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JICA’s Cooperation in Education Sector:with focus on experience on community participation
Sei KONDORepresentative, India Office
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Asia-Pacific Regional Conference of the Community of Democracies“Education for Democracy: Learning together”
New Delhi, 18 January 2013
Today’s presentation
Intro
General view of Education sector in JICA’s cooperation
Case: Niger “School for all” project: contributing creation of democratic environment
* A part of grant assistances is provided by MOFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan)
bilateral assistance
bilateral assistance
international authorityinternational authority
GrantGrant
Yen loansYen loansODAODA
multilateral assistance
multilateral assistance
Grant Aid*Grant Aid*
JICATechnical Cooperation
Technical Cooperation
3
What’s “JICA” ? the World’s Largest Bilateral Donor Agency India: one of the most important partner country
Education sector and JICA
Priority: Basic/ higher education
TC & Grant Aid
US$ 350mn/year
MDG, EFA, TICAD process, etc…
Japanese experience on modernization/ democratization
4
Education sector policy of JICA
Objectives : Education as a basic human right Contribution to social and economic development Promotion of mutual understanding for a symbiotic
multicultural society
Education as a core foundation of democratic society building
5
Improvement of Quality
Improvement of Access
Improvement of Education management
・ Teacher training and education ・ Math and Science education ・ Learner-centered education ・ Teacher’s Guidebook
・ School construction・ School mapping・ Girl’s education・ Non-formal education
・ Improvement of school management ・ Capacity development of educational administration
JICA’s strategy: Issues & Focus
6
Experience of Niger ‘School for all’ projectEducational Development Through Community Participation:
“The Community Changes the School!”
7
General context of Niger
Sahel region confronted with serious natural handicaps: arid climate, drought, lack of natural resources and no access to the sea
A low level of HDI: consistently ranked amongst the bottom five in the world
Lacks the resources to support social sectors, notably education
8
Low level of principal education indicators
Gross intake ratio in 1st grade 51%; gross school enrollment ratio 45%; school completion rate 25%
Inequality: Boys / Girls; Urban / RuralTOTAL Boys Girls
GIR Total 51.1 59.5 42.5
Urban 87.1 90.2 83.8
Rural 44.3 53.6 35.0
GER Total 45.4 54.2 36.5
Urban 52.7 55.8 49.5
Rural 42.6 53.4 31.7
Educational Situation:
(2002/2003) 9
Conventional Environment around school:STU-
DENT
TEACH-ER
PARENTSCOMMUN
ITY
PARENT’S ASSOCIA-
TION
VILLAGE
SCHOOL
SCHOOL IN THE VILLAGE
10
PARENTSCOMMUN
ITY
COGES
SCHOOL
School environment after the establishment of School Management Committee (COGES)
VILLAGE
STU-DENT
TEACH-ER
SCHOOL OF THE VILLAGE
11COGES: Comité de gestion des établissments scolaires
School Management Committee(COGES)
Decentralized school management (SBM)
COGES
Parents (3)Mothers (1)
Director (1)Teacher (1)
Student (1)
ParentsCommunity
Community participation
Gov. Teachers
Students
12
Strategies for functional COGES:“Minimum package”
Democratic election of Parents rep. for COGES members
Formulation, implementation, monitoring & evaluation of School Action Plan
Monitoring of COGES activities by local education administrators & Communal Federations of COGES
Functional COGES
Key Components:
Democratic election: The basis of community participation
Strategies for functional COGES:“Minimum package”
Democratic election of Parents rep. for COGES members
Formulation, implementation, monitoring & evaluation of School Action Plan
Monitoring of COGES activities by local education administrators & Communal Federations of COGES
Functional COGES
Key Components:
Examples of “School Action Plan” Activities
Promotion of education
Infrastructure and furniture
Evening Group Tuition
Hygiene and health School Security
Environment Practical and productive activities
Examples of “School Action Plan” Activities
Strategies for functional COGES:“Minimum package”
Democratic election of Parents rep. for COGES members
Formulation, implementation, monitoring & evaluation of School Action Plan
Monitoring of COGES activities by local education administrators & Communal Federations of COGES
Functional COGES
Key Components:
How does the community participate?
