Iran After the June 2005 Presidential Election

8/2/2019 Iran After the June 2005 Presidential Election

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{oabcr ifaaow `} }nf Wbasol Cfl}fz! mfsczbjfm

Bz`l‒s iozfbgl {oabcr `s so{nbs}bc`}fm `lm coh(

{af~! `lm olf mbzfc}fm jr ` lvhjfz oi dlowa(

fmgf`jaf mb{aoh`}s, Nf }novgn} b} vlabdfar

}n`} }nf iozfbgl {oabcr srs}fh bl {a`cf covam jf

f`sbar mbsh`l}afm, Nf {zfmbc}fm }n`}

@nh`mblfe`m h`r `mo{} ` }ovgnfz ablf! jv}

}n`} }nfzf wovam jf lo sn`z{ jzf`d wb}n f~bs}(

blg iozfbgl {oabcr, @nh`mblfe`m wbaa col}blvf

lfgo}b`}bols wb}n }nf FV! bh{zoyf zfa`}bols

wb}n Bz`l‒s [fzsb`l Gvai lfbgnjozs! sv{{oz} }nf

E`ì zb goyfzlhfl} bl Bz`p! lm {vzsvf f~{`lm(

fm zfa`}bols Blmb` `lm Cnbl`, Nowfyfz!

@nh`mblfe`m‒s {zfsbmflcr covam vsnfz bl `

cn`lgf bl ‑s}raf `lm ybsbol!‘ `lm }nbs covam

bh{`c} iozfbgl {oabcr! Sfh`}b s`bm,

Sn`va J`dn`sn! Ca`zflcf Zojblsol oi

Nbs}ozr } Gfozgf H`sol Vlbyfzsb}r! lo}fm }n`}

@nh`mblfe`m mbm lo} c`h{`bgl ol iozfbgl {oa(

bcr bssvfs `lm }n`} ab}}af bs dlowl `jov} nbs ioz(

fbgl {oabcr ybfws, Mvzblg }nf c`h{`bgl! nf

fh{n`sbufm }n`} zfa`}bols wb}n }nf V,S, `zf lo}

‑nbgn `holg nbs {zbozb}bfs,‘ Nf }novgn} Bz`l‒s

}f`h w`s lo} }ovgn flovgn bl b}s lfgo}b`}bols

wb}n }nf FV, Nf }novgn} Bz`lb`l zfsovzcfssnovam jf f~{aob}fm jr Bz`lb`ls! lo} iozfbgl

ibzhs, @a}novgn }nfsf `}}b}vmfs svggfs} ` hozf

bsoa`}bolbs} {oabcr! J`dn`sn f~{fc}fm col}blvb}r

bl Bz`l‒s iozfbgl {oabcr, Hèoz iozfbgl {oabcr

bssvfs! nf lo}fm! `zf }nf {zfzog`}byf oi }nf

Af`mfz, Nf lo}fm }n`} }nf cn`z`c}fz oi zfa`}bols

wb}n }nf V,S, wovam jf mf}fzhblfm lo} olar jr

]fnz`l jv} àso jr W`snblg}ol! `lm Jvsn

@mhblbs}z`}bol {oabcr }ow`zms Bz`l n`s jffl

cn`z`c}fzbufm jr ` hb~}vzf oi nos}bab}r `lm

ivuublfss, ]nf m`lgfz bs }n`} ` hozf vlcoh{zo(hbsblg s}`lm ol Bz`l wbaa flcovz`gf ` n`zmablf

s}`lm ol @hfzbc`‒s {`z}! mbhhblg {zos{fc}s ioz

` z`{{zocnfhfl} jf}wffl }nf }wo covl}zbfs,

D`zbh S`me`m{ovz! `l `làrs} wb}n }nf

Bl}fzl`}bolà Czbsbs Gzov{! àso `làrufm }nf

fafc}bol zfsva}s, ]nfr blmbc`}f! nf colcavmfm!

}n`} rovlg {o{va`}bols wbaa lo} lfcfss`zbar

yo}f ioz zfiozh oz ioz }nf c`lmbm`}f wno

{zohbsfs }o blb}b`}f }àds wb}n }nf V,S, Nf

lo}fm }n`} @nh`mblfe`m mbm lo} }àd `jov}

fs}`jabsnblg zfa`}bols wb}n }nf V,S,! mfhocz`(

cr! oz abjfzàbu`}bol4 rf}! nbs {o{vabs} c`h{`bgl

zfsol`}fm wb}n }nf yo}fzs, Rovlg Bz`lb`ls sffd

zfiozh! S`me`m{ovz s`bm! jv} }nfr wbsn }o

`yobm ‑vlzfs}! blsfcvzb}r! `lm vlcfz}`bl}r,‘

Bz`lb`ls lo aolgfz colsbmfz Bz`p `s ` ‑{`z`(

mbgh ioz cn`lgf,‘

=



Bz`lb`l fafc}bols sblcf 0227 n`yf n`m olf col(

sbs}fl} }nfhf5 }nfr n`yf mfibfm }nf wbamfs} {zf(

mbc}bols! sn`hblg làrs}s wno m`zfm yfl}vzf

gvfss zfg`zmblg }nf zfsva}s, Ol Evlf 07! :;;6!

sohf 93& oi Bz`l‒s =7 hbaabol fabgbjaf yo}fzs

snowfm v{ }o yo}f, ]nf olar {zfmbc}bol }n`}

{zoyfm }zvf w`s }n`} }nbs wovam jf }nf Bsa`hbc

Zf{vjabc‒s ibzs} }wo(zovlm {zfsbmfl}bà fafc(

}bol! `lm }n`} iozhfz [zfsbmfl} @dj`z N`snfhb

Zìs`le`lb wovam cohf bl ibzs} bl }nf blb}bà

zovlm, Jv} lo olf {zfmbc}fm }nf sfcolm zovlm

wovam jf jf}wffl Zìs`le`lb `lm ]fnz`l‒s

n`zmablf H`roz H`nhovm @nh`mblfe`m! loz}n`} @nh`mblfe`m wovam wbl bl a`lmsabmf,

@ sfzbfs oi pvfs}bols cohf }o hblm wnfl wf

aood `} }nfsf zfsva}s5 Wnr mo wf sff svcn ` mbs(

czf{`lcr jf}wffl }nf iblà zfsva}s lm }nf {oaas

}`dfl evs} novzs jfiozf }nf fafc}bols? Wnr mbm

so h`lr Bz`lb`ls cohf ov} }o yo}f }nbs Evlf!

wnbaf }nfzf w`s caf`z }zflm }ow`zm {`}nr fyb(

mfl} bl }nf a`s} }wo l`}bolà fafc}bols .}nf

Aocà Covlcbas `lm Hèabs bl :;;3 `lm :;;=!

zfs{fc}byfar"? Covam }nfzf n`yf jffl iova {a`r?

Wn`} w`s @nh`mblfe`m‒s sfczf} }o svccfss bl}nfsf fafc}bols?

Wnr Svcn Nbgn ]vzlov}?Zfg`zmafss oi wnf}nfz oz lo} sohf iova {a`r

}ood {a`cf bl i`y oz oi ` {`z}bcva`z c`lmbm`}f!

wnbcn wbaa jf `mmzfssfm jfaow! b} bs ojybovs

}n`} }nf zfà }vzlov} w`s colsbmfz`jar nbgnfz

}n`l `làrs}s f~{fc}fm, ]nf h`bl i`c}ozs mzby(

blg }nf hozf }n`l 9;& oi fabgbjaf yo}fzs wno

{`z}bcb{`}fm blcavmf }nf ioaaowblg! }novgn bl

}nf `jsflcf oi {zo{fz f~b} {oaablg b} bs bh{ossb(

jaf }o wfbgn f`cn i`c}oz5

0, ]nf Bz`lb`l socbf}r‒s col}blvfm mfsbzf }o

jzblg `jov} cn`lgf }nzovgn gz`mvà fyoav(

}bol z`}nfz }n`l z`mbcà v{nf`yà4

:, Sv{zfhf Af`mfz @ab Dn`hflfb‒s mfcbsbol }o

zfyfzsf }nf Gv`zmb`l Covlcba‒s zvablg! }nfzfjr

àaowblg Hos}ì` Hobl! }nf h`bl zfiozhbs}

c`lmbm`}f! }o zvl, ]nbs hoyf {v} ` c`lmbm`}f

bl }nf z`cf wno covam mz`w h`lr mohfs}bc

o{{osb}bol yo}fs .b,f,! {fo{af wno wovam n`yf

o}nfzwbsf evs} jorco}}fm }nf fafc}bols"4

3, Zìs`le`lb‒s zbsdr mfcbsbol }o s}`lm bl }nfsf

fafc}bols! ` mfcbsbol wnbcn blefc}fm ` ao} oi

f~cb}fhfl} `lm jzovgn} bl lo} olar nbs sv{(

{oz}fzs! jv} àso nbs s}`vlcn o{{olfl}s4

=, ]nf Hobl c`h{‒s mfcbsbol }o }f`h v{ wb}n

}nf Izffmoh Hoyfhfl} oi Bz`l }o iozh `

l`}bolà coàb}bol ioz izffmoh lm mfhocz`(cr! wnbcn `g`bl jzo`mflfm }nf `{{fà ioz

yo}fzs }o cohf }o }nf {oaas4

6, Iozhfz Hèabs S{f`dfz Hfnmb D`zzvjb‒s

c`h{`bgl {zohbsf }o gbyf àa Bz`lb`ls oyfz

0> rf`zs oi `gf lf`zar -9; {fz hol}n bi nf

wfzf }o jfcohf {zfsbmfl} àso {a`rfm ` zoaf

bl `}}z`c}blg yo}fzs }o }nf {oaas, Svzfar h`lr

yo}fzs }novgn} }nbs {zohbsf w`s ` abf! wnfl

bl mfs{fz`}f fcolohbc colmb}bols! }nfr mbm

lo} aosf `lr}nblg jr yo}blg ioz nbh4

9, Mfhogz`{nbc i`c}ozs, Rovlg yo}fzs }flm }o jf

hozf f`gfz `jov} yo}blg, Bz`l‒s a`zgf rov}n

{o{va`}bol `lm }nf aow yo}blg `gf bl Bz`l

.06" hf`l} }n`} }nfzf wfzf caosf }o sfyfl hba(

abol fabgbjaf ibzs}(}bhf yo}fzs .06(02 rf`zs"4

7, [ooz {fziozh`lcf oi ov}sbmf o{{osb}bol!

{`z}bcva`zar }nzovgn jzo`mc`s}s izoh }nf Aos

@lgfafs(j`sfm }fafybsbol s}`}bols, ]nfbz ov}(

z`gfovs `lm zbmbcvaovs jzo`mc`s}s zfhblmfm

h`lr yo}fzs }n`} }nfzf bs lo yb`jaf ‑Cnobcf

J‘ `lm }n`} }nfr n`yf }o h`df mo wb}n }nf

n`lm }n`} }nfr `zf mfà}4

>, S}`}fhfl}s cohblg izoh }nf Wnb}f Novsf

àso nfa{fm mz`w Bz`lb`ls }o }nf yo}blg

joo}n, V,S, [zfsbmfl} Gfozgf W, Jvsn‒s

cohhfl}s wfzf `bzfm zf{f`}fmar! `lm

à}novgn nf mbm lo} s{fcbibcàar s`r so! ybfw( 6

]nf Bz`lb`l [zfsbmfl}bà Fafc}bols5 Wno Yo}fm! Wnr!Now ) Mofs b} H`}}fz?Jr Sb`h`d L`hùb! [vjabc [oabcr Scnoa`z! Woomzow Wbasol Bl}fzl`}bol a Cfl}fz ioz Scnoa`zs




fzs wfzf }oam }n`} }nf @hfzbc`l [zfsbmfl}

w`s càablg ioz ` jorco}}, Ioz ifw! }nf ‑ioz(

fbgl bl}fzifzflcf‘ i`c}oz w`s flovgn bh{f(

}vs }o go }o }nf {oaas, Hozf bh{oz}`l}ar! `

lvhjfz oi bl}faafc}vàs àso ifa} }n`} bi }nf{`z}bcb{`}bol afyfa mzo{{fm! }nf lfocolsfzy(

`}byfs covam hbs}`df }n`} ioz ` czr izoh }nf

Bz`lb`l {fo{af }n } }nfr w`l} }o jf ‑izffm‘ ë

a` Bz`p, So! snowblg v{ `lm yo}blg w`s àso

bh{oz}`l} bl {zo}fc}blg Bz`l izoh {o}fl}bà

V,S, jfaabgfzflcr4

2, ]nfzf bs }z`mb}bolàar ` gzov{ oi ‑sc`zfm‘

yo}fzs, B} bs lo sfczf} }n`} sohf Bz`lb ls

wozzr }n`} }nfr hbgn} jf }vzlfm mowl izoh

` goyfzlhfl}à eoj oz ` ao`l! ioz f~`h{af! bi

}nfbz bmfl}b}r {`{fzs mo lo} mbs{a`r ` s}`h{

snowblg }n`} }nfr {`z}bcb{`}fm bl l`}bolà

yo}fs, ]nbs gzov{ bs hozf abdfar }o c`s} `

ja`ld jàao} }n`l o}nfz yo}blg jaocds `zf,

W`s ]nfzf Iova [a`r?]nfzf `zf }wo cnbfi coh{a`bl}s jfblg aomgfm

jr y`zbovs {fzsols lm ozg`lbu`}bols5

• ]nf h`bl `ccvs`}bol bs }n`} }nf {`z`hbab}`zr

j`sbe .yoavl}ffz hbab}b`" `lm }nf Bsa`hbc

Zfyoav}bol`zr Gv`zms Coz{s .BZGC" wfzf

vsfm }o hojbabuf yo}fs bl }nf a`s} hblv}fs bl

i`yoz oi @nh`mblfe`m4

• ]nfzf `zf àso coh{a`bl}s jr jo}n Zìs`le`lb

`lm @nh`mblfe`m }n`} }nfzf w`s mfi`h`}bol

}nzovgn }nf vsf oi baabcb} lfwsaf}}fzs mbs}zbj(

v}fm `} lbgn}! `lm SHSfs sfl} }o cfaa {nolfs,

@aa soz}s oi o}nfz àafg`}bols `lm zvhozs

f~bs}! blcavmblg ` lvhjfz oi c`sfs oi yo}fzs

c`s}blg ` jàao} hozf }n`l olcf, Lfyfz}nfafss!

