ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis qristianobis istoriis mimarTuleba da

studentTa samecniero-kvleviTi centri (Tbilisi)

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbisisi State University,Faculity of Humanities’s History of Christianity and

Center of students’s in the History of Christianity (Tbilisi)

qristianobis kvlevebi

Christian Researches

III

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2009Tbilissi 2009

http://www/http://www.hitit.co.uk/regions/Ankara/History.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara

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Q~qristianobis kvlevebi” warmoadgens qristianobis

kvlevebis periodul gamocemas. Jurnali interdiscipli-nuria da masSi ganTavsebulia qristianobasTanmimarTebaSi mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi gamokvleuli

samecniero problemebi.

mTavari redaqtori: qeTevan pavliaSvili profesori, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

mxatvar-dizaineri mixeil Cxenkeli, istoriis (kulturologia) mecnierebaTa

doqtori

saredaqcio kolegia:

mixeil qarTveliSvili (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile,

magistranti)eTer bokelavaZe (pasuxismgebeli mdivani, magistranti)daviT yolbaia (poloneTi, varSavis universitetis

profesori)henrik paprocki (poloneTi, varSavis universitetisprofesori)

giorgi papuaSvili (istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori)giorgi oTxmezuri (profesori)lela xaCiZe (profesori)

vaxtang liCeli (profesori)nani gelovani (profesori)nana gelaSvili (profesori)

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2009

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30E-mail: universal@internet.ge

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’’Christian Researches’’ is the journal which introduce christianresearches periodical edition. The Journal is interdisciplinary andit consists with different scientific branches problems who arealready explored and has relation with Christianity.

Chief Editor Ketevan Pavliashvili Professor, Doctor of Historical Science

Painter-Designer Mikheil Chkhenkeli Doctor of historical (Culturology( ScienceReviewers Board:

Mikheil Kartvelishvili (Assistant of Chief Editor, MA Student)Eter Bokelavadze (Executive Secretary, MA Student)David Kolbaia (Poland, Professor of Warsaw’s University)Henrik Paprotsky (Poland, Professor of Warsaw’s University )Giorgi Papuashvili (Doctor of historical Science)Giorgi Otkhmezuri (Professor)Lela Khachidze (Professor)Vakhtang Licheli (Professor)Nani Gelovani (Professor)Nana Gelashvili (Professor)

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sarCevi

Contents

RvTismetyveleba (Theology)giorgi papuaSvili

qarTvelTa TviTdasaxelebis providenciuli diskursi . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Giorgi PapuashviliThe providencial diskourse of Georgians’self-namingdaviT rekvavaZveli da axali stilis kalendris Sesaxeb. . . . . . . . .. . . ..12David RekvavaAbout the old and new style calendar

arqeologia, eTnologia (Archeology, Ethnology)zviad kviciani

lazikis adreqristianuli taZrebis istoriidan. . . . . . . . . 19Zviad KvitsianiFrom the history of early Christian temples in Lazika

istoria, istoriuli Teologia (History, HistoricalTheology)

qeTevan pavliaSvilierTi sakiTxi istoriis Teologiidan-RvTismoSiSi da uRmerToxelisufleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .27Ketevan PavliashviliAn Issue from the Theology of History Pious and GodlessGovernmentgiorgi gvasaliaeklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis bizantiuri modelismokle mimoxilva (ltolva Tanxmobisaken) . . . . . . . . . . . .38Giorgi GvasaliaThe Short Survey of the byzance model of the relation between Churchand State (Aspiration to according)sofio andRulaZeqarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebis Sesaxeb XX s. 20-ian wlebSi

(ep. stefane bodbelis Ria werili filipe maxaraZisa da sergoorjonikiZisadmi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .46Sopio Andguladze

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The State Borders of Georgia in the 1920es (Open letter of the bishop ofBodbe Stephane sent to Philipe Makharadze and Sergo Orjonikidze)lela giorgaZeruseTis eklesiaSi mimdinare movlenebi da rusulisazogadoebrivi azri postsabWour periodSi. . . . . . . . . . ….66Lela GiorgadzeRussian Public Opinion and Events Occurring in the Russian OrthodoxChurch during the Post-Soviet Eraeka silagaZe

“mebrZol uRmerToTa kavSiri” da koleqtivizaciis sakiTxisabWoTa saqarTveloSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……. ..75Eka SilagadzeThe question of ,,ANTIRELIGION FIGHTER ALLIANCE'' andcollectivisation in Soviet Georgia.Tamaz vaCnaZesarwmunoeba imperialisturi qveynebis dampyroblur politikaSi(JeC-pospolitas saxelmwifos magaliTze) . . . . . . . . .. .. . .85Tamaz VachnadzePlace of Religion in Conquest Policy of Imperialistic Countries (By theexample of Jech Pospolitaya)mixeil qarTveliSvilisabWoTa sarwmunoebrivi politika vladimer leninis, levtrockisa da ioseb stalinis naazrevSi (SedarebiTi analizi).97Mikheil KartvelishviliSoviet Religion Policy in the thought of Vladimer Lenin, Leon Trotskyand Ioseb Stalin (Comparative Analyse)gvanca burduli

wminda ilia marTali da sarwmunoeba. . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . 106Gvanca BurduliIlia Chavchavadze and Christian faitheTer bokelavaZewminda giorgis samxedro moRvaweobis istoriidan (didmowamislaSqris lokalizebisaTvis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112Eter BokelavadzeFrom the history of Military Activieties of Saint George (For thelocalization of the army of Great Martyr)

nikoloz JRentimTis wm. giorgis monastrisadmi gacemuli XV saukunis

gujarSi moxseniebuli ,,mebarTlome"-s vinaobis Sesaxeb. . . 120

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Nikoloz Zhghent The question of personality of a person mentioned as,,Mebartlome” in XV-nth century document given to ,,Mtis” St. Georgemonastery

kulturologia, xelovnebaTmcodneoba (Cultural Studies,Art Studies)

nani gelovani religiaTSorisi dialogi da Tanamedrove arabuli samyaro.130 Nani Gelovani Interfaith Dialogue and the Modern Arab Worldleila xubaSvili, nana cixisTavi

iesos sazogadoebis saganmanaTleblo sistema. . . . . . . . . 138 Leila Khubashvili, Nana Tsikhistavi Educational System of Jesuit’s SocietyМихеил Чхенкели

Значение иконы в духовном обогащении человека. . . . . .148Mikheil Chkhenkeli

Value of icon in spiritual enrichment of a human being

seqtologia (Sectology) Tamar tlaSaZe mormonTa seqtis warmoSobis istoriuli safuZvlebi . . . .161

Tamar TlashadzeHistorical roots of mormon sect

literatura (literature)lela xaCiZeX saukunis bizantiuri – qarTuli himnografiulitradiciebis Sesaxeb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168Lela KhachidzeTowards the X Century Byzantine – Georgian HymnographicalTraditionsia grigalaSviliqarTuli saxelmwifo warmarTul da qristianul epoqaTamijnaze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176Ia GrigalashviliGeorgian State at the Border of Pagan and Christianeka vardoSvili

qristianuli paradigmebi _ rogorc safuZveli religiuri daerovnuli cnobierebis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185

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Eka VardoshviliChristian paradigms – as the basis of religious and nationalconsciousnessnino bokelavaZeerovnul-sarwmunoebrivi motivi guram rCeuliSvilisSemoqmedebaSi (`alaverdobis~ mixedviT) . . . . . . . …….. . . . .191Nino BokelavadzeNational-Religius motive in Guram Rcheulishvili’s Creation (accordingby “Alaverdoba”)nino ZabaxiZe

qristianobisa da saxelmwifoebriobis sakiTxebi a. wereTlis“Tornike erisTavSi” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..196Nino DzabaxidzeThe subject of state and christianity in Akaki Tsereteli poem “TornikeEristavi”

samarTalmcodneoba (Law Studies)naTia SkubulianisaqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da qarTuli eklesiis urTierTobis

sakiTxisaTvis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .203Natia ShkubulianiOn the question of relation between State og Georgia and GeorgianChurchcira SaloSvilisaqorwino urTierTobebi qristianuli da samarTlebriviaspeqtebiT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Cira ShaloshviliWedding relations with Cristian and law aspectes

Targmanebi (Translations)

episkoposi nikolozi (velimiroviCi)ras werda Zirs daxrili qriste miwaze? . . . . . . . . . . . 221Jan lui van reJemorteri, miSel laranieklesiis mdomareoba sabWoTa sinamdvileSi (1917-1945). .. .226dekanozi vasili zaevialbaneTis marTlmadidebeli eklesia I-XI ss. . . . . . . . . .233

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giorgi papuaSvili

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis saswavlo procesis marTvis

samsaxuris ufrosi specialisti

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis providencialuri diskursi

“dadga Zilisagan gamoRviZebis Jami. axla ufro axloaCveni xsna...amitom moviSoroT sibnelis saqmeebi da SevimosoT

naTlis saWurveli” (pavle rom.13.11-12).

qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis mecnierul kvlevasxangrZlivi istoria aqvs. TiTqmis yvela cnobili mkvlevarisxvadasxva dros swavlobda aRniSnul sakiTxs. Tumca, Tavidanveunda aRiniSnos, rom mas ganixilavdnen mxolod rogorc eTnikuri

mniSvnelobis matarebel saxelwodebas da ara rogorc sulierimdgomareobis maxasiaTebels. samoTxeSi,anu WeSmarit samSobloSimyofi adamiani sxva saTnoebebTan erTad Semkuli iyo aRmatebulisaRvTo codnis Wvretis unariT; magram gamoidevna ra samoTxidan,

anu daaklda ra mas RvTis madli, adamianma codnis WeSmaritiaRqma-gaSinaarseba veRar SeZlo. amitom, aRmoCnda ra sulierwyvdiadSi, adamians gauCnda kiTxva __”saidan movida, vin aris dasad midis”. miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs wignTawigni “biblia”,sadac yvelaferze aris pasuxi, eWviT Sepyrobili sazogadoeba

WeSmaritebis moxelTebas mxolod “mecnierul-materialisturi”kvlevis Sedegad cdilobs. mecniereba ki zedmiwevniT codnasniSnavs. zedmiwevniTi codna _WeSmaritebis wvdomas gulisxmobs.WeSmariteba ki TviT ufalia. aqedan gamomdinare, aris kiwuTisoflis sibrZne mecniereba? “WeSmariteba SeiZine da sibrZnes,

Segonebasa da gonierebas nu gahyidi.”(igavni solomonisani23.23).”dasabami sibrZnisai SiSi uflisai, xolo gulisxmisyofaikeTili yovelTa, romelTa hyon igi,da qebai misi egos ukuniTiukunismde.”(fs.110.10).wuTisoflis sibrZnisaTvis ki dasabami

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ampartavneba ars da ara SiSi uflisa.”radgan imisTvis ki armomavlina qristem, rom naTeli vce,aramed raTa vaxaro, magram

ara sityvis sibrZniT, raTa ar gauqmdes jvari qristesi. vinaidanjvris sityva siSlegea warwymedilTaTvis,xolo CvenTvisxsnilTaTvis,Zalaa RmrTisa.radganac dawerilia:Sevmusrav brZenTasibrZnes da gonierTa gonierebas ukuvagdeb.sad aris brZeni?sadaris mwignobari?sad aris maZiebeli am saukunis?gana siSleged ar

aqcia RmerTma sibrZne amqveyniuri?”(pavle 1kor.18,19,20).ufalsdaSorebulma adamianma wuTisoflisaTvis zrunvas mecnierebadaarqva,xolo WeSmaritebas ugnureba.magram gvaviwydeba,romarsebobs ena,romelsac saxarebasa Sina lazare hqvia.lazare ki

uflis megobaria.uflis megobroba WeSmaritebis gulisxmisyofasda misTvis sulis dadebas niSnavs. “me var vazi WeSmariti,mamaCemi ki mevenaxea.da yvela lerwsCemsas,romelsac ar gamoaqvs nayofi,gawmends, raTa ufro metinayofi gamoiRos. xolo Tqven ukve gawmendilni xarT

sityviT,romelic giTxariT Tqven. darCiT CemSi,da me davrCebiTqvenSi. rogorc lerwi TavisTavad ver gamoiRebs nayofs, Tukiar SerCeba vazs,aseve Tqvenc,Tuki ar darCebiT CemSi. me var vazi,xolo Tqven lerwebi xarT. vinc CemSi rCeba,xolo me masSi,didZali nayofi gamoaqvs; vinaidan uCemod arafris qmna ar

SegiZliaT.vinc ar darCeba CemSi, lerwiviT gadaigdeba da gaxmeba;xolo Semdeg agroveben da cecxlSi agdeben, da iwvis. TudarCebiT CemSi, da Cemi sityvebi darCeba TqvenSi, yvelaferi, racgsurT, iTxoveT da geqnebaT. amiT idideba mama Cemi, Tu gamoiRebTuxv nayofs, da iqnebiT Cemi mowafeni. rogorc me Semiyvara mamam,

mec aseve SegiyvareT Tqven; darCiT Cems siyvarulSi. Tu daicavTCems mcnebebs, darCebiT Cems siyvarulSi, rogorc me davicavimamis Cemis mcnebani da vrCebi mis siyvarulSi.es giTxariT Tqven,raTa Cemi sixaruli TqvenSi darCes, da srul iyos Tqvenisixaruli. es aris Cemi mcneba, raTa giyvardeT erTmaneTi, rogorc

me SegiyvareT Tqven. aravisa aqvs imaze didi siyvaruli, vincsuls dadebs Tavisi megobrebisaTvis. Tqven Cemi megobrebi xarT,Tu asrulebT imas, rac gamcneT Tqven. ukve aRar giwodebTmonebs,vinaidan monam ar icis ras akeTebs misi batoni, aramed

megobrebs giwodebT, vinaidan giTxariT yvelaferi, rac msmeniamamis Cemisgan. Tqven ki ar amomirCieT me, aramed me agirCieTTqven, da dagadgineT, raTa waxvideT da nayofi gamoiRoT.”(ioane15.1-16). Zveli aRTqmis ers RmerTi uflis monebs uwodebs, xolo