The process of School Action Plan
MONI-TORING
1. Problem identification and search for realistic solutions at the General Assembly of the village
2. Formulation of a School Action Pan
4. Execution
3. Ratification of School Action Plan at the General Assembly
5. Annual assessment of results at the General Assembly
Effective Monitoring & Larger, tangible impact: Forum strategy
16
Communal Federation of COGES (FCC)
COGES
FORUM
Regional assembly of Communal Federation of COGES (FCC)
General Assemblies of COGES
General Assembliesof FCCs
Collective resolution on a selected theme
(girl’s education)
AWARENESS RAISING FOR
GIRL’S EDUCATION
AT THE COMMUNITY
LEVEL
TANGIBLE OUTCOME
IMPROVEMENT IN GIRLS
ENROLEMENT RATE
Impact
23(2004) → 14,000(2007)
214,125/400499 ≒ 53% (2004-2007)
(2002/3 – 2008/2009)51% → 91% Intake 45% → 68% Enrolment 30% → 50% Completion
Region-wide expansion 21
22
Implication
Community can be most important (but dormant) resources
Communities can take the very leading actors, provided that they are formed into functional organizations
Functional community participation approach contributes strengthening democratic society
23
Region-wide expansion of ’School for All’ program
25
Success Factor
Alignment of National Education Policy
Development of realistic and “Functional” model which can create environment for collaborative work with local community/ school/ (local) government
Full utilisation of local resources: Sustainable model
Effective mainstreaming/ expansion strategy
26
Way forward / Discussion
Coordination amongst many actors
Existence of Proper C/P is key
Versatility: non-LLDC country?
Evolution of the number of functional COGES
2004Pilot schools
23
2004Target schools of the EPT
329
2005All schools in the Tahua
region
2006All schools in the Zinder
region1 500
2007 All schools in
Niger13 000
Minimum PackageThree key components
Applied to other schools
Applied to other schools
Applied to other schools
Generalization of functional COGES
Evolution of indicators: Universal Primary School Enrollment (SPU): 2001 to 2010
Generalization of functional COGES
98.6%
40%
72.9%
37%
Gross intake ratio in 1st grade
Gross school enrollment ratio
School completion ratio
Example of the Forum outcomes:Improvement of girl’s education
Forum 4-
5/2009
0.670 0.678
0.818
0.742
0.883
0.825 0.860
0.892 0.868
1.001
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010
State of Gender Partiy：Results of Girl's Education campaign
Tillaberi
Maradi
Before Forum
Gender Parity
Forum 4-5/2009
After F
orum
Example of the Forum outcomes: Improvement of exam results
+ 7.4+ 8.3
+ 9.4+ 10.5
+ 13.9 + 14.2
+ 0.0
+ 5.0
+ 10.0
+ 15.0
Session 2004
Session 2005
Session 2006
Session 2007
Session 2008
Session 2009
%
Exam Results in the Zinder region
After F
orum
Before Forum
Forum jan 2008
National Average
JICA’s Cooperation Strategy for India
““Faster Growth”Faster Growth”
India’s Development India’s Development StrategyStrategy JICA’s Cooperation Strategy for IndiaJICA’s Cooperation Strategy for India
Conservation and Conservation and Improvement of Improvement of Urban EnvironmentUrban Environment
““Inclusive Growth”Inclusive Growth”
Improvement of Improvement of Transportation Transportation NetworksNetworks
Stable Energy Stable Energy SupplySupply
Employment Employment GenerationGeneration
Income Generation Income Generation in Rural in Rural AreasAreas
Improvement of Improvement of Basic Social ServicesBasic Social Services
Environmental Environmental ConservationConservation
Global Environmental Issues
- Improvement of Energy Supply Capacity, Energy Saving and Energy Sufficiency
- Strengthening Major Transport Networks （ Railways/Roads/Airports/Ports ）- City Transport System （ Metro/Outer Ring Roads)
- Private Sector Assistance
- Employment Generation in Rural Area- Enhancement of Agricultural Productivity- Improvement of Rural Environment & Infrastructure
- Improvement of Basic Social Services (Health and Sanitation)
- Pollution Prevention and Management (except Anti-Water Pollution Measures)- Water Quality and Water Resources Management
- Forestation and Forest Preservation
EmploymentEmploymentGenerationGeneration
2
47%
21%
20%
7% 5% Transport, UrbanInfrastructure
Water Supply,Sanitation
Energy
Forestry,Environment
Agriculture,Irrigation
ODA Loan
Grant Aid TechnicalCooperation Citizen Participation
Operational results in FY2009: JPY 1,900 million (INR 95 cr.)No. of on-going projects: 21Sector: Visionary leaders for manufacturing, Sustainable development of expressways, Water supply system, Reproductive health, etc.
Operational results in FY2009: JPY 400 million (INR 20 cr.)No. of on-going projects: 1Sector: Educational media production facilities for IGNOU, Medical equipment for several hospitals, etc.
Volunteers; 11 volunteers Japanese language, Judo, Health educator, etc.
NGO activities: 8 projects Farmers’ education, Gender improvement among women, Rural nutrition, etc.
