling Psychology Journal of Clinical Child Psychology Journal of Applied Psychology Journal of Drug Issues Family Journal of Counseling and Therapy for, Couples & Families Lancet British Journal of Medical Psychology Illness Crisis and Loss Social Science Quarterly Psychoioqical Sciences Public Health Nursing Cognitive Therapy & Research American Journal of Family Therapy Applied Coqnitive Psychology Archives of Psychiatry Nursing Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect Journal of Psychoactive Drug -Journal of Applied Social Psychology Journal for the Psychoanalysis of Culture & Society Journal of Clinical Geropsycholoqy Journal of Mental Health Journal of Development & Behavioural Pediatrics Evolution & Human Behaviour Quantitative Health Research Harward Review of Psychiatry Behaviour Therapy Behaviour Change Social Work Several Relationship Therapy Psychology of Men & Masculivity Psychopramacoloqy Personel Relationship Psychosomatics Current Directors in Psychological Science

Belgium

South Africa UK

USA UK

Scotland Canada

New Zealand Australia

Spain USA

Canada UK

USA Italy

Netherlands Canada

USA

UK USA

Canada Turkey England

Switzerland Brazil USA

UK Hungary

Fizi Sri Lanka Thailand

Singapore

Finland Poland Ethiopia

USA UK

USA USA

Australia Israel UK

Ireland USA USA

Australia UK

6

6 6 6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 6

6 6 6 6 5

5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5

5

5 5 5

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2648

2654 2660 2666 2672 2678 2684 2690

2696 2702 2708 2714 2720

2726 2732 2738 2744 2749

2754 2759

2764 2769 2774 2779 2784 2789

2794 2799

' 2804 2809 2814

2819

2824 2829 2834

2838 2842 2846 2850 2854 2858 2862 2866 2870 2874 2878 2882

0.16

0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16

0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16

0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.13

0.13 0.13

0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0,13

0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13

0.13

0.13 0.13 0.13

0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11

....

102

JJala jlnaliisls, Jnlcrbrelallon and Jreaenlalion

176 41 College Student Journal Korea 2886 0.11 177 41 Clinical Child & Family Psychology

Review USA 2890 0.11

178 41 Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America

Hong Kong 2894 0.11

179 41 Children Services : Social Policy Research & Practice

China 2898 0.11

180 41 Acta Psyiatice Scandivavice Supplement

Ethiopia 2902 0.11

181 41 American Journal of Forensic Psychology

USA 2906 0.11

182 41 American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

USA 2910 0.11

183 41 Aviation, Space & Environmental Medicine

Kenya 2914 0.11

184 41 Addiction Behaviour UK 2918 0.11 185 41 American Journal of Health

Behaviour Columbia 2922 0.11

186 41 Annals of Clinical Psychiatry Sweden 2926 0.11 187 41 Journal of Adolescent Research USA 2930 0.11 188 41 Journal of Sex Research UK 2934 0.11 189 41 Journal of Emotional and

Behavioural Disorders UK 2938 0.11

190 41 Journal of Psychology

Social and Clinical Australia 2942 0.11

191 41 Journal of Psychosomatic Research Argentina 2946 0.11 192 41 Journal of Human Behaviour in the

Social Environment UK 2950 0.11

193 41 Journal of Quantitative Criminology USA 2954 0.11 194 41 Journal of Child

Substance Abuse and Adolescent Canada 2958 0.11

195 41 Journal of Individual Psychology USA 2962 0.11 196 41 Narrative Inguiry Canada 2966 0.11 197 41 International Journal of Behavioural

Development Finland 2970 0.11

198

301

42

T

42

Journal of Gambling Studies

Journal of Early Adolescence

USA

France

1 2ft73

3280

0.08

0.08

302

T

386

387

T

557

43 Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences

43 Journal of Neuroscience

44

44

Journal of Psychiatry and Law

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

Germany

T

USA

USA

T

Canada

•

2

f 1

Total

3282

t 3448

3449

3618

3618

0.05

T

0.05

0.02

T

.02

98.97

103

JJitlii Jlnnliisis, .Jnlerhrclalimi and Jrescnliilii

8. SUBJECT-WISE DISTRIBUTION

Usually, the information on a given subject is

published in the journals belonging to the same subject.

But sometimes some of the vital information has been

found in some related disciplines of the subject. This

phenomenon is called scattering. The present analysis has

been done to know the scattering of literature on

"Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial Behaviour" in other

subject fields. The Ulrich International periodicals

Dsirectory 35** ed. was consulted to determine the subject

field of periodicals.