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maT vinc saxareba miiRo—uflis megobrebs. ”Tqva:kurTxeul iyosufali, RmerTi semisa.morCilad gauxdes mas qanaani. ganufarTos

RmerTma iafeTs, semis karvebSi daemkvidros. daemorCilos masqanaani.”(dab.9.26-27). Cven ki ar avirCieT, aramed managvirCia.amitom aq daasxa mevenaxem vazi. RvTismSobliswilxvdomiloba swored amas niSnavs. sadac igia,iq hgiebs iesoc.mevenaxe mamaa, vazi qristea,venaxi RvTismSobeli-(“Sen xar venaxi,

axlad aRyvavebuli; morCi keTili, edems Sina nerguli;”), Cven kilerwebi varT da Cveni valia WeSmariti nayofis gamoReba. nayofiki venaxs rTvlis dros gamoaqvs. es nayofi ki qristeSi undagamoiRos. (q-a-rTveli__qristeSi ars rTveli). amitom

CamobrZanda jer kidev Zv.w.VI saukuneSi semis modgmis xeliTmcxeTaSi (meore ierusalimSi) wm.elia winaswarmetyvelis xalenida sveticxovelSi (mTel taZars wmindaTa-wminda ewodeba)daivana;iq sadac mogvianebiT kvlav semis tomis warmomadgenelTaZalisxmeviT daivana uflis kvarTma, rac pirdapir mianiSnebs, Tu

sad aris venaxi.niSnad amisa da venaxis dasacavad CvenTan aRmoCndamacxovrisa da RvTismSoblis xelTuqmneli xatebi da araerTisiwminde. magram es uzarmazar pasuximgeblobasTanaadakavSirebuli, radgan “yvelas, visac meti mieca, mets mosTxoven,da visac mets miandoben, mas metsac mohkiTxaven.”(luka

12.48).xolo venaxis borot muSakebs rac daemarTad yvelam uwyis.Tavis droze israelma ar ismina winaswarmetyvelTa sityva:”vumRereb Cems Seyvarebuls siyvarulis simReras mis venaxze.hqonda venaxi nayofier gorakze Cems Seyvarebuls. dabara,qvebimoacila,Cayara wiTeli vazi, Cadga koSki mis SuagulSi,

sawnaxelic amokveTa da daeloda, vidre savse mtevnebsgamoiRebda, magram xeneSi nayofi gamoiRo...vai maT, vinc borotebassikeTes arqmevs da sikeTes_borotebas; vinc bnels naTlad saxavsda naTels_bnelad, simwares sitkbod saxavs da sitkbos_simwared.vai brZenebs TavianT TvalSi da gonierT TavianTi WkuiT!”(esaia

5.1-2;20-21). xom ar miemarTeba esaias winaswaruwyeba Tanamedroverealobasac? ”dRes dro Seicvala da masTan erTad borotisbrZolis meTodebic. dRes erovnuli Rirsebis Selaxvisa dasarwmunoebis SecvlisaTvis Zaladobriv formebs aRaravin iyenebs.

Cveni tradiciebisa da cxovrebis wesis gadagvareba sxvadasxvameTodebiT xorcieldeba...”(iliaII2008w.saSobaoepistole).”usjuloebis momravlebis gamo mravalSi ganeldebasiyvaruli.xolo vinc bolomde daiTmens igi cxondeba. da

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iqadageba sasufevlis es saxareba mTels qveyanaze, yvela xalxissamowmeblad da maSin moiweva dasasruli. xolo rodesac ixilavT

gatialebis sibilwes, daniel winaswarmetyvelis naTqvams, racwminda adgilas devs(wamkiTxvelma gaigos).” (maTe 24.11,12,13,14,15).daniel winaswarmetyvelma ki ai ra Tqva: ”igi mravalTanganamtkicebs aRTqmas erT SvideulSi, Svideulis naxevarSiSecvlis msxverplsa da ZRvens. sibilwis frTebze iqneba

gamtialebeli, vidre gangebuli dro ar eweva gamtialebels.”(dan.9.27). ase rom, axla saWiroa gamoviRoT sinanulis Rirsinayofi da qristeSi aRsruldes rTveli (q-a-rTveli). “visac yuriaqvs isminos.”

da bolos, statiaSi Cvens mier gamoTqmuliTvalsazrisisaTvis Sendobas vTxovT ufals.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. biblia2. iliaII, 2008wlis saSobao epistole

Giorgi PapuashviliThe senior spesialist of departanent

of academic developement ofIvane Javakhishvili’s

Tbilisi State UniversityDoctor in History

The providencial diskourse of Georgians’self-namingS u m m a r y

This paper is dedikated to the problems of religious contemplation ofGeorgians’ self-naming.We ask God to forgive us for our idea(hypothesis).

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daviT rekvavaivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis,humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis

aRmosavleTmcodneobis mimarTulebisTurqologiis specialobis

IV kursis studenti

Zveli da axali stilis kalendris Sesaxeb

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adamiani Seimecnebs samyaros erT mTlian sivrces,romlis centrSic yovelTvis nebsiT Tu uneblied moTavsebulia

dedamiwa. aq igulisxmeba geocentrizmi ara fizikuri saxiT,aramed sulierad, adamianis arsebobis gamo. xalxTayofacxovrebaSi gaCnda kalendrebi, romelTa ritmSicaisaxeboda da erTiandeboda gare kosmosi da adamianis Sinaganisamyaro. adamianebi akvirdebian zecas da warmosaxaven zeciur

sferos, masze varskvlavebs, samyaros RerZs da a.S. zeciursxeulTa Wvreta gviSlis Tvalwin RvTiuri madlisa daSemoqmedis sibrZnis unars, romelmac Seqmna samyaro daSesabamisad Seqmna dro.

eklesiaSi drois ganwmenda xdeba, anu RvTismsaxurebisprocesSi dro wmida simboloebisa da ritualebis SesrulebaSigadis. dReRamur, kviris manZilze Catarebul, wliursa da sxvasaxis RvTismsaxurebas cikluri xasiaTi aqvs. wre maradiulobissimboloa, amitom saeklesio kalendars mkacri ritmika, mkafio

periodebi da cikluroba unda axasiaTebdes. saeklesiokalendari drois ubralo aRnusxva araa, igi JamTasvlisagangawmendili xatia, romelic maradiulobaSi imyofeba. iuliuskeisarma miiwvia romSi aleqsandrieli astronomi damaTematikosi sozigene, romlis rekomendaciiTac qristes

Sobamde 46 wels SemoiRo e.w. iuliusis kalendari, romliswliuri xangrZlivoba 365 dRes iTvlida. darCenili 5 saaTi,48 wuTi da 47 wami 730 wlis Semdeg zafxulis TveebszamTrisad aqcevda, xolo 1460 wlis Semdeg sruli brunvamoxdeboda. amitom yoveli mesame wlis Semdeg nakiani (366

dRiani) weliwadi SemoiRes.325 wels nikeis msoflio krebam iulisis kalendari

moiyvana SesabamisobaSi mzisa da mTvaris brunvasTan, agreTveZveli aRTqmis pasqaliasTan da mis safuZvelze daadginaqristianuli pasqalia da dResaswaulebi. pasqalias ewoda

mSvidobismyofeli wre, saeklesio wre, diadi indiqtioni da igiiqca mecnierebad saRvTismetyvelo, astronomiul damaTematikur mecnierebaTa dargSi.

marTlmadidebluri kalendari dafuZnebulia bibliur

kalendarze da ewodeba indiqtioni. misi ritmis kriteriumiadiadi pasqaluri wre _ drois monakveTi, romlis xangrZlivoba532 welia. am wlebs vRebulobT mziuri wlisa (28 weli) damTvaris wlis (19 weli) gamravlebis Sedegad: 28X19=532.

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im kalendris miReba, romelsac Cven axal stilsvuwodebT, moxda 1582 wels, romis pap grigol XIII mier, e.w.

renesansis anu aRorZinebis ideologiis gavleniT. reformamudidesi winaaRmdegoba gamoiwvia rogorc mecnierebSi, asevemosaxleobaSi.

grigorianuli kalendris SemoReba ase daiwyo: romispap grigol XIII-is specialuri brZanebiT 4 oqtombris

(xuTSabaTis) momdevno dRed 15 oqtomberi (paraskevi)gamocxadda. dReebi 5-dan 14-is CaTvliT ubralod amoyares.reformam sul Secvala istoriuli qronologia. Zalzed Zneliaaxali stiliT istoriuli movlenebis daTariReba, amitom

mecnierebi am gamoTvlebs isev iuliusis kalendriT awarmoeben.1582 wels konstantinepolSi Catarda saeklesio kreba,

romelsac eswrebodnen konstantinepolis patriarqi ieremia II,aleqsandriis patriarqi silvesteri, ierusalimis patriarqisofroniusi da sxva mRvdelmTavrebi. krebis ganCineba anaTemas

ucxadebs uRvTo astronomTa grigorianuli pasqaliismimdevrebs. niSadoblivia isic, rom axali stili saqarTveloSicecxliTa da maxviliT daamyara uRvTo bolSevikurma reJimma,raTa kidev ufro areuliyo situacia marTlmadideblursamyaroSi da saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesiaSi, Tumca

saqarTvelos mosaxleoba dRemde ar Seegua axal stils dasoflebis umravlesoba Soba axal wels kvlav Zveli stiliTaRniSnavs. 1900-2010 wlebSi Zvelsa da axal stils Sorissxvaoba 13 dRe Seadgens.

marTlmadidebel qveynebSi, garda ruseTis yofili

imperiisa, axli kalendari SemoRebuli iyo mxolod samoqalaqocxovrebaSi, rac iwvevda did uxerxulobas: ori kalendrissargeblobis dros friad Znelia daimaxsovro, Tu romeliricxvia dRes Zvelisa da axalis kalendriT. am garemoebasyuradReba miaqcia marTlmadideblobisa da qristianobis

fxizelma darajma, konstantinepolis cnobilma patriarqmaioakime III. kaTedraze asvlis Tanave (1902 wels), man daugzavnayvela marTlmadidebeli eklesiis meTaurs, sxvaTa SorisruseTis uwmides sinodsac, epistole, romelSidac xazgasmiT

aRniSnavda axali stilis SemoRebis aucileblobas. uwmidesmasinodma, romelmac kargad icoda, rom axal stilze laparakiukve 1830 welSi mospo nikolz I, principialurad maincgaiziara iokaime patriarqis mosazrebani, magram

15

`marTlmadidebel qristeaneTa saeklesio cxovrebis Seryevis(потрясение) Tavidan asaSoreblad~ SesaZlod scno mxolodricxvTa saxelis gamocvla (переименование чисел) da axalistilis wm. mowamis bonifantes dRidan dawyeba (Zveli stiliT19 dekemberi), da ara wm. basilis dRidan (1 ianvari ZvelistiliT). sinamdvileSi ki uwmidesi sinodis es survilic verganxorcielda: xeli SeuSales imaT, vinc 1830 w. mospes am

sakiTxze laparaki, anu nikoloz I-is ideologiis momxreebma.1917w. moxda revolucia. sakanonmdeblo organoebSi

daisva kalendris sakiTxic. yovelive es gamoiwvevda aurzaurseklesiaSi. 1918 wlis 14 aprils kaTolikos patriarqs kirions

mouvida amier kavkasiis seimidan telefonograma: `aprilis 13miRebul iqmna kanoni amier-kavkasiis respublikebSi axalidroTa aRricxvis Sesaxeb; aprilis 18 unda cnobil iqmnasmaisis pirvelad. aRdgoma idResaswauleba maisis 5 (ZvelistiliT aprilis 22). amis mixedviT moZravi dResaswaulebi

waiwevian win 13 dRiT. inebeT saTanado gankarguleba~.telefonograma moismina sakaTalikoso sabWom, romelmac seimiskanons daurTo Tavisi locva _ kurTxeva da gadaagzavnaeaparqiebSi saxelmZRvanelod.

am saxiT 1918 wlis 18 aprilidan Zveli stiliT, anu 1

maisidan axali stiliT, Cven samoqalaqo cxovrebaSi SemoRebuliqna axali kalendari, xolo saeklesioSi ki darCa Zveli: wlisukanasknel Tves Cvenma xalxma da eklesiam uwodaqristeSobisTve imitom, rom am Tvis 25-s vdResaswaulobTqristesSobas. ormagi kalendris xmarebis dros ki qristes

Sobas vdResaswaulobdiT 7 ianvars, im TveSi, romelsacromaelebma uwodes es saxeli flidobisa da orpirobis kerpisianusis mosagoneblad. axali weliwadi, Cveni xalxis SegnebaSidakavSirebulia macxovris winadacveTis dResTan, xalxSi friadcnobil wm. basili didis xsenebasTan da Sobis Semdeg xsnil

dResTan; ormagi kalendris SemoRebis Semdeg ki SeuerTdaxalxisaTvis TiTqmis ucnob wm. bonifantes saxels da aRmoCndaSobis wina marxvaSi.

marxvaSi axalweliwads da ianvarSi Sobas xalxi ver

urigdeboda; xalxis didi nawili axalweliwads ZvelberZnuladdResaswauloda, Sobis sworze. Zalian didi garTuleba iyoxalxisaTvis es gaurkvevloba, radgan codvaSi Cavardnagardauvali iyo.