b} bs lf`zar bh{ossbjaf }o bh`gblf }n`} cnf`}blg

covam n`yf }`dfl {a`cf `} ` afyfa }n`} covam

jzbmgf }nf jbg g`{ jf}wffl }nf yo}fs c`s} ioz

Zìs`le`lb `lm @nh`mblfe`m bl }nf sfcolmzovlm, Dff{ bl hblm }nf hva}b{abcb}r oi coh(

{f}blg {owfz cfl}fzs w`}cnblg oyfz f`cn o}nfz

`lm }nf i`c} }n`} jfsbmfs }nf Bl}fzboz Hblbs}zr

`lm }nf Gv`zmb`l Covlcba! f`cn c`lmbm`}f bs

àaowfm }o n`yf nbs owl zf{zfsfl}`}byf `} }nf

yo}blg cfl}fzs `lm mvzblg }nf jàao} covl}blg,

Hozfoyfz! fyfl bls}b}v}bols abdf }nf BZGC `lm

}nf j`sbe `zf lo} fl}bzfar col}zoaafm jr olf {fz(

sol! `lm covam lo} n`yf {ossbjar jffl `} }nf

soaf mbs{osà oi ` sblgaf c`lmbm`}f,

Va}bh`}far! abdf b} oz lo}! wf hvs} `ccf{}}n`} Hz, @nh`mblfe`m w`s }zvar `jaf }o sflm `

hfss`gf }n`} `{{fàfm }o }nf hèozb}r oi

Bz`lb`l yo}fzs `lm jzovgn} nbh }o oiibcf,

Wn`} W`s @nh`mblfe`m‒s Sfczf} }oSvccfss?]nf snocd oi }nf ibzs} zovlm zfsva}s {oa`zbufm

socbf}r bl `my`lcf oi }nf sfcolm zovlm, ]nf

zfiozhbs}s! wno v{ vl}ba }nbs {obl} o{{osfm

Zìs`le`lb! swb}cnfm {osb}bols `lm zàabfm jfnblm

nbh ov} oi if`z oi `l va}z`(colsfzy`}byf goyfzl(

hfl}, H`lr bl}faafc}vàs `lm sfcva`z Bz`lb`ls

}n`} n`m {zfybovsar s}`rfm ov} oi }nf fafc}bols

wfzf low mf}fzhblfm }o yo}f! àjfb} lo} ioz

Zìs`le`lb `s hvcn `s `g`bls} @nh`mblfe`m,

Mfs{b}f }nf zàarblg càa `lm }nf lfw yo}fzs

wno s}f{{fm bl}o }nf fafc}bols g`hf }o jaocd

`l @nh`mblfe`m ybc}ozr! yo}fz }vzlov} bl }nf

sfcolm zovlm `c}vàar mzo{{fm izoh 93& oi

fabgbjaf yo}fzs }o evs} jfaow 9;&, B} `{{f`zs9

C`lmbm`}f Yo}fs[fzcfl} oi}o}à

@dj`z N`snfhb Zìs`le`lb

H`nhovm @nh`mblfe`m

Hfnmb D`zzvjb

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}n`} ` ao} oi }nf yo}fzs wno n`m yo}fm ioz `

zfiozhbs} c`lmbm`}f bl }nf ibzs} zovlm mbm lo}

yo}f bl }nf sfcolm zovlm, H`lr covam lo} sv{(

{oz} Zìs`le`lb! lo h`}}fz wn`}, O}nfzs wfzf

sbh{ar }oo v{sf} `} }nf nr{oczbsr oi }nf

zfiozhbs} {`z}bfs wno V(}vzlfm oyfzlbgn}

zfg`zmblg }nf iozhfz {zfsbmfl},

@nh`mblfe`m‒s sv{{oz}fzs! ol }nf o}nfz

n`lm! wfzf flfzgbufm jr }nf blb}bà zfsva}s `lm

zfmovjafm }nfbz fiioz}s }o hojbabuf yo}fs! vsblg

h`blar }nf j`sbe `lm {`z}s oi }nf BZGC! `s wfaa

`s }nf h`lr aocà covlcbas col}zoaafm jr }nf

@j`mg`z l i`c}bol! wb}n wnbcn @nh`mblfe`m bs

ìibab`}fm, Wnbaf Zìs`le`lb àso cohh`lms `

zfs{fc}`jaf lf}wozd }nzovgnov} }nf covl}zr! nf

w`s vl`jaf }o coh{f}f wb}n }nf fiifc}byflfss oi

}nf j`sbe ! `} af`s} `} }nf s{ffm zfpvbzfm jf}wffl

}nf }wo zovlms oi fafc}bols! nfam olf wffd `{`z}, B}‒s bh{oz}`l} }o lo}f }n`} wnbaf }nf j`sbe

w`s ccvsfm oi jfblg }nf sovzcf oi h`lr bzzfgv(

a`zb}bfs mvzblg }nf {oaablg! b}s bh{`c} w`s cnbfiar

colcfl}z`}fm ol hojbabublg yo}fzs z`}nfz }n`l

c`zzrblg ov} `lr mbzfc} iz`vm,

Mvzblg }nf sfcolm zovlm! b} jfc`hf fyfl

caf`zfz }n`} }nf dfr bssvf ioz ` sbglbibc`l} sfc(

}bol oi socbf}r w`s }nf fcolohr `lm }nf {fz(

cfbyfm blevs}bcf `lm hbsh`l`gfhfl} oi b}, B}

`{{f`zs }n`} ioz h`lr b} w`s ` cnobcf jf}wffl

Zìs`le`lb! wno srhjoabufm ` {`}}fzl oi fco(lohbc blevs}bcfs”jo}n {fzsolàar `lm

}nzovgn s}zvc}vzà `mevs}hfl} {oabcbfs mvzblg

nbs }wo }fzh {zfsbmflcr .02>2(0227"”`lm

@nh`mblfe`m! wno srhjoabufm ` sbh{af! coh(

hol cb}bufl! wno covam vlmfzs}`lm }nf mbiib(

cva}bfs i`cfm jr }nf h`ssfs,

@s h`roz! @nh`mblfe`m n`m g`blfm ` Zojbl

Noom(abdf zf{v}`}bol, @ goom f~`h{af bs nbs

czf`}bol oi aow(bl}fzfs} h`zzb`gf ao`ls }o }nf

lffmr, Nf czf`}fm }nbs ivlm jr fabhbl`}blg

‑izbyoaovs‘ jvmgf}s ioz }o{ h`l`gfzs! svcn `s}nosf ioz zfmfcoz`}blg oiibcfs,

@nh`mblfe`m‒s fafc}bol ol ` {a`}iozh oi

socbà evs}bcf! `l}b(cozzv{}bol! `lm goyfzlhfl}

fiibcbflcr svggfs}s nf w`s svccfssiva bl {zfsfl}(

blg nbhsfai `s }nf `l}b(fs}`jabsnhfl} c`lmbm`}f

}o h`lr yo}fzs wno `zf ifm v{ wb}n }nf {fz(

cfbyfm hbsh`l`gfhfl} `lm cozzv{}bol bl goy(

fzlhfl}, ]nvs! bl `mmb}bol }o nbs va}z`(colsfz(

y`}byf sv{{oz}fzs! nf w`s `jaf }o }`{ bl}o ` a`zgf

{ooa oi fcolohbcàar mbsbaavsbolfm yo}fzs! s wfaa

`s `l}b(Zìs`le`lb yo}fs, H`lr yo}fzs f~{zfssfm

}nf mfsbzf }o sff ‑lfw i`cfs‘ bl ` zfgbhf wnfzf `

n`lmiva oi {fo{af n`yf jffl zfcrcafm bl c`jblf}

{os}s ioz oyfz }wo mfc`mfs,

Wn`} Mofs B} @aa Hf`l?]nf h`bl afssol oi }nf oyfzàa zfsva}s oi }nf

{zfsbmfl}bà fafc}bol bs }n`} Bz`l bs vlmfzgoblg `socboaogbcà snbi}, ]nf yo}blg {`}}fzl snows }nf

{o{va`}bol hoyblg `w`r izoh zfiozhbs} }nfhfs

svcn `s }nf gzow}n oi cbyba socbf}r `lm mfhocz`(

}bu`}bol! `lm }ow`zms ` iocvs ol fcolohbc s}`(

jbab}r, ]nbs {nflohflol aso f~{a`bls wnr jo}n

@nh`mblfe`m `lm D`zzvjb mbm so hvcn jf}}fz

bl }nf ibzs} zovlm }n`l `lrolf f~{fc}fm,

]nf @nh`mblfe`m ybc}ozr zf{zfsfl}s }nf

s}`z} oi }o{(afyfa blyoayfhfl} oi }nf sfcolm

{os}(zfyoav}bol`zr gflfz`}bol bl Bz`l‒s f~fcv(

}byf {oab}bcs, ]nbs bs ` gflfz`}bol wnosf f~{fzb(

flcf w`s sn`{fm jr }nf Bz`l(Bz`p W`z! `l fyfl}

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zfyfàfm }nf mf{}n oi {o{va`z sv{{oz} ioz }nf

zfiozh oi }nf {oab}bcà srs}fh! }nf }wo zovlms

oi }nf 2}n {zfsbmfl}bà fafc}bol ca`zbibfm }nf

{oab}bcà h`{ oi Bz`l,

@ coh{zfnflsbyf bl}fz{zf}`}bol oi fafc}bol

zfsva}s bs {fzn`{s {zfh`}vzf, Lfyfz}nfafss! }nf w`r }nf c`h{`bgl w`s colmvc}fm `s wfaa `s }nf

bhhfmb`}f zfsva}s àaow ioz sohf {zfabhbl`zr

gflfzàbu`}bols jov} Bz`lb`l {oab}bcs,

Ibzs} `lm iozfhos} bs }nf fyoayblg zfa`}bol(

snb{ oi }nf Bsa`hbc s}`}f wb}n }nf Bz`lb`l {o{v(

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{a`rfzs }`df }nf fafc}ozà lm fyfzrm`r jfn`yboz

oi }nf Bz`lb`l {o{va`cf sfzbovsar! `lm `} af`s}

{`z}bàar `mevs} bl ozmfz }o {a`c`}f! `{{f`sf! oz

`mmzfss }nfbz s{bz`}bols lm mfh`lms,

@ goom f~`h{af oi }nbs `mevs}hfl} w`s

h`lbifs}fm bl }nf c`h{`bgl saog`ls ioz }nf

{zfsbmfl}bà fafc}bol, Olar }wo c`lmbm`}fs wfzf

wbaablg }o bmfl}bir wb}n }nf {`s} zfyoav}bol`zr

afg`cr, Olf w`s Hos}ì` Hobl! wnosf c`h(

{`bgl {os}fz bmfl}bibfm Hon`hh`m Hoss`mfp!

@r`}oaa`n Hon`hh`m ]àfp`lb! Hfnmb

Jù`zg`l! `lm @ab Sn`zb`}b! lo} Dnohfblb! `s

nbs coh{`lbols, ]nf o}nfz w`s H`nhovm

@nh`mblfe`m! wno ca`bhfm }nf sbh{af abif oi

}nf `ss`ssbl`}fm [zfsbmfl} Hon`hh`m @ab

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a`}}fz‒s wbmow,

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{a`}iozh oi cn`lgf, Colsfzy`}byfs .oz

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blg }nf c`h{`bgl" zfafl}afssar czb}bpvfm }nf {`s}

09 rf`zs oi }nf Bsa`hbc Zf{vjabc, ]nf zfiozhbs}s

col}blvfm }nfbz }àd oi zfiozh! `lm fyfl @ab

@dj`z N`snfhb Zìs`le`lb! }nf olf c`lmbm`}f

wnosf l`hf bs ab}fzàar srlolrhovs wb}n }nf

Bsa`hbc Zf{vjabc! }àdfm `jov} jfblg ` mbiifzfl}

{zfsbmfl} }n`l nf n`m jffl bl }nf {`s},

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zv{}bol! {zo(Bsa`hbc! sbh{af w`r oi abif hfs(

s`gf! g`zlfzfm a`lmsabmf bl }nf sfcolm zovlm!

jv} wb}n afss }n`l 37& oi fabgbjaf yo}fzs, Bl

colevlc}bol wb}n }nf w`r }nf yo}fs wfzf s{ab}

bl }nf ibzs} zovlm oi fafc}bol! }nbs lvhjfz

zfyfàs ` sfcolm oi}fl lfgafc}fm {obl} `jov}

Bz`lb`l {oab}bcs5 }nf mbybmfm l`}vzf oi }nf

Bz`lb`l fafc}oz`}f,

]nf Bz`lb`l fafc}oz`}f mofs lo} o{fz`}f bl

`l àhos} nfzm(abdf i`snbol! hoyblg izoh olf

mbzfc}bol }o lo}nfz bl colsoz}, ]nfr zf blcoz(>

ol }nf lffm ioz mfcfl}zàbu`}bol oi }nf s}`}f

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cbà goyfzlozs, ]nfr jfabfyf }n`} }nf goyfzl(

hfl} snovam {v} l`}bolà wfà}n `} }nf sfzybcf

oi }nf h`ssfs lm lo} }nf fcolohbc fab}f! wnbaf

}nfr àso czr ov} `g`bls} }nf f~bs}blg z`h{`l}

cozzv{}bol, Bl iozfbgl {oabcr! }nfr blsbs} }n`}

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{osb}bol oi s}zflg}n `lm lo} wf`dlfss, ]nfr

w`l} }o fh{owfz l`}bolà blmvs}zbfs `lm }o sff

iozfbgl blyfs}hfl} cvz}`bafm `} ` hblozb}r

s}`df, Ioz }nfh! b} bs }bhf }o gbyf }nf rovlgfz

iozcfs oi }nf covl}zr”àjfb}! lo} àa oi }nfh!

jv} z`}nfz }nf ‑}zvs}fm‘ ifw”` cn`lcf }o

bh{afhfl} }nf lffmfm cn`lgf,

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i`cf ` y`zbf}r oi zfs}zbc}bols `s {zfsbmfl}! zfs}zbc(