Table 8 shows that the total number of 3618 items

appearing in 557 Journals, belong to 10 different subjects.

The most dominant subject area was found to be

"Psychology Behaviour" in which 1986 items which

constitute 30.01% were published. The second and third

rank goes to "Psychology human Behaviour" with 738

items, i.e., 20.39% and "Development and

Psychopathology" with 630 items, i.e., 17.41%.

104

Jjala JinaLjsis, Jnterbrelalion and Jresenlado.

Table No. 8

Subject-wise Distribution

s. No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Ranic

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Subject Area

Psychology-

Behaviour

Psychology

human Behaviour

Development and

Psychopathology

Psychology

Aggressive

Behaviour

Psychiatry-

Clinical

Mental

Psychology

Psychology

Personality

Social

Psychology

Psychology-

Adolescent

Freq. Occu.

1086

738

630

525

311

104

98

62

49

15

3618

Freq. % age

30.01

20.39

17.41

14.51

8.59

2.87

2.70

1.71

1.35

0.41

EN=99.95

Cumu. Freq.

%

30.01

50.4

67.81

82.32

90.91

93.78

96.48

98.19

99.54

99.95

1 0 5

r--------------------- --"

-'#. c: .--e :::s ... r: .s ::i

35l I I t I I

i I

30, I

I I I I

25J

I I I I I

20-1

I

15

10

5

o

Diagram No.6 Representing Subject-wise Distribution

Psychology-Behaviour Psychology human Behaviour

Development and Psychopathology

Subjects

Others

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

APPLICATION OF BIBLIOMETRIC LAWS

To check, validity of the Bibliometric laws over the

collected and analysed data, the next step is the

application of Bibliometric laws, after their interpretation.

1. BRADFORD'S LAW OF SCATTERING

This law states that if scientific journals are arranged

according to their decreasing productivity of articles on a

given subject, they may be divided into a nucleus of

periodicals, more particularly devoted to the subject and

several groups or zones, containing same number of

articles as nucleus, when the number of periodicals in the

nucleus and succeeding zones will be given as:

1: n: n^ (where ' 1 ' is number of journals is the nucleus

and 'n' is the multiplier)

By using Table-7 of ranking of 557 journals were set

and divided according to their frequency of occurrence in

three zones the first zone contains 17 journals carrying

1205 items i.e. almost 1/3" ^ of that items, second zone

consist of 79 journals carrying 1208 items i.e. almost 1/3^

of total items and the th i rd and last zone, consist of 461

journals carrying 1205 items i.e. almost 1/3 ' of total items

107

jibhlicaiwn oj JjlUicmelric. J^aim

as shown in table. The zones thus identified will form an

approximately geometric progression.

Present study shows:

17:79:461

Here 17s 17 x 1, journals produced 1205 items, in nuclei zone.

zone

zone.

79 s 17x 5 journals produced 1208 items in second

461 s 17 x 5 X 5 journals produced 1205 items, in last

Therefore, putting here n= 5 in 17 : 17n : 17n^

i.e., 17 : 79 : 461 (i.e.1 : n : n^)

Thus, Bradford's law is proved.