16

am arev-darevas bolo mouRo ganCinebam, romelicdaadgines sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiis IV krebaze, 1927

wlis 24 ivniss. es iyo iZulebiTi kompromisi qarTulieklesiis mxridan. kerZod, gamoitanes dadgenileba _saqarTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesiaSi axali stiliskalendris SemoRebis Sesaxeb. am dadgenilebis Tanaxmadkalendari SemoRebul iqna 1927 wlis 27(14) noembridan, am

dros eklesiis modernizaciazea saubari da qarTul eklesiasaRar unda viTarebis garTuleba, ris Semdegac wmindanebiixsenieboda axali stilis kalendriT, swored im ricxvebSi,rogorc uCvenebdnen saeklesio wignebi. rac Seexeba paseqis

(aRdgomis) dResaswauls, romelic Tvis ricxvs ar misdevs,mociqulTa VII da antioqiis I krebis Tanaxmad, misi da maszedamokidebul moZrav uqmeTa da didmarxvis gadaxda datovebuliqna sruliad saqarTvelos eklesiis sinodis mier mTvarismoqcevasTan SefardebiT, swored ise, rogorc aqamde

dResaswaulobda marTlmadidebeli eklesia. aRniSnulidadgenilebis mtkiced Sesruleba daevala saqarTvelosmarTlmadidebeli eklesiis yvela sasuliero pirs. amasTan isiniaRniSnavdnen, rom msoflio (konstantinepolis) sapatriarqoeklesia da masTan erTad saberZneTisa (eladis) da rumineTis

marTlmadidebeli eklesiebi gadasulni arian axali stiliskalendarze. mRvdelmTavrebi mouwodebdnen TavianT sulierSvilebs, rom am faqts mSvidad Sexvedrodnen, radgan axalistilis kalendari ufro Seucdomlad aRniSnavsdResaswaulebisadmi miCenil dros, vidre Zveli kalendari,

romelic mecnierTa gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad CamorCenilianamdvil weliwads 13 dRiT.

axali stilis SemoReba friad udgeba ieso qristesSobis dResaswauls. 377 wlamde marTlmadidebeli eklesiaSobas dResaswaulobda 6 ianvars, naTlisRebasTan erTad,

swored ise, rogorc darCa es SeerTebuli dResaswauli somex-grigorianTa eklesiaSi. konstantinepolis saxelganTqmulimTavarepiskoposis wm. ioane oqropiris iniciativiT SobisdResaswauli gamoeyo naTlisRebis dResaswauls da gadatanil

iqna 25. imdroindeli swavlulebis gamokvleviT, qristes Sobamoxda zamTris mzis moqcevis (солнцестояние) dRes, 25dekembers, swored im dRes, roca mze da dedamiwa iwyebenerTmaneTTan daaxlovebas, mze mets sinaTlesa siTbos ugzavnis

17

dedamiwas, dRis sigrZe matulobs, Ramisa klebulobs daqveyanas efineba sicocxle da sixaruli, zustad ase aris

naTqvami Sobis troparSi: `Sobaman Senman, qriste RmerTo,aRmoubrwyinva sofelsa naTeli mecnierebisao~, xolo TviTmacxovari wodebulia `mzed sinaTlisad~.

ieso qriste Sobis dResaswaulTan dakavSirebiT, ioanenaTlismcemelis, am simarTlis mzis mTiebis (ciskris

varskvalavis) dabadebis dRed daniSnuli iyo zafxulis mzismoqcevis (anu ukuqcevis) dRe _ 24 ivnisi, romelsac,zemoaRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, amJamad adgili aqvs iuliusiskalendriT 9 ivniss.

maSasadame am dResaswauls axali stilis kalendriTuqmoba ufro Seefereba sinamdviles, vidre Zvelze datoveba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu grigorianuli kalendriT, SobaaRiniSneba 25 dekembers, am dros marTlamdidebluri kalendriT12 dekemberia (wm. mRvdelmTavar spiridon

trimifuntelis xseneba), xolo rac Seexeba aRdgomas(pasqaliis dResaswauls), mas aRniSnaven erTsa da imave dRes,rogorc grigorianuli kalendris mimdevrbi, aseve _ iuliusis,radgan 2000 wlis ganmavlobaSi ierusalimSi macxovrissaflavze Zveli stiliT aRdgomis win, SabaT dRes zecidan

gardamodis RvTaebrivi cecxli, romelic mxolodmarTlmadidebeli patriarqis, kerZod ki ierusalimis eklesiispirvelierarqis mier eZlevaT, rogorc marTlmadidebeleklesiebs, ise sxva qristianuli denominaciebiswarmomadgenlebs. aqedan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom grigorianuli

kalendris mixedviT, Sobidan (12/25 dekemberi) aRdgomamdeufro meti droa, vidre iuliusis kalendris mixedviT (25dekemberi/7 ianvari).

morwmune adamianisTvis amaze didi da realurimtkiceba, Zveli stilis anu saeklesio kalendris

WeSmaritebisa, ar arsebobs.

18

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis 1928 wliskalendari - sruliad saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeleklesiis SvilTa mimarT, Tb. 1927 w;

2. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis 1928 wliskalendari - patriarquli da sinodaluri epistole, Tb.1927 w;

3. saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis 1928 wliskalendari - Zvelisa da axali stilis Sesaxeb, Tb. 1927 w;

4. gansxvaveba Zvelsa da axal stils Soris - Jurnali`krialosani~ #1, 2006 w;

5. gansxvaveba Zvelsa da axl stils Soris - Jurnali`maxarebeli~ #3, Wulevis monasteri, 2000 w;

6. gansxvaveba Zvelsa da axl stils Soris - Jurnali `wyaro~

# 21-22, 1993 w;

7. dekanozi biZina gunia-statia _ Soba da axli weli,www.orthodoxy.ge/sxvadasxva.

David RekvavaIvane Javakhishvili TbilisiState University, Faculities

Of Humanities. DirectionTurcology

IV year Student

About the old and new style calendar

S u m m a r y

There is reviewed a history of church and national calendar inmy work. Also is clearly explained mean of mathmatic countings toestablish exactness of calendar. It's leaded and proved how to getreasons and results of old style calendar (orthodox - of Julius). At last, asconclusion is given an example to argument exactness and verityof oldstyle calendar.

19

zviad kviciani ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis profesori, istoriis doqtori

lazikis adre qristianuli xanis taZrebisistoriisaTvis

qristianobis oficialurad cnobas lazikaSi winuZRvoda samsaukunovani tradicia axali religiis ideologiisgavrcelebisa. ideologiis gavrcelebis centrebs dasavleT

saqarTvelos zRvispira qalaqebi warmoadgendnen. maT damcvelgarnizonebSi farulad bevri misdevda qristes mcnebas, racdasturdeba biWvinTis, cixisZiris da soxumisnaqalaqebzeaRmoCenili qristianuli simbolokiT Semkuli artefaqtebiT.lazikaSi ax. w. I saukuneSi qristianuli tradiciiT

moRvaweobdnen andria pirvelwodebuli, simon kananeli, maTaTa,romlebic qadagebisaTvis aqaur Temebs unda moewviaT.

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amgvarad, axali ideologia adgilobriv mosaxleobaSigzas ikvalavda zRvispira qalaqebidan, sadac ax. w. III ss. Ukve

cxovrobdnen qristianebi. erT-erT aseT mniSvnelovanadreqristianul keras biWvinTa warmoadgenda, sadac ukve IV s-is pirvel meoTxedSi daarsda saepiskoposo kaTedra Sesabamisisaeklesio ierarqiiT. am saepiskoposos didi samisoneromoRvaweobis Sedegia Semdgm biWvinTis cixe-qalaqsa da mis

SemogarenSi agebuli IV-VI ss qristianuli taZrebi (alaxaZi,biWvinTis saavadmyofos ezos samabsidiani taZari), romlebicpirvel rigSi adgilobriv mosaxleobas unda davukavSiroT.garda biWvinTisa am periodis eklesiebi gamovlenilia lazikis

rig punqtebSic cixisZiri (inaiSvili 1993; 10) noqalqevi (T.kapanaZe-1987; 90-128) sefiTi (v. lekvianaZe-1961; 167) ganTiadi(lekvianaZe 1973;). cixisZiris samnavian bazilikas yvela mkvlevari VI s.aTariRebs da Tvlis, rom igi warmoadgenda petras sakaTedro

taZars. maTi azriT, amiT ixsneba misi gansakuTrebiT didizomebi, riTac igi gamoirCeva dasavleT saqarTvelosTanadrouli bazilikebisagan (biWvinTa, vaSnari) samnaviani bazilikis samxreTi navis SigniT da gareTaRmoCnda kidev ufro Zveli nagebobis kedlebi, romlis

nangrevebzedac dgas samnaviani bazilika. arsebobs varaudi, romigi am ubanze arsebuli yvelaze Zveli eklesiis naSTswarmoadgens (inaiSvili a. _ sdsZ. _1974. _ t. 4; 133-134). ukve ori welia Tsu arqeologiis departamentisaqarTvelos sapatriarqos erovnuli memkvidreobis fond

,,taZarTan” da kulturis, ZeglTa dacvisa da sportissaministrosTan erTad awarmoebs Zeglis gawmendas,gasufTavebasada gaTxras (xelmZRvanelebi:prof.: z.kviciani; prof.: g.grigolia). 2007 da 2008 wlebis kampania mniSvnelovaniaRmoCenebiT damTavrda, maTgan aucileblad gamovyofdiT

Sidacixis centrSi mdgari mcire zomis darbazuli tipiseklesiis sakurTxevelSi armoCenil moazaikuri iatakisfragmentebs sicocxlis xis vazis gamosaxulebiT. TariRi VIsaukune. petra-cixisZiris mozaika Tamamad udgeba gverdSi

biWvinTis, SuxuTis, bir-el-kuTis qarTuli monastris mozaikisTanamedrove nimuSebs (SesaZloa ufro adreulic) da maTTan

erTad waრmoadgens saqarTvelos erT-erT uZveles mxatvrularqiteqturul Sedeვრs.

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axali arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT amJamad SeiZlebaukve kritikulad SevxedoT im gamoTqmul mosazrebebs, romelTa

mixedviTac (diubea de monpere, mari brose, Jan murie,veidenbaumi, s. yauxCiSvili da sxva) petras aSeneba bizantiisimperator iustinianes dros miewereboda (ax.w. VI s. pirvelinaxevari) bolo wlebSi ganxorcielebul arqeologiur kvleva-

Ziebis Sedegad dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas imis Sesaxeb,rasac prokofi kesarielic SeniSnavda, rom iustinianem Zvelicixe-qalaqi gaafarTova da gaamSveniera. prokofi kesarielTan daculia erTi saintereso cnoba,

saxeldobr is, rom iustiniane mefem WaneTisa da lazeTissxvadasxva punqtebSi garkveuli saaRmSeneblo samuSaoebiCaatara, maT Soris moxseniebulia, rom: garda amisa,

qristianეTa eklesiac ganaaxla lazikeSi – Zvelic iyo danagebobac dazianebuli” (georgika II 1965; 220) aRniSnuli eklesiis ganaxlebaze mkvlevarTa SorisazrTa sxvadasxvaobaa. nawili Tvlis, rom aq igulisxmeba

arqეopolis-noqalaqevSi dRemde daculi “ormoci mowmis”eklesia(diebua de monpere,s.yauxCiSvili) g. CubinaSvili areTanxmeba am mosazrebas imis gamo,rom mas noqalaqevis eklesia

arqiteqturuli niSnebiთ V saukuneSi agebuladmiaCnia.eTanxmeba ra ZiriTadad iu.kulakovskis azrs (Ю.Кулаковский 1897, 33) SesaZleblad Tvlis, rom es unda iyosiustinianes mier afxazeTSi agebuli RvTismSoblis taZarSi(Чубинашвили. Г. -19 gv. 118-138 jer kidev 60-ian wlebSi petra-cixisZiris gamTxrelmaa. inaiSvilma gamoTqva varaudi petra-cixisZirSi iustinianesmier eklesiis ganaxleba-gafarToebaze igi wers: “ramdenadacamJamad petraSi, kerZod misi citadelis sakulto nagebobebis-bazilikebis ubnis gaTxrebis 1962-1964 ww. monacemebi

gviCvenebs, gamoricxuli ar aris SesaZlebloba, romiustinianes swored petraSi Zveli adgilobrivi cixisgafarToeba-gamSvenierebasTan erTad misi saeklesio taZaricgaeaxlebinos da gaefarToebinos”........ VI saukunis bazilikis im

grandiozul mSvenier nagebobas, win SeiZlebs uZRodesSedarebiT adreuli, mexuTr saukunis eklesiis naSTebi, amissasargeblod jer-jerobiT metyveleben adreuli periodisSemcvleli fenebio (inaiSvili. a. 1971; 103)

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wlebis manZilze ganxorcielebuli arqeologiurikvlevis Ziebis Sedegad petraze oTxi kulturuli fena

gamovlinda, romlebic samosaxloze cxovrebis sxvadasxvaperiodsSeesabameba (inaiSvili. a. 1971 t.II;74-90) adreulimeoTxe fena- winaantikuri masalebis Semcvelia. mesame fenaadreantikuri xanis adgilobriv kolxur masalebTan erTadSeicavs importul keramikas. samosaxlos meore fena elinistur

xanas Seesabameba – Savlakiani keramika, importuli amforebi,adgilobrivi kolxuri yavisferkeciani amforebi da sxva. samosaxlos pirveli fena, romelic gvianantikur xanasganekuTvneba. am fenaSi moipoveba, rogorc romauli xanis (III-IV

ss) amforaთa natexebi, romelTa analogebi farTod arisdadasturebuli Cr. SavizRvispireTis romauli xanis Zeglebze,

mopovebuli wiTellakiani keramika ax. w. IV-V ss. farTodgavrcelebuli WurWlis formebiTaa warmodgenili. cixisZirSi mopovebuli keramikuli nawarmis analizigviCvenebs, rom aRniSnul masalaSi wamyvani adgili uWiravskeramikul taras-amforebs, romlebic ax. w. IV-VI ss.

