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Isolation vs Imperialism
• Is it the government’s responsibility to help the
people?
• Do people want to be ruled or free?
• Does a country have a right to grow by taking
territory (land)?
Isolation vs Imperialism
• What is Isolation?
• What is Imperialism?
• Should U.S. get involved in world affairs?
• Who thinks they might be staying in Pleasantville
all their lives?
Why move?
EQ – Why did the U.S. conduct a policy of
imperialism in the Pacific region?
EQ – How did the U.S. achieve their goals in the
Pacific?
Isolation vs Imperialism
• Isolationism
• Expansionism
• Imperialism
1870 - 1914
• Having little to do with political affairs of
foreign nations
Washington’s Farewell Address warns “to steer
clear of permanent alliances.”
BUT – Washington also called America a “Rising
Empire”
• Policy of extending national
boundaries – movement westward
• One country takes control of land and
people of another country or region –
control the economic and political
affairs of weaker
Why Imperialism - Causes
• Causes or
reasons for
Imperialism
(1) Need for new sources of RAW
MATERIALS
(2) Need NEW MARKETS to sell products
(3) Europeans felt it was their Duty to
SPREAD CULTURE
(4) COMPETITION between rival nations
Imperialism - Effects
• “Scramble for Africa”
• U.S. Navy
• Seward’s Folly
ALASKA -1867
• By 1912 – 90% of Africa is colonized by Britain, France, Germany and others EUROPEAN Imperialism
• Navy expands and modernizes to protect trading (merchant) ships
Steel to build boats
spending a lot of $
“Great White Fleet”
• Need bases around world for refueling
(1) Expands U.S. into Pacific
(2) Bought from Russia
(3) Folly = wasteland of ICE and COLD –frozen
(4) Useful Raw Materials – gold, oil, lumber
Alaska
• New York Herald reported
“any impoverished European
monarchs who wanted to sell
worthless territory should
apply to W.H. Seward, State
Department, Washington DC”
• Alaska is the U.S.'s largest state,
over twice the size of Texas.
• The 3.5 million acres of the Alaska
State Park System constitutes the
largest park system in the United
States. • The Tongass National Forest is
the largest national forest in the
United States
• 1959 49th state
What do YOU Remember? What is the term used to describe a nation who has little to do with
the affairs of other nations?
What is the term used when one nation takes control over the land
and people of another region?
How many causes can you name?
Who was the individual who bought Alaska AND what country did
he purchase this land from?
Discovery Video Imperialism
Japan
• Japan
• Commodore Perry goes to Japan
1853
Treaty of Kanagawa
• A closed / isolationist country (except for Dutch and Chinese traders)
• U.S. wanted trade
• U.S. wanted replenishing / supplies port
• Anchored with armed ships (first act of imperialism?)
(1) Peace and friendship w/ United States
(2) Opening 2 ports to American ships
(3) Help and protection for any American shipwrecked
(4) Permission for American ships to purchase supplies in Japanese ports
China
• Sphere of Influence
Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan
What country is missing out?
• Nations with special trading privileges
Carving up China
Open Door Policy
• Open Door
Policy - 1899
John Hay–Secy of State
• Sent letter to all nations with “spheres”
to persuade them to ALL share rights
equally
• Nations agree in “theory” but NO
signed agreement
• Under the Open Door Policy any
nation could now trade in sphere of
others
• United States now can trade with
China
Fists of Righteous Harmony • Boxer Rebellion
1900 • Oppose foreign influence in their
country
• Secret society – Fists of Righteous
Harmony
• Expel ALL “foreign devils” from China
• Boxer’s attack foreigners throughout
China
• International forces crush this rebellion
after several months
• Hay Re-Issues Open Door Policy – all
nations to respect China’s
independence
Hawaii
• Hawaii
Geography
Government
• Archipelago – chain of islands
• Rich soil, warm climate, crops year round
• Sugar Plantations
• Monarchy – Queen Liliuokalani
American planters have great influence
and power
Queen tries to maintain Hawaii’s
independence
American planters w/forces get Queen to
give up throne
• 1900 Hawaii is U.S. territory
• 1959 Hawaii is 50th state
Alfred Mahan
U.S. Navy
Supporter of Imperialism
Naval Power will be most important
Bases needed throughout the world
“The countries with the biggest navies
would inherit the earth”
Great White Fleet
Spanish American War
• Causes of War
• General Weyler
Nicknamed the “BUTCHER”
• U.S. Concerns
• 1st Cuban’s rebel in 1868 against Spain– crushed
• 2nd Cuban’s rebel in 1895
rebels burn sugar cane fields & sugar mills
blow up trains
• New Governor sent to CRUSH rebels
uses harsh measures
500,000 in detention camps
100,000 die in horrid conditions (starvation)
(1) ONLY 90 miles from Florida & U.S.