Bradford's Table

s. No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

No. of Jou rna l

Cumu la t ion of j o u r n a l

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

13

14

15

No. of Journa l x Respect ive Frequency

1 X 144 = 144

1 X 136 = 136

1 X 115 = 115

1 X 102 - 102

1 X 85 = 85

1 X 71 = 71

1 X 69 = 69

1 X 67 = 67

1 X 66 = 66

1 X 55 = 55

1 X 52 = 52

2 X 48 = 96

1 X 38 = 38

1 X 37 = 37

Cumu la t i on of i tems

144

280

395

497

582

653

722

789

855

910

962

1058

1096

1133

108

Jlhlnicalwn oj.Jjihliomelrtc J^ana

15

Total

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

Total

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

Total

1

= 17

2

2

1

1

1

1

3

2

4

3

1

2

2

1

5

6

2

10

7

5

16

2

= 79

12

13

24

18

34

104

85

171

461

, 17

19

21

22

23

24

25

28

30

34

37

38

40

42

43

48

54

56

66

73

78

94

96

108

121

145

163

197

301

386

557

2 X 36 =72

Total = 1205

2 X 33 = 66

2 X 32 = 64

1 X 29 = 29

1 X 28 =28

1 X 27 = 27

1 X 26 = 26

3 X 25 = 75

2 X 24 = 48

4 X 22 = 88

3 X 20 = 60

1 x 1 9 = 19

2 X 18 = 36

2 X 17 = 34

1 x 1 6 = 16

5 X 15 = 75

6 x 14 = 84

2 X 13 = 26

10 X 12 = 120

7 X 11 = 77

5 X 10 = 50

16 X 9 = 144

2 X 8 = 16

Total = 1208

12 X 8 = 96

13 X 7 = 91

24 X 6 = 144

17 X 5 = 85

34 X 4 = 136

104 X 3 = 312

85 X 2 =170

171 X 1 = 171

Total = 1205

1205

1271

1335

1364

1392

1419

1445

1520

1568

1656

1716

1735

1771

1805

1821

1896

1980

2006

2126

2203

2253

2397

2413

2509

2600

2744

2829

2965

3277

3447

3618

109

. 'ijipliraiicii ililiumfirir: J^aas

Taking log 'n' on x-axis and number of items in each

zone on y-axis a graph was plotted as shown. The

Bibliograph, thus obtained is found to be, by and large

similar to Bradford's Bibliograph. As the graph begins as

rising curve APi and continues as a straight line, the rising

output of graph represents the nucleus of highly productive

journals. The point Pi, P2 and P3 on the Bibliograph are the

boundaries of three as the nucleus represented by 0Y1 =

Y1Y2 = Y2 Y3 derived from as increasingly large number

of journals represented by 0 X 1 , X1X2 AND X2X3

Log value of 17 journals in the first zone = 1.2304489

Log value of 79 journals in the second zone = 1.8976271

Log value of 461 journals in the last zone = 2.6637009

no

a

o n iS

2

CO

X

CM

O

(0

c

o

o z o

3

E O

X

(j) )i SUI9JI eojnos io jaqtunivj aAi^einuino

Jlbtilkalioii oj .Jjihlwmelric J^aws

2. LOTKA'S INVERSE SQUARE LAW

Alfred, J. Lotka, in the year 1926 proposed his inverse

square law, correlating contribution of scientific papers to

their number of contribution that has been, explained

earlier in chapter II According to this law "number of

scientists who contribute 'n' paper will be 1 / n^ of those

who contributed only 1 paper"

In the present study, it was observed that 2960

authors, have contributed 3618 items. Out of 2960

contributors only 333 authors as contributed more than 1

paper and the rest 2627 have contributed only 1 paper

each.

Latka's law was applied to know the number of

authors contributing 2 papers 3 papers and 4 papers

respectively. Author table has been consulted for the

derivation.

TabI No. of Authors

2627

207

58 35

e-A No. of articles contributed

1 2 3 4

112

/iM.licnIioii ol .Jitlilwmelric J^nn

2.1 AUTHORS CONTRIBUTING 2 PAPERS

As we know that the number of authors contributing

only 1 paper is 2627, therefore number of authors

constituting only 2 paper^may be calculated by the formula.

M« «f -^..tu^rr. ^^,u\\c.u\r^r* r. rs^««,• - " ^ of authorsptoducing Ipaper No. of authors publishing n paper = ^ —£ix__

n

On substituting, n = 2 in the above formula. No. of authors publishing 2 papers =—;—= = 656.757

s 6 5 7 (i.e. 207 < 657)

The number of authors publishing 2 papers should be

657 However, an analysis of the data indicates that only

207 authors have contributed 2 papers which is far less

than the figure, obtained by applying the law.

2.2 AUTHORS CONTRIBUTING 3 PAPERS

On substituting, n = 3 in the above formula

No. of authors publishing 3 paper = - ^ ^ = - ^ ^ = 291.88

s 292{i.e.58 < 299)

But the present analysis shows that only 58 authors

have contributed 3 papers, which is far less than the figure

obtained by applying Lotka's Law.

113

.yihpliciilkin of ^liibliomehic -ri-iiii!<

2.3 AUTHORS CONTRIBUTING 4 PAPERS

On putting n= 4 in the formula

No. of authors publishing 4 papers = = ~ = 164 42 16

(i.e. 35 <164)

The present analysis shows that only 35 authors

contributed 4 papers which is again far less than the

calculated figure.