Operational results in FY2009: Commitment: JPY 218.2 billion (INR 10,910 cr.) Disbursement: JPY 129.1 billion (INR 6.455 cr.)No. of on-going projects: 63Sector: Transport and urban infrastructure have been the major sectors in recent years
India is JICA’s largest partner
3
India is JICA’s largest partner(JPY billion)
FY ODA Loan Grant AidTechnical
CooperationTOTAL
2003 125.0 1.7 2.0 128.7
2004 134.5 3.0 2.4 139.9
2005 155.5 2.1 1.8 159.4
2006 184.9 0.6 1.3 186.8
2007 225.1 0.4 1.2 226.7
2008 236.0 0.2 1.2 237.4
2009 218.2 1.2 1.9 220.5
2010 48.0 0.2 1.7 49.9
4
Collaboration with newly established IIT Hyderabad (IITH)
*MOFA: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, MEXT: Ministry of Educational and Training, MIC: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication
IITH Consortium in JapanIITH Consortium in JapanIITH Consortium in JapanIITH Consortium in Japan
1.1. Entire Consortium Structure: All-Japan basis cooperation Entire Consortium Structure: All-Japan basis cooperation
Private sectorsPrivate sectorsIITHGovernmentGovernment
2. ODA Schemes for collaboration2. ODA Schemes for collaboration
・ Japanese ODA Loan -Development of campus** -Procurement of equipment
・ Technical cooperation ・ Visit of experts, visit by Indian faculty members
・ SATREPS* (5 area of research activities) (Technical Cooperation)
Applicable ODA scheme
Vision of IITH
R&D
*SATREPS: Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development
Infrastructure(permanent campus)
(Equipment/ Machinary)
HRD (Education)
Nanotechnology & Nano science
Digital Communication
Environment & Energy
Design & Manufacturing
Civil & Urban Engineering
3. R&D: Five academic area of cooperation3. R&D: Five academic area of cooperation
Advisory Advisory committee of JICAcommittee of JICA
Advisory Advisory committee of JICAcommittee of JICA
Combination of and coordination among ODA schemes for effective and efficient cooperation
AcademiaAcademia
MOFA*
MEXT*
MIC*
**Proposed building to be supported by Japanese ODA loan: Guest House, Students Activity Centre, Central Library, Auditorium, Convention Centre, Business Incubator/Science Technology Park
Proposed six building to be supported : Guest House, Students Activity Centre, Central Library, Auditorium, Convention Centre, Business Incubator/Science Technology Park
Technical Cooperation for Campus design by ODA with support from architects from academics and consultants
Loan Appraisal for Campus development are expected in later half of FY2011
4. Japanese ODA Loan4. Japanese ODA Loan
Source: Salient project report by IITH
Photo from project under implementation: “DISANET” project (Information Network for Natural Disaster Mitigation and Recovery)
10
II. JICA’s Profile in Basic EducationII. JICA’s Profile in Basic Education(1) Issues Facing Basic Education Sector(1) Issues Facing Basic Education Sector
Improvement of enrolment in primary and lower-Improvement of enrolment in primary and lower-secondary educationsecondary educationIssue 1
Expansion of Non-Formal EducationExpansion of Non-Formal EducationIssue 4
Issue 3 Reducing gender disparityReducing gender disparity
Issue 5 Improving Education ManagementImproving Education Management
Issue 2 Improving the quality of primary and lower-secondary Improving the quality of primary and lower-secondary educationeducation
I. JICA’s policiesI. JICA’s policiesPosition Paper on Education Sector 2010Position Paper on Education Sector 2010
“JICA’s Operation in Education Sector – Present and Future”“JICA’s Operation in Education Sector – Present and Future” Objectives (Why):
1. Education as a basic human right
2. Contribution to social and economic development
3. Promotion of mutual understanding for a symbiotic multicultural society
Priorities (What):Basic education (teacher training, school management, construction of school
facilities, capacity development of administrators) and higher education
Guiding principles (How):1. Supporting policy-making reflecting on-the-ground knowledge
2. Longer-term engagement in alignment with partner countries' development plans
3. Promotion of network-type cooperation and exchange
4. Results-oriented project design, implementation, and evaluation
Indonesia
Myanmar
BangladeshHonduras
Kenya
Zambia
Niger
Mongolia
TanzaniaAfrica
Cooperation based on SMASE
Asia & Middle EastVarious cooperation
for each needs
（（ Jan. 2013, on-going onlyJan. 2013, on-going only ））
RwandaBurkina Faso
Senegal
Pakistan Laos
Angola
Ghana
Sudan
Nigeria
Bolivia
Central & South AmericaCooperation
based on PROMETAM
Nicaragua Uganda
Malawi
Afghanistan
Cambodia
Guatemala
(3) Regional trends: Math and Science Education(3) Regional trends: Math and Science Education
Cambodia
（ （ Jan. 2013, on-going onlyJan. 2013, on-going only ））
Afghanistan
AfricaCooperation based
on“School for ALL”
Nepal
Asia ・ Middle EastVarious cooperation
for each needs
Pakistan
Ethiopia
Burkina Faso
Mali
Senegal
Niger
(3) Regional trends: Education Management(3) Regional trends: Education Management
Laos