(2) Investments in sugar & rice plantations, tobacco, railroads - $100million in trade
(3) Sympathizers to treatment of Cubans – Americans view rebels as patriotic fighting for freedom
Spanish American War
• Yellow
Journalism Pulitzer=World
Hearst=Journal
• Grover Cleveland &
William McKinley
• “Blood on the Roadsides, Blood in the
Fields, Blood on the Doorsteps”
Wild, sensational news reporting
Rebels portrayed as patriotic
Spanish portrayed as cruel
“You supply the pictures, I’ll supply the war”
Try to avoid war – war fever in U.S.
Spanish American War
• Immediate Cause
Why was Maine in Cuba?
• Blowing up of the U.S.S. Maine – Feb 1898
• Protect American citizens & property
• Ship was at anchor in Havana harbor
• Huge explosion at night
• Ship splits in two
• 260 of the 350 sailors killed
• Real cause of explosion never found – blamed on enemy –Spain!
• Newspaper sensationalize story
• War declared April 25, 1898
• “Remember the Maine”
Spanish American War
Philippines
• War Fought on
Two Fronts –
“Splendid Little
War”
• Cuba and Philippines
• Manila Bay – surprise attack April 30, 1898
• Under cover of darkness – attack at dawn
Commodore George Dewey
destroys Spanish fleet
Spanish American War
Cuba
• Teddy and the
“Rough Riders”
• TR gives up job as Secy. of Navy
• Volunteer Cavalry
friends from cattle ranching days and
college buddies
• Win Battle of San Juan Hill
African American soldiers assist
• Spanish fleet destroyed at Santiago Harbor
U.S. captures Puerto Rico
• Spain surrenders
http://www.history.com/videos/roosevelt-fights-in-spanish-american-
war#roosevelt-fights-in-spanish-american-war
• You will do well on the
castle learning makeup
quiz
• You will study and prepare
for the bah-humbug
Imperialism test
• You will take out your
notes and prepare to
discuss the end to the
Spanish-American War
• I have posted the power
point notes to site
• I will be available for help
during activity period
today and Monday before
test
• I have put a map on the
test and gave you one to
practice on the site
Spanish American War
“Splendid Little War”
• War lasts 4 months
• Approximately 379 die in battle
• Approximately 5,000 die from yellow fever, malaria, typhoid. . .
As a Result Cuba Gets Freedom
U.S. gets Puerto Rico
U.S. gets Guam
U.S. pays $20 million to Spain gets Philippines
Spanish American War
• Peace Treaty
Before Senate
Approves – DEBATE
Political==========
Economic========
Social===========
Those who OBJECT:
• Violated American principles
• U.S. has no right to take over another
country
• Makes U.S. look like a colonial power
Hypocritical – 1776 fought against colonial
rule
• Expansionism could lead to more war
Those in FAVOR:
(1) Bases for ships (Caribbean & Pacific)
(2) New business opportunities / resources
(3) Spread American ideas and culture
How To Rule?!?