TariRdeba wiTellakiani keramikis nimuSis asaki ki IV-Vss.ganisazRvreba (n. inaiSvili – 1993; 61) saerTod petra-cixisZiris kulturuli fena, romelic zogadad IV-VI ssganekuTvneba Warbobs IV-V ss. masalebi. aseve sanergis teritoriaze I da II ubanze 1983-87 ww.

aRmoCenili arqiteqturuli Zeglebi (abanoebi), kulturulfenaSi mopovebuli masalebi (keramika, minis WurWeli, monetebi,damRiani aguri) da samarxeuli kompleqsebi (amfora samarxebi),aseve aqve gvxvdeba adrefeodaluri xanis importuli da

adgilobrivi keramikis (kramiti, wiTelSezneqili amforebi dasxva) fragmentebi. cixisZiris minis WurWlis yvelaze adreuli nimuSi-reliefuri wiboebiT Semkuli mocisfro gamWvirvale minisfila ax. w. I. s. TariRdeba da SesaZloa italikur nawarms

ganekuTvneba ( inaiSvili.n. სდსძ 1991 XIX gv. 84) momdevno qronologir jgufs qmnis gravirebul

gamosaxulebiani WurWeli. igi warmodgenilia sami fragmentiT,romlebic erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian gravirebis xerxebiTa daSemkulobis saxeebiT. xsenebuli WurWlebis TariRi ax. w. IVsaukunea (inaiSvili.n. 1991 gv. 84) ax. w. IV s. TariRdebacixisZiris samarovanze aRmoCenili unikaluri WurWlebi

23

(reliefuri ovalebiT Semkuli fiala da sanelsacxeble),romelTac paralelebi Znelad eZebnebaT.

ax. w. IV s. meore naxevriT da V saukunis dasawyisiTTariRdeba cixisZiris minis WurWlis didi nawili: xalianimina, romelic warmodgenilia Savi zRvis auzSi gavrcelebulisamive tipis WurWliT, feradi minis ZafiTa da spiraluri cruZafebiT morTuli, agreTve fiWiseburornamentiani WurWlebi.

moyvanilobiT, Semkulobis xasiaTiT, minis xarisxiTa da feriTmsgavsi WurWlebis (xaliani da fiWiseburornamentiani)fragmentebi didi raodenobiTaa mopovebuli biWvinTaSi(lorTqifaniZe g. 1991) xolo mTeli nimuSebi kargad aris

warmodgenili webeldis samarxebSi (Тралиш) cixisZirSi warmodgenili minis WurWlis didi nawiliformebiT, damuSavebis xerxebiT, Semkulobis motivebiT dasaxeebiT, agreTve minis xarisxiTa da feriT gviandel (ax.w. 256

wlიs Semdgomi xanis) siriul-palistinur produqciasTan iCensmsgavsebas. ganxiluli minis WurWlis mixedviT petra-cixisZiris

naqalaqaris kulturuli fenis asaki zogadad ax. w. IV-VI ss.ganisazRvreba. inventaris analizis safuZvelze cixisZirSi gaTxrili

adreuli orმosamarxebi (#73) ax. w. III an IV s. dasawyisiTTariRdeba, xolo yvelaze gviandeli (#201) ax.w. Vs. VI s.pirveli naxevriT ( inaiSvili.n. – 1993;98) rac Seexeba

uinventaro amfora-samarxebs, amforebis tipologiaze da erT-erT samarxSi aRmoCenili fibulis mixedviT, isini zogadad ax.w.IV-V ss. miekuTvnebian. amrigad cixisZirSi aRmoCenili samarxebis asakizogadad vrceli qronologiuri periodiT ax. w. III-VI ss.

ganisazRvreba, Tumca maTi umravlesoba ax.w. IV-V ssganekuTvneba. rogorc Cans cixisZiris samosaxlos borcvze cxovrebadawyebula Zv. w. IX s-Si da TiTqmis uwyvetad grZeldebodaadrefeodalur xanaSic (ax. w. VI s), rodesac aq lazikaze

bizantiis batonobis periodSi bizantielTa mniSvnelovanisamxedro-politikur da saeklesio centri-qalaqi petradaarsda. petra cixisZiris midamoebSi gvianbrinjao-antikurixanis samosaxlos dadasturebiT. Zveli bazilikis samxreT

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kedlis mSeneblobaSi wyobisa da formis mixedviT metidasabuTeba eZleva prokofi kesarielis cnobas imis Sesaxeb,

rom bizantielebma petra Zveli, umniSvnelo cixis bazazeaaSenes. amrigad, Cven yvelanairi safuZveli gvaqvs vivaraudoT,rom petra-cixisZiris yvelaze Zveli bazilika aSenebuliaiustinianamde (527-565) savaraudod V saukunis meore

naxevarSi.noqalaqevis pirveli bazilika erTafsidiani kapitaluri

nageboba iyo ((T. kapanaZe 1987; 91) saqarTvelos teritoriazeaRmoCenili bagebobebidan analogiuria biWvinTis erTi

nageboba.romelsac gamTxrelebi ~calnavian bazilikas” uwodebenda IV saukunis pirveli mesamediT aTariReben (i.ciciSvili-1977; 10)samnaviani bazilika Sverilafsidiani. SverilafsidianobadamaxasiaTebuli e.w. elinisturi bazilikisaTvis, romelsac

romauli xanis saqristianos sxva qveynebSic vxvdebiT. aseve igidamaxasiaTebelia dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis (T. kapanaZe 1987;97)

aq aRmoCenili aTi bazilikadan afsidi yvelganSverilia. Sverili afsidi yvelgan Sverilia. Sverili afsidi

lazikaSi Semdgomo periodisaTvis ar aris ucxo (p.zaqaraia-1951:51) aseT afsidebs vxvdebiT iseT ZeglebSi, rogoricaagelaTi, xobi da sxv.

Sverili afsidi ar aris erTnairi gvxvdeba waxnagovanida cilindruli. Noqalaqevis bazilika waxnagovania da igives

imeorebs dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebis umravlesoba-vaSnaris,cixisZiris, ganTiadis da biWvinTaSi gaTxrili oTxi taZridansami.

Sverili afsidebis warmoSobisa da gavrcelebis sakiTxiganxiluli aqvs g. CubiniSvils. man aRniSna saqarTveloSi sad

da ra drosaa es forma gavrcelebuli da ramden xans iyenebdamas qarTveli ostati. maSindeli wina aziis qveynebisTvis igidamaxasiaTebeli yofila. G. CubiniSvilis azriT, aseTi formisgaCena dasavleT saqarTveloSi SesaZloa yvelaze metad

davukavSiroT bizantiis garkveul gavlenas.noqalaqevis samnaviani taZris afsidis Sida moxazuloba aSkaradnaliseburia. naliseburi afsida aqvs cixisZirisa da sefieTistaZrebsac aseve odnav sesamCnevi nalisebureba axasiaTebs

25

~ormocmowameTa” eklesiis afsidas; aris kidev biWvinTismozaikian eklesiasTaan dasavleTiT midgmuli meoTxe eklesia. am

eklesias xuTgverda Sverili afsida aqvs da SigniT mkveTradgamoxatuli naliseburia. eklesias i. ciciSvili VI s-ispirveli mesamediT aTariRebs. naliseburi afsidebisgamoyenebis aseTive suraTi. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic. isgvxvdeba ukve VI saukunidan (nekresi, zegani das xv.) kaxeTSi ,

am formas didi gamoyeneba aqvs V-VI saukuneebSi. aseTiZeglebidan SegviZlia davasaxeloT: mataanis cxrakara,kawareTis sameba, natkora, naTlismcemeli, xirsa das xv. aseTive suraTia imdroindel qarTlSi – naliseburi

afsidis daxvewil saxes vxvdebiT iseT mniSvnelovan ZeglebSi,

rogoricaa bolnisi, urbnisi, anCisxaტi da sxv. am eklesiebsg.CubinaSvili V s-is boloTi da VI s-is dasawyisiT aTariRebs.Cans , rom saqarTveloSi naliseburi afsidisa da saerTodnaliseburi TaRis gavrcelebis yvelaze intensiuri periodiaIV-VI saukuneebi; Tumca igi kidev didxans gamoiyeneboda,TiTqmis aseTive ganviTarebis gza aqvs mas somxeTSic, marTalia

romauli xanis wina aziis qveynebSi nalisebr formas vxvdebiT,magram ara ise intensiurad, rogorc es saqarTveloSia, rac aqsaeklesio msneblobis Taviseburebis maCvenebelia. rodesacTaRis nalisebur formazea laparaki aucilebelia aRiniSnos isfaqti, rom wris naliseburi moxazuloba Tavis ~klasikur”

saxes mxolod V-s-is bolos aRwevs (bolnisi, urbnisi,wyarosTavi). Noqalaqevis samnavian bazilikaSi ki es forma ar arissrulyofili, rac migviTiTebs imaze, rom aRniSnuli bazilika

zemoCamoTvlil Zeglebze adre una iyos agebuli. lazikaSi SemorCenili adreqristianulitaZrebisfragmentebiT Tu vismjelebT, Zveli egrisis teritoriazemdebare bazilikebs erTmaneTTan bevri saerTo aqvT. Upirvelesadunda aRinSnos maTi samnavianoba. samnaviania im epoqis dasavleT

saqarTvelos eklesiaTa absoluturi umravlesoba.

26

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. georgika II Tb. 19652. inaiSvili a. petras saepiskoposo kaTedris

sakiTxisaTvis cixisZiris gaTxrebis Sedegebis mixedviT.sdsZ 1971; t. II.

3. ianaiSvili a. _ petra cixisZirSi 1962-1965 ww.Catarebuli gaTxrebis Sedegebi // sdsZ 1974. _ t. 4 _102-153.

4. inaiSvili n. – cixisZiris ax.w. I-VI ss. Arqeologiuri

Zeglebi. Tb. 1993.5. inaiSvili a. _ sdsZ. T. 4. 19746. inaiSvili n. _ minis WurWeli petra-cixisZiridan. sdsZ.

tXIX. 19917. lorTqifaniZe g. _ biWvinTis naqalaqari. Tb. 1991

8. kviciani z. _ dasavleT saqarTvelosa da romis imperiiskulturuli urTierTobis istoriisaTvis. Tb. 1997.

9. zaqaraia p. naqalaqar urbnisis xuroTmoZRvreba,Tbilisi 1965

10. kapanaZe T.- noqalaqevis bazilikebi. noqalaqevi-

arqeopolisi. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi 1978-1982Tbilisi 1987

11. ciciSvili i. – biWvinTis sakulto nagobobaTakompleqsi, `didi pitiunti~II, 1977

12. Кулаковский. Юл. – Где был построен имп.Юстианом храм для Абазгов? Арх. изв. и заметки, V,1897.

