Eisenhower and the Cold War

John DullesSecretary of StateCritical of Truman“New look” foreign policy

Challenge USSR and ChinaLiberate captive Eastern

European nationsEncourage NationalistsCommunists would back down if

pushedEisenhower kept him in check

John DullesMassive Retaliation

Nuclear weaponsAir PowerMore bang for the

buckHydro-bombsIgnorance of non-

superpower/third world conflict

Third World UnrestNew, developing

nationsIndia, Pakistan –

1947Indonesia – 1949Ghana – 1957Need for help

turned nations into pawns

Third World UnrestIran

Nationalized oil industryMohammed Mossadeq

(elected leader) overthrown by CIA in 1953

Shah Reza Pahlavi keeps oil prices down, buys American weapons

GuatemalaSame story, only with fruit

instead of oilMaybe 140,000 deaths at the

hands of successive military dictators

Third World UnrestIndochina

(Vietnam/Cambodia/Laos)France tries to retakeHo Chi Minh and

Communists fight for independence

U.S. gives aid to FrenchUSSR to Ho Chi MinhU.S. refuses to send in troops,

French lose

Third World UnrestDivision of Vietnam

Temporary division at 17th parallel

South Vietnam under Ngo Dinh Diem refuses to let election take place

U.S. gives $1 billion plus to South Vietnam

Third World UnrestMiddle East

Need for oil vs. support for IsraelSuez Crisis

Egypt asked U.S. to build the Aswan Dam on the Nile

U.S. refuses over Israeli complications

Egypt turns to USSR Limited financing

Egypt seizes Suez canal France, Britain, Israel retake canal

Eisenhower condemns invasion, forces withdraw

Third World UnrestMiddle East

Eisenhower Doctrine Economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern

country threatened by communismOPEC and oil

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

U.S. – Soviet RelationsSpirit of Geneva

U.S. call for slowdown of arms race

Soviet withdrawal from Austria and peace with Greece and Turkey

“Open Skies” proposalFirst thaw in Cold WarKruschev proposes

“peaceful coexistence”

U.S. – Soviet RelationsHungary

Popular uprising overthrows Communist gov.Khrushchev sends in tanks to restore controlEisenhower takes no action

U-2 IncidentRussians shoot down high-altitude spy planeEisenhower takes responsibilityKhrushchev calls off planned summit

conference

Sputnik1957Soviet satellite that

was first man made object in orbit

U.S. rockets failUS funds NASA,

science and tech education

Beginning of “space race”

Cuba LibreFidel Castro overthrows

Dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959

Castro nationalized American businesses and properties

Eisenhower cuts off trade with Cuba

Castro turns to USSRCommunism within 90 miles

of the U.S.Eisenhower prepares CIA to

retake island

Eisenhower’s LegacyChecked communist

aggressionDidn’t enter all-out warsSuspension of above-ground

nuclear testingFarewell Speech

“Military-Industrial Complex”G. Washington’s farewell -

“Overgrown military establishments are under any form of government inauspicious to liberty, and are to be regarded as particularly hostile to Republican liberty.”

Today

1. Lockheed Martin Corporation $113,150,702,033

2. Boeing Company, The $69,767,183,931

3. Northrop Grumman Corporation $58,965,101,199

4. Raytheon Company, The $39,574,959,300

5. General Dynamics $34,305,146,453

6. BAe Systems $27,433,827,992

7. McDonnell Douglas (a subsidiary of Boeing) $24,411,061,390

8. Science Applications Intl Corporation $15,496,672,846

9. Oshkosh Corporation $15,008,304,950

10. General Electric Corporation $10,297,038,378

12. L-3 Communications $8,606,004,056

Since 10/30/2006... MilitaryIndustrialComplex.com has recorded a total of 15,664 publicly-reported defense contracts. To date, that is an average of $3,840 for each member of the US citizenry.