Japanese Steps towards Regional Japanese Steps towards Regional and Global Confidence Buildingand Global Confidence Building

Collective Security in Space – Asian PerspectiveCollective Security in Space – Asian PerspectivePanel III: Regional and International Space Security InitiativesPanel III: Regional and International Space Security Initiatives

Kazuto SuzukiKazuto SuzukiUniversity of TsukubaUniversity of Tsukuba

24 April, 200624 April, 2006

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IntroductionIntroduction

Japanese normative ground on space and securityJapanese normative ground on space and security Reflection of Pacifist vs. RealistReflection of Pacifist vs. Realist

Realist: Strengthening Japanese technological capabilityRealist: Strengthening Japanese technological capability Pacifist: Military-driven technology should be controlledPacifist: Military-driven technology should be controlled

Underlying normative framework: atomic energyUnderlying normative framework: atomic energy Controlling users, not the purposes – exclude military to be involvedControlling users, not the purposes – exclude military to be involved Nuclear issue – very sensitive to Japanese publicNuclear issue – very sensitive to Japanese public

Diet Resolution in 1969Diet Resolution in 1969 ““Space Development for Exclusively Peaceful PurposesSpace Development for Exclusively Peaceful Purposes”” ““Open, Transparent, Democratic” decision-makingOpen, Transparent, Democratic” decision-making Excluding any military involvement – national consensus Excluding any military involvement – national consensus

Civilian, technology-driven space programsCivilian, technology-driven space programs Lack of political and strategic interests – Bureaucrat-led policyLack of political and strategic interests – Bureaucrat-led policy Fit in Cold War Japanese strategy – low investment in defense, technological compeFit in Cold War Japanese strategy – low investment in defense, technological compe

tence, join the big countries’ club, respecting alliance with the UStence, join the big countries’ club, respecting alliance with the US

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Shocks in Post-Cold War periodShocks in Post-Cold War period

Launch of Taepodong in 1998Launch of Taepodong in 1998 Political and social panic – Pacifist ideal is no longer relevantPolitical and social panic – Pacifist ideal is no longer relevant Quick decision to launch Information Gathering SatellitesQuick decision to launch Information Gathering Satellites

Troubles of IGSTroubles of IGS Diet resolution – SDF are not allowed to develop, own and operateDiet resolution – SDF are not allowed to develop, own and operate ““multi-purpose satellite” – infringes with 1990 Accordmulti-purpose satellite” – infringes with 1990 Accord

Transforming US-Japan allianceTransforming US-Japan alliance Sharing burden – New guideline, Afghanistan, IraqSharing burden – New guideline, Afghanistan, Iraq Missile defense and US RMA and transformationMissile defense and US RMA and transformation Changing role of Self-Defense ForcesChanging role of Self-Defense Forces

Participation in Missile DefenseParticipation in Missile Defense Japanese system depends on US early warning intelligenceJapanese system depends on US early warning intelligence Question of “collective defense” – Japan does not exercise the rightQuestion of “collective defense” – Japan does not exercise the right Question of Diet resolution – Japanese MD is in dilemmaQuestion of Diet resolution – Japanese MD is in dilemma

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The Basic LawThe Basic Law

Minister for Space and HQMinister for Space and HQ Minister for Space is supposed to be the leader and plannerMinister for Space is supposed to be the leader and planner All user ministries participate in Headquarters – interministerial coordiAll user ministries participate in Headquarters – interministerial coordi

nationnation

Transform Japanese space from R&D to user-oTransform Japanese space from R&D to user-oriented activitiesriented activities Incentives for user ministries including Ministry of DefenseIncentives for user ministries including Ministry of Defense Tools for security and foreign policyTools for security and foreign policy

Reinterpretation of Diet ResolutionReinterpretation of Diet Resolution ““Exclusively peaceful purpose” will be remained as a textExclusively peaceful purpose” will be remained as a text From “non-military” to “non-aggressive/non-offensive” natureFrom “non-military” to “non-aggressive/non-offensive” nature Allows defense authority to be involved in space policy makingAllows defense authority to be involved in space policy making Contribution to global and regional securityContribution to global and regional security