It may therefore be concluded that the trend of

research now a days, have changed as compared to the

period, when Lotka's law was formulated. That is why on

the basis of the analysis of the present data, it is difficult to

satisfy the Lotka's Law.

114

- 6 Jpoy?^€laMom^ a/mi

\Mticlunimt <uid Jinblic

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

The prime objective of the Bibliometric study i.e., a

quantitative or numerical or statistical analysis of recorded

communication, is to know the leading core journals,

countries, years, languages, subjects, forms, contributors

etc. in the subject Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial

Behaviour ' After the collection of data from Psychological

Abstracts, it was analysed according to Bibliometric

technique and results were drawn in the form of tables

graphs and pie charts. At last Lotka's and Bradford's Laws

were tested comprehensively.

On the basis of said study major findings may be

concluded as follows.

(1) From Geographical study, it was found that USA is the

biggest producer of new literary warrant in field of

"Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial Behaviour". It accounts

for 31.86% i.e. 1153 of the total literature.

The second, third and fourth most producing countries

are UK (24.04%) Canada (8.34%), Australia (5.80%).

(2) In Authors-wise Analysis, it is found that 928 items

i.e. (25.64%) were written by single authors and 2690 items

115

L'onciitswii una. Jm/z/int/iCit.':

i.e. (74.35%) were written by more than one authors. This

trend shows that research works are being done in

collaboration, i.e., collective efforts are involved to

complete research work. The most productive authors in

field of 'Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial Behaviour" are.

(a) Lester (David)

(b) Leenaars (Action A)

(c) Haj-Yahia (Muhammed M)

(3) Language-wise Distribution analysis shows that

80.79% literature in this field is published in English

language, and 3.31% French 1.99% German. So English is

the most dominant language in this field. This study may

help in the provision of translation service by information

centres. This analysis suggests that researchers should

know at least one foreign language other than English.

(4) From the Form-wise Distribution, it is found that

Articles are most popular form, with 2530 items i.e.,

69.92% followed by Survey Report with 523 items i.e.

14.45% Reviews with 344 items, i.e., 9.508%. This

analysis may be useful for the Librarian to decide about the

various forms of documents, which are to be procured in

the library to serve the requirement of researchers on the

subject. 116

Lyoiic/uxit'ti and JJmbliciilwiis

(5) From the study dealing with Year-wise distribution of

items, it is found that highest amount of documents were

produced in the year 1998 with 928 items, i.e., 25.64% on

the subject "Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial Behaviour.

The other most productive years are 1999 and 2000

accounts for 765 items, i.e., 21.14% and 546 items, i.e.,

20.72% respectively.

(6) From Table-7, it was found that the journal title

"Journal of Interpersonal Violence" published from USA

is most productive, reporting 144 items i.e., 3.98% of the

total followed by "Child Abuse and Neglect " published

from UK with 136 items i.e.. 3.75% "Suicide and Life

Threatening Behaviour" published from USA with 115

items i.e., 3.17%. The information of core journal in various

subjectswill go a long way in preparing the subscription list

of journals by the Librarian and Information Scientist.

(7) The subject description analysis shows the scattering

of subjects i.e., due to explosion of knowledge and new

subjects are developed and this way lead to scattering of

subjects. The most dominating subject field in which

literature on "Behaviour Disorder and Antisocial Behaviour"

was produced is "Psychology- Behaviour" with 1086 items

117

(yoncliisiou una Jrnbllciilwtis

i.e., 30.01% scattered disciplines are "Psychology human

Behaviour" with 738 items, i.e., 20.39% "Development

and Psychopathology" with 630 items, i.e., 14.51% etc.

This study may help the Librarian in providing the

abstracting and indexing CAS, SDI service and preparing

the documentation list.

(8) At last Bradford's and Lotka's Laws were applied to

the collected data to testify the validity of laws in the

present context. However, Lotka's law could not be

verified, as it seems to be out-dated for the literature on

"Behavior Disorders and Antisocial Behavior is concernecj

Bradfords law is proved in the present study.

Finally it may be concluded that Bibliometric study is

very well established technique of identification and

describing some of characteristics of literature. This study

helps the Librarian or Information Scientist in deriving

certain conclusions which help them in taking certain

fruitful steps in the smooth running of library and also helps

in satisfying the need of the users to the great extent. Now

a days Bibliometrics studies are becoming very popular,

because of explosion of knowledge.

118

Jcnabililu oj Jluholhi'Sis

TENABILITY OF HYPOTHESIS

The Tenability of Hypothesis can be checked in the

light of the findings.