}bols wnbcn wbaa abhb} nbs `jbab}r }o f~fcv}f }nbs

ybsbol, ]nfsf blcavmf jfblg jovlm jr }nf

gvbmfablfs oi }nf Sv{zfhf Af`mfz `lm }nf

Sv{zfhf L`}bolà Sfcvzb}r Covlcba .SLSC" bl

iozfbgl {oabcr `lm }nf =}n Ibyf(Rf`z [a`l `lm

}nf :;(Rf`z [fzs{fc}byfs bl fcolohbc {oabcr,

Ivz}nfzhozf! o}nfz bssvfs! svcn }nf zfàb}bfs

{osfm jr }nf covl}zr‒s mfhogz`{nr! {owfz

s}zvc}vzf! f}c,! }n`} wbaa lo movj} {a`r ` jbg zoaf

bl `lr iv}vzf `mhblbs}z`}bol‒s {oabcrh`dblg,

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lfw {zfsbmfl} mofs jfiozf evmgblg nbh, ]nf

ibzs} jbg cavf wbaa cohf bl nbs c`jblf} sfafc}bol,

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2

zfc}ar s}fzfo}r{fm `s nohogflovs5 ibzs} zfyoav(

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}nfl mbsìifc}fm zfiozhbs}s! }nfl `l}b(

zfiozhbs}s! }nfl {fo{af wb}n mfhocz`}bc s{bz`(

}bols! `lm low sffdfzs oi fcolohbc evs}bcf,

]nf zfàb}r bs }n`} }nf Bz`lb`l cb}buflzr! abdf

fasfwnfzf! bs ` z`}nfz mbiifzfl}b`}fm ao} wb}n

bh{oz}`l} czbssczossblg s{ab}s bl }fzhs oi socbof(

colohbc j`cdgzovlm! cva}vzà {z`c}bcfs! {zoybl(

cbà `lm f}nlbc }bfs! `lm {oab}bcà `s{bz`}bols,

]nf mfcbsbol ol }nf {`z} oi hèoz {oab}bcà

{a`rfzs blsbmf Bz`l! blcavmblg sohf oi }nf

o{{osb}bol! }o {`z}bcb{`}f `lm lo} jorco}} }nf

fafc}bol snovam jf sffl hozf `s ` cnobcf lfcfs(

sb}`}fm jr }nbs hèozb}r mfsbzf z`}nfz }n`l `l

`}}fh{} }o sn`{f b}, Hozfoyfz! }nf mfcbsbol ol

}nf {`z} oi àa c`lmbm`}fs! }o `ccf{} }nf zfsva}s

`s }nf ‑wbaa oi }nf {fo{af‘ `lm sff }nfbz mfif`}hos}ar bl }fzhs oi }nfbz owl ozg`lbu`}bolà

wf`dlfss hvs} àso jf sffl `s {`z} `lm {`zcfa

oi ` ‑zfàb}r cnfcd‘ }n`} }nbs fafc}bol n`s n`h(

hfzfm nohf,

]nf }nbzm zfyfa`}bol oi }nbs fafc}bol bs }nf

{ossbjbab}r }n`} coh{f}b}by f {oab}bcs bl Bz`l h`r

lo} jf s mbiifzfl} s {fo{af n`yf ca`bhfm izoh

coh{f}b}byf {oab}bcs fasfwnfzf, C`lmbm`}fs

wb}n aocà }bfs mbm wfaa bl }nfbz owl {zoyblcfs!

`lm c`lmbm`}fs wb}n jf}}fz gz`sszoo}s ozg`lbu`(

}bol wfzf sdbaaiva bl jo}n hoyblg {fo{af }oyo}f! jvaarblg o{{olfl}s! bls}bg`}blg yboaflcf!

vsblg hfmb` zfsovzcfs! `lm bl àa abdfabnoom!

sohf fafc}bol(m`r yo}f iz`vm,

@nh`mblfe`m w`s jvh{fm bl}o }nf sfcolm

zovlm ol }nf j`sbs oi }nf yfzr ozg`lbufm `lm

coozmbl`}fm sv{{oz} oi `jov} 0;& oi }nf fafc(

}oz`}f, Bl }nbs sflsf! wn`} h`dfs Bz`l‒s fafc}bol

{oab}bcs mbiifzfl} izoh coh{f}b}byf {oab}bcs fasf(

wnfzf bs lo} lfcfss`zbar }nf jfn`yboz oi }nosf

wno n`yf h`l`gfm }o jf ozg`lbufm `lm mfyfa(

o{ zfsovzcfs! jv} }nf i`bavzf oi o}nfz {oab}bcà

iozcfs }o cva}by`}f h`}cnblg sdbaas `lm c`{b}à,

S}baa! mfs{b}f }nbs {`}fl} vli`bzlfss oi }nf

{zocfss! }nf iovz}n zfyfa`}bol oi }nbs fafc}bol bs

colibzh`}bol oi }nf i`c} }n`} fafc}bols `c}vàar

mo h`}}fz bl Bz`l! jv} lo} lfcfss`zbar bl }fzhs oi

zfsn`{blg }nf l`}vzf oz s}zvc}vzf oi }nf {oab}bcà

srs}fh, ]nfr h`}}fz bl }fzhs oi }nf {ossbjbab}r

oi vlf~{fc}fm zfsva}s! bh{oz}`l} cn`lgfs bl {oa(

bcr mbzfc}bol! `lm cn`lgfs oi {oab}bcà c`mzfs, Bi

}nf {zohbsfs `lm àab`lcfs oi }nbs fafc}bol `zf }o

jf }`dfl sfzbovsar! Bz`l h`r wb}lfss sbglbibc`l}

fiioz}s }o jzblg `jov} cn`lgf bl mbs}zbjv}byf

{oabcbfs `s wfaa `s fcolohbc {zbozb}bfs àolg sbh(

ba`z ablfs }o }nosf àzf`mr {`z}bàar wb}lfssfm

wb}n }nf colsfzy`}byf ybc}ozr bl }nf 7}n

[`zab`hfl}`zr fafc}bols, ]nf f~}fl} }o wnbcn

{owfziva fcolohbc iozcfs! blcavmblg }nf olfs

aomgfm wb}nbl }nf s}`}f b}sfai! wbaa zfsbs} }nfsf

cn`lgfs bs oi covzsf rf} }o jf sffl,

]nfzf wbaa àso jf sbglbibc`l} cn`lgfs bl

}fzhs oi {fzsollfa h`llblg }nf af`mfzsnb{ oi

bh{oz}`l} goyfzlhfl} hblbs}zbfs, @g`bl! }nfsf

mrl`hbcs h`df Bz`l yfzr sbhba`z }o o}nfz covl(

}zbfs wb}n coh{f}b}byf fab}fs bl wnbcn fafc}bols

z`zfar sbglbir cn`lgf bl }nf {owfz s}zvc}vzf oi

}nf covl}zr jv} oi}fl nfzàm snbi}s bl {oabcr

mbzfc}bol lm {fzsollfa,Gbyfl }nbs coh{f}b}byf flybzolhfl}! ibi}n

{obl} }nbs fafc}bol colibzhs rf} `g`bl bs }nf i a(

a`cr oi }zf`}blg }nf Bz`lb`l {oab}bcà a`lmsc`{f

`s coh{af}far mohbl`}fm jr sblgaf blmbybmvàs

oz vlbibfm gzov{s, ]nbs iàa`cr bs sohf}nblg

}n`} snovam jf {`z}bcva`zar `yobmfm low, Lo

movj}! colsfzy`}byfs n`yf low h`l`gfm }o

}`df oyfz àa dfr bls}b}v}bols oi }nf Bsa`hbc

Zf{vjabc! fafc}fm oz vlfafc}fm, Jv} }nfbz {oab}b(

cà c`mzfs wfzf vl`jaf }o zf`cn `l `gzffhfl}

oyfz sblgaf c`lmbm`}f mvzblg }nf fafc}bol! lm}nfzf bs sviibcbfl} fybmflcf }o svggfs} }n } }nf

hos} ozg`lbufm oi }nf c`mzfs snbi}fm aafgb`lcfs

izoh olf colsfzy`}byf c`lmbm`}f }o `lo}nfz

evs} ` ifw m`rs jfiozf }nf ibzs} zovlm oi fafc(

}bols, @s svcn! }nf f~{fc}`}bol }n`} iozcfs }n`}

covam lo} `gzff ol ` c`lmbm`}f wbaa low jfgbl

}o `c} bl ` confsbyf `lm vlbibfm h`llfz bl }nf

{oabcr zfàh sffhs vlw`zz`l}fm, ]o jf svzf!

}nf pvfs}bol oi a`cd oi `gzffhfl} `jov} ` c`l(

mbm`}f `lm a`cd oi coozmbl`}bol jf}wffl }nf

vlfafc}fm `lm fafc}fm goyfzlhfl} bls}b}v}bols

w`s soayfm jr }nf Bz`lb`l yo}fzs, Jv} }nf j`sbc

coliabc}s `lm mbafhh`s }n`} f~bs} wb}nbl }nf

Bz`lb`l {oab}r zfh`bl,

@} }nbs {obl}! @nh`mblfe`m‒s sv{{oz}fzs

h`r lo} n`yf }novgn} }nzovgn }nf mohfs}bc

`lm bl}fzl`}bolà bh{abc`}bols oi nbs wbl, Wf

wbaa n`yf }o w`b} }o sff now }nf s}`}f jvzf`v(

cz`cr! zvl hos}ar jr c`zffz }fcnlocz`}s `lm

col}flmblg {oab}bcà {a`rfzs! wbaa zfs{olm,




0;

@nh`mblfe`m z`l ol `l `l}b(cozzv{}bol!

{zo(evs}bcf! `l}b(fs}`jabsnhfl}/fab}fs {a`}iozh

wnbaf zfh`blblg }o}àar cohhb}}fm }o blmbybm(

vàs wno {fzsolbir }nf fs}`jabsnhfl} `lm bl

h`lr w`rs! àolg wb}n o}nfzs! n`yf jffl

zfs{olsbjaf ioz }nf {oabcbfs {vzsvfm `lm coz(

zv{}bols flsvfm, @} }nbs {obl}! b} bs jr lo

hf`ls caf`z now nf `lm nbs fv{nozbc sv{{oz}(

fzs c`l oyfzcohf }nbs j`sbc col}z`mbc}bol

jfrolm f~{`lmblg goyfzlhfl}‒s socbà wfai`zf

{oabcbfs h`mf {ossbjaf jr nbgn oba {zbcfs, Svcn

{oabcbfs! {vzsvfm bl }nf 02>;s .i`cf}bovsar

càafm ‑cov{olbsh‘ ioz }nf cov{ol(j`sfm svj(

sbmbfs }nfr {zoybmfm }o }nf {o{va`}bol"! `lm

}nfbz zfhl`l}s col}blvf }o jf f~}zfhfar mbiib(

cva} }o jzblg vlmfz col}zoa, F~{`lsbol oi }nfsf

{oabcbfs wbaa lo} soayf }nf vlfh{aorhfl} {zoj(

afh `lm wbaa cfz}`blar jf blia`}bol`zr, B} wbaa

sc`zf oii iozfbgl blyfs}hfl} `lm `l}`golbuf

mohfs}bc blyfs}ozs `lm }nf jù``z,

@ lfw g`hf n`s jfgvl bl Bz`l, Bl }nf a`s} >

rf`zs! wf w`}cnfm now }nf {oab}bcà iozcfs oi

zfiozh wfzf col}blvovsar }nw`z}fm jr vlfafc}(

fm bls}b}v}bols, Low wf n`yf }o w`}cn }o sff

wnf}nfz }nf Bz`lb`l hbmmaf `lm v{{fz ca`ssfs!

}nf }fcnlocz`}bc iozcfs }n`} bln`jb} s}`}f

jvzf`vcz`cbfs! `lm o{{osblg {oab}bcà iozcfs

n`yf }nf c`{`cb}r }o homfz`}f @nh`mblfe`m

`lm nbs conoz}s‒ sfai({zoca`bhfm ivlm`hfl}à(

bsh! {o{vabsh! `lm s}`}f wfai`zbsh, Hr jf} bs

}n`} }nfr `zf lo} `s nfa{afss oz n`{afss `s }nfr

`zf jfblg {oz}z`rfm }nfsf m`rs,

@nh`mblfe`m lm }nf [`zab`hfl}Jr Hon`hh`m ]`dnsnbm ! @ssbs}`l} [zoifssoz! I`cva}r oi A`w `lm [oab}bcà Scbflcf! ]fnz`l

Vlbyfzbs}r! Bz`l

Bz`l‒s i`c}bolà {oab}bcs n`yf sffl h`lr svz{zbs(

fs mvzblg }nf :9 rf`zs sblcf }nf iovlmblg oi }nf

Bsa`hbc Zf{vjabc, Bl H`r 0229! h`lr Bz lb`ls!

`holg }nfh scnoa`zs `lm {oab}bcb`ls! jfabfyfm

}n`} }nf }nfl colsfzy }byf S{f`dfz oi

[`zab`hfl} @ab @dj`z L`}fgn Lvzb wovam jf}nf caf`z wbllfz oi }nf 7}n {zfsbmfl}bà fafc(

}bol, Hon`hh`m Dn }`hb! jr col}z`s}! w`s `

zfa`}byfar vldlowl c`lmbm`}f wno nf`mfm

Bz`l‒s L`}bolà Abjz`zr `lm z`l ol `l `gflm` oi

zfiozh! jf`}blg Lvzb wb}n 92& oi }nf yo}fs,

]nf fafc}bols bl Evlf :;;6 s`w ` sbhba`z

v{sf}, Nfzf! }nf a`zgfar vldlowl! n`zm(ablf

colsfzy`}byf c`lmbm`}f H`nhovm @nh`mblfe`m

svz{zbsfm fyfl nbs owl sv{{oz}fzs jr jf`}blg }nf

wfaa(dlowl @ab @dj`z N`snfhb Zìs`le`lb bl

}nf zvloii fafc}bol! wbllblg ol ` colsfzy`}byf

`gflm` pvb}f mbiifzfl} izoh }n`} oi nbs zfiozhbs}

{zfmfcfssoz Dn`}`hb,

Jfiozf f~`hblblg }nf zfa`}bols jf}wffl

[zfsbmfl}(Fafc} @nh`mblfe`m `lm }nf 7}n

[`zab`hfl}! af} vs mbscvss }nf zoaf oi [`zab`hfl}

bl }nf Bz`lb`l {oab}bcà srs}fh `lm f~bs}blg i`c(

}bols bl [`zab`hfl}! `s wfaa `s }nf bssvfs hos}

abdfar }o c`vsf izbc}bol jf}wffl }nf {zfsbmfl}

`lm [`zab`hfl}`zb`ls,

]nf [`zab`hfl} bl }nf Bsa`hbc Zf{vjabc oi

Bz`l! bl col}z`s} }o h`lr [`zab`hfl}`zr srs(

}fhs! bs lo} mohbl`}fm jr jablm bmfoaogbcà

àafgb`lcf }o }nf {zfsbmfl}4 loz mofs [`zab`hfl}

mbssoayf b}sfai wnfl }nf hèozb}r {`z}r aosfs

}n`} hèozb}r bl [`zab hfl}`zr fafc}bols, ]nf[`zab`hfl} c}s blmf{flmfl}ar oi }nf {zfsbmfl}!

sfzyblg `s ` mrl`hbc `lm ybjz`l} bls}b}v}bol

}n`} cnàaflgfs }nf f~fcv}byf jz`lcn ol h`lr

bh{oz}`l} bssvfs,

Col}z`zr }o o}nfz [`zab`hfl}`zr srs}fhs!