13. Чубинашвили. Г. К вопросу о Нокалакеви, Tum. t. XI

Zviad KvitsianiProfessor of Ivane Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State University

27

Doctor in History

Early Christian temples in LazikaSummary

By archaeological research which was realized in last years, it ispossible to say about, what prokopi kesarieli observed, that iustinianemake large and more nice castle-town . We have all kind of base to suppose, that the oldest basilica of petra-cikhisdziri was built before iustiniane supposedly in second half of V-thcentuary (527-565). Horseshoe shaped outline of circle get it`s classical face only at the endof V-th century. But in three boated basilica of Nokalakevi this kind ofform is not improved, what is indication that marked basilica might bebuilt in IV-th century.

qeTevan pavliaSvili ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

erTi sakiTxi istoriis Teologiidan – RvTismoSiSida uRmerTo xelisufleba

saxelmwifoebriobis umniSvnelovanesi elementia saeroxelisufleba, romelic ZalmomreobiTi, Tu araZalmomreobiTimravalganStoebuli sistemuri saSualebebiT aiZulebssazogadoebas daemorCilos mis mier miRebul kanonebs da esmoTxovna socialuri wesrigis stabilurobis surviliT

gaamarTlos. niSandoblivia, rom wminda werili ar aniWebssaero xelisuflebas sakralur Tvisebebs, magram aSkaraduTiTebs mis sanqcionirebaze zeciuri Zalidan. radganqristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, samyaro mowyobilia RvTismier dadgenili ierarqiuli principiT, amitom bunebrivia,

socialur cxovrebaSi unda arsebobdes batonobisa damorCilebis logikuri urTierTobebi. aqedan momdinareobs

28

mociqul pavles erTmniSvnelovnad kategoriuli mtkicebuleba,rom ar arsebobs Zalaufleba RvTis nebis gareSe - `yoveli

suli daemorCilos umaRles xelisuflebaT; vinaidan ararsebobs xelisufleba, Tu ara RmerTisagan, xolo arsebulniRmerTis mier arian dadgenilni~ (romaelTadmi. 13, 1).

ioane oqropirma ganavrco pavle mociqulis hipoTezada daamtkica, rom `xelisuflebisadmi daqvemdebareba – es ara

iZulebiTi daTmobis aqtia, aramed yoveli qristianismovaleoba. morCilebis kanoni Tavad uflisagan dadgenilia damkacrad isjeba misgan yoveli, romelic mas xelhyofs.~ ioaneoqropiri Tavis TxzulebaSi `epistole romaelTadmi~ werda,

rom `Tu gauqmdeboda mTavroba, aseT SemTxvevaSi, yvelaferidairRveoda da ganadgurdeboda, rameTu Zlierni STanTqavdnensustebs; da, rom ar arsebobdes amis SiSi, sadamde mividodnenboroti adamianebi; maSin samyaro aRivseboda usasruloubedurebiT, daingreoda qalaqebi, daixoceboda usazRvrod

bevri xalxi~ - aRniSnavda ioane oqropiri.saxelmwifo, rogorc umaRlesi xelisuflebis

koleqtiuri subieqti aRasrulebs mmarTvelobiT,ganmkargulebel funqcias mTeli sazogadoebis masStabebiT damouwodebs sazogadoebis wevrT kanonmorCilebisaken.

amavdroulad, saxelmwifodan momdinareobs mmarTvelobiT –organizaciuli qmedebani, ayenebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebasgawonasworebul – dinamiur mdgomareobaSi, aregulirebssawinaaRmdego interesebis simwvaves da aqrobs socialuriqaosis lokalur kerebs. imisaTvis, rom saxelmwifos mTeli es

Zalebi mimarTuli iyos civiluri cxovrebis principebisganviTareba – ganmtkicebisaken, saWiroa xelisufleba Tavadeyrdnobodes religiur-zneobriv da samarTlebriv safuZvlebs.xelisufleba unda iyos legitimuri da sazogadoebisaganaRiarebuli. yovelive zemoaRniSnuli savaldebulo pirobas

warmoadgens imisaTvis, rom xelisuflebam miaRwiossazogadoebis mxridan Tavisi moTxovnebis aRsrulebas.

umaRlesi xelisuflebis ucilobel pirobaswarmoadgens misi qmedebebis Sesatyvisoba sazogadoebis

keTildReobisa da samarTlianobis kriteriumebTan. usamarTlomoTxovnebi, romlebic sazogadoebis interesebTan absoluturwinaaRmdegobaSia sruldeba am ukanasknelis radikaluridapirispirebiT xelisuflebasTan.

29

amavdroulad, saxelmwifom da misma xelisuflebam undagaiTvaliswinon, rom arsebobs socialur – sulieri sferoebi,

romlebzec maTi Zalaufleba ar vrceldeba. martin luTeriTavis naSromSi `saero mmarTvelobaze da misi ZalauflebissazRvrebze~ (1523 w.) asabuTebda, rom `sfero, romelzec saeroxelisuflebas Tavisi Zalauflebis ganvrcobis ufleba ar aqvsaris aRmsareblobis Tavisuflebis sfero. saxelmwifo ar unda

Caerios sarwmunoebis saqmeebSi. iq, sadac msgavs movlenebs aqvsadgili da umaRlesi xelisufleba cdilobs Tavisi kontrolisdawesebas moqalaqeebze, is am ukanasknelTa mxridan aRiqmeba,rogorc Zaladoba da Cndeba am borotebis sawinaaRmdego

movlenebisadmi midrekileba.~eklesias, rogorc saxelmwifos erT-erT organizacias

farTo unari Seswevs mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulossaxelmwifos cxovrebaSi, misi socialuri, politikuri dasamarTlebrivi institutebis funqcionirebaSi. istoriaSi

Znelad moiZebneba periodi, rodesac saxelmwifo cdilaeklesiis CamoSorebas sazogadoebis winaSe arsebuliproblemebis gadaWrisagan. istoriis umetes etapze, sapirispiroprocesebi ganviTarebula, rodesac saero xelisuflebaeklesias mimarTavda aRniSnuli problemebis mogvarebisaTvis,

udides imedebs amyarebda masze da Sesabamisad seriozulTanadgomasac iRebda sasuliero ierarqebisagan.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis saero institutebsa daeklesias Sorisi urTierTobebi viTardeba ramdenime ZiriTadisocialuri scenariT: 1). Teokratiuli variantis SemTxvevaSi,

eklesia flobs maqsimalur sulier da praqtikul Zalauflebassazogadoebaze da saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaSiganviTarebuli arc erTi procesi eklesiis Carevis gareSe arviTardeba; 2). demokratiuli sistemis saxelmwifoSi, amukanasknelisa da eklesiis institutebi TanamSromloben

SeTanxmebebis sawyisebze da inawileben gavlenis sferoebsurTierTis saqmeebSi CaurevlobiT; 3). saxelmwifosmmarTvelobis avtoritaruli modeli, rodesac saeroxelisufleba Zalauflobs saeklesio ierarqiaze da masze

daqvemdebarebulad moiazrebs. aseT dros, eklesia Zlierzewolas ganicdis saero xelisuflebisagan. yvelazemoaRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, qristianuli moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,yoveli qristianis movaleobaa daemorCilos moqmed

30

xelisuflebas: `rameTu ufrosni saSiSni arian ara keTilisaqmeebisaTvis, aramed borotTaTvis. Tu gsurs, rom

xelisuflebisa ar geSinodes, keTili akeTe da qebas miiRebmisgan,... vinaidan igi RmerTis msaxuria Senda sakeTilod. magramTu borotebas iqm, geSinodes, rameTu tyuilad rodi atarebsmaxvils: is RmerTis msaxurTa, risxviT SurismaZiebeliaborotmoqmedze. amitom Cven unda davemorCiloT ara marto

risxvis gamo, aramed sindisis gamoc.~ (romaelT. 13, 3-5).saxelmwifoebrivi Zalaufleba ori saxis xelisuflebis

mmarTvelobiT vlindeba; esenia – RvTismoSiSi da uRmerToxelisuflebebi. rusi sociologi pitirim sorokini aRniSnavda:

`gonieri, SorsmWvreteli mmarTvelebi da politikosebi pativsmiageben religias, ar uaryofen RmerTs im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuisini urwmunoni arian. aseTi pozicia aisaxeba imiT, rom isiniRmerTSi damxmare Zalas xedaven, romelic kontrols uwevssamoqalaqo socialur normebs.~ msoflio istoriam aseTi saxis

saxelmwifoebisa da xelisuflebis ara erTi analogi icis. maTSoris universalurobiT gamoirCevian bizantiisa da ruseTisimperiebi, Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am SemTxvevaSi rigidarRvevis faqtebic arsebobs, romelTac istoriis sxvadasxvaetapze gansxvavebuli niSnebiT iCines Tavi. amavdroulad,

niSandoblivia is faqtic, rom ruseTis imperiis wiaRSiCamoyalibebulma bizantizmis Taviseburebebma da misiTgamowveulma uaryofiTma Sedegebma ukiduresad maxinji xasiaTiSeiZina da aSkarad daarRvia qristianuli moZRvrebiTgaTvaliswinebuli saxelmwifosadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi.

aRniSnulis dasturia rogorc carizmis ruseTis zogierTiistoriuli etapi, ise sabWouri da postsabWourisaxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis sistemebi.

msoflio istoriam cxadhyo, rom iuridiulkanonmdeblobebs yovelTvis ar SeswevT unari efeqturad

daareguliron sazogadoebrivi qmedebebi. samarTlebrivi SegnebisCamoyalibebisaTvis aucilebelia saimedo normatiulisafuZvlebi, romlebic SesatyvisobaSia adamianuri fsiqikis RrmastruqturebTan, kerZod, sulier moTxovnilebebTan, RmerTis

absolutur avtoritetad aRiarebasTan da a.S. `Tu saxelmwifospirveli pirebi WeSmariti morwmunenni arian adamianurisisusteebisa da naklovanebebis miuxedavad, sazogadoebisagan

31

ufro dafasebulni arian, vidre xelisuflebis saTaveSi myofiuRmrToebi~ - aRniSnavda p. sorokini.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom RvTismoSiSi xelisuflebapativiscemiT aris ganwyobili religiuri normebisadmi da aseTSemTxvevebSi, saxelmwifoc samarTlianobis saimedo sayrdenia.rodesac saxelmwifo kanonebi TanxvedraSia bibliis mcnebebTan,sazogadoebis mxridan es kanonebi maTi Tavisuflebisa da

Rirsebis SembRalavad ar aRiqmeba; da piriqiT, rodesacreligiur-zneobriv principebs emijneba saxelmwifo kanoni,sazogadoebaSi yalibdeba protestis Zlieri gancda uRmerToxelisuflebisa da mis mier SemuSavebuli kanonebisadmi.

aRniSnulis pirdapiri nimuSia sabWoTa kanonmdebloba da misiantisarwmunoebrivi politika, romlis Sedegebia sazogadoebisprotesti da xelisuflebis mxridan misdami gatarebulirepresiebi. amrigad, sarwmunoeba aucilebeli faqtoriasaxelmwifosaTvis, raTa man moaxerxos ganviTareba, rameTu

mxolod sarwmunoebas ZaluZs misces sazogadoebas amaRlebulimiznebis dasaxvis gancda da am energiis warmarTva ara ngrevis,aramed SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT.

RvTismoSiSi xelisuflebisgan radikaluradgansxvavebulia uRmerTo mTavroba, romelic gamoxatavs

apostatebis igive apostasiis mmarTvelobis formas, mis(berZnuli sityva – gandgomili, meamboxe) batonobas. apostasia,anu qristianuli sarwmunoebisagan gandgomileba warmoadgenssekularizaciuli politikis ukiduresad negatiur formas,rodesac odesRac qristianuli saxelmwifo Cadgeba

antiqristianuli politikis samsaxurSi, amiT iswinaaRmdegobriobaSi modis RvTis mier dadgenil wesrigTan.aseTi saxelmwifos xelisufleba Tavad axdens likvidaciassazogadoebis zneobriv-samarTlianobis safuZvlisas, rameTureligiasTan gamijnuli iuridiuli normebi pirobiTi saxis

xdeba da aRar emsaxureba sazogadoebis progress. sekularuliSegnebis matarebel sazogadoebas unari Seswevs miiRos kanonebiim SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini sasargebloa, magram imavdroulad,sazogadoeba uarhyofs maT, Tu maTSi ar aRmoaCens imave misTvis

sasargeblo Tvisebebs.msoflio istoria icnobs apostasiis ara erT odiozur

gamovlinebas, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebuli saxasiaToniSnebiT gamoirCeva komunisturi mmarTvelobis sistema da misi

32

ganmxorcielebeli bolSevikuri politika. bolSevikTapolitikis ZiriTadi amocanaa praqtikul cxovrebaSi

absoluturi sekularuli saxelmwifos realizeba. amdagvarisaxelmwifo mmarTveloba srulad ganTavisuflebuli undayofiliyo qristianuli tradiciebisagan. bolSevikurixelisufleba qristianuli zneobisa da WeSmarit samarTlebrivproncipebs acxadebda yalb da farisevlur formebad, romlebic

emsaxurebodnen sazogadoebis umecrebaSi yofnas; da, romelnicakmayofilebdnen eqsploatatoruli klasebis ambiciebs; xelsuwyobdnen maT mier mSromeli masebis Cagvras.

bolSevikTa ideologiis Sedegia Tvisobrivad zneobriv-

politikuri saxasiaTo kodeqsis Seqmna, romelic marTebuladaris axsnili mitropolit ioanes (ekonomcevi) naSromSi`sulis TviTmpyrobeloba~ (sankt-peterburgi, 1995w.). wignisavtori ixsenebs bolSevikTa mier ruseTis qalaqSi (sviaJski)adgilobrivi xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebas luciferis

qandakebis aRmarTvis faqtze qalaqis centrSi; mogvianebiT,gadawyvetileba Seicvala da luciferis nacvlad qalaqSi undaaRmarTuliyo kaenis Zegli. bolSevikma aqtivistebma kaeni,rogorc bibliis legendaruli gmiri araistoriul figuradmoiazres da kidev Secvales gadawyvetileba; sabolood,

qalaqSi dadgmul iqna `axali epoqis revolucioneris, iesoqristesTan mebrZolis – iuda iskariotelis qandakeba.aRniSnuli meTodebiT moqmedi xelisufleba RvTivmowinaaRmdege saxelmwifos simboluri gamoxatulebaa, romeliczedmiwevniTi gamowvlivliT aris daxasiaTebuli ioane

RvTismetyvelis `gamocxadebaSi~: `da Tayvani sces drakons,radgan Zalaufleba misca mxecs; Tayvans scemdnen mxecs daambobdnen: vin aris am mxecisTana da vis ZaluZs masTanSebrZoleba?... da mieca mas piri, romelic laparakobda dids daRvTisgmobas. da mieca mas Zalaufleba ormocdaor Tves

samoqmedod... gaaRo man Tavisi piri RmerTis sagmobad; da dagmomisi saxeli da misi karavi, caSi mcxovrebni... da mieca mas, romewarmoebina omi wmindanebTan da gaemarjva maTze da mieca masZalaufleba yvela tomsa da xalxze, enasa da erze... da Tayvani

sca mas dedamiwis yvela mcxovrebma, romelTa saxelebiCawerili ar aris sicocxlis wignSi, romelic aqvs samyarosdasabamidan daklul kravs~ (gamocxadeba, 13, 4-8).