HYPOTHESIS (I)

There may be the significant difference regarding

geographical scattering of articles on "Behaviour Disorders

and Antisocial Behaviour".

Findings show that USA is the most productive

country in the field of "Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial

Behaviour" (31.86%) Articles were published from USA

followed by UK (24.04%). It shows that there is a

significant difference of geographical scattering of articles.

So this hypothesis is fully true.

HYPOTHESIS (II)

Influence of group research may be seen in

authorship pattern of "Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial

Behaviour".

From the analysis of data, it reveals that most of the

papers contributed by multiple authors, i.e. (74.35%) and

single author contributed only (25.64%). So hypothesis is

fully true.

119

JenaoUilii nl Jiijluilkesia

HYPOTHESIS (III)

Most of the articles may be written in English

language in the field of "Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial

Behaviour".

It is clear from the result of the analysis that most of

the literature 80.79% in this field are published in English

language only. So this hypothesis is fully true.

HYPOTHESIS (IV)

Journal articles may be the most used forms of

documents.

Table no. 5 reveals that journal articles are the

most used bibliographic form of documents. Most of the

citations 69.92% are published in article form. So

hypothesis is true.

HYPOTHESIS (V)

Chronological analysis of data may emerge as the

reflection of accelaratory growth in the research output of

the literature, year by year. Hence the hypothesis stand

null.

Table no. 6 reveals that there is no progressive

increment in the research out put of the literature year by

120

Jr.uabiUlij of Jiiilxillusis

year in the field of "Behaviour Disorders and Antisocial

Behaviour".

HYPOTHESIS (VI)

Bradford's Law will stand valid in the present study.

By aiaai>J5iT>,y the data regarding the journal

productivity in accordance with the Bradford's law gives the

result as follows:

First 17 Journals produce 1205 items then, next 79

journals produce 1208 items last, 461 Journals produced

1205 items. Which veried slightly from the figure obtained

by applying Bradford's formula 1 : n: n^

1 7 x 1 journal item = 3618/3 = 1206 1 7 x 5 = 85 journal's item = 1206 1 7 x 5 x 5 = 425 journals items = 1206 Bradford's table reveals that hypothesis is proved.

HYPOTHESIS (VII)

Lotka's law will be valid in the present study.

The analysis of data reveals that 2627 authors

contributed one paper^ 207 authors contributed 2 papers,

58 authors contributed 3 papers and 35 authors contributed

4 papers, the calculated value obtained by applying Lotka's

Law is far less than the expected value. Hence the

hypothesis stand null.

121

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Anantharaman, R.N. and Subha, V. Job involvement, need satisfaction and organisational cl imate. Indian Journal of Applied Psycholoav. 17(2): 1980: pp.56-59

2. Arjun Lai. Ranking of periodicals in the f ield of social science. Annals of Library Science and Documentation.37 (2); 1990: pp. 67-72.

3. At Kinson, R.L. Hilgard's introduction to Psychology. 12** ed.: Harcourt Brace college publisher; 1996: pp. 174-175.

4. Brookes, B.C. Theory of Bradford's law. Journal of Documentat ion. 33 (3); 1977: pp. 180-209.

5. Devarajan, G., Ed. Bibliometric studies; New Delhi: Ess Ess publ icat ion; 1997: pp. 1-33.

6. Fairthorne, R.A. Empirical Hyperbolic (Bradford, zipt, Mendalbort) for Bibliometric descript ion and product ion. Journal of Documentation. 1969: pp. 319-343.

7. Harlock, E.B. Introduction to personality development. 4'*" Ed., New York Mcgraw Hill Book co: pp. 712-714.

8. Hubbert, J.J. Bibliometric models for journals productivity. Social Indicators Research. 4: 1997: pp. 44-73.

9. Mohammed Taher. Flow of Islamic information through journal art icles: A Bibliometric analysis. Lucknow Librarian. 22 (3-4); 1990: pp. 75-80.

10. Ranganathan, S.R. Librametry and its scope. DRTC seminar 7. Paper DA. Bangalore. DRTC; 1969: pp 285-301.

11 . Sengupta IN. Bibliometric and appl icat ion. ]n.: Information Science and Libraries. New Delhi, Atlantic; 1990: pp. 256.

12. Vickery, B.C. Bradford's law of scattering. Journal of documentat ion. 4(3); 1948: pp. 203.

122