}nfzf `zf }wo f~}fzlà `c}ozs wno bliavflcf

zfa`}bols jf}wffl }nf f~fcv}byf `lm afgbsa`}byf

jz`lcnfs bl Bz`l5 Sv{zfhf Af`mfz @r`}oaa`n

Dn`hflfb `lm }nf F~{fmbflcr Covlcba! nf`m(

fm jr N`snfhb Zìs`le`lb, ]nf hèozb}r bl }nf

7}n [`zab`hfl} bs zfcf{}byf }o }nf ybfws `lm

ozmfzs oi }nf S{bzb}và Af`mfz,

Bl H`r :;;=! ` colsfzy`}byf [`zab`hfl}

zf{a`cfm ` zfiozhbs} olf, ]nf lfw hfhjfzs oi

[`zab`hfl} o{flar pvfs}bolfm c`jblf} hfh(

jfzs! zfpvfs}blg ` wbmf z`lgf oi cn`lgfs bl }nf

coh{osb}bol oi hblbs}zbfs `lm }nf zf{a`cfhfl}

oi zfiozhbs} mf{v}r hblbs}fzs wb}n colsfzy`}byf

olfs, ]nf hblbs}fzs wno zfsbs}fm wfzf ovs}fm

izoh oiibcf }nzovgn ` yo}f oi lo colibmflcf jr



00

colsfzy`}byf hfhjfzs oi [`zab`hfl}, ]nf ibzs}

svcn c`sf w`s @nh`m Dnoz`h! hblbs}fz oi

Zo`ms `lm ]z`ls{oz}`}bol, Wnfl }nf hfhjfzs

oi [`zab`hfl} jfg`l }nf s`hf {zocfss wb}n }nf

fmvc`}bol hblbs}fz! @r`}oaa`n Dn`hflfb sfl} `

af}}fz }o }nf s{f`dfz oi [`zab`hfl} `lm càafm ioz

` nà} }o }nf [`zab`hfl} zr {zocffmblgs,

Hfhjfzs oi [`zab`hfl} jzovgn} lo ivz}nfz

ho}bols `g`bls} }nf c`jblf} hfhjfzs,

[o}fl}bà mbs{v}fs jf}wffl }nf {zfsbmfl}(

fafc} `lm [`zab`hfl} `zf abdfar }o cfl}fz ol

iozfbgl {oabcr! }nf fcolohr! cva}vzf! socbà

bssvfs! {oab}bcà zfiozhs! `lm }nf `{{zoyà oi

c`jblf} hblbs}fzs,

Vl}ba }nf 9}n [`zab`hfl}! hvcn oi Bz`l‒s

i`c}bolà {oab}bcs n`m jffl mohbl`}fm jr }wo

{owfziva {oab}bcà vlbols oi va`h` .cohhv(

lb}bfs oi zfabgbovs scnoa`zs"5 }nf E`hf( Zvn`lbr`}f(f hoj`zfu .Hbab}`l} Cafzgr

@ssocb`}bol" `lm }nf Hèh`(f zvn`lbrvl(f

hoj`zfu .Socbf}r oi Cohj`}`l} Cafzbcs", ]nf

E`hf(Zvn`lbr`}f(f hoj`zfu ! colsbmfzfm }nf

‑Bsa`hbc Zbgn},‘ B}s {a`}iozh blcavmfs afss

goyfzlhfl} blyoayfhfl} bl fcolohbc ìi`bzs!

{zby`}bu`}bol oi }nf fcolohr! `lm `mnfzflcf

}o ` s}zbc}fz bl}fz{zf}`}bol oi Bsa`hbc a`w!

fs{fcbàar bl socbà `lm cva}vzà bssvfs, ]nf

Hèh`(f zvn`lbrvl(f hoj`zfu wfzf colsbm(

fzfm }nf ‑Bsa`hbc Afi},‘ B}s ybfws blcavmfhozf goyfzlhfl} blyoayfhfl} bl }nf fcolo(

hr `lm }nf {`ss`gf oi a`ws”svcn `s ` a`lm

zfiozh jbaa”}o gv`z`l}ff ` hozf fpvb}`jaf

blcohf mbs}zbjv}bol, B} àso i`yozfm ` aoosfz

bl}fz{zf}`}bol oi Bsa`hbc a`w, Hfhjfzs‒ ybfws

ol mohfs}bc `lm iozfbgl {oabcbfs wfzf hozf

z`mbcà `lm zfyoav}bol`zr }n`l }nosf oi }nf

Bsa`hbc Zbgn},

Bl [ zab`hfl}! }nfzfiozf! }nfzf f~bs}fm }wo

h`bl {oab}bcà i`c}bols! }nf Zbgn} `lm }nf Afi}!

`s wfaa `s ` shàa lvhjfz oi blmf{flmfl}s,

@i}fz Dn`}`hb c`hf }o {owfz bl 0229! mbiifz(

fl} {oab}bcà {`z}bfs `lm `ssocb`}bols wb}n y`zr(

blg ybfws wfzf jozl! `lm ` rovlgfz gflfz`}bol

`holg jo}n i`c}bols sovgn} hozf {oab}bc a

{owfz `lm bliavflcf,

]nf 7}n [`zab`hfl}`zr fafc}bol w`s yfzr

col}zoyfzsbà, ]nf Gv`zmb`l Covlcba zfefc}fm

}nf czfmfl}bàs oi h`lr c`lmbm`}fs blcavmblg

hozf }n`l >; zfiozhbs} hfhjfzs oi }nf 9}n

[`zab`hfl}, Bl {zo}fs}! }nf }wo hèoz zfiozhbs}

{`z}bfs! }nf Bsa`hbc [`z}bcb{`}bol [`z}r oi Bz`l

`lm }nf Bsa`hbc Zfyoav}bol‒s Hve`nbmffl

Ozg`lbu`}bol .BZHO"! mbm lo} {`z}bcb{`}f bl

}nf fafc}bol, ]nf colsfzy`}byfs! wno n`m aos}

}nzff oi iovz l`}bolà fafc}bols! wfzf jf}}fz

ozg`lbufm wb}n lfw i`cfs! lfw bmf`s! `lm lfw

saog`ls4 }nfr }ood `my`l}`gf oi }nf sb}v`}bol

`lm sovlmar mfif`}fm }nf zfiozhbs}s,

Sblcf H`r :;;=! }nf hèozb}r bl }nf 7}n

[`zab`hfl} n`s mo{}fm colsfzy`}byf {{zo`cn,

]nfr colizol}fm zfiozhbs} `gflm` oi }nf goy(

fzlhfl} bl sfyfzà `zf`s blcavmblg fcolohbcs!

iozfbgl {oabcr! `lm socbo(cva}vzà bssvfs,

Zfg`zmblg }nf fcolohr! bliavfl}bà hfhjfzs oi

}nf colsfzy`}byfs”blcavmblg Hon`hhfm

Dnosncnfnzfn! Nvssfbl Sojn`lblb` lm @nh`m

] y`ddoab”n`yf `myoc`}fm {o{vabs} fcolohbc{oabcbfs `lm {`ssfm afgbsa`}bol }o {zfyfl} `lr

blczf`sf bl }nf {zbcf oi g`soablf! fafc}zbcb}r!

w`}fz! oz o}nfz goyfzlhfl} sfzybcfs, ]nbs n`s

c`vsfm jvmgf}blg {zojafhs lm aso h`mf b} mbi(

ibcva} ioz }nf goyfzlhfl} }o {vzsvf b}s {zby`}bu`(

}bol `lm blyfs}hfl} {oabcbfs, Bl }nf `zf` oi ioz(

fbgl {oabcr! fyfl }novgn }nf nf`m oi }nf Hèabs

L`}bolà Sfcvzb}r `lm Iozfbgl [oabcr

Cohhbssbol bs }nf hozf homfz`}f @a`mmbl

Jozovefzmb! }nf @j mg`z l i`c}bol n`s {vzsvfm `

hozf n`zm(ablf {oabcr ol bssvfs svcn `s Bz`l(V,S, zfa`}bols! lfgo}b`}bols wb}n Fvzo{f! `lm

lvcaf`z {oabcr, Ol socbo(cva}vzà bssvfs! }nf col(

sfzy`}byf hèozb}r n`s sovgn} }o o{{osf }nf abj(

fzà {oabcbfs oi [zfsbmfl} Dn`}`hb bl `zf`s svcn

`s {vjabc`}bols! z}! lm cva}vzà fyfl}s, Sohf oi

}nf hos} yocà czb}bpvfs oi Dn`}`hb‒s socbo(cva(

}vzà {oabcbfs `zf Hon`hh`m Zfu` I`dfz! Fh`m

@izoogn! lm Hfnmb Dovcn`du`mfn,

]nf 7}n [`zab`hfl}! mohbl`}fm jr colsfz(

y`}byfs colsbs}s oi }nzff aoosf i`c}bols, Ibzs}5 }nf

hèozb}r ‑Osvag`z` ‘ i`c}bol! wnbcn bs colsfzy`(

}byf `lm lvhjfzs `jov} 02;(:;;4 sfcolm! ` =;

hfhjfz zfiozhbs} hblozb}r i`c}bol4 `lm a`s}ar!

}nf blmf{flmfl} i`c}bol! wnbcn blcavmfs 7; oz

>; hfhjfzs, ]nf ybfws oi }nf a`}}fz gzov{ `zf

caosfz }o }nosf oi }nf hèozb}r i`c}bol,

B} snovam jf hfl}bolfm }n } }nf hèozb}r

i`c}bol colsbs}s oi }wo sf{`z`}f {oab}bcà

àab`lcfs5 }nf oamfz gflfz`}bol oi }nf Zbgn}

.hozf }z`mb}bolà! homfz`}f colsfzy }byfs" `lm




0:

}nf lfw gflfz`}bol oi }nf Zbgn} .}nf

‑ @j`mg`z l!‘ hozf z`mbcà colsfzy`}byfs", F`cn

oi }nfsf }wo colsfzy`}byf i`c}bols n`s 2;(0;;

hfhjfzs bl [`zab`hfl},

[zfmbc}blg [zfsbmfl}([`zab`hfl} Zfa`}bolsSblcf }nf ybfws oi }nf lfwar fafc}fm {zfsbmfl}

`zf lo} wfaa dlowl! b} bs f~}zfhfar mbiibcva} }o

h`df ` yb`jaf {zfmbc}bol oi nbs bl}fz`c}bols

wb}n [ zab`hfl} ol bh{oz}`l} bssvfs, Nowfyfz!

}nf ibzs} `lm hos} bh{oz}`l} bssvf }n`} bs abdf(

ar }o mohbl`}f }nf bl}fz`c}bol oi }nf {zfsb(

mfl} `lm }nf [`zab`hfl} bs }nf fcolohr,

@nh`mblfe`m‒s {zo{osfm fcolohbc {oabcr

.hozf fpvb}`jaf blcohf mbs}zbjv}bol `lm }nf

caosblg oi }nf g`{ jf}wffl zbcn `lm {ooz"

wol nbh hos} oi nbs yo}fs, Hos} oi }nf hfh(

jfzs oi [`zab`hfl} sn`zf nbs fcolohbc ybfws,Hos} oi }nf nbgn z`ldblg `lm bliavfl}bà

mf{v}bfs .svcn `s @nh`m ]`y`ddoab! Fab`s

L`mfz`l! `lm H`nhoom Dnosncnfzfn" wfzf

`holg }nf hozf yocà czb}bcs oi }nf fcolohbc

{oabcbfs oi Zìs`le`lb `lm Dn`}`hb `lm

`}}`cdfm }nf {zby`}bu`}bol `lm blyfs}hfl}

{oabcfs oi }nf {`s} 09 rf`zs, ]nfr `zgvfm }n`}

}nosf {oabcbfs n`m nfa{fm }nf v{{fz ca`ss

hozf }n`l }nf {ooz `lm wozdblg ca`ssfs,

Sblcf Dnosncnfnzfn! }nf cn`bz oi }nf

[`zab`hfl}‒s Fcolohbc @ii`bzs Cohhb}}ff! bs}nf }o{ fcolohbc `mybsoz }o @nh`mblfe`m!

}nfzf bs lo} abdfar }o jf hvcn izbc}bol jf}wffl

[`zab`hfl} lm }nf lfw [zfsbmfl}, B} bs! nowfy(

fz! {ossbjaf }n`} zfiozhbs}s! blmf{flmfl}s! `lm

sohf homfz`}f hfhjfzs oi }nf hèozb}r i`c(

}bol wbaa iozh ` s}zolg `lm yocà hblozb}r bl

o{{osblg {o{vabs} fcolohbc {oabcbfs `lm càa(

blg ioz }nf col}blv`}bol oi {zby`}bu`}bol,

Wb}n zfg zm }o blczf`sfm iozfbgl blyfs}hfl}

bl Bz`l! lfb}nfz [`zab`hfl} loz @nh`mblfe`m

`zf yocà `myoc`}fs oi svcn ` {oabcr, ]nf 7}n

[`zab`hfl} {`ssfm a`ws bl }nf {`s} rf`z h`dblg

iozfbgl blyfs}hfl} hozf mbiibcva}, ]nfsf a`ws

n`m ` lo}`jaf fiifc} ol }nf goyfzlhfl} col(

}z`c} wb}n }nf ]vzdbsn coh{`lr ]vzdcfaa `lm

}nf {zo{osfm f~{`lmfm Bz`lb`l cfaa {nolf lf}(

wozd .]vzdcfaa‒s sn`zf ifaa }o afss }n`l 6;&",

H`l`gfhfl} `} ]vzdcfaa bs colsbmfzblg `j`l(

molblg }nf {zoefc}, @nh`mblfe`m‒s ybfws bl }nbs

zfg`zm `{{f`z sbhba`z }o }nosf oi [`zab`hfl},

Wb}n zfg`zm }o socbà `lm cva}vzà bssvfs!