Promises - Promises • CUBA
• Platt Amendment (Zinn page 311 read to class)
• American soldiers remain
• Cuba not ready for independence (according to U.S. Congress)
• Business leaders fear investments threatened if Cuba independent
Cuban people can write own Constitution – BUT
“Protectorate” independence limited by control or more powerful country
• Limited Cuba’s right to make treaties or borrow $
• U.S. could get involved – protect American interests
• Naval Base – Guantanamo Bay
How To Rule • Puerto Rico
• Philippine’s
Filipinos betrayed (Zinn – page 313 read to class
about McKinley)
Aguinaldo
• Puerto Ricans limited say in affairs
• Americans set up schools, health care, build roads
• Made citizens
U.S. annexed land – a new war
• Filipinos now fight U.S. for independence
60,000 American Troops
4,000 American soldiers die
20,000 Filipino soldiers die
200,000 civilians died from shelling, famine, disease
• 1901-1902 U.S. sets up government (looks like Filipinos just traded one foreign power for another)
• 1946 - Independence
Philippine-American War
What tactics did the U.S. Army adopt to fight the Filipino rebels?
(1) Build roads, schools, vaccinate civilians, improve sanitation
How do you think Philippine civilians will react to this act?
(2) Burned villages and crops (deprive rebels of shelter and food)
create a starving civilian population AND torture to extract
information
“Water Cure” (torture) – “interrogators shoved a bamboo shoot
down a victim’s throat to keep his mouth open while they
poured water into his throat and nose until his stomach swelled
and he could not breathe, and then pushed on his stomach to
expel the water. . .”
Review Questions
• What did American
factories need & want
• What is the policy of
having little to do with
foreign nations called?
• Naval officer sent to
Japan in 1850’s
• Who negotiated the
purchase of Alaska
• Uprising against
foreigners in China 1900
• Agreement that opened 2
ports for trade in Japan
• Overseas markets and resources
• Isolationism
• Perry
• Seward (Seward’s Folly)
• Boxer Rebellion
• Treaty of Kanagawa
Protecting New Interests
• Panama
Canal
*video
• Benefit commerce and military
• Save about 8,000 miles
• Reduce cost of shipping
• Naval ships move back and forth quickly
Panama Canal
• TR
• Building Canal
• Offers Colombia $ (turned down)
• Determined “Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick and you will go far”
• Supports Panama revolt of Colombia (w/presence of naval ship-power)
• Started by French – unsuccessful (technology, disease and money)
• Dr. William Gorges
FIRST - wipe out mosquito – yellow fever and malaria disappear
• George Goethals – engineer in charge
• Technological marvel – still to this day
• System of locks raise and lower ships
• 1914
http://www.history.com/shows/the-presidents/videos/roosevelts-big-
stick-foreign-policy#roosevelts-big-stick-foreign-policy
Latin America – Foreign Policy
Roosevelt Corollary
Dollar Diplomacy
• Expand Monroe Doctrine
• U.S. can intervene in countries to the south of
U.S. to preserve law & order in Latin
America
• U.S. has police power
• Latin Americans RESENT this interference in
their business!
• President’s Taft – build strong economic ties
to Latin America
– Encourages U.S. businesses to invest
U.S. will use military force to protect investments
Latin America – Foreign Policy
Moral Diplomacy • President Wilson –
spread democracy
promote peace
condemn imperialism
Wilson uses military on several
occasions to restore peace &
order, guard American lives and
property
Mexico – U.S.
• Mexican
Revolution • Poor Mexican revolt against their Govt.
• Pancho Villa leads rebels against U.S.
backed Mexican leader Carranza
• Pancho Villa rebels shoot and kill American
citizens in Mexico
• Pancho Villa raid New Mexico town, killing
more Americans
• Wilson sends General Pershing and troops
into Mexico looking for Pancho
• U.S. troops return home – Pancho Villa a
local hero
• Mexican resent U.S.
• U.S. role in world affairs has significantly
changed over the years