33

RvTismetyveli da filosofosi, rusi moazrovne s.n.bulgakovi aRniSnavda: `Tu saxelmwifo ar eyrdnoba

qristianul Rirebulebebsa da normebs, maSin is emsgavsebasaxarebis eSmakiseuls, xolo misi cxovrebis suraTebi kiemsgavseba T.m. dostoevskis romanSi `eSmaki~ gamoxatulcxovrebis suraTebs~. niSandoblivia, rom analogiuri procesebiganviTarda sabWour saxelmwifoSi, romelic bolSevikuri

xelisuflebis damsaxurebiT da ruseTSi mimdinarerevoluciebis Sedegad. uarhyofil iqna tradiciuliqristianuli sarwmunoeba. yovelives ki Sedegad mohyvatotalitoruli saxelmwifos formireba, romelsac

moxerxebulad hqonda morgebuli socialuri interesebismantia; aki es saxelmwifo socialur interesebze formirebulimmarTvelobis sistemas ayalibebda da qveyanasac socialisturisaxelmwifo erqva.

zemoaRniSnuli saxelmwifos bolSevikma Teoretikosebma

da praqtikosebma aqtiurad daiwyes antisarwmunoebrivisaxelmwifo ideologiis formirebisaTvis muSaoba da am saqmisganxorcielebis procesSi satanizmis wina rigSi wamoweviTdagmes qristianuli moZRvreba. uRmerTo xelisuflebaagresiulad daupirispirda sazogadoebas da faqtobrivad

uxeSad xelhyo misi bunebrivi uflebebi, rwmenis Tavisufleba,kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba, Tavisufali neba da TviT cxovrebisuflebac. yovelives ganxorcielebisaTvis ki ukideganorepresiebis gatarebas mihyo xeli. religiur – politikurigenocidis msxverpli Seiqna aTi aTasobiT morwmune da eklesiis

msaxuri. aseTi praqtikis Sedegad msofliom miiRosazogadoebis istoriuli degradireba, romelic araqristianulda amavdroulad uuflebo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda, xolosaxelmwifo xelisufleba, romelic erTi SexedviT, garegnuliformebiT mowodebuli iyo civiluri saxelmwifos Seqmnisaken,

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Tavisuflebisa da moqalaqeTauflebebis dacvisaken, faqtobrivad, sawinaaRmdegos nergavda daaxorcielebda.

uRmerTo saxelmwifos politikuri kursis bolSeviki

Teoretikosebi da praqtikosebi mizanmimarTuli programebismeSveobiT ideurad devnidnen sarwmunoebasa da zneobriobas.aTeizmisa da materializmis apologetebma moxerxebuladaiTvises marTlmadidebluri qristianobis dogmatikuri toni da

34

garegnulad TavianT Tezisebsa da gamosvlebSi dabejiTebiTmsjelobdnen, asabuTeben socialistur ideebs. uRmerTo

xelisufleba mizanmimarTulad iRwvoda Zveli ideis –saxelmwifos, rogorc `miwieri keTildReobis~ ideisaRorZinebisaTvis. maT warmodgenebSi Tanamedrove `leviofons~,anu saxelmwifo monstrs sruli unari Seswevs Tavisuflebisideis, kanonikuri principebis, moqalaqeTa Zireuli interesebis

zedmiwevniTi dacviT gauswros qristianul normebs dadaangrios misi istoriuli avtoriteti sazogadoebaSi.uRmerTo xelisuflebis ambicia swored qristianobisa da misieklesiis adgilis dakaveba iyo.

sabWoTa saxelmwifom, romelic gardaiqmna gigantursasuliero rezervaciad, mis mierve Seqmnil `axal adamians~CamoaSora religiuri azrovneba da sulierebis tragikulmdgomareobaSi Caayena, moaxdina misi sulieri, moraluri,samarTlebrivi da politikuri azrovnebis deformacia.

bolSevizmis konfesionaluri politika warmoadgendauRmerTo saxelmwifoebriobis erT-erTi met-naklebad odiozurigamovlinebis nimuSs. saxelmwifosagan eklesiis gamijvna saWirogaxda absoluturi sekularuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobisaTvis.sabWoeTis mTavrobas aseTma saxelmwifoebrivma sistemam

saSualeba misca gaenadgurebina eklesia-monastrebi dasaeklesio inventari, ganexorcielebina sasuliero krebulisrepresiuli RonisZiebebi.

sabWoTa imperiaSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma, misiarsebobis dasasruls dasaxuli miznebis sawinaaRmdego Sedegi

gamoiRo. 80-90-ian wlebSi mimdinare procesebma aSkarad aCvena,rom, rac ufro radikaluri gamovlineba hqonda apostasias, miTufro aSkara xdeboda mis mier danergili principebisukuSedegebi: `bolSevizmma moaxerxa sekularuli tipisadamianisaTvis niRabi Camoexsna da daenaxvebina misTvis sakuTar

TavSi dasadgurebuli satana, rac niSnavs mis SemobrunebasRvTisaken~ - aRniSnavda n.s. trubeckoi Tavis naSromSi `Cven dasxvebi.~

XX saukunis ukiduresi miwurulidan daiwyo uRmerTo

xelisuflebis agoniuri mdgomareoba da saxelmwifo-monstrmae.w. postsabWoTa epoqaSi SeaRwia. Sesatyvisad epoqisa daiwyosazogadoebis mentaluri cvlilebis procesi, xolo sabWoTaimperiaSi myofma istoriulma saxelmwifoebma ki erovnuli

35

TviTgamorkvevisa da axal sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur formaciaSigadasvlis samzadisi. TandaTanobiT sazogadoeba Seudga

sabWouri ideologiuri idealebis msxvrevas da misiRirebulebebis gadafasebas. erovnuli saxelmwifoebrebrivmacvlilebebma win wamoswia qristianuli eklesiis funqciisupirobo zrda, kerZod, sazogadoebam erovnuliTviTgamorkvevisa da nacionaluri saxelmwifos mSeneblobis

saSualebad qristianoba da misi eklesia moiazra, xoloxelisuflebam ki sabWouri elementebisagan ganTavisuflebadaisaxa miznad. mimdinare procesSi warmoCinda uamraviwinaaRmdegobani, ramac kidev ufro gazarda sazogadoebis

siZulvili im wyobilebisadmi (socializmi – q.p.), romelmacmaTSi wlebis manZilze daTrguna erovnuli suliereba dasaxelmwifos tradiciuli funqcia – emarTa sazogadoebaqristianul mentalobaze dayrdnobiT. sazogadoeba emzadebodaaxali ideologiis formirebisaTvis, romlis ganmsazRvreli

marTlmadidebluri qristianoba iqneboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi,saxelmwifo xelisuflebam kargad gamoiyena saxelmwifos axaliwyobilebis ideologiis formireba – dadginebisaTvisqristianuli debulebebs mowyurebuli sazogadoebis interesebi.magaliTad, ruseTis sazogadoebis erTi nawili 90-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi Cioda `ideologiuri vakuumis~ Sesaxeb, areTanxmeboda 1993 wlis konstitucias ideologiuri dareligiuri mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb da `sabWoTa ideologiis~`tradiciuli marTlmadideblobiT~ Canacvlebas iTxovda. racyvelaze mniSvnelovania am azris Semqmneli iyo Tavad

saxelmwifo xelisufleba. aRniSnulis Sedegad, magaliTad,ruseTi pluralizmis qveynad gamocxadda. aseTma garemoebamxelisuflebas uamravi Secdoma daaSvebina da estafeta eklesiasdauTmo. qristianuli eklesia cdilobda Tavisi istoriulifunqciis aRdgenas, sazogadoebisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenas

sabWouri ideologiisa da prototipisaganganTavisuflebisaTvis. aq isev postsabWouri ruseTis magaliTsmovixmobT, rodesac sasuliero ierarqiam aRniSnuli ideissaxelmwifo programaSi CarTva daiwyo da rusuli

marTlmadidebloba ara Tu mxolod `civilizaciisfundamentad~, aramed ruseTis `saxelmwifo ideologiad~gamocxadda.

36

amrigad, istoriisaTvis cnobil orive xelisuflebasrogorc RvTismoSiSs, ise uRmerTos erTnairi, ucilobeli

Sexeba aqvT qristianul sarwmunoebasa da mis eklesiasTan;magram, amavdroulad, erTmaneTisagan radikaluradgansxvavebuli midgoma da moqmedebis meTodologia. Tu RvTismoSiSi xelisufleba pativiscemiT aris ganwyobilireligiisadmi da saxelmwifoc sazogadoebisaTvis

samarTlianobis safuZvelia, uRmerTo xelisuflebisaTvismisaRebia mxolod apostasuri mmarTvelobis forma, igiveqristianuli sarwmunoebisagan gandgomileba, rac sekularulipolitikis ukiduresad negatiuri formaa da xelisuflebas

antiqristianuli politikis samsaxurSi ayenebs.saxelmwifoebriobis istoriam cxadhyo, rom orivexelisuflebis politika pirdapir aisaxeboda sazogadoebissulier cxovrebaze da maT sulier ganwyobilebaze. istoriamisic daasabuTa, rom sazogadoebas gansxvavebuli

damokidebuleba aqvs calkeuli formis saxelmwifosTan da misxelisuflebasTan. sazogadoeba, romelic sulier Rirebulebebswina rigSi ayenebs RvTismoSiS xelisuflebasTan harmoniurTanamSromlobaSia, xolo uRmerTo mTavrobis politikosTan kiabsolutur winaaRmdegobaSi. niSandoblivia isic, rom

sazogadoebrivi wesrigisaTvis orive saxis xelisuflebaseklesiasTan urTierTobebi ucilobliv sWirdeba, rameTuiuridiul-saxelmwifo kanonebs yovelTvis ar SeswevT unarizemoaRniSnulis miRwevisaTvis. yvela saxis xelisuflebisaTvisadre, Tu gvian cxadi xdeba, rom yvelanairi saxelmwifo

kanonis danergvisaTvis, igive kanoni SesatyvisobaSi unda iyossazogadoebis sulier moTxovnilebebTan, RmerTis absoluturavtoritetad aRiarebasTan xelisuflebis mxridan da a.S.

gamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi

1. eklesiis sazRvrebi, Tb., 2000w.

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2. Алексеев Н.Н., Идея государства, СПБ., 2001г.3. Бачинин В.А., Национальная идея для России: выбор между

византизмом, евангелизмом и секуляризмом (Историческиеочерки политической теологии и культурной антропологии),М., 2004г.

4. Ильин И.А., Собр. соч., т. IX-X, М., 1996г.5. Никодим (Милаш), Православное церковное право, СПБ.,

1897г.6. Маритэн Ж., Знание и мудрость, М., 1999г.7. Розанов В.В., Религия и культура, т. I, М., 1990г.8. Флоровский Г.В., Вера и культура, СПБ., 2002г.

Ketevan PavliashviliProfessor of Ivane Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State University,Doctor of Historical Sciences

An Issue from the Theology of History Pious and GodlessGovernment

Summary

Historical issues considered in the present work are elucidatedfrom theological point of view and the raised problem itself presents tobe investigation subject of theological history; in particular, historicalfunction of State's main element, i.e. government, to the society isassessed herein. The present survey describes two types of government:pious and godless, separate type of universal and classic governments:first - being Byzantium and the second one – Russian Imperial model.

The scientific work shows that both type governments were intouch with Christianity, its Church and religion in general, but at thesame time possessed radically different approach and acting

38

methodology. Pious government being respectful towards religion was abase of justice for the society; but apostatic form of ruling wasacceptable for godless government, which did not recognizedChristianity; the latter is the most negative form of secular policyserving for anti-Christian politics of the government.