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Contribution to Global SecurityContribution to Global Security

Combination of security and diplomacyCombination of security and diplomacy Japanese Constitutional constraints wouldn’t change after Basic LawJapanese Constitutional constraints wouldn’t change after Basic Law Using space for purely defense purpose does not make sense in JapanUsing space for purely defense purpose does not make sense in Japan Using space as a diplomatic tools is expected in the Basic LawUsing space as a diplomatic tools is expected in the Basic Law

Improving capability and scope of peacekeeping Improving capability and scope of peacekeeping and disaster relief and disaster relief Increasing participation in peacekeeping and disaster relief operationsIncreasing participation in peacekeeping and disaster relief operations

Cambodia, Cambodia, Golan Heights, Mozambique, Rwanda, and East TimorGolan Heights, Mozambique, Rwanda, and East Timor, Paki, Pakistan earthquake, Indonesia Tsunami + Indian Ocean and Iraqstan earthquake, Indonesia Tsunami + Indian Ocean and Iraq

Changing perspective of SDFChanging perspective of SDF From “unconstitutional force” to important contribution to the worldFrom “unconstitutional force” to important contribution to the world

Contradiction of Diet ResolutionContradiction of Diet Resolution Troops are sent for maintenance of “peace” but cannot use space because of Troops are sent for maintenance of “peace” but cannot use space because of

“exclusive peaceful purpose”“exclusive peaceful purpose” Basic Law is to solve the contradictionBasic Law is to solve the contradiction

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Contribution to Regional SecurityContribution to Regional Security

Unstable security condition in AsiaUnstable security condition in Asia North Korean nuclear and missile test North Korean nuclear and missile test Increasing military spending and modernization of PLAIncreasing military spending and modernization of PLA Number of territorial disputesNumber of territorial disputes

Strengthening regional forumStrengthening regional forum ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) – Central organization to deal with conflictASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) – Central organization to deal with conflict APEC and East Asian Summit – contribute to some aspects of securityAPEC and East Asian Summit – contribute to some aspects of security

Prioritize regional interest to national agendaPrioritize regional interest to national agenda Japan’s interest is not push domestic agenda and being isolatedJapan’s interest is not push domestic agenda and being isolated

Abductees issue, unilateral sanction on North KoreaAbductees issue, unilateral sanction on North Korea Strengthening regional security reflects on Japanese securityStrengthening regional security reflects on Japanese security

Using technological advantage and taking leadershipUsing technological advantage and taking leadership Role of the US is weakened after the end of Cold WarRole of the US is weakened after the end of Cold War China is emerging as a potential leaderChina is emerging as a potential leader Fragmented approach by Japan – comparison of APSCO and APRSAFFragmented approach by Japan – comparison of APSCO and APRSAF Basic Law is to coordinate inter-ministerial policy and provide leadership in spaceBasic Law is to coordinate inter-ministerial policy and provide leadership in space

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ConclusionConclusion

Japan’s contribution – take leadershipJapan’s contribution – take leadership Provide infrastructure for regional securityProvide infrastructure for regional security

Complementary role to US leadershipComplementary role to US leadership Using technological advantage – imagery satellite with various sensorsUsing technological advantage – imagery satellite with various sensors

Already started – Sentinel Asia – Needs to extendAlready started – Sentinel Asia – Needs to extend Regional Confidence Building SatelliteRegional Confidence Building Satellite

Owned and operated by Japanese authorityOwned and operated by Japanese authority Designed to distribute imagery intelligence for monitoring arms control, troops movDesigned to distribute imagery intelligence for monitoring arms control, troops mov

ement, strategic facilitiesement, strategic facilities Members of the region would have free accessMembers of the region would have free access

Transparency Information CenterTransparency Information Center Distribution of imagery and archivesDistribution of imagery and archives European experience: EU Satellite Centre in Torrejon and BOCEuropean experience: EU Satellite Centre in Torrejon and BOC

Japan would play a role of “Peace Broker”Japan would play a role of “Peace Broker” Consistent with its Constitutional requirementConsistent with its Constitutional requirement

Ensuring regional security is the interest of JapanEnsuring regional security is the interest of Japan