}nfzf `zf h`lr sbhba`zb}bfs jf}wffl [`zab`hfl}‒s

{osb}bol `lm }n`} oi @nh`mblfe`m, ]nf hèozb(

}r oi {`zab`hfl}`zb`ls o{{osfm }nf socbà `lm

cva}vzà {oabcbfs oi }nf Dn`}`hb goyfzlhfl},

]nfr w`l}fm hozf col}zoa oyfz }nf lfws{`(

{fzs! {vjabc`}bols! `lm }nf ibah blmvs}zr,

Zfcfl}ar! b} yo}fm ioz `l blyfs}bg`}bol oi }nf

Hblbs}zr oi Cva}vzf `lm Bsa`hbc Gvbm`lcf ol

}nf gzovlms }n`} }nf hblbs}zr w`s lo} bl }vlf

wb}n colsfzy`}byf {zblcb{afs `lm }n`} b}s {oabcfs

wfzf lo} bl ccozm`lcf wb}n }nosf oi }nf Bsa`hbc

Zf{vjabc, ]nf colsfzy`}byfs àso mbscvssfm `

l`}bolà mzfss comf `lm czb}bcbufm }nf vlbyfzsb(

}bfs ioz jfblg }oo abjfzà, ]nfr mfh`lmfm ivz(

}nfz Bsa`hbu`}bol oi vlbyfzsb}bfs,

Aoodblg `} @nh`mblfe`m‒s ybfws `lm nbs

wozd mvzblg }nf {`s} }wo rf`zs `s h`roz oi ]fnz`l! }nfzf `zf lo hèoz mbiifzflcfs jf}wffl

nbs socbà `lm cva}vzà ybfws `lm }nf {oabcbfs

{vsnfm jr [`zab`hfl},

Wb}n zfg`zm }o iozfbgl {oabcr! hèoz bssvfs

`} }nf cfl}fz oi mbscvssbol `lm oi col}zoyfzsr

iocvs ol zfa`}bols wb}n }nf Vlb}fm S}`}fs `lm

}nf Fvzo{f`l Vlbol! lvcaf`z {oabcr! `lm

nvh`l zbgn}s, @g`bl! wb}n zfg`zm }o }nfsf

bssvfs! }nfzf `zf h`lr sbhba`zb}bfs jf}wffl

ybfws oi }nf [`zab`hfl}`zr hèozb}r `lm }nosf

oi }nf fafc}fm {zfsbmfl},Ol iozfbgl {oabcr bssvfs! }nf [`zab`hfl} bs

lo} f`gfz }o {vzsvf ` {oabcr oi caosfz }bfs wb}n

}nf V,S, oz bl h`lr `zf`s wb}n }nf FV H`lr

n`zm(ablfzs abdf Zì`} J`r`} wfzf izfpvfl}ar

czb}bcà oi }nf goyfzlhfl} `lm }nf lfgo}b`}ozs

mvzblg }nf }nzff({owfz }àds wb}n Fvzo{f

.Iz`lcf! Flga`lm! `lm Gfzh`lr"! `ccvsblg

}nfh oi `c}blg izoh ` wf`d {osb}bol, J`r`}

bl}zomvcfm ` jbaa zfpvbzblg ` n`zmfz ablf ybs(ë(

ybs }nf FV [`zab`hfl} àso {`ssfm ` jbaa zfpvbz(

blg }nf goyfzlhfl} }o sv{{oz} fiioz}s }o oj}`bl

{f`cfiva lvcaf`z }fcnloaogr,

Bl col}z`s} }o {zfsbmfl}bà c`lmbm`}fs wno

}àdfm `jov} caosfz Bz`l(V,S, zfa`}bols!

@nh`mblfe`m a`zgfar bglozfm }nf bssvf, Wb}n

zfg`zm }o lvcaf`z {oabcr! nf h`mf col}zoyfzsbà

s}`}fhfl} }n`} }nf Bz`lb`l mfafg`}bol bl }nfsf

lfgo}b`}bols wb}n }nf FV bs bl ` wf`d {osb}bol

`lm bs bl}bhbm`}fm jr }nf o}nfz sbmf .}nf FV

`lm }nf V,S,", Wb}n zfg`zm }o nvh`l zbgn}s! nf



03

`gzffs wb}n [`zab`hfl} `s sffblg }nf mfj`}f `s

olf hf`l} }o {v} {zfssvzf ol Bz`l! jfabfyblg

}nfzf `zf lo nvh`l zbgn}s yboa`}bols bl Bz`l,

Wb}n }nbs bl hblm! wf c`l f~{fc} ab}}af col(

iabc} jf}wffl [`zab`hfl} `lm }nf fafc}fm {zfsb(

mfl} ol hèoz {oabcr bssvfs svcn `s fcolohbc!

socbà! cva}vzf! `lm iozfbgl {oabcr,

Olf iblà lo}f bs }n`} sblcf `jov} 0:;(0=;

hfhjfzs oi [`zab`hfl} sv{{oz}fm Zìs`le`lb‒s

c`lmbm`cr jfiozf }nf fafc}bol! `lm hozf }n`l

0;; oi }nfh wfl} }o nbs oiibcf ì}fz nbs mfif`}

}o colyfr }nfbz sv{{oz} ioz nbh, B} bs yfzr abdf(

ar }n`} ` s}zolg hblozb}r oi zfiozhbs}s `lm

sohf colsfzy`}byfs hbgn} o{{osf }nf f~}zfhf

{oabcbfs oi }nf lfw goyfzlhfl},

B} bs }oo f`zar }o h`df ` sovlm {zfmbc}bol

`jov} }nf l`}vzf oi }nf [`zab`hfl} `lm

@nh`mblfe`m‒s zfa`}bols wb}n b}, Nowfyfz!

f~`hblblg [`zab`hfl}`zr }zflms oyfz }nf {`s}

rf`z `lm coh{`zblg }nfsf wb}n @nh`mblfe`m‒s

ybfws izoh }nf fafc}bol c`h{`bgl! }nfzf wbaa

lo} abdfar jf hèoz mbs{v}fs jf}wffl

[`zab`hfl} `lm }nf lfw goyfzlhfl}! wnbcn

wbaa jf swozl bl}o oiibcf ol @vgvs} 3,

Zfgbhf Cn`lgf bl ]fnz`l5 ]nf Mbzfc}bol oi Iozfbgl[oabcr bl ` [os}(Dn`}`hb [zfsbmflcr

Jr N`mb Sfh`}b! [vjabc [oabcr Scnoa`z! Woomzow Wbasol Bl}fzl`}bolà Cfl}fz ioz Scnoa`zs4 @ssbs}`l} [zoifssoz! I cva}r oi A`w lm [oab}bcà Scbflcf! ]fnz`l Vlbyfzsb}r! Bz`l

]nf ybc}ozr oi H`nhovm @nh`mblfe`m bl

Bz`l‒s Evlf :6! :;;6 zvloii fafc}bol c`vgn}

àhos} fyfzrjomr jr svz{zbsf, Mfs{b}f bzzfgva`z(

b}bfs {zfcfmblg }nf fafc}bol `lm }nf vli`bzlfss

oi }nf fafc}ozà {zocfss jfc`vsf oi }nf Gv`zmb`l

Covlcba‒s bl}fzifzflcf bl yf}}blg c`lmbm`}fs! }nf

h`ssbyf }vzlov} svz{`ssfm fyfzrjomr‒s f~{fc}`(

}bols, Vsvà bzzfgva`zb}bfs oi svcn ` a`zgf scàf

fafc}bol wovam lo} bl `lr w`r cn`lgf }nf zfsva}oi }nf zvloii fafc}bol, Nowfyfz! olf c`l czfmb(

jar zgvf }nf {ossbjbab}r oi Hz, Hfnmb

D`zzovjb‒s n`yblg zf{a`cfm }nf {zfsbmfl}(fafc}

bl }nf iblà coh{f}b}bol oi }nf sfcolm zovlm

n`m }nf colsfzy`}byf fs}`jabsnhfl} lo} hojb(

abufm àa b}s bls}zvhfl}s oi {fzsv`sbol `lm

h`lb{va`}bol }o sv{{oz} @nh`mblfe`m‒s c`lmb(

m`cr, Va}bh`}far! olf }nblg bs caf`z4 lo mfgzff oi

jàao}(zbggblg covam à}fz }nf a`lmsabmf ybc}ozr

oi @nh`mblfe`m bl }nf iblà j`}}af ioz }nf yo}fs,

]nf colsfpvflcfs oi }nbs fafc}bol ol Bz`l‒s

iozfbgl {oabcr `zf lo} rf} `{{`zfl} `lm h`r

{zoyf }o jf `s `s}olbsnblg `s }nf fafc}bol b}sfai,

B} bs lo} caf`z now }nf {zfsbmfl}(fafc} oi }nf

Bsa`hbc Zf{vjabc wbaa {osb}bol nbhsfai wb}nbl

}nf hblfibfam oi }nf Bz`lb`l i`c}bolà {oab}bcs,

B} bs fpvàar vlcaf`z now }nf snocd oi }nbs {`z(

}bcva`z fafc}bol! wnbcn afm }o ` mbs}blc} {oa`z(

bu`}bol oi }nf {vjabc `s wfaa `s }nf fab}f! hbgn}

zfsn`{f }nf colsfzy`}byf i`c}bol, ]nf iozfbgl

{oabcr }f`h }n`} @nh`mblfe`m wbaa `ssfhjaf bs

cvzzfl}ar vldlowl! `lm nbs a`cd oi f~{fzbflcf

bl iozfbgl `lm sfcvzb}r {oabcbfs h`df b} àa }nf

hozf mbiibcva} }o {zfmbc} `} }nbs f zar s}`gf nbs

`{{zo`cn }o iozfbgl zfa`}bols, N`yblg }nfsf

vlcfz}`bl}bfs bl hblm! nowfyfz! }nfzf `zf sfyfz(

à bssvfs woz}n f~`hblblg zfg`zmblg }nf {ossb(

jaf iozfbgl {oabcr mbzfc}bol oi Hz,

@nh`mblfe`m‒s {zfsbmflcr,

]nf Hùf oi Bz`l‒s Iozfbgl [oabcr(H`dblgS}zvc}vzf[`}}fzls oi Bz`lb`l iozfbgl {oabcr(h`dblg oyfz

}nf a`s} mfc`mf `zf blmbc`}byf oi ` colsflsvs(

j`sfm {zocfss }n`} bs jvba} bl}o hva}b(cfl}fzfm

{owfz s}zvc}vzf, ]nf {oab}bcà {zocfss vlmfzar(

blg }nf mfcbsbol(h`dblg `{{`z`}vs bl iozfbgl

{oabcr lfcfssb}`}fs }n`} eocdfrblg i`c}bols

lfgo}b`}f }nfbz {osb}bols wb}nbl `ccf{}fm

iz`hfwozds, ]nf colsflsvs(mzbyfl {zocfss n`s

lo} cn`lgfm! }novgn }nf iz`hfwozd wb}nbl

wnbcn }nf {oabcr bs gzovlmfm n`s snbi}fm bl `

ifw mbs}blc} {n`sfs, B} bs sìf }o `ssvhf }n`} }nf

h`s}fz iz`hf oi czb}bcà co(f~bs}flcf wb}n }nf

bl}fzl`}bolà cohhvlb}r n`s lo} cn`lgfm4 s b}

bs }nf col}f~} ioz iozfbgl {oabcr mfabjfz`}bols

wb}nbl }nf Bsa`hbc Zf{vjabc oi Bz`l,

]nbs {oab}bcà col}f~} vlmfzabfs ` yfzr coh(

{af~ iozfbgl {oabcr h`cnblfzr }n`} ojsfzyfzs oi




0=

Bz`l }flm }o vlmfzfs}bh`}f, Bz`l! abdf fyfzr

o}nfz s}`}f bl }nf wozam! sviifzs f~}flsbyfar

izoh }nf {nflohflol oi jvzf`vcz`}bc {oab}bcs,

Oyfz ` moufl iozhà jvzf`vcz`cbfs `lm `

{af}noz` oi bliozhà bls}b}v}bols `zf blyoayfm

bl ` coh{f}b}byf {zocfss }o bliavflcf }nf mbzfc(

}bol oi iozfbgl `lm sfcvzb}r {oabcr, ]nfzfiozf! b}

bs nbgnar bl`ccvz`}f }o }nbld }n`} }nbs a`zgfar

so{nbs}bc`}fm `{{`z`}vs covam jf cn`lgfm oz

coh{af}far svjmvfm jr snbi} } }nf `{f~ oi }nf

f~fcv}byf jz`lcn, H`lr oi }nfsf jvzf`vcz`cbfs

n`yf bl}fzlàbufm }nzf`} {fzcf{}bols oi }nfbz

owl! {fzcf{}bols }n`} `zf n`zm }o cn`lgf! `lm

àa oi }nfh ibgn} ifzocbovsar }o gf} h`~bhvh

`ccfss }o }nf hos} czb}bcà {a`rfz! }nf Sv{zfhf

Af`mfz }o yobcf s{fcbibc bl}fzfs}s, Jv} b} bs aso

hbszf{zfsfl}`}bol }o `ssvhf }n`} }nf colsfl(

svs(mzbyfl `lm yfzr y`s} mfcbsbol(h`dblg s}zvc(}vzf bs holoab}nbc `lm zvl jr ` sblgaf blmbybm(

và, Ivz}nfzhozf! }nf iz`c}vzfm l`}vzf oi }nf

{oab}bcà srs}fh n`s svzybyfm! `lm }nfzf bs lo

zf`sol wnr }nbs }z`mfh`zd oi }nf Bsa`hbc

Zf{vjabc oi Bz`l wovam cf`sf }o ivlc}bol mvz(

blg @nh`mblfe`m‒s {zfsbmflcr,

Bs Mz`h`}bc Cn`lgf bl Iozfbgl [oabcr[ossbjaf?Jfc`vsf oi }nf if`}vzfs oi }nf {zocfss f~{a`blfm