Based on Holy Writ and scriptures of Saint Fathers the workdescribes attitude of the State and government towards religion and itscults, what was revealed in spiritual life and mood of the society.Attitude of the society towards both types of government is alsoanalyzed in the work.

giorgi gvasaliaivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetishumanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis

qristianobis istoriis mimarTulebisI kursis magistranti

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis bizantiuri modelis

mokle mimoxilva(ltolva Tanxmobisaken)

saxelmwifo, rogorc codviT damZimebul qveyanazepirovnebisa da sazogadoebis mTeli rigi saSiSroebaTagandamcveli, Tavad RvTisaganaa kurTxeuli. misi arseboba saRvTo

ganazraxis realizebas warmoadgens. wminda pavle mociquli,RvTisagan STagonebuli, xelisufalT mouwodebssaxelmwifoebrivi Zala borotebis winaaRmdeg da sikeTisgasaZliereblad gamoiyenon (rom. XIII, 3-4). wminda pavlemociquli swored amaSi xedavs saxelmwifos arsebobis zneobriv

mxares. wminda werili pirdapir miuTiTebs, rom saxelmwifo,

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romelsac surs warematebodes, aucilebelia maRalzneobrivikanonebis dacvas eswrafvodes. sxvagvarad saxelmwifo gaxdeba

Sesakrebeli uzneo, sulierebadaclili xalxisa da amSemTxvevaSi ukve misi momavali, saxelmwifos arsebobisuZiriTades princips gaemijneba, es ki udaod iwvevssaxelmwifos sikvdils. aRniSnuli kuTxiT mravali ramis TqmaSeiZleboda, rasac wminda werilSi moTxrobili Zveli israelis

saxelmwifos istoriis erT-erTi uadresi detali iqnebodagasaTvaliswinebeli, Tumca, am jerad, imdenad, ramdenadac eserTi sakonferencio Temis farglebSi iqneba SesaZlebeli,SevexoT eklesiis da saxelmwifos urTierTobis iseT magaliTs,

romelic kacobriobisaTvis bizantiis imperiis magaliTiTgaxlavT warmodgenili.

zogadad, bizantiis imperiis fenomens martivad aseaxasiaTeben: marTlmadideblur qristianobas plus romaulisaxelmwifoebrioba da plus antikuri kultura.1 aRniSnulidan

gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania gaviazroT is, Tu bizantiis eklesiarogor uyurebda sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos.

ufal ieso qristes mier daarsebuli eklesia qveynadarsebobs imis gamo, rom amqveynad vinc moisurvebs (da xazsvusvamT _ vinc moisurvebs da ara yvela), eklesiis saSualebiT

gamoxsnil iqnas im codvisagan, romelic batonobs miwaze.swored am kuTxiT ewodeba wminda werilSi eklesias axaliisraeli, saRvTo eri. cxovrebis procesSi xalxi bunebrivi ramwesebiTa da meTodebiT garkveul struqturebad erTiandebian,rac Tavis mxriv saxelmwifos Seadgens. amavdroulad,

aucilebelia, warmovadginoT eklesiis wevrebissaxelmwifosadmi mimarTebis eklesiuri xedva: `marTalia,eklesia aris samefo, romelic araamqveyniuria (warmomavlobisTvalsazrisiT), Tumca is amqveynad arsebobs da misi wevrebiimavdroulad saxelmwifos wevrebic unda iyvnen; Sesabamisad

isini eqvemdebarebian rogorc saeklesio, aseve saxelmwifokanonebs.”[4]

1 cxadia, warmodgenili toloba SesaZlebelia arc iyos srulyofilida garkveuli mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT tolobis marjvena mxaressxva Sesakrebelic daematos, Tumca, vfiqrobT, warmodgeniliformuliT aRniSnuli principi mainc warmoCenilia;

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rogorc zemoT aRvniSnavdiT, jer ukve Zveli aRTqmisfurclebidan Cans, rom saxelmwifo ganixileba ara rogorc

ubralod saWiro, aramed garkveul wilad aucilebeli,RvTisagan daarsebuli erToba sazogadoebisa. Tumca, wmindawerilis aRniSnul monakveTze saxelmwifos daarsebis pirobamkacrad gansazRvrulia. es gaxlavT TeokratiulimmarTvelobiT warmodgenili sazogadoebrivi erToba.

Teokratiuli mmarTvelobis forma gaxlavT iseTi mmarTveloba,rodesac xelisuflebis wyaros Tavad RmerTi warmoadgens.miuxedavad imisa, rom israelianebma mefe moiTxoves, Zveliisraelis magaliTze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Teokratiuli

mmarTveloba principulad ar darRveula. wminda werilismoZRvrebis mixedviT, mefe israelSi ar ganixileboda uzenaesmmarTvelad ise, rogorc es sxva qveynebSi xdeboda. israelSimefes evaleboda moses mier micemuli saRvTo rjuliSeesrulebina, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mefeze maRla idga kanoni,

romlis ara marto dacva, aramed aRsrulebac evalebodaisraelis mefes. aseve, Tavad wminda weriliSivea naCvenebi, rommefe, romelic RvTis eris samarTavad modis, Tavislegitimacias iRebs ara mxolod xalxisagan arCevis Semdeg,aramed mxolod maSin, roca mas wminda mirons cxeben, anu

gaxdeba cxebuli. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, principi aseTia:mmarTvelobis wyaro aris RmerTi, Suamavali _ mefe, xoloobiqti mmarTvelobisa _ xalxi. amasTan dakavSirebiT mama pavleflorovski SeniSnavs: `samefo gvirgvindadeba aris kurTxevaxelisuflebisa, kurTxevaa Zalauflebis adamianuri funqciisa,

rogorc adamianis realuri SesaZleblobebisa da moRvaweobisada is ganekuTvneba ara erT romelime pirs, aramed Teokratiuladgils.” [2,195]

unda aRiniSnos, rom bizantieli xelmwifeebi TavianTsamefos ganixilavdnen ara rogorc Zveli romis an Tundac

elinuri saxelmwifos gagrZelebas, aramedrogorc _ ZvelaRTqmiseuli monarqiis pirdapir gagrZelebas.sainteresoa, rom bibliaSi arsad da arasdros eWv qveS ardgeba Tavad principi monarqiulobisa. Tumca, aqve unda

aRvniSnoT, rom rogorc Zveli, aseve axali aRTqmis eklesiaerTmaneTisagan mkacrad ganarCevda monarqiul xelisuflebasa damis Sinaarss. magaliTad, rodesac babilonis imperiis mieriudeis samefos daqcevaa gadmocemuli, wminda werilidan Cans,

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rom nabuqodonosors unda damorCildnen imdenad, ramdenadac ismefea.2 Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, nabuqodonosori ver iqneba

saRvTo eris mmarTveli. amitomac is aris ara cxebuli RvTisa,aramed mefe sxvaTa. imisaTvis, rom is WeSmariti mefe gaxdes,aucilebelia RvTisagan mocemuli rwmena, rjuli miiRos,sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT _ aucilebelia piradad Sexvdes RmerTs.aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom erTi

ram, rac qristianobaSi arasodes yofila, es gaxlavTdaumorCilebloba an anarqizmi. ufro metic _ qristianebisaxelmwifos, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, yvelaze damjerimoqalaqeebi arian. im adamianebisaTvis, romlebic eZieben

araamqveyniurs, absoluturad gasagebi xdeba, rom antiqristiani(da ara ubralod araqristiani) romis imperatoric ki asatanixdeba, Tuki igi kanonieri mmarTvelia. swored am SegnebiTmidiodnen mSvidad qristianebi mowameobriv sikvdilze daiuridiul apologiebs werdnen TavianTi sarwmunoebis

dasacavad. amasTanave, sanam saubars ganvagrZobdeT, aucilebladunda aRvniSnoT, rom qriste am qveynad movida rogorc mefe,Tumca misi samefo ar aris amqveyniuri (in. XVIII, 36).

bizantiaSi saxelmwifo da eklesia ideaSi ganixilebodarogorc sazogadoebis ori sayrdeni sveti, ganixileboda

rogorc am sazogadoebis suli da sxeuli. evsevikesarielisaTvis qristianuli romis imperia oden miwierianarekli iyo zeciuri sameufosi. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa,praqtikulad bizantiis imperiaSi saxelmwifosa da eklesiasSoris urTierToba sul sxva kuTxiT warmoCndeboda.

erTi SexedviT Canda, rom qristianebi mzad iyvnennebismier imperators damorCilebodnen, magram raRa vTqvaTcnobili katakombebis Sesaxeb? es katakombebi da katakomburiSekrebebi erTgvari anarqistuli gamovlena xom ar iyoqristianebis mxridan? unda iTqvas, rom qristianTa erToba

saeklesio saidumloTa irgvliv, uwinaresadki _ evqaristiasTan xdeba, Tumca qristianTa devnis dros amerTobas saxelmwifo manqana ewinaaRmdegeboda. amis gamo,qristianebi iZulebulni iyvnen saidumlo Sekrebebi moewyoT da

mRvimeebisaTvis SeefarebinaT Tavi, sadac SesaZlebeli xdeboda

2am morCilebaSi sxva, religiuri aspeqticaa gansaxilveli,

Tumca amjerad am sakiTxze saubari ZiriTadi Temisagan mogvwyvets;

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RvTimsaxurebis Catareba. imperiis qristianul kalapotSimoqcevis periodisaTvis, eklesia praqtikulad mzad iyo

saxelmwifos cvlilebisaTvis. eklesiasa da saxelmwifos SoriskavSirma imperias saSualeba misca universalur qristianulsamefod Camoyalibebuliyo. miiRo ra qristianoba, rogorcxsnisaTvis umTavresi principi, imperiam amiT uari TqvareligiasTan oden ritualur damokidebulebaze, anu erTgvar

sinkretul plurarizmze, romelic ase damaxasiaTebeli iyowarmarTuli romisaTvis. ai, ra gaxldaT warmarTuliromisaTvis religiaSi umTavresi: `adamianebis piradi saqmea, raswamT maT, sazogadoebriv doneze ki yvelam unda aRasrulos

garkveuli rituali.” qristianobis aRiarebiT imperatorma Tavivaldebulad CaTvala aRmoefxvra eresebi, ebrZola kultTawinaaRmdeg, xeli Seewyo xalxis eklesiaSi SesvlisaTvis,ezruna imperiis sazRvrebis gafarToebaze, rac qristianobisqadagebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis SeqmniT sabuTdeboda.

yovelive aman eklesias mxolod dadebiTi Sedegebi ar moutana.uaryofiTi mxare aRniSnuli siaxlisa is gaxldaT, romeklesiaSi nel-nela daiwyo saero ganwyobis damkvidreba, ramac,Tavis mxriv, sarwmunoebisadmi moSurneoba erTgvarad moaClungada zneobis modificireba ganapiroba. swored am periodisaTvis

xdeba saber-monazvno dasis gamoCena. pirveli berebi egviptisada siriis udabnoSi Cndebian da swored isini arian is pirebi,romlebic gadawyviten qalaqebisa da sazogadoebisagan Tavisgaeridebas. ber-monazvnoba, romelic warmoiSva ara eklesiiszeda safexurebze, aramed _ qveda eSelonebSi, Tavdapirvelad

gandegilobis formiT gacxadda. sociologiuri TvalsazrisiT,es gaxldaT gadarCenis refleqsis amuSaveba. ber-monazonTaricxvis gazrdam ganapiroba erTgvari socialuri konfliqti,rameTu maT ganixilavdnen rogorc am qveynidan gaqceulebs,pirebs, romlebsac miaCndaT, rom `qveyana borotsa zeda dgas.”

miuxedavad amisa, udidesi wminda mamebi da eklesiismaswavleblebi, iseTebi, rogorebic iyvnen wm. basli didi, Rirsipaxumi egvipteli, wm. efrem asuri, Rirsi benediqte nursieli,qmnidnen iseT monastrebs da berebis cxovrebas imgavr

kalapotSi aqcevdnen, rom es monastrebi sazogadoebiscxovrebaSi qmediT monawileobas iRebdnen. isini imiT iyvnendakavebulni, rasac bizantiaSi filanTropias uwodebdnen. amterminis qveS, romelic sityvasityviTi TargmaniT

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`kacTmoyvareobas” niSnavs, sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiTmniSvnelovani saRvTismetyvelo azri devs. RmerTi am qveynad

movida da jvarze mokvda, raTa adamiani exsna codvisagan.adamiani, romelic am msxverpls iazrebs, swored kacTmoyvarebisgzaze dgas da amiT RvTisagan im mocemul saxarebiseuldrahkans amravalwilebs, romelic mas amqveynad samoRvaweod dagasamravleblad mieca. es drahkani aris saTnoebebi, romlis

realizebiTac qristiani qmediT monawileobas iRebssazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, eklesiuricxovrebis principi arsobrivad gulisxmobs saxelmwifoSisazogadoebriv moRvaweobas. bizantiis magaliTze vityodiT, rom

aq monastrebSi ara mxolod imperatorisa da mTelimsofliosaTvis loculobdnen, aramed kvebavdnen mSierT,exmarebodnen glaxakebsa da uqonelT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,isini eklesiis sazogadoebrivi funqciis realizebas axdendnenda amiT imperiis keTildReobaSi Tavisi wvlili SehqondaT.

Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom eklesiis mamebisaTvis sazogadoebrivicxovrebis garegnuli mxare, erTgvarad, meorexarisxovanigaxldaT. isini ufro xsnis ideis realizatorni iyvnen.

Cveni Txroba imiT unda ganvagrZoT, rom bizantiisimperia, romelic msofliod iwodeboda, Tavs moiazrebda

qveynad saxarebis mqadageblad, xolo eklesia am imperiaSigaiazreboda rogorc saxe, xati saRvTo sameufosi, qalaqisaeqsqatologiuri perspeqtiviT. saRvTismetyvelo koncefciiTaRiniSneboda `esqatologiuri realizeba,” riTac naCvenebi iyois, rom adamians jer kidev macxovris meored mosvlamde hqonda

micemuli saSualeba xsnisa, anu esqatonis miRebisa. swored esgaxldaT eklesiisa da bizantiis imperiis missia _ ukunisamdeSeenarCunebida da daecva marTlmadidebluri rwmena xalxSi.[3,219-220] Tumca, istoria bizantiuri esqatologiisaTvisgamocdaTa mTel poligons amzadebda.

bizantiis imperiaSi, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT,eklesia warmoadgenda sazogadoebis erT-erT sayrden svets.saxelmwifo mowodebuli iyo eklesiisaTvis yvela pirobaSeeqmna saimisod, rom mas Tavisi erT-erTi umTavresi funqcia,

saxarebis qadageba SeZleboda. Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifocaRiarebda, rom eklesiis umTavresi mizani gaxldaT misionerobada Sesabamisad Tavisi movaleoba eklesiisadmi gaazrebulihqonda. [3, 216-217] sakiTxis sxva mxarea, istoriuli

