ISLAND TOURISMDr. Apriyan Dinata

PROBLEM OF DEFINITIONBeach tourismCoastal tourismIsland tourismMarine tourism

BEACH TOURISMLimited in scopeMorphology of beach resorts (Russel Authur Smith)Physical design (hight control, design, aesthetics, landscaping, image)Often neglect daytrippers (toilets, changing rooms, public access)

COASTAL TOURISMRelated to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)Competing for scarce resources (against fisheries, agriculture, aquaculture, petroleum, etc.)Includes coasts, islands and sea up to 5 nautical milesInvolves policy planning

MARINE TOURISMNew discipline in its own right (Orams)Activities in/on water and high yield tourismDiving, sports/deep sea fishing, yachting, island hopping, cruise tourism, kelong, whale watchingNew focus by MOTOUR/huge new research areaLacking in best practices/guidelines

ISLAND TOURISMTraditional focus areaRomantic tourist image (Robinson Crusoe)Extensive literature/best practicesUsually concerns small islands (even Langkawi is a small island

MAIN ISSUES IN ISLAND TOURISMScarce resourcesFragile resourcesRights of localsDisplacement/marginalisationConnectivity/accessibilityLack of population (human resource)Lack of business opportunities for localsEnvironmental degradationInstitutional framework

SCARCE RESOURCESInadequate water supplySevere shortage during peak/dry seasonLimited surface water (rivers, streams, rain)Increasing dependence on ground water (wells) may lead to salt water intrusionSalination costlySubmarine pipe risky

FRAGILE RESOURCEScoral reefs susceptible to sedimentation (reduced sunlight) boat anchor, oil spillage, damage by boat propellers, snorkellors, divers, crown of thorn (tapak sulaiman)Steep slopes prone to erosionWater pollution

RIGHTS OF LOCALSPublic access/right of wayLocal way of life (cattle rearing vs. dropping/coconut litter)Fishing in marine parks

DISPLACEMENT/MARGINALISATIONLocals displaced by investors from outsideCompensation/money from sale of land not reinvestedUnfair long term agreement with outsidersLocals employed as boat hand and manual workers

CONNECTIVITYAir connection too expensive for localsLack of jettiesLocation of jettiesSafety of passenger boatsMonsoonEmergency services

LACK OF POPULATIONOver dependence of imported workersBoredomLocals prefer to work at resorts/boat handWhat about supply of fish, chicken vegetables, breadSmall population,=lack of culture=No cultural attraction

LACK OF BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES FOR LOCALSLack of capitalLack of business acumenLack of access to micro credit (Special Tourism Fund)Exploitation by outsiders

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATIONDepletion of corals trawlers and cruise shipsBeach erosionEncroachment onto beach reserveWater pollutionSolid waste disposalSewage treatmentVisual qualityCarrying capacityfree rider syndrome

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKOverlapping jurisdiction (too many agencies)No main agencyLack of manpower and trained personnelSo many legislations but lack of enforcement

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIESUse of planning/management tools e.g. carrying capacity/LAC/TOMMExpanding economic base (reduce over reliance of chalet operation)Water managementSolid waste managementSewage treatmentRegulating diving/snorkellingBetter enforcement/partnershipImproving access to micro creditTrainingSustainability certificationImproving institution frameworkCreation of distinct tourist image