`joyf! b} wovam jf yfzr mbiibcva} }o cn`lgf }nfh`s}fz iz`hf wb}nbl wnbcn }nf {oabcr bs

iozhfm, Fyfl }nf hos} mrl`hbc `lm `ggzfssbyf

{zfsbmfl} wovam iblm b} n`zm }o zfyfz} Bz`l j`cd

}o `l `gf oi bmfoaogr `lm `w`r izoh sohf

mfgzff oi {z`gh`}bsh, ]nf iozfbgl {oabcr l`z(

z`}byf oi Bz`l sffhs }o blmbc }f }n`} b} n`s

{`ssfm }nf `l}b(s}`}vs pvo m`rs `lm bs bl sf`zcn

oi `ccohhom`}bol `lm con`jb}`}bol, B} wovam

}`df hozf }n`l ` {zfsbmfl}bà cn`lgf }o {v} }nf

fyoayblg {zocfss bl zfyfzsf gf`z, ]nbs oi covzsf

mofs lo} hf`l }n`} wf wbaa lo} sff `l bl}flsb(

ibfm }vzi j`}}af oyfz }nf mbzfc}bol oi iozfbgl

{oabcr, ]nf vsvà {vaablg `lm {vsnblg oi àa

coh{af~ `lm i`c}bol(zbmmfl iozfbgl {oabcr

`{{`z`}vsfs h`r jfcohf hozf `cv}f! jv} }nf

bls}b}v}bolàbufm {zocfss `lm }nf `c}ozs wbaa

jf`z hozf h`zds oi col}blvb}r }n`l cn`lgf,

[zfsbmfl}(fafc} @nh`mblfe`m n`s fh{n`(

sbufm }nf bh{oz}`lcf oi @sb`l `lm Hvsabh

s}`}fs bl nbs iozfbgl {oabcr, Wn`} }n`} f~`c}ar

hf`ls olf c`l lo} jf svzf, Jv} blmbc`}bols

izoh nbs zfh`zds `lm nbs `ssocb`}fs‒ occ`sbolà

cohhfl}s svggfs} }n`} nf bl}flms }o iocvs

hozf ol }nf zfa`}bols wb}n gzf`} {owfzs svcn s

Blmb`! Cnbl`! `lm Zvssb` }n`} }o sohf f~}fl}

s}`z}fm mvzblg [zfsbmfl} Dn`}`hb‒s }flvzf `lm

n`s àzf`mr jozlf sohf izvb}s, ]nbs h`r lo}

f~`c}ar jf ` zfozbfl}`}bol oi Bz`lb`l iozfbgl

{oabcr mbzfc}bol, @nh`mblfe`m wbaa abdfar col(

}blvf }nf flg`gfhfl} wb}n Fvzo{f jv} wbaa jf

hozf mfh`lmblg `lm mzbyf ` }ovgnfz j`zg`bl

wb}n Fvzo{f`ls, Nbs sffhblgar hozf `v}`zdbc

fcolohbc {oabcr covam n`yf sohf s{baa(oyfz

fiifc}s ol {oab}bcà zfa`}bols wb}n Fvzo{f4 jv}

}n`} h`r {zoyf }o jf hozf }z`lsb}ozr `lm

sv{fzibcbà }n`l svjs}`l}byf,

]nf i`}f oi }nf lvcaf`z lfgo}b`}bols wb}n

}nf Fvzo{f`l Vlbol }zobd` .Iz`lcf! Gfzh`lr `lm }nf Vlb}fm Dblgmoh" wbaa jf }nf ibzs} }fs}

oi }nf lfw {zfsbmfl}‒s n`lmablg oi czb}bcà ioz(

fbgl {oabcr bssvfs, @nh`mblfe`m‒s blb}bà hfs(

s`gfs n`yf zfìibzhfm nbs bl}fl}bols }o col}bl(

vf }nf lfgo}b`}blg {zocfss, @a}novgn }nf lfgo(

}b`}bols wb}n Fvzo{f oyfz }nf Bz`lb`l lvcaf`z

{zogz`h n yf jffl sf} bl }nf wbmfz colsflsvà

{zocfss oi Bz`l‒s {owfz s}zvc}vzf! }nf zfsfzy`(

}bols }n`} }nf lfw {zfsbmfl} n`s zfg`zmblg }nf

yb`jbab}r oi `lr Fvzo{f`l oiifz covam cn`lgf

}nf mrl`hbcs oi j`zg`blblg bl i`yoz oi ` n`zmfzablf, Jv} b} bs àso {a`vsbjaf }o `zgvf }n`}

jfc`vsf lo Bz`lb`l {oab}bcb`l .blcavmblg

@nh`mblfe`m" c`l gbyf v{ Bz`lb`l ivfa(crcaf

c`{`jbab}r! }n`} {zocfss bs moohfm }o i bavzf, B}

sffhs }n`} Bz`l vlmfz }nf lfw {zfsbmfl} wbaa

gflvblfar }zr }o h`df }nbs {zocfss wozd `lm

wbaa mo fyfzr}nblg {ossbjaf lo} }o jf }nf {`z}r

zfs{olsbjaf ioz }nf i`bavzf oi lfgo}b`}bols wb}n

}nf FV, Gbyfl }nf {zfssvzf cohblg izoh nbs

cols}b}vflcr! @nh`mblfe`m wovam n`yf }o {vz(

svf ` hvcn }ovgnfz ablf, ]nbs wbaa h`df svc(

cfss hozf mbiibcva} }o `ccoh{absn vlafss }nf

Fvzo{f`ls oiifz ` colcfssbol }o `ccohhom`}f

Bz`lb`l mfh`lms ioz dff{blg sohf iozh oi ivfa

crcaf c`{`jbab}r,

]nf olgoblg z`{{zocnfhfl} wb}n [fzsb`l

Gvai s}`}fs wbaa bl àa abdfabnoom {zocffm vlì(

ifc}fm, ]nbs {oabcr bs so ibzhar fs}`jabsnfm bl }nf

Bz`lb`l iozfbgl {oabcr `gflm` }n`} lo `mhblbs(

}z`}byf cn`lgfs wovam vlmfzhblf b} bl }nf



06

`jsflcf oi vliozfsffl fyfl}s, ]nbs blcavmfs }nf

oyfzàa {oabcr ybs(ë(ybs Bz`p! wnbcn bs j`sfm ol

}nzff {baa`zs oi }nf }z`lsb}bol }o ` ivlc}bolblg

mfhocz`cr5 Bz`p‒s }fzzb}ozbà bl}fgzb}r4 confsbol4

`lm s}`jbab}r àolg }nf wfs}fzl jozmfzs oi Bz`l,

]nbs wbaa vlmovj}fmar h`~bhbuf Bz`lb`l bliav(

flcf blsbmf {os}(S`mm`h Bz`p, @nh`mblfe`m

sffhs }o jf afss mbs{osfm }o ` z`mbcà cn`lgf oi

covzsf bl Bz`p,

A`s} jv} lo} af`s} bs }nf fiifc} oi `l

@nh`mblfe`m {zfsbmflcr ol V,S,(Bz`l zfa`}bols,

@nh`mblfe`m n`s s`bm ol sfyfzà occ`sbols }n`}

nf sffs lo lffm ioz }nf bh{zoyfhfl} oi zfa`(

}bols jf}wffl }nf }wo `myfzs`zbfs, Fyfl bi nf

w`l}fm }o }`df ` soi}fz }olf `lm fl}fz}`bl }nf

{ossbjbab}r oi mbàogvf wb}n }nf Vlb}fm S}`}fs! bl

}nf i`cf oi `l fafy`}fm znf}ozbcà `}}`cd ol Bz`l

`lm Wnb}f Novsf s}`}fhfl}s }n`} `bhfm }o mf(afgb}bhbuf }nf fafc}ozà {zocfss! nf wovam iblm b}

àhos} bh{ossbjaf }o vlmfz}`df `lr blb}b`}byfs,

]nf lf} zfsva} bs }n`} @nh`mblfe`m wbaa mf({zb(

ozb}buf V,S,(Bz`l z`{{zocnfhfl} `lm iocvs ol

o}nfz bssvfs, Mvzblg }nf {zfsbmfl}bà c`h{`bgl!

vlabdf o}nfz c`lmbm`}fs wno h`mf caf`z }nfbz

bl}fzfs}s! nf oi}fl hfl}bolfm }nf bssvf bl ` cvz(

sozr i`snbol `lm blmbc`}fm }n`} Bz`l c`l soayf b}s

owl {zojafhs `lm mofs lo} lffm }nf Vlb}fm

S}`}fs, Nf sffhs }o gflvblfar jfabfyf }nbs {zbl(

cb{af! wnbcn `{{f`zs }o jf ` zfiafc}bol oi nbsoyfzàa wozamybfw,

[o}fl}bà Cn`lgfs bl Bz`lb`l Iozfbgl [oabcrH`l`gfhfl}Bi }nf cn`lgfs bl svjs}`l}byf {oabcbfs wbaa jf

h`zgblà! wn`} wbaa cn`lgf mvzblg

@nh`mblfe`m‒s {zfsbmflcr? ]nfzf `zf sohf

bssvfs oi s}raf `lm ybsbol }n`} lffm }o jf sczv}b(

lbufm, Ibzs} bs }nf zbsd(}`dblg {zo{flsb}r }n`}

}nf lfw {zfsbmfl} jzblgs }o }nf eoj, ]nbs }z`b}

a`zgfar mfzbyfs izoh nbs s}zolg sfai(colibmflcf,Nbs {bovs `lm zfabgbovs v{jzblgblg covam jf `

sovzcf oi }nbs sfai(colibmflcf, Sfcolm bs }nf

{fzcfbyfm h`lm`}f oi }nf colsfzy`}byfs `s `

zfsva} oi }nf a`lmsabmf ybc}ozr bl }nf fafc}bol

n`s zfbliozcfm }nf sflsf oi zf(afgb}bhbu`}bol oi

}nf Bsa`hbc Zf{vjabc oi Bz`l! nflcf blefc}blg

izfsn flfzgr }n`} wbaa fhjoamfl }nf lfw ioz(

fbgl lm sfcvzb}r {oabcr fab}f, A`s}ar! }nf a`cd oi

f~{fzbflcf bl iozfbgl {oabcr zf`s covam sbh{ab(

ir }nf coh{af~ zfa`}bols wb}n }nf ov}sbmf wozam

`lm mff{fl }nf f~bs}blg hbscolcf{}bols `lm

hbscohhvlbc`}bols,

[ossbjaf f~}flsbyf s}ìi cn`lgf `lm zfàbgl(

hfl} oi }nf iozfbgl {oabcr(h`dblg `{{`z`}vs

bs woz}nr oi `}}fl}bol, Bi Hz, @nh`mblfe`m

ivaibaas nbs {zohbsfs oi jzblgblg bl lfw jaoom

}o }nf iozfbgl {oabcr cohhvlb}r! }nf f~bs}blg

`zz`lgfhfl}s covam cn`lgf bl i`yoz oi n`zm(

ablfz bls}b}v}bols, ]nfsf bls}b}v}bols! }nf

Zfyoav}bol`zr Gv`zm ioz bls}`lcf! n`yf }nf

{o}fl}bà oi hoyblg jfrolm }nfbz colyfl}bol(

à {vzybfw bl l`}bolà sfcvzb}r }o }nf hozf

zov}blf `zf`s oi iozfbgl {oabcr, @a}novgn }nf

}z`mb}bolà jà`lcf oi jvzf`vcz`}bc s}zvc}vzfs

covam v{sf} }nf {zocfss! b} bs colcfby`jaf }n`}

}nfsf ov}ib}s h`r jf iozcfm }o o{fz`}f bl `

hozf {z`gh`}bc i snbol, Hozfoyfz! }nf bls}b(}v}bolàbufm s}zvc}vzfs `zf hvcn hozf

zfsbabfl} `lm wovam bl àa abdfabnoom {v} v{

sohf ibgn} bl zfs{olsf }o f~}zfhf mf{`z}vzfs

izoh fs}`jabsnfm {oabcbfs, ]nf izbc}bol wb}n

}nf }fcnlocz`}bc j`sf oi iozfbgl {oabcr

h`cnblfzr covam bl àa abdfabnoom czf`}f hozf

blfiibcbflcr,

Hz, @nh`mblfe`m‒s wozamybfw sffhs }o

zfiafc} `l fgàb}`zb`l `{{zo`cn }o }nf bl}fzl`(

}bolà srs}fh, Nf mofs lo} n`yf ` iozfbgl {oab(

cr jv} ` ybsbol oz `}}b}vmf }n`} nf`ybar mf{flmsol l`}bolà {owfz `lm sfai(zfab`lcf, @s ` }fcn(

locz`}bc hfhjfz oi }nf sfcolm gflfz`}bol oi

colsfzy`}byfs! @nh`mblfe`m {fzsolbibfs }nf

abld jf}wffl }nf zfyoav}bol`zr m`rs oi }nf

02>;s `lm }nf mfyfao{hfl} bh{fz }byfs oi }nf

022;s `lm f`zar }wfl}r ibzs} cfl}vzr, Nbs oyfz(

àa {os}vzfs svggfs} ` hozf blw`zm(aoodblg

`{{zo`cn }o jo}n mohfs}bc `lm iozfbgl {oabcr,

Wbaa }nf }zb{af fiifc}s oi }nfsf cn`lgfs af`m }o

}nf zf(socbàbu`}bol oi }nf Bsa`hbc Zf{vjabc oi

Bz`l‒s iozfbgl {oabcr h`cnblfzr? B} wovam`zgv`jar jf f~}zfhfar mbiibcva} ioz Bz`l }o

zfyfz} j`cd }o }nf gf oi bmfoaogr4 jv} abhb}fm

{`z`mbgh`}bc cn`lgf! fs{fcbàar `} }nf }o{ fcn(

faols oi }nf jvzf`vcz`cr! bs {zoj`jaf,

Colcavsbol]nf {zfsbmflcr oi @nh`mblfe`m h`r {zomvcf

hozf cn`lgf bl iozh `lm s}raf }n`l svjs}`lcf

bl Bz`l‒s iozfbgl {oabcr mbzfc}bol, Jv} `s s}v(




09

mfl}s oi bl}fzl`}bolà zfa`}bols `zf blczf`sblgar

`zgvblg! }nf iozh `lm s}raf! {`z}bcva`zar bl `

zfgbol wnfzf a`lgv`gf `lm srhjoas oi}fl

}zvh{ o}nfz colsbmfz`}bols! covam n`yf sbglbib(

c`l} h`}fzbà `lm {oabcr colsfpvflcfs, @} `

}bhf wnfl Bz`l bs }z`lsiozhblg izoh `l `l}b(

s}`}vs pvo {owfz }o ` zfgbolà sv{fz{owfz bl

sf`zcn oi `ccohhom`}bol `lm zfcoglb}bol! }nf

zbsf oi ` i`bzar vldlowl {oab}bcb`l `s }nf {zfsb(

mfl} oi }nf Bsa`hbc Zf{vjabc wb}n ` {o{vabs}

`gflm` `lm afss(}n`l(izbflmar bh`gf wbaa cfz(

}`blar jf ` cnàaflgf, Nowfyfz! b} bs vlabdfar

}n`} nf wovam oz covam s}o{ }nf }z`lsb}bolà

{zocfss }n`} Bz`l bs goblg }nzovgn, Nbs hèoz

blb}bà cnàaflgf bs blcbmfl}àar now }o n`lmaf

}nf mbgb}àbufm cohhvlbc`}bols lf}wozds oi

bh`gf(h`dblg `lm srhjoabc zf{zfsfl}`}bol!

wnbcn n`yf so i`z gbyfl nbh yfzr zovgn s} z},

Bz`l‒s Lfw [zfsbmfl} `lm Zfa`}bols wb}n }nf V,S,Jr Sn`va J`dn`sn! Ca`zflcf Zojblsol [zoifssoz oi Nbs}ozr! Gfozgf H`sol Vlbyfzsb}r

H`nhovm @nh`mblfe`m! Bz`l‒s lfw {zfsbmfl}!

s`bm ab}}af ol iozfbgl {oabcr bssvfs”blcavmblg

zfa`}bols wb}n }nf V,S,”mvzblg }nf fafc}bolc`h{`bgl, Nf mbm s`r }n`} lfgo}b`}bols wb}n

W`snblg}ol mo lo} z`ld nbgn ol nbs {zbozb}bfs,

Nf cn`zgfm Bz`lb`l mb{aoh`}s wb}n jfblg

„wf`d‒ bl lfgo}b`}bols wb}n }nf FV oyfz Bz`l‒s

lvcaf`z {zogz`h, Nf `ssfz}fm Bz`l‒s zfsovzcfs

snovam jf f~{aob}fm jr Bz`lb`ls z`}nfz }n`l ioz(

fbgl ibzhs, Jv} }nfsf cohhfl}s svggfs} l }}b(

}vmf! ` {os}vzf! z`}nfz }n`l wfaa(}novgn} ov}

{oabcr {osb}bols,

]nf i`c}ozs col}zbjv}blg }o col}blvb}r bl

Bz`l‒s iozfbgl {oabcr `zf lvhfzovs `lm svjs}`l(}bà, Jv} }nf fafc}bol oi @nh`mblfe`m blefc}s

lfw `lm {ossbjar vlsf}}ablg blgzfmbfl}s bl}o

}nf fpv`}bol,

Ol }nf olf n`lm! Bz`l‒s iozfbgl {oabcr ol

hèoz bssvfs”Bz`l‒s lvcaf`z {zogz`h! b}s sv{(

{oz} ioz Nbujàa`n bl Afj`lol `lm Bsa`hbc

Ebn`m ol }nf Wfs} J`ld! b}s o{{osb}bol }o Bsz`fa!

}nf lvz}vzblg oi zfa`}bols wb}n hèoz {owfzs

o}nfz }n`l @hfzbc` abdf Cnbl`! Zvssb`! E`{`l!

Blmb` `lm }nf FV”bs va}bh`}far }nf {zfzog`}byf

oi }nf Af`mfz! @r`}oaa`n Dn`hflfb, ]nf goy(

fzlhfl}! ioz f~`h{af! covam lo} fl}fz bl}o

lfgo}b`}bols wb}n }nf V,S, wb}nov} }nf Af`mfz‒s

`gzffhfl}, Ol }nfsf hèoz bssvfs! blcavmblg

}nosf oi bl}fzfs} }o }nf V,S,! }nfzf bs ` a`zgf

mfgzff oi colsflsvs `holg }nf iozfbgl {oabcr

fab}f `lm colsbs}flcr `lm col}blvb}r bl }nf a`s}

sfyfzà rf`zs, Bz`l‒s lfgo}b`}blg {osb}bol ol b}s

lvcaf`z {zogz`h bs lo} abdfar }o cn`lgf jfc`vsf

` lfw {zfsbmfl} n`s cohf }o oiibcf, Bz`l‒s aolg(

}fzh fcolohbc ojefc}byfs `zf sn`{fm jr }nf

ibyf(rf`z mfyfao{hfl} {a`l, Blsoi`z `s }nfsf

mfyfao{hfl} {zogz`hs zfa`}f }o iozfbgl zfa`(}bols”cols}zvc}bol oi hèoz bliz`s}zvc}vzf

`lm blmvs}zbà {zoefc}s! iozfbgl }z`mf `lm blyfs}(

hfl}! oba”@nh`mblfe`m‒s izffmoh }o z`mbcàar

cn`lgf mbzfc}bol bs abhb}fm,

Ol }nf o}nfz n`lm! bl iozfbgl {oabcr! s}raf

`lm }olf mo h`}}fz, @ iozfbgl {oabcr `{{zo`cn

cn`z`c}fzbufm jr svs{bcbol oi }nf ov}sbmf wozam

`lm blmbiifzflcf }o wn`} o}nfzs }nbld oi Bz`l

c`l vlmo }nf {`}bfl} iflcf(jvbamblg wb}n }nf

bl}fzl`}bolà cohhvlb}r oi zfcfl} rf`zs, N`m

Zìs`le`lb jffl fafc}fm {zfsbmfl}! nf wovamàhos} cfz}`blar n`yf {v} ov} iffafzs }o }nf

V,S,4 @nh`mblfe m wbaa lo} mo so, @a}novgn

Dn`hflfb cfz}`blar flmozsfm }nf wbaablglfss

nbgn(z`ldblg Bz`lb`l oiibcbàs f~{zfssfm bl }nf

a`s} }wo rf`zs }o }àd }o W`snblg}ol! Dn`hflfb

n`s àw`rs jffl sdf{}bcà `jov} }nf {ossbjbab}r

`lm fyfl }nf vsfivalfss }o Bz`l oi ` z`{{zocnf(

hfl} wb}n @hfzbc`, @nh`mblfe`m‒s lfg`}byf

`}}b}vmf }o }nf V,S, covam }nfzfiozf zfsol`}f

wb}n }nf Af`mfz,

Yobcfs bl }nf iozfbgl {oabcr fs}`jabsnhfl}

`zgvblg ioz homfz`}bol `lm iaf~bjbab}r bl ioz(

fbgl zfa`}bols wovam jf wf`dflfm lm n`zmablf

yobcfs s}zflg}nflfm bi }nf lfw {zfsbmfl} bs

àaowfm jr }nf Af`mfz }o zf{a`cf dfr iozfbgl

{oabcr oiibcbàs wb}n hfl `lm wohfl wno

sn`zf nbs ybfws, Dn`hflfb h`r cnoosf }o

`ccohhom`}f @nh`mblfe`m ol jo}n iozfbgl

`lm mohfs}bc bssvfs jfc`vsf }nf lfw {zfsbmfl}

n`s sv{{oz} `holg }nf s`hf cols}b}vflcr ol



07

]nf Bz`lb`l S}zff} bl }nf [os}(Dn`}`hb Fz`Jr D`zbh S`me`m{ovz! @làrs}! Bl}fzl`}bolà Czbsbs Gzov{! ]fnz`l! Bz`l

wnbcn }nf Af`mfz zfabfs”}nf Zfyoav}bol`zr

Gv`zms! }nf j`sbe {`z`(hbab}`zr iozcfs! }nf col(

sfzy`}byf fafhfl}s `holg }nf cafzgr `lm }nf

vzj`l {ooz,

]nf ibzs} ifw hol}ns oi }nf @nh`mblfe`m

{zfsbmflcr wbaa blmbc`}f wnf}nfz }nf iozcfs oi

col}blvb}r oz oi cn`lgf bl iozfbgl {oabcr wbaa

{zfy`ba,

Jv} Bz`l(V,S, zfa`}bols vlmfz `l

@nh`mblfe`m {zfsbmflcr wbaa lo} mf{flm ol

Bz`l àolf, ]nfr wbaa àso jf sn`{fm jr

W`snblg}ol, @} }nf hohfl}! }nf Jvsn

@mhblbs }z`}bol snows lo blc abl`}bol }o

flg`gf Bz`l4 b}s {oabcr }ow`zms }nf Bsa`hbc

Zf{vjabc n`s jffl cn`z`c}fzbufm jr nos}bab}r

`lm ivuublfss, ]nf @mhblbs}z`}bol ioz ` aolg

}bhf }ood ` mbshbssbyf `}}b}vmf }ow`zms }nf

FV‒s lfgo}b`}bols wb}n ]fnz`l oyfz Bz`l‒slvcaf`z {zogz`h jfiozf b} iblàar flmozsfm

}nfsf lfgo}b`}bols a`s} rf`z, Jv} fyfl low!

@hfzbc`l blsbs}flcf }n`} Bz`l fl}bzfar gbyf v{

b}s ivfa flzbcnhfl} {zogz`h zfh`bls vlzfà(

bs}bc4 `lm wb}n }nf V,S, s}baa cn`zr oi `{{f`z(

blg }o h`df „colcfssbols‒ }o Bz`l! `lr {`cd(

`gf }nf FV oiifzs }o Bz`l bs jovlm }o i`ba

wb}nov} ivaa @hfzbc`l {`z}bcb{`}bol,

@ {zo{osfm `gzffhfl} ioz }nf sv{{ar oi

Bz`lb`l l`}vzà g`s }o Blmb` yb` ` {b{fablf

czossblg [`dbs}`l wovam gzf`}ar cfhfl} zfa`(

}bols `lm f`sf }flsbols jf}wffl Blmb` `lm

[`dbs}`l, Rf} }nf Jvsn @mhblbs}z`}bol n`s

{zfssvzfm jo}n Blmb` `lm [`dbs}`l }o `j`l(

mol }nf mfà, W`snblg}ol‒s zfivsà }o

`cdlowafmgf }n`} Bz`l n`s afgb}bh`}f bl}fzfs}s

bl Bz`p `lm b}s zf{f`}fm àafg`}bols oi Bz`lb`l

„hfmmablg‒ bl }n`} covl}zr `zf jv} ivz}nfz

f~`h{afs oi ` Jvsn @mhblbs}z`}bol {oabcr

}n`} c`l n`zmar jf zfg`zmfm `s izbflmar bl

]fnz`l, Ybcf([zfsbmfl} Cnflfr‒s zfh`zd }n`}

Bsz`fa h`r `}}`cd Bz`l‒s lvcaf`z i`cbab}bfs w`s

{zfsvh`jar }nf @mhblbs}z`}bol‒s w`r oi {zfs(

svzblg Bz`l }o gbyf v{ b}s lvcaf`z `hjb}bols,

Jv} svcn yfbafm }nzf`}s! hvcn abdf }nf `hjb(

gvb}r }nf @mhblbs}z`}bol i`yozs bl b}s `}}b}vmf

}ow`zms }nf FV(Bz`l lfgo}b`}bols! olar zfbl(iozcf movj} bl ]fnz`l `jov} }nf Jvsn

@mhblbs }z`}bol‒s va} bh`}f bl}fl}bols `lm

flcovz`gf Bz`l }o `mo{} ` {os}vzf oi `hjbgv(

b}r! s`r ol b}s lvcaf`z {oabcr! `s wfaa,

]nf m`lgfz bs }n`} n`zmfz ablf vlmfz lfw

{zfsbmfl} bl ]fnz`l wbaa zfbliozcf n`zmablf `}}b(

}vmfs bl W`snblg}ol, [zos{fc}s ioz `l

bh{zoyfhfl} bl zfa`}bols jf}wffl Bz`l `lm }nf

V,S, mo lo} aood {zohbsblg,

]nf svz{zbsblg ybc}ozr oi colsfzy`}byf ]fnz`l

H`roz H`nhovm @nh`mblfe`m bl Bz`l‒s

zfcfl} {zfsbmfl}bà fafc}bols iozcfs `làrs}s

`lm ojsfzyfzs oi Bz`l }o go jfrolm }nf col(

yfl}bolà wbsmoh }n`} Bz`l‒s rov}niva {o{va`(

}bol bs coh{osfm a`zgfar oi izffmoh ibgn}fzs

bl sf`zcn oi mfhocz`cr! socbà izffmohs! `lm

zfa`}bols wb}n }nf Vlb}fm S}`}fs, @i}fz àa! Hz,

@nh`mblfe`m w`s }nf olar olf oi Bz`l‒s sfyfl

{zfsbmfl}bà c`lmbm`}fs wno s{odf ab}}af .bi `}

àa" `jov} mfhocz`cr! socbà abjfzàbu`}bol! `lm

zfa`}bols wb}n }nf Vlb}fm S}`}fs! iocvsblg

bls}f`m ol {o{vabs} }nfhfs svcn `s fcolohbc

evs}bcf `lm mfabyfz`lcf, @lm }novgn lo

Bz`lb`l fafc}bol c`l jf c`}fgozbufm `s izff `lm

o{fl”gbyfl }nf i`c} }n`} olar c`lmbm`}fs

wno `zf sczfflfm jr }nf vlfafc}fm Bsa`hbc

Gv`zmb`l Covlcba `zf {fzhb}}fm }o zvl”

}nfzf bs lo mflrblg }n`} @nh`mblfe`m‒s hfs(

s`gf zfsol`}fm `holg ` lo} blsbglbibc`l} {oz(

}bol oi Bz`lb`l socbf}r wnosf fcolohbc ao} n`s

cf`sfm }o bh{zoyf! mfs{b}f }nf covl}zr‒s so`z(

blg oba wfà}n,

Lolf}nfafss! n`yblg zfcfbyfm afss }n`l :;&

oi yo}fs c`s} bl }nf ibzs} zovlm! @nh`mblfe`m‒s

h`lm`}f snovam `} }nf s`hf }bhf lo} jf f~`g(

gfz`}fm4 nf bs s}baa jr `lm a`zgf `l vldlowl

pv`l}b}r bl Bz`l! snowblg v{ ol }nf l`}bolà

{oab}bcà z`m`z olar bl }nf a`s} }wo rf`zs,

Wn`}‒s hozf! `holg }nosf i`hbab`z wb}n




0>

@nh`mblfe`m‒s j`cdgzovlm `lm {oab}bcs! nf bs

` {oa`zbublg ibgvzf! gflfzàar blyodblg mhbz`(

}bol `holg }nf aowfz blcohf ca`ssfs ioz nbs

fh{`}nr `lm sbh{af abifs}raf `lm colcfzl

`holg }nf hbmmaf `lm v{{fz ca`ssfs ioz nbs

zbgn}(wblg {oab}bcà `lm socbà af`lblgs, @s

svcn! }nf lfw {zfsbmfl} wbaa blnfzb} ` mbybmfm

socbf}r wnfl nf }`dfs oiibcf ol @vgvs} 3, Hz,

@nh`mblfe`m‒s cnàaflgf wbaa jf }o abyf v{ }nf

aoi}r f~{fc}`}bols oi }nosf wno nfa{fm gf} nbh

fafc}fm! wnbaf `} }nf s`hf }bhf `}}fh{}blg }o

{`cbir }nf hbaabols wno jfabfyfm nf w`s lo}

}nf zbgn} h`l ioz }nf eoj,

Bl Sf`zcn oi Fcolohbc Mbglb}rIoz `lr ybsb}oz }o Bz`l! b} bs pvbcdar `{{`zfl}

}n`} }nf {zbh`zr colcfzl ioz }nf y`s} hèozb}r

oi Bz`lb`ls bs ` a`cd oi fcolohbc mbglb}r,Mfs{b}f so`zblg oba {zbcfs `lm ` gzowblg Gzoss

Mohfs}bc [zomvc} .GM["! }nf goyfzlhfl} n`s

n`m ab}}af svccfss `hfaboz`}blg b}s }wbl @cnbaafs‒

nffas! blia`}bol `lm vlfh{aorhfl}! jo}n oi

wnbcn noyfz jf}wffl 06& lm :;&, Ioz oamfz

gflfz`}bol Bz`lb`ls! zfyoav}bol`zr {zohbsfs oi

fcolohbc evs}bcf `lm wfà}n zfmbs}zbjv}bol

n`yf golf a`zgfar vlhf}4 {fz c`{b}` blcohf bl

}om`r‒s Bz`l bs fs}bh`}fm }o jf afss }n`l nài oi

wn`} b} w`s mvzblg }nf rf`zs {zboz }o }nf 0272

Zfyoav}bol, ]nf rovlgfz gflfz`}bol‒s fcoloh(bc {zos{fc}s `zf fyfl jaf`dfz, ]nf covl}zr‒s

mfhogz`{nbc jvagf”`zovlm nài oi Bz`lb`ls

`zf vlmfz }nf `gf oi :6”n`s afm }o ` scfl`zbo

wnfzf! `ccozmblg }o }nf goyfzlhfl}‒s owl s}`(

}bs}bcs! b} c`l olar ccohhom`}f zovlm nài oi

}nf `{{zo~bh`}far olf hbaabol {fo{af wno

fl}fz }nf a`joz h`zdf} f`cn rf`z,

]nbs fcolohbc àbfl`}bol {zoyfm }o jf }nf

hos} sàbfl} i`c}oz bl @nh`mblfe m‒s fafc}bol,

Bl ` covl}zr wnfzf {oab}bcb`ls zf oi}fl sffl s

sfai(sfzyblg! nf c`lcfaafm ov} }nf hbaabols o}nfzc`lmbm }fs s{fl} ol ia`snr! Wfs}fzl(s}raf `m

c`h{`bgls jr sbh{ar n`yblg nbs nvhjaf nohf

bl ` wozdblg ca`ss `zf` oi ]fnz`l jzo`mc`s} ol

s}`}f }fafybsbol, @s olf wozdblg ca`ss ]fnz`l

zfsbmfl} }oam hf! ‑Nf h`r lo} jf `jaf }o soayf

àa ovz fcolohbc {zojafhs! jv} `} af`s} nf

wol‒} flzbcn nbhsfai bl }nf {zocfss oi }zrblg,‘

So! bl }nf col}f~} oi Bz`l‒s wbmfs{zf`m fcoloh(

bc hà`bsf! {fzn`{s b} snovam lo} n yf jffl so

svz{zbsblg }n`} }nf c`lmbm`}f wno {zoefc}fm `

nvhjaf! blcozzv{}bjaf bh`gf! wno }àdfm

`jov} svjsbmbfs lm nfa{blg }nf {ooz! {zfy`bafm

oyfz }nf c`lmbm`}fs wno wfzf }àdblg `jov}

socbà abjfzàbu`}bol! mfhocz`cr! `lm nvh`l

zbgn}s, @s ]fnz`l Vlbyfzsb}r [oab}bcà Scbflcf

[zoifssoz L`ssfz N`mb`l {}ar {v} b}! ‑Rov c`l‒}

f`} mfhocz`cr lm nvh`l zbgn}s,‘

]fnz`l Bs Lo} @ Hbczocosh @lo}nfz zf`sol }nf fafc}bol zfsva}s }ood `l`(

ars}s `lm ojsfzyfzs jr svz{zbsf bs }n`} ]fnz`l bs

lo} ` hbczocosh oi Bz`l, Sbhba`z }o vzj`lb}fs

`zovlm }nf wozam! ]fnz`l‒s {o{va`}bol bs gflfz(

àar hozf {zogzfssbyf! hozf bliozhfm! `lm

hozf {oab}bcbufm }n`l }nf zfs} oi }nf covl}zr,

Z`}nfz }n`l zfar ol oiibcbà s}`}f }fafybsbol s b}s

soaf lfws sovzcf! ]fnz`l jo`s}s hvcn nbgnfzz`}fs oi Bl}fzlf} {flf}z`}bol! s`}faab}f }fafybsbol

ybfwfzsnb{! `lm lfws{`{fz zf`mfzsnb{,

Hozfoyfz! {oab}bcà mbscol}fl} bl }nf c`{b}à bs

f~`cfzj`}fm jr f~n`vs}blg }zìibc! sviioc`}blg

`bz {oaav}bol! lm nbgn blia`}bol, @lfcmo}àar b}

bs blczf`sblgar mbiibcva} }o iblm ]fnz`l zfsb(

mfl}s”jf b} izoh }nf loz}n oz sov}n flm oi

}nf cb}r”wno n`yf i`b}n afi} bl }nf covl}zr‒s

{oab}bc a af`mfzsnb{, ]nbs sflsf oi àbfl`}bol

w`s `{{`zfl} bl }nf fafc}bol! `s ibzs}(zovlm

yo}fz }vzlov} bl ]fnz`l w`s olar 33& .`so{{osfm }o 9:& l`}bolwbmf",

Ov}sbmf oi ]fnz`l! Bz`lb`ls `zf sbhba`zar

mbss`}bsibfm wb}n }nf s}`}vs pvo! jv} }nfr zf i`z

afss {oab}bcbufm, [oab}bcà mbscvssbol bs vsvàar

cfl}fzfm zovlm }nf a`cd oi yb`jaf fh{aorhfl}

oz }nf nbgn cos} oi ‑hf`} `lm olbols‘ z`}nfz

}n`l ` a`cd oi {oab}bcà `lm socbà izffmohs,

]nbs {zfsfl}s ` gzowblg mbafhh` ioz eovzlà(

bs}s `lm `làrs}s coyfzblg Bz`l, Ol olf n`lm!

]fnz`l bs }nf covl}zr‒s {oab}bcà nf`z} `lm sova

.wnfzf }nf 0272 Zfyoav}bol }ood {a`cf" `lmmfsfzyfs }nf abol‒s sn`zf oi }nf iocvs, Ol }nf

o}nfz n`lm! l }bolà fafc}bols `zf blczf`sblgar

jfblg mfcbmfm ov}sbmf oi ]fnz`l! gbyfl }nf c`{(

b}à‒s aow yo}fz }vzlov}, Wnbaf }nf sffhblg gvai

jf}wffl loz}n `lm sov}n ]fnz`l w`s fh{n`(

sbufm mvzblg }nf fafc}bols! hozf mbiibcva} }o zfc(

olcbaf ioz Bz`l w`}cnfzs bs }nf gvai jf}wffl

]fnz`l `lm }nf zfs} oi }nf covl}zr,



02

Zbsf oi F}nlbc L`}bolàbsh?Bl `mmb}bol }o Bz`l‒s fcolohbc `lm {oab}bcà

mbscol}fl}s! olf oi @nh`mblfe`m‒s cnàaflgfs

`s {zfsbmfl} wbaa jf }o `mmzfss }nf blczf`sblg

sbgls oi àbfl`}bol `holg Bz`l‒s f}nlbc `lm

zfabgbovs hblozb}bfs, ]novgn }nf wozms‑[fzsb`l‘ `lm ‑Bz`lb`l‘ `zf oi}fl vsfm bl}fz(

cn`lgf`jar! ab}}af oyfz nài oi }nf Bz`lb`l {o{(

va`}bol bs f}nlbcàar [fzsb`l! }nf zfs} colsbs}blg

oi @ufzb ]vzds! Dvzms! Jàvcnbs! lm @z`js .}nf

a`s} }nzff oi wnbcn àso n`yf Svllb Hvsabh

{o{va`}bols! bl col}z`s} }o Bz`l‒s Snbb}f hèoz(

b}r", Bl }nf ibzs} zovlm oi }nf fafc}bol! }nf ibyf

{zoyblcfs wb}n }nf aowfs} }vzlov}s wfzf fb}nfz

Dvzmbsn oz @ufzb zfgbols! `lm bl }nf a`s} ifw

hol}ns jfiozf }nf fafc}bol }nfzf n`yf jffl

blcbmfl}s oi zbo}blg `holg }nf @z`j `lm Svllb

hblozb}r cohhvlb}bfs bl }nf oba(zbcnDnvufs}`l [zoyblcf,

[fzn`{s }nf c`vsf ioz gzf`}fs} colcfzl } }nf

hohfl} bs }nf Dvzmbsn pvfs}bol, [`s} colyfl(

}bolà wbsmoh n`s jffl }n`} Dvzms! wno h`df

v{ `zovlm 7& oi }nf Bz`lb`l {o{va`}bol! `zf

i`z caosfz nbs}ozbcàar! cva}vzàar! `lm ablgvbs}b(

càar }o [fzsb`l }n`l }nfr `zf }o ]vzds oz

@z`js, Nflcf Bz`lb`l Dvzms `zf i`z afss {zolf

}o `gb}`}bol }n`l ]vzdbsn oz Bz`pb Dvzms,

Wnbaf }nbs h`r jf }zvf! lfw mrl`hbc bl Bz`p

`lm ` lfwiovlm sfai(colibmflcf `holg Bz`pbDvzms n`yf sffhblgar `h{abibfm }nf sflsf oi

f}nlbc l`}bolàbsh `holg Bz`lb`l Dvzms,

Yo}fz }vzlov} bl Dvzmbs}`l [zoyblcf w`s }nf

aowfs} bl }nf covl}zr! `lm `ccozmblg }o olf

eovzlàbs} .wno zfcfl}ar ybsb}fm }nf zfgbol"!

‑]nfr h`df ` colcfz}fm fiioz} }o s{f`d }nfbz

owl a`lgv`gf! iar }nfbz owl TDvzmbs}`lX ia`g

blsbmf }nfbz nohfs! `lm w`}cn Dvzmbsn s`}faab}f

}fafybsbol `} nohf,‘

Mvzblg nbs }flvzf `s {zfsbmfl}! Hon`hhfm

Dn`}`hb w`s gflfzàar wfaa(zfcfbyfm holg }nfcovl}zr‒s f}nlbc `lm zfabgbovs hblozb}bfs! jv}

bl }nf ì}fzh`}n oi }nf zfhoyà oi S`mm`h

Nvssfbl lm }nf zbsf oi Svllb(Snbb}f mbiibcva}bfs

ol }nf zfgbolà afyfa! H`nhovm @nh`mblfe`m

wbaa svzfar i`cf s}ff{fz cnàaflgfs, ]nf {zfsb(

mfl}(fafc}‒s àafgfm abld }o }nf 02>2 `ss`ssbl`(

}bol oi l Bz`lb`l Dvzmbsn mbssbmfl} bl Ybfll`!

@vs}zb` wbaa h`df nbs eoj movjar mbiibcva},

@l @yfzsbol ]ow`zms Vlzfs}]nf mff{(sf`}fm mfsbzf ioz fcolohbc! {oab}bcà!

`lm socbà zfiozh `holg h`lr Bz`lb`ls bs }fh(

{fzfm jr s}zolg yfzsbol }o vlzfs}! vlcfz}`bl}r!

`lm blsfcvzb}r jr o}nfzs, N`yblg àzf`mr f~{fzb(

flcfm olf }vhva}vovs zfyoav}bol .oz bl }nf c`sf

oi Bz`l‒s rov}n! }nf ì}fzh`}n oi olf }vhva}vovs

zfyoav}bol" `lm ` jzv}à fbgn}(rf`z w`z wb}n

Bz`p! Bz`lb`ls n`yf ifw colczf}f bmf`s `s }o now

zfiozh snovam }`df {a`cf o}nfz }n`l b} ovgn} }o

occvz jfmvl(f dnoolzbub ”‑wb}nov} jaoomsnfm,‘

]nf {os}(w`z }vzjvaflcf `lm blsfcvzb}r bl

lf~}(mooz lfbgnjoz Bz`p n`s h`mf Bz`lb`ls

fyfl wf`zbfz jov} }nf {zos{fc}s ioz pvbcd(ib~

soav}bol, @s o{{osfm }o }nf ì}fzh`}n oi }nfV,S, zfhoyà oi }nf ]àbj`l bl @ign`lbs}`l!

wnfl sohf Bz`lb`ls covam jf nf`zm zoh`l}b(

cbublg `jov} }nf {zos{fc}s oi ` V,S, bl}fzyfl(

}bol bl ]fnz`l! }om`r Bz`lb`ls `zf lo} aoodblg

}o Bz`p `s ` { z`mbgh ioz cn`lgf, Bl }nf wbmfar

fcnofm wozms oi olf hbmmaf ca`ss! hbmmaf(`gfm

]fnz`l zfsbmfl}! ‑Wnfl wf aood `} wn`}‒s

goblg ol bl Bz`p! b} sffhs }n`} }nf zfà cnobcf bs

lo} olf jf}wffl mfhocz`cr oz `v}nozb}`zb`l(

bsh! jv} jf}wffl s}`jbab}r oz vlzfs}, [fo{af `zf

lo} n`{{r bl Bz`l! jv} lo olf w`l}s vlzfs},‘]nf }`sd oi mfàblg wb}n Bz`lb`ls‒ mff{ sflsf

oi àbfl`}bol ybs(ë(ybs }nfbz goyfzlhfl} wbaa

low jf fl}zvs}fm bl }nf n`lms oi H`nhovm

@nh`mblfe`m, @lm mfs{b}f }nf lfw {zfsbmfl}‒s

y`gvf c`h{`bgl {zohbsfs oi fcolohbc evs}bcf

`lm zfabfi! flscolcfm {oab}bcà j`zzbfzs }o fco(

lohbc zfiozh wbaa abdfar jf blsvzhovl}`jaf,

Nflcf! now }nf lfw {zfsbmfl} cnoosfs }o c} ol

bssvfs wnbcn nf n`s gzf`}fz {o}fl}bà }o ìifc}”

{oab}bcà `lm socbà izffmohs! }nf zbgn}s oi f}n(

lbc `lm zfabgbovs hblozb}bfs”wbaa }`df ol`mmfm bh{oz}`lcf! rf} Hz, @nh`mblfe`m n`s

gbyfl lo blmbc }bol }n`} }nfsf bssvfs `zf {zbozb(

}bfs ioz nbh, Wnbaf Bz`lb l {oab}bcs `zf nbgnar

vl{zfmbc}`jaf .`s bs fybmflcfm jr }nf fafc}bol oi

@nh`mblfe`m" b} c l jf s`bm wb}n cfz}`bl}r }n`}

Hz, @nh`mblfe`m n`s nbs wozd cv} ov} ioz nbh,




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Documents

Iran After the June 2005 Presidential Election