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TvalsazrisiT ramdenad iyo saxelmwifos mxridan realizebuliTavisi mowodeba eklesiasTan mimarTebaSi. am SemTxvevaSi Cven

mxolod im modelze vsaubrobT, rasac saxelmwifosa daeklesias Soris urTierTobis principi gulisxmobs. esurTierToba saxelmwifosa da eklesias Soris simfoniissaxeliTaa cnobili. mainc ras gulisxmobs es simfonia?miRwevadia Tu ara is da sad SeiZlba moiazrebodes misi

sazRvrebi?VI saukuneSi, rodesac bizantiis imperiisa da eklesiis

aRmasvlis xana dgeba, imperatorma iustinianem romaulikanonmdeblobis kodificireba moaxdina. mTelis

saxelmwifoebrivi institutebisa da sazogadoebrivi yofisgrandiozuli reforma, romelic am marTlac saocarmaimperatorma ganaxorciela, principulad gulisxmobda eklesiasada saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobis mogvarebas. iustinianesdros, misive uSualo monawileobiT, Seiqmna mravali kanoni,

romelic `novelebis” saxeliTaa cnobili. swored am novelaSi,romelic me-6 novelis saxeliTaa cnobili, imperatorisaxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis princips ayalibebs. amprincipis Tanaxmad, uzenaesi ZRveni, niWi, romelic RvTisaganaris mocemuli mRvdloba da mefoba gaxlavT. aqedan, pirveli

RvTaebrivs ganizraxavs, xolo meore adamianebze zrunavs,Tumca, orives erTi sawyisi aqvT da orive adamianis cxovrebismowesrigebas emsaxureba. amgvarad, novelebis avtoris azriT,samRvdeloebis wmindad cxovrebaze didi sazrunavi mefes arunda gaaCndes, rameTu es ukanasknelni gamudmebiT evedrebian

RmerTs mefeebze. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kanonmdebeliaskvsnis, rom Tuki samRvdeloeba ubiwod imsaxurebs RvTiswinaSe, xolo mefe samarTlianad da jerovnad marTavs misdamirwmunebul samefos, maSin dadgeba erTgvari Tanxmoba, romelickacTa modgmas miscems yvelafers, rac misTvis

sasargebloa.[3,195]swored es sityva `Tanxmoba” gamoxatavs iustineseuli

novelebis arss. eklesiisa da saxelmwifos moRvaweobissferoebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba, Tumca orive maTgani

erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad moqmedebs; Sesabamisad, romelimemaTgani Tu araefeqturia, maSin aRniSnuli Tanxmoba veRarxorcieldeba. cxadia, SesaZlebelia gaCndes azri imasTandakavSirebiT, rom warmodgenili programa ararealuria, Tumca

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es novela gagebul unda iqnas rogorc deklaracia imisa, Tu raevaleboda mefesa da ra _ eklesias. cxadia, dava ar SeiZleba

imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom realurad is, rac zemoT moyvanilprogramaSi iyo warmodgenili, istoriuli TvalsazrisiTarasodes an TiTqmis arasodes ganxorcielebula. Tumca, Cvenimxriv davsZenT, rom saxelmwifoebrivi keTildReobisa dawarmatebisaTvis swored am Tanxmobisaken swrafvaa

mniSvnelovani, xolo is, Tu ramdenad miRwevadia es Tanxmoba,oden saxelmwifosa da eklesiis moRvaweobisa daurTierTTanamSromlobis xarisxiT warmoCindeba.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. biblia. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. Tbilisi. 1989;2. Флоренский П., свящ. `Философия культа”.3. Meyndorff J. Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and

Doctrinal Thems. New York, 1974.4. www.sedmitza. ru/text/432479.html;

Giorgi GvasaliaIvane Javakhishvili

Tbilisi State UniversityFaculity of Humanities

Diricetion-History of ChristianityI year MA degree

http://www.sedmitza/

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The Short Survey of the byzance model of the relation betweenChurch and State

(Aspiration to according)

Summary

In this article is considered the some principal subject of therelationship between church and State, by this work with bycance modelthis relation was probably always aspiration to according.

sofio andRulaZeistoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori

qarTuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebis Sesaxeb XX s. 20-ian wlebSi(ep. stefane bodbelis Ria werili filipe maxaraZisa

da sergo orjonikiZisadmi)

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, sabWoTa ruseTis miersaqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis okupaciisa daZaldatanebiTi gasabWoebis Semdeg, erT-erT aqtualur

problemad misi saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebis sakiTxiganixileboda. saqarTvelos ZirZveli istoriuli miwa-wylisdaSla-danawevrebis mizniT, ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis mierwarmoebulma mizanmimarTulma kolonizatorulma politikam,SemdegSi xelsayreli pirobebi Seqmna axali komunisturi

imperiis interesebis gansaxorci-eleblad. am droisaTvis,msoflio proleatruli revoluciis idea, proletaruliinternacionalizmis yovlismomcveli miswrafebebi, ukiduresadakninebdnen erovnul interesebs da mTlianad umorCilebdnen

proletariatis msoflio batonobis iluzorul ideebs (19,

47

307). amitomac iyo, rom rkb (b) centraluri komitetiskavbiurom da qarTvel komunistTa sagrZnobma nawilma

saqarTvelos erovnul-saxelmwifoebriv mSeneblobaSiwindaxeduleba ver gamoiCina da uyuradRebod moekidasaqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi teritoriis mTlianobis dacvas.isini am sakiTxze seriozul yuradRebas da zrunvas dasagmobnacionalizmad da komunistisaTvis Seuferebel saqcielad

miiCnevdnen (14, 73). aRniSnuli politikis wyalobiTsaqarTvelos teritoriaze sami avtonomiuri erTeuli:afxazeTis ssr, aWaris assr da samxreT oseTis avtonomiuriolqi Camoyalibda. amave periodSi TurqeTs gadaeca yofili

baTumis olqis samxreTi nawili (maWaxela, borCxa damakriali), arTvinisa da ardaganis olqebi, azerbaijanis ssr _zaqaTalis olqi, garejis veli, qvemo yaraiazis seqtori daeladris teritoria, somxeTis ssr _ voroncov-loris raionida lok-lalvaris qedis CrdiloeTi ferdobi (borCalos

mazra), rsfsr _ pilenkovo (afxazeTi) da melxesti da cekaro(duSeTis mazra) (14, 114). yovelive zemoaRniSnulis savalaloSedegebi dRemde mouSuSebel Wrilobad iqca saqarTvelosaTvis.naRmi, romelic ruseTis TviTmpyro-belobis mier saqarTvelosistoriuli miwa-wylis danawevrebis mizniT Caido, komunisturi

mmarTvelobidan moyolebuli dRemde, seriozul problemebsqmnis saqarTvelos sagareo da Sidapolitikuri stabilurobisTvalsazrisiT.winamdebare naSromSi, XX saukunis 20-iani wlebissazogadoebriv-politikuri viTarebis fonze, ganvixilavT Tu

rogori iyo saqarTvelos eklesiis damokidebuleba aRniSnulproblemasTan mimarTebaSi. kerZod, gvinda yuradRebagavamaxviloT imdroindeli TvalsaCino sasuliero moRvawis,episkopos stefane bodbelis (vasil karbelaSvili) (1858-1936)Ria werilze filipe maxaraZisa da sergo orjonikiZis mimarT,

sadac igi saqarTvelos istoriuli miwa-wylis danawevrebismtkivneul sakiTxebs Seexeba da saocari moqalqeobrivigambedaobiT amxels qarTvel komunistebs erovnul sakiTxSigamoCenili daudevrobisa da gulgrilobisaTvis. sagulisxmoa,

rom sabWoTa antireligiuri wnexis pirobebSi, saqarTveloseklesiis ukiduresad mZime da gausaZlisi mdgomareobismiuxedavad, sasuliero piri xmas imaRlebs arsebulipolitikuri realobis winaaRmdeg da erovnuli eklesiis

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tradiciuli istoriuli misiis Sesabamisad, ecdeba Tavisiwvlili Seitanos qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis

SenarCunebis saqmeSi.episkoposma stefane bodbelma, romelic Tavisi cxovrebiTa damoRvaweobiT saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliisaTvis brZolasda misi tradiciuli istoriuli safuZvlis aRdgena-ganmtkicebas emsaxureboda, jer kidev 1923 wels, sabWoTa

saxelmwifos meTauris i. b. stalinis mimarT gagzavnilwerilSi gailaSqra sabWoTa antireligiuri politikiswinaaRmdeg, sadac is samRvdeloebis arnaxuli devna-Seviwrovebis, eklesia-monastrebis daxurvisa da dangrevis

Sesaxeb miuTiTebda (33, 371). 1924 wlis agvistos ajanyebisSemdeg, rodesac kidev ufro gaZlierda saqarTvelos eklesiisrbeva-awiokeba, represiebis msxverpli aRmoCnda misi ori Zma,dekanozebi petre da andria. rogorc mkvlevari e. bubulaSvilimiuTiTebs, SesaZlebelia, stalinisadmi gagzavnilma werilma

ixsna is fizikuri ganadgurebisagan (4, 9). yovelivezemoaRniSnulis miuxedavad, mas uari ar uTqvamsmRvdelmsaxuris xarisxze da uSiSrad gamovida aramxolodsaqarTvelos eklesiis, aramed saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriviinteresebis dasacavad.

vidre uSualod werilis ganxilvas SevudgebodeT, saWiroayuradReba gavamaxviloT werilis adresatebis filipe maxaraZisada sergo orjonikiZis da Tavad episkoposi stefane bodbelisurTierTobebis Sesaxeb, rac garkveulwilad sababi gaxda amukanasknelis gambedaobisa da pirdapirobisa cnobili qarTveli

bolSeviki liderebis mimarT. filipe maxaraZe 1868 wlis 21marts, guriaSi, sofel SemoqmedSi, mRvdlis ojaxSi daibada.sasuliero ganaTleba jer ozurgeTis sasulierosaswavlebelSi (1878-1884), Semdeg Tbilisis marTlmadidebelTasasuliero seminariaSi miiRo (1884-1890). swavlis periodSi is

aqtiurad Caeba revoluciuri moZraobis ferxulSi. `... 12welma (1878-1890), romelic me gavatare sasulierosaswavleblis kedlebSi, Seqmna pirvelad daucxromeliprotestanti da aTeisti, xolo Semdeg meamboxe da moamzada

niadagi SemdgomSi Cemi revoluciuri moRvaweobisa~ (12, 29-51)._ aRniSnavda igi Tavis mogonebebSi. niSandoblivia, rom rusuliTviTmpyrobelobis batonobis periodSi, Tbilisis sasulieroseminariaSi imxanad gamefebuli antierovnuli politikis

49

pirobebSi, qarTveli axalgazrdobis nawili arsebul reJimTandapirispirebasa da protests revoluciur moZraobaSi CabmiT

gamoxatavda. safiqrebelia, rom is seminariis swavlis periodSidauaxlovda mRvdel vasil karbelaSvils (SemdegSi episkoposistefane bodbeli). es ukanaskneli, seminariaSi pedagogiurmoRvaweobas, periodul presaSi TanaSromlobas uTavsebda,sadac is `Zveli seminarielis~ fsevdonimiT aqveynebda werilebs

rogorc saqarTvelos eklesiis, ise sxva saWirborotosakiTxebze. amas adasturebs Cvens mier gansaxilveli werilissaTaurSi gakeTebuli miniSneba `Zvelis seminarielisagan~. igiveunda iTqvas stefane bodbelisa da grigol (sergo _ partiuli

metsaxeli) konstantines Ze orjonikiZis urTierTobis Sesaxeb.es ukanaskneli 1886 wlis 28 oqtombers, quTaisis guberniisSorapnis mazris sofel RoreSaSi daibada da xaragaulisorwliani skolis damTavrebis Semdeg, 1901 wlidan Tbilisismixeilis saavadmyofosTan arsebul saferSlo skolaSi

swavlobda (20, 7-9). Tbilisis mixeilis saavadmyofoSiepiskoposi stefane bodbelis moRvaweobis periodic (1888-1903)swored sergo orjonikiZis studentobis wlebs emTxveva, sadacis saavadmyofosTan arsebul saferSlo skolaSi aswavlida (2,41-48). maSasadame, amiT dasturdeba zemoaRniSnuli werilis

saTaurSi gakeTebuli meore miniSneba `ufrosimaswavleblisagan~. saferSlo skolaSi, sadac ZiriTadadqalaqis RaribTa Svilebi swavlobdnen, 1902 wlis Semodgomazesocial-demokratiuli wre Seiqmna. sergo orjonikiZe misiyvelaze aqtiuri wevri gaxda.

Ria werili, romelic 1927 wlis 29 dekembriT TariRdeba,rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iwyeba adresatebis mimarT gakeTebuliminiSnebiT: “filipe maxaraZes da sergo orjonikiZes – Zvelisseminarielisagan pirvels da ufrosi masswavleblisagan meores”mivyveT werilis Tanmimdevrobas:

`moqalaqeno da mamulisSvilno! didi xania vapireb am werilismoweras da ai, axla ki gwerT. ojaxSi kaci rodesac xedavs,rom misi darbazis deda Tavze izniqeba da drozed boZs armiaSvelebs, ueWvelad dawveba darbazi da yvelas daitans~.

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`vai, im ers~, sTqva Jiul vernim3, `romelic angariSs ar uwevsistorias~. amas kidev davumateb, im ers, romelnic araviTarangariSs ar uweven daubadebeli bunebis kanonebs da arakvirdebian garemomcvel dabadebul bunebas da Wian tyemlad armiaCniaT misi dakvirveba. imisTana filosofosni mecnierni,rogoric iyvnen sokrati4, aristotili5, paltoni6, zenaarulimoZRvari ieso ~mixedeT daRupul cxovarTa saxlsaisraelisaTa~, Semdeg leibnici7, niutoni8, karl linei9,

3 Jiul verni (1828-1905) – Ffrangi mwerali, ganaTlebiT iuristi,

respublikeli, mecn –fantastikuri romanis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli,dainteresebuli iyo utopiuri socializmis TeoriebiT (qse, t. 4, gv.